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1
YU, JOON-HO, SARA GOERING, and STEPHANIE M. FULLERTON. "Race-Based Medicine and Justice as Recognition: Exploring the Phenomenon of BiDil." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 1 (January 2009): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108090099.
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In the United States, health disparities have been framed by categories of race. Racial health disparities have been documented for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and numerous other diseases and measures of health status. Although such disparities can be read as symptoms of disparities in healthcare access, pervasive social and economic inequities, and discrimination, some have suggested that the disparities might be due, at least in part, to biological differences based on race. Or, to be more precise, if race itself has no determined biological meaning, race may nonetheless be a proxy that collects a group of individuals who share certain physiological or genotypic features that affect health.
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Küey, L. "Room for hope: How to deal with growing racism and discrimination?" European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.897.
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Discrimination could be defined as the attitudes and behavior based on the group differences. Any group acknowledged and proclaimed as ‘the other’ by prevailing zeitgeist and dominant social powers, and further dehumanized may become the subject of discrimination. Moreover, internalized discrimination perpetuates this process. In a spectrum from dislike and micro-aggression to overt violence towards ‘the other’, it exists almost in all societies in varying degrees and forms; all forms involving some practices of exclusion and rejection. Hence, almost all the same human physical and psychosocial characteristics that constitute the bases for in-group identities and reference systems could also become the foundations of discrimination towards the humans identified as out-groups. Added to this, othering, arising from imagined and generalized differences and used to distinguish groups of people as separate from the norm reinforces and maintains discrimination.Accordingly, discrimination built on race, color, sex, gender, gender identity, nationality and ethnicity, religious beliefs, age, physical and mental disabilities, employment, caste and language have been the focus of a vast variety of anti-discriminatory and inclusive efforts. National acts and international legislative measures and conventions, political and public movements and campaigns, human rights movements, education programs, NGO activities are some examples of such anti-discriminatory and inclusive efforts. All these efforts have significant economic, political and psychosocial components.Albeit the widespread exercise of discrimination, peoples of the world also have a long history of searching, aiming and practicing more inclusive ways of solving conflicts of interests between in-groups and out-groups. This presentation will mainly focus on the psychosocial aspects of the anti-discriminative efforts and search a room for hope and its realistic bases for a more non-violent, egalitarian and peaceful human existence.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Fischer, Brodwyn. "Quase pretos de tão pobres? Race and Social Discrimination in Rio de Janeiro's Twentieth-Century Criminal Courts." Latin American Research Review 39, no. 1 (2004): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100038942.
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Conceived as a contribution to debates about the role of state institutions in perpetuating racial inequality in modern Brazil, this article explores the relative importance of social and racial characteristics in determining defendants' treatment in Rio de Janeiro's criminal courts between 1930 and 1964. Focusing on rarely noted aspects of defendants' class and citizenship status, and emphasizing the importance of judicial procedure, it argues that social discrimination was open in Rio de Janeiro's courts, but that race alone was a relatively poor predictor of defendants' fates. At the same time, it suggests that racial and social characteristics ought not to be seen as separate and competing categories, both because “social' language had important racial meanings and because ”social“ discrimination had significant racial implications. Institutionalized social prejudice may thus go far in explaining the stubborn persistence of racial inequity in an age when ”racial democracy“ became a national hope and mantra.
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Molina, Irene. "Intersektionella rumsligheter." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 28, no. 3 (June 14, 2022): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v28i3.3865.
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There is an increased interest for spatial aspects in social sciences in general today. But the interest also raises questions of how space is conceptualised; whether power relations are included, or if space is understood as neutral and as a container. Historically, geography’s disciplinary base is colonial and patriarchial. Additionally, in Sweden economic geography’s specific interest in the ‘homo economicus’ has dominated. In contemporary critical spatial theory, space is understood as constructed, produced, fluid and relational. Space is constructed through, and by, different power relations. In this article the concept of intersectionality is used to see how race, gender and class coincide with time and space. Through these different perspectives issues of exclusion and discrimination are revealed. The focus is on the home, homelessness, the nation and the under-privileged suburbs in relation to how space and place are racialised, sexualised and classified. Firstly, it is illustrated how the home is sexualised, but also racialised, through the strong identification with having a place to belong to. This repetitive consolidation with a place also reflects the nationalisation of home, and the similar exclusion from home; the home is private and strangers should be kept out. The racialised female body is intrinsically problematic as she has a stronger connection to the private, at the same time as she is a stranger. In the growing segregation in the metropolitan suburbs these intersections of class, gender, race, time and space is at its most visible, and a revisited colonial approach to these areas can be seen today. The author calls for an increased awareness of the intersectional aspects of space in gender theory formation today since space is a fundamental category in relation to gender, class and race.
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Bloch, Joanne. "Unseen: Exploring the Lived Experience of Visually Impaired South Africans." European Journal of Life Writing 9 (December 28, 2020): C70—C90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ejlw.9.37040.
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The liminal space occupied by partially sighted people is little understood and much misrepresented in South African societies. Inter-personally and more broadly, visually impaired South Africans face stigma, discrimination and numerous structural barriers to educational, social and economic opportunities. These challenges remain largely invisible to those who never experience them. In this paper, I discuss my conversations with four South Africans who, like me, are visually impaired. These conversations form part of my research for Unseen, a project that brings together my interests in life writing and in exploring different aspects of the experience of visual impairment. I weave substantial extracts from our dialogues together with my own insights so as to give a sense of the texture of participants’ reported understanding, ideas, feelings, and sensorial adaptations, and also to investigate the multiple and overlapping influences of class, race, gender, age, community, sexual orientation and family on each individual’s subjective experience.
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Sukalova, Viera, and Pavel Ceniga. "Diversity Management in Sustainable Human Resources Management." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207401033.
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Today, globalization is becoming more and more widespread and important in almost all areas in the social, economic and political spheres. In most cases, it is globalization that brings diversity to everyday life. This diversity is gradually penetrating into other spheres, which is why business managers are increasingly confronted with a diverse workforce; employees of different origins, race, gender, or age. The policy of diversity management contributes to the strengthening of social responsibility of the company and is also an element of the competitiveness. Our research was aimed to enhance understanding of diversity management importance in nowadays organization, to explain various aspects of management diversity, it´s legislative framework. Another objective was to examine perception of the issue of management diversity by the middle managers of various organisations in Slovakia. To achieve these goals we used methods of literature review, desk review; primary data were collected by questionnaire and interview. Finding show the relation between demographic development and diversity management in companies; in examining the perception of the issue of diversity management, we found the understanding of diversity management as synonymous with anti-discrimination measures. Our research led also to recommendations for implementation of management diversity for human resource management sustainability.
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Datta, Rimmi, and Jayanta Mete. "Socio-Economic Realities of Muslim Dalits Women in India During Covid-19." International Journal of Islamic Khazanah 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijik.v12i1.16385.
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Contemporary India is a primitive, patriarchal society of various feudal tribes. When we refer to caste in the political and economic structures of many cultures, we understand the apparent dichotomy between faith and the role of "one woman". Any theoretical understanding of gender equality and gender inequality must be deeply anchored in the field of social control. Dalit women, especially Muslims in India, are seen to be present at a crucial moment when they must overcome three barriers at once: class, race, and masculinity. These are the three hierarchical poles of the social constitution that are necessary to recognise the gender relations and inequality of Dalit women. In Indian society, Muslim dalit women face unintentional discrimination based on caste, class, and gender. The "untouchables" must live only in shackles, have no domestic property, cook only in porcelain houses, wear only cast-iron clothing, and own no land. This has a long-lasting effect on the experience of the completely weak living conditions of the Dalits, especially women who cannot drink water from popular sources in the villages, become starving workers, engage in trafficking, or commit suicide. Dalit women significantly. Muslim Dalit women have been victims of sexual assault in rural India. The disadvantages of Muslim Dalit women are among the most notable exceptions; their disadvantages are never part of the battle for women in India. However, bourgeois feminism did not advance all the real issues of Dalit women by setting the feminist agenda. The additional bias against Muslim Dalit women due to their gender and caste is evident in the numerous successes achieved by the human development metrics of this group. In all aspects of human growth, literacy, and survival, Muslim dalit women are far worse off than Dalit men and non-Dalit women. This study aims to comprehend the larger connotations that connect Muslim Dalit women's social spaces to COVID-19. Another significant change in the lives of Dalits and their commercial feasibility is the consequence of the transition from a socialist to a democratic state that does not resolve the problems of social security. As a result, the capitalist class of modern liberation engages in sexual relations with Dalit families. The lives of Muslim Dalit female labourers are wrapped up in the obstacles posed by the Brahmanic economy, which is governed by the community. Muslim dalit women's domestic and foreign labour is deeply ingrained in many segments of the community. In conjunction with these social and political trends, the mistreatment of Muslim Dalit women is on the rise, as is subtle or extreme discrimination within Dalit households. As a result, this paper aims to elicit queries from Muslim Dalit women during the COVID-19 period.
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Bağırlar, Belgin. "Racism in the 21st Century: Debbie Tucker Green’s Eye for Ear." European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v3i3.483.
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Does equality exist in the 21st century, or, are minorities still forced to fight for equality? In nineteenth century, Britain, racism was blatant in all spheres of cultural, social, and economic life to the point that it crossed over into literature and theatre. In 1978, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Forty years have since passed, but has it made any difference? Contemporary British playwright Debbie Tucker Green’s Eye for Ear (2018), staged at the Royal Court Theatre, reminds us that racism and inequality is still a key social-political issue. This three-act, avant-garde, colloquial play depicts how both African-Americans as well as Black British people still live with racism today. It also highlights racism’s linguistic and legal past. Tucker Green particularly focuses on the violent aspect of that racism through the lens of different characters: an academic, a black student, a black boy, and black parents. The play concludes with crushed hope, for it deduces that Caucasians both in the United States and in Great Britain still dominate practically every facet of society. This study will examine Green’s Ear for Eye, racial discrimination in the 21st century, and how Tucker Green projects her views upon her work through the theory of race and racism.
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Lang, Kevin, and Ariella Kahn-Lang Spitzer. "Race Discrimination: An Economic Perspective." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.2.68.
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We review the empirical literature in economics on discrimination in the labor market and criminal justice system, focusing primarily on discrimination by race. We then discuss theoretical models of taste-based discrimination, particularly models of frictional labor markets and models of statistical discrimination, including recent work on invalid statistical discrimination. We explore and evaluate the evidence for and against these theories. Although there is substantial evidence of the existence of discrimination, little is known about the extent to which disparities are driven by discrimination. Finally, we argue that economists miss the important self-enforcing relationship between disparities and discrimination and the effect of disparities in one domain on discrimination in other domains.
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Galster, George C., and W. Mark Keeney. "Race, Residence, Discrimination, and Economic Opportunity." Urban Affairs Quarterly 24, no. 1 (September 1988): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004208168802400106.
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Goss, R. O. "Some economic aspects of flag discrimination." Maritime Policy & Management 13, no. 3 (July 1986): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088838600000072.
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Arrow, Kenneth J. "What Has Economics to Say About Racial Discrimination?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.91.
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Racial discrimination pervades every aspect of a society in which it is found. It is found above all in attitudes of both races, but also in social relations, in intermarriage, in residential location, and, frequently, in legal barriers. It is also found in levels of economic accomplishment; that is, income, wages, prices paid, and credit extended. It is natural to suppose that economic analysis can cast light on the economic effects of racial discrimination. But the pervasiveness of the phenomenon must give us pause. Can a phenomenon manifest everywhere in the social world really be understood, even in only one aspect, by the tools of a single discipline? I want to explore here the scope and limits of ordinary economic analysis for understanding racial discrimination even in markets.
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Atrey, Shreya. "Structural Racism and Race Discrimination." Current Legal Problems 74, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clp/cuab009.
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Abstract What is the relationship between ‘racism’ and ‘race discrimination’? The paper explores this question. It shows that once we look beyond racism understood colloquially as individual bigotry, to racism understood in a structural sense as embedded in the social, economic, cultural and political dimensions of the State itself, it is possible to locate racism in the practice of discrimination law, within the category of race discrimination. Yet, discrimination law frequently fails to grasp structural racism. The paper reveals how this happens and in turn shows how race discrimination can be infiltrated with a structural view of racism. The overall purpose is to establish that discrimination law fails to be relevant in the face of contemporary forms of racism in the absence of a structural view.
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Krosch, Amy R., Tom R. Tyler, and David M. Amodio. "Race and recession: Effects of economic scarcity on racial discrimination." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 113, no. 6 (December 2017): 892–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000112.
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McIntosh, Alison, and Cheryl Cockburn-Wooten. "How hospitable is Aotearoa New Zealand to refugees?" Hospitality Insights 4, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v4i1.71.
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Following the tragic events of the Christchurch shooting on 15th March 2019, New Zealanders projected a national image of hospitality towards Muslim New Zealanders, involving an Islamic call to prayer in Parliament, and women wearing hijab in solidarity – unique public demonstrations of compassion and inclusion. In 2020, the New Zealand government will raise its refugee quota to 1,500 refugees per year as part of its United Nations obligations and remove its race-based aspects [1]. Globally, there are vast displacements of people fleeing persecution and economic oppression [2]. Arguably, despite its small refugee resettlement quota, New Zealand appears hospitable. Yet our study reveals a context within which negative economic, social and political factors dominate policy and practices. It similarly highlights ways in which New Zealand’s hospitality towards refugees is paternalistic and interventionist, even if not deliberately [3].
‘Being hospitable’ is typically defined as a social relation that accompanies the ideologies and unconditional practices of ‘welcome’ [4]. As an act of welcome, hospitality gives ethical recognition to the stranger. This practice of hospitality enables and resonates a feeling of belonging and inclusion. However, the intrinsic nature of hospitality may foster exclusion as well as inclusion. The Christchurch incident arose from an act of unwelcome and a false sense of security from authorities as previous discrimination reported by the local refugee Muslim community was ignored. As such, key questions remain about how hospitable New Zealand is to refugees.
When refugees are resettled into a destination, refugee-focused service providers (including not-for-profits, community groups and NGOs) offer frontline services to ease refugees’ experiences of trauma and marginalisation. They provide advocacy and welcome through reception processes, translation services and multicultural centres. We facilitated a national think tank attended by 34 refugee-focused service providers to examine how they practice a hospitable welcome through their advocacy and frontline services and how the welcome could be improved.
Participants identified the need for greater collaboration and communication between refugee-focused service providers to enhance trust, relationships, to enable former refugees to feel safe in voicing their concerns and access services, and to reduce the competition and duplication of service provision in the face of scarce funding. They also recognised the need to increase attention to the notion of welcome and advocacy by adopting practices from non-interventionist actions that draw on the notion of welcome as empathetic, warm and connecting, with minimum rules, and to centre refugee voices with their active participation in policy development, service delivery and social inclusion activities. Participants also advocated continued efforts by the media and wider community to reduce discrimination and negative social dialogue around refugees and to encourage their social inclusion. To achieve these outcomes, participants raised the need to address the important issues of underfunding and strategy underpinning the delivery of refugee-focused service provision.
Overall, our findings suggest that beneath the initial welcoming surface, an alternative perspective may be concealed that restricts us from providing a broader inclusive hospitality and welcome into Aotearoa New Zealand. To bridge this potential impasse, a more humanistic approach is potentially required, where refugees actively co-create the critical framing of hospitality [5, 6] to better support their resettlement.
The original research on which this article is based is available here https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1472243
Corresponding author
Alison McIntosh can be contacted at: alison.mcintosh@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) Graham-McLay, C. Under Pressure, New Zealand Ends Policy Branded Racist. The New York Times, Oct 4, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/world/asia/jacinda-ardern-refugees-new-zealand.html?fbclid=IwAR0JYwr7Fl31gtQ9qXS0XTTLXyNkTXSC9DBWot0Mf0UtQLp9EXTBKTmqcBk (accessed Oct 20, 2019).
(2) Goldin, I.; Cameron, G.; Balarajan, M. Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped our World and will Define our Future; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 2012.
(3) McIntosh, A.; Cockburn-Wootten, C. Refugee-Focused Service Providers: Improving the Welcome in New Zealand. The Service Industries Journal 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1472243.
(4). Lynch, P.; Germann Molz, J.; McIntosh, A.; Lugosi, P.; Lashley, C. Theorizing Hospitality. Hospitality & Society 2011, 1 (1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp.1.1.3_2
(5) Still, J. Derrida and Hospitality: Theory and Practice; Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 2010.
(6) Brebner, L.; McIntosh, A.; Ewazi, S.; van Veen, M. Eds. Tastes of Home; Auckland University of Technology: Auckland, 2018.
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Bueno, Natália S., and Thad Dunning. "Race, Resources, and Representation." World Politics 69, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 327–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887116000290.
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What explains the persistence of racial or ethnic inequalities in descriptive representation in the absence of strongly politicized racial or ethnic cleavages? This article uses new data to demonstrate a substantial racial gap between voters and politicians in Brazil. The authors show that this disparity is not plausibly due to racial preferences in the electorate as a whole, for instance, deference toward white candidates or discrimination against nonwhites, and that barriers to candidate entry or discrimination by party leaders do not likely explain the gap. Instead, they document persistent resource disparities between white and nonwhite candidates, including large differences in personal assets and campaign contributions. The findings suggest that elite closure—investments by racial and economic elites on behalf of elite candidates—help perpetuate a white political class, even in the absence of racialized politics. By underscoring this avenue through which representational disparities persist, the article contributes to research on elite power in democratic settings.
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Marx, Anthony W. "Race-Making and the Nation-State." World Politics 48, no. 2 (January 1996): 180–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0003.
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Why was official racial domination enforced in South Africa and the United States, while nothing comparable to apartheid or Jim Crow was constructed in Brazil? Slavery and colonialism established the pattern of early discrimination in all three cases, and yet the postabolition racial orders diverged. Miscegenation influenced later outcomes, as did economic competition, but neither was decisive. Interpretations of these historical and economic factors were shaped by later developments. This article argues that postabolition racial orders were significantly shaped by the processes of nation-state building in each context. In South Africa and the United States ethnic or regional “intrawhite” conflict impeding nation-state consolidation was contained by racial domination. Whites were unified by excluding blacks, in an ongoing dynamic that took different forms. Continued competition and tensions between the American North and South or South Africa's English and Afrikaners were repeatedly resolved or diminished through further entrenchment of Jim Crow or apartheid. With no comparable conflict requiring reconciliation in Brazil, no official racial domination was constructed, although discrimination continued. The dynamics of nation-state building are then reviewed to explain variations in black mobilization and the end of apartheid and Jim Crow.
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Yi, Eun-Hye, Michin Hong, and Cherish Bolton. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS OF OLDER ADULTS: SUBJECTIVE REASONS AND CONTRIBUTORS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1835.
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Abstract Racism is prevalent in the United States; however, literature exploring racial discrimination experienced by older adults is still limited. The current study examined subjective reasons for discrimination and compared race/ethnic groups. Then, we examined the contributors to racial discrimination in healthcare settings. An older adult sample aged 55 or higher was drawn from California Health and Interview Survey 2017 for analysis (N=12,261). African Americans were the highest (13.06%) among five racial-ethnic groups who reported racial discrimination experienced in a lifetime in getting medical care, while Whites were the lowest (1.57%). Perceived reasons for discrimination were significantly different by racial/ethnic group. Only 3.5% of Whites perceived they were discriminated against due to their race, whereas racial/ethnic minorities perceived the main reason for discrimination was their race/skin color (African American: 55.43%, Others: 24.06%, Asian Americans: 20.26%, Hispanics: 18.22%). The weighted logistic regression analyses revealed that being a racial/ethnic minority, economic status, mental health status, citizenship, the length of living in the United States, and age were significantly associated with the experience of racial discrimination of older people. Analyses by race/ethnic groups found different contributors. For example, poverty was the most prominent factor in racial discrimination for Whites, while education was for African Americans. This study identified an apparent gap in lifetime discrimination toward racial/ethnic minority older people. Also, we found racial discrimination experience combined with systematic barriers. The findings of this study support the need for interventions for race/ethnicity-based trauma of older people and anti-racism framework education for healthcare professionals and researchers.
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Berniker, Jessamyn S. "Legal Implications of Discrimination in Medical Practice." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 28, no. 1 (2000): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00322.x.
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Recent medical studies have indicated that medical professionals discriminate in their treatment practices on the basis of race and gender. Among the many concerns stemming from this realization are questions about the possibility of legal actions and the availability of individual compensation for the denial of equal care. By meeting legal evidentiary standards, the recent statistical data pointing to discriminatory trends have created the potential for legal recourse through Title VI of the Civil Rights Act which prohibits recipients of federal funding from treating people differently on the basis of race or national origin.
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Dymski, Gary Arthur. "The Theory of Bank Redlining and Discrimination: An Exploration." Review of Black Political Economy 23, no. 3 (March 1995): 37–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689991.
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This article addresses a gap in the economic literature on race and credit markets: the theoretical basis of lending discrimination and redlining. It provides a unified model for exploring why discrimination and redlining exist in credit markets. This model is first used to examine three explanations offered by other authors—bigotry, differential risk, and market segmentation. The article then suggests several new explanations of race effects. These emphasize the interlinkage between labor and credit markets; market spillovers due to housing liquidity, refurbishment, and branch location effects; and strategic interaction among lenders.
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Intriligator, Michael D. "Economic aspects of disarmament: Arms race and arms control issues." Defence and Peace Economics 5, no. 2 (June 1994): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430719408404785.
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Christiano, Kevin J. "Salaries and Race in Professional Baseball: Discrimination 10 Years Later." Sociology of Sport Journal 5, no. 2 (June 1988): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.5.2.136.
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A series of multiple regression analyses using the most recent publicly available data on the salaries of veteran hitters in major league baseball uncovers little evidence of economic discrimination by race. Comparisons of unstandardized regression coefficients for player variables, by race and position, reveal a number of instances of inequality. However, these inequalities do not occur consistently with respect to the same type of performance, nor do they always place blacks at a disadvantage. Furthermore, blacks who do not enjoy the market power granted to players by the advent of free agency are not uniformly victimized by discrimination in salaries. Instead, the newest evidence suggests that signs of salary discrimination that were found in data on hitters from the 1977 season are not manifest 10 years later.
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Koechlin, Tim. "Whitewashing Capitalism: Mainstream Economics’ Resounding Silence on Race and Racism." Review of Radical Political Economics 51, no. 4 (September 16, 2019): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613419873229.
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This paper is about the gaping silence in mainstream economics regarding the relationship among capitalism, race, racism, and enduring racial inequality in the USA. Racial inequality is a glaring and enduring fact about the US economy. And yet mainstream economics has little to say about race or racism. Gregory Mankiw’s bestselling textbook devotes seven pages to “discrimination.” There is no discussion of racism per se. Mainstream economists and textbooks typically conflate racism and “discrimination,” and reassure the reader that “markets contain a natural remedy for employer discrimination” (Mankiw, 2008: 409). A student is likely to leave ECON 101 (or an economics major) with a sense that “economic science” has “shown” that discrimination is not that big a deal, and that the history of racist plunder and exploitation in the USA (of which there likely has been no discussion) is not relevant to “economics.” I argue here that the mainstream narrative (its assumptions, its logic, its conclusions, and its rhetorical choices and emphases) systematically obscures, dismisses, and ignores essential ways that racial inequality has been (re)produced by US capitalism. Especially striking is the resounding silence about the legacy of racist economic practices—in particular, the ways in which the enormous black/white wealth gap (and its effects) in the USA are linked to centuries of racist exclusion, violence, and plunder. The mainstream narrative thus whitewashes capitalism and exonerates “the market system.” The final section argues for a radical multidisciplinary economics. JEL classification: J15, D63
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Nkwata, Allan K., Ming Zhang, Xiao Song, Bruno Giordani, and Amara E. Ezeamama. "The Relationship of Race, Psychosocial Stress and Resiliency Indicators to Neurocognitive Impairment among Older Americans Enrolled in the Health and Retirement Survey: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031358.
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Background: Race/ethnicity, toxic stress (TS), resilience-promoting factors (RPFs), and their interactions were investigated in relationship to neurocognitive impairment (NI) in a nationally representative sample of adult Americans ≥50 years enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) between 2012 and 2014. Methods: NI was defined as physician diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease/dementia or HRS total cognition score ≤ 10. Race/ethnicity (i.e., African American, White, or Other), TS (i.e., everyday discrimination and chronic stressors), and mastery (as indicator of RPF) were self-reported. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated race-, TS-, RPF-associated odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NI adjusting for socio-demographic confounders. Results: 6317 respondents interviewed between the years 2012 and 2014, age range 55–104 years old, 83% White, 13% Black and 4% Other race were included in the study. Chronic stress (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.42–2.48), discrimination (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 2.12–5.19) and low mastery (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.38–2.48) were each associated with higher NI risk while low mastery was associated with higher NI risk in discrimination and race/ethnicity dependent manner. Specifically, low mastery-associated risk for NI was evident among adults that denied experiencing discrimination (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.51–2.68), but absent among those that experienced discrimination (OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.32–1.62). Further, AA race was associated with NI risk but only among adults with high mastery (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.20–3.35). Conclusions: Discrimination, chronic stress, and low mastery were associated with worse cognition. Persisting cognitive disadvantage for AA vs. White/Other race only among high mastery adults suggests that adverse social experiences may counteract mastery-associated cognitive benefits among AA population. TS reduction through policies that promote equal treatment by race/ethnicity in social life, health, justice, and economic systems may promote successful cognitive aging.
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Wolf, Susan M. "Beyond “Genetic Discrimination”: Toward the Broader Harm of Geneticism." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23, no. 4 (1995): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1995.tb01376.x.
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The current explosion of genetic knowledge and the rapid proliferation of genetic tests has rightly provoked concern that we are approaching a future in which people will be labeled and disadvantaged based on genetic information. Indeed, some have already suffered harm, including denial of health insurance. This concern has prompted an outpouring of analysis. Yet almost all of it approaches the problem of genetic disadvantage under the rubric of “genetic discrimination.”This rubric is woefully inadequate to the task at hand. It ignores years of commentary on race and gender demonstrating the limits of antidiscrimination analysis as an analytic framework and corrective tool. Too much discussion of genetic disadvantage proceeds as if scholars of race and gender had not spent decades critiquing and developing antidiscrimination theory.Indeed, there are multiple links among race, gender, and genetics. Dorothy Roberts has discussed the historical links between racism and genetics, while she and others have begun to map connections between gender and genetics.
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Hill, Robert B. "Economic Forces, Structural Discrimination and Black Family Instability." Review of Black Political Economy 17, no. 3 (January 1989): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02901099.
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The social and economic gains achieved by black families during the 1960s were severely eroded during the seventies and eighties. Unemployment, poverty, single-parent families, out-of-wedlock births, and adolescent pregnancies soared to alarming levels. According to the thesis of the declining significance of race, this crisis is mainly concentrated among the black “underclass” and it is broad societal trends, not racism, that is mainly responsible for their increased deprivation. We contend that this thesis fails to assess the role of institutionalized racism as it is manifested in “unintended” or “structural” discrimination, i.e., the disproportionate adverse effects of economic trends and policies on the functioning of low-income and middle-income black families. Moreover, we argue that social forces or policies that have racially disparate adverse effects are “discriminatory” by result, whether intended or not. The major economic trends that affected black families adversely during the seventies and eighties were: back-to-back recessions, double-digit inflation, and industrial and population shifts. The key economic policies that undermined black family stability have been: anti-inflation fiscal and monetary policies, trade policies, plant closings, social welfare, block grants, and federal per capita formulas for allocating funds to states and local areas that have not been corrected for the census undercount.
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Darby, Derrick, and Richard Levy. "Postracial Remedies." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 50.2 (2017): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.50.2.postracial.
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The Supreme Court’s equal protection jurisprudence is decidedly postracial. The Court has restricted the Equal Protection Clause to intentional discrimination by the government, concluding that the Constitution does not prohibit private acts of discrimination and rejecting challenges based on disparate impact, even when rigorous statistical analysis indicates that race is likely a factor. It has held that remedying the effects of past societal discrimination is an insufficient basis for race-specific remedies such as affirmative action. It has also ended remedies of this sort designed to combat previous state-sponsored racial discrimination, such as court-ordered desegregation measures in the schools and the preclearance provisions of the Voting Rights Act. Constitutional litigation currently provides little or no recourse to address racial disparities in outcomes that are not demonstrably caused by intentional governmental racial discrimination, and race-specific remedies face a level of judicial scrutiny that is especially difficult to satisfy. This Article asks what can be done under these circumstances to ameliorate racial inequality in a manner that is politically feasible and does not run afoul of constitutional limits. It argues that “postracial remedies” are a necessary component of an effective strategy to combat racial disparities in areas such as wealth, incarceration, education, and housing. Postracial remedies seek pragmatic solutions for the economic, social, and structural problems that disproportionately burden blacks in the United States. These remedies are not race specific because they do not treat people differently based on race, but they are race sensitive because they target the manifestations of racial inequality and recognize the salience of race in today’s political and legal environment. This approach, which seeks legally achievable remedies, is also consistent with “antibalkanization” perspectives associated with “race moderates” whose civil rights equal protection jurisprudence is motivated, in part, by a concern with preserving social cohesion. Although postracial remedies are necessary within this postracial ethos, pursuing them does not require acceptance of the postracial narrative or the abandonment of advocacy to combat ongoing racial discrimination.
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Nefnouf, Ahmed Seif Eddine. "Shadism from the Perspective of Intersectionality in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.4.24.
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This paper aims to discuss shadism from a perspective of intersectionality and how people with a darker skin tone suffered particular forms of discrimination due to the issues of shadism and its interaction with the class, gender, age, ability, and race. Shadism has infused the black society for many centuries, hence outlined during slavery. Shadism is the discrimination against a person with a darker skin tone, typically among individuals of the same racial group. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison describes how African American women and girls like Pecola are considered ugly by her family and the community due to her darker skin tone. in this research paper we are going to explore shadism and examine intersectionality theory like race, gender, sexuality and class, and their influence on dark-skinned black women, through the main character Pecola Breedlove. Using intersectionality theory to understand shadism helps to know that there are different ways a person could face oppression and domination. This paper gives a new vision of shadism which have been studied as amatter of racism, but throughout the intersectionality of the the identity component. The analysis shows that shadism is influenced by race and other aspects of intersectionality such as gender, race, age and ability, and other aspects of identity.
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Dymski, Gary, and Jessica Gordon Nembhard. "Rhonda M. Williams: Competition, Race, Agency, and Community." Review of Black Political Economy 29, no. 4 (May 2002): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02717293.
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As the United States approaches the twenty-first century … in an information-based, transnational and managerial economy, it is becoming increasingly apparent that if we do not better negotiate race and ethnicity in our society, we will not adequately solve the problems of economic inequality and discrimination. Racial and/or ethnic divisions and competition shape our efforts to understand and challenge hierarchy and inequity. As long as we ignore those issues, we cannot solve the problems of poverty, unemployment, and crime, nor effect productive job creation and economic justice. Absent a cultural and economic reckoning with racism's legacies, we will fail to revitalize our cities and to recover from the socioeconomic costs of “ending welfare as we knew it.” Although masked behind pronouncements of a “color-blind” society, unfinished racial business weakens our national will to provide one another the portfolio of social and economic rights essential to the sustenance of humane community in the post-industrial global economy. (Nembhard and Williams 1998)
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Reid, Frank. "Economic Aspects of Mandatory Retirement: The Canadian Experience." Articles 43, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050390ar.
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Economie impacts of eliminating mandatory retirement are a crucial aspect of the Charter of Rights arguments concerning the «reasonableness» of age discrimination. Evidence suggests that the number of employees who would workpast normal retirement age in any given year is only a fraction of one percent of the labour force. Eliminating mandatory retirement would consequently have minimal impact on job opportunities for youth and personnel practices concerning evaluation of employees. Actuarial adjustment of private pension plans to accommodate a flexible retirement age is only a minor administrative matter and has already been implemented in some Canadian jurisdictions
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Darity, William A., and Patrick L. Mason. "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.63.
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There is substantial racial and gender disparity in the American economy. As we will demonstrate, discriminatory treatment within the labor market is a major cause of this inequality. Yet, there appear to have been particular periods in which racial minorities, and then women, experienced substantial reductions in economic disparity and discrimination. Some questions remain: Why did the movement toward racial equality stagnate after the mid-1970s? What factors are most responsible for the remaining gender inequality? What is the role of the competitive process in elimination or reproduction of discrimination in employment? How successful has the passage of federal antidiscrimination legislation in the 1960s been in producing an equal opportunity environment where job applicants are now evaluated on their qualifications? To give away the answer at the outset, discrimination by race has diminished somewhat, and discrimination by gender has diminished substantially; neither employment discrimination by race or by gender is close to ending. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and subsequent related legislation has purged American society of the most overt forms of discrimination, while discriminatory practices have continued in more covert and subtle forms. Furthermore, racial discrimination is masked and rationalized by widely-held presumptions of black inferiority.
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Francis, Dania V., Bradley L. Hardy, and Damon Jones. "Black Economists on Race and Policy: Contributions to Education, Poverty and Mobility, and Public Finance." Journal of Economic Literature 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 454–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20211686.
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We explore the contributions of Black economists to research on major economic and social policy problems in the United States. We focus on applications in education, poverty and economic mobility, and public finance to extract common themes and patterns. The major themes that emerge include (i) Black economists’ examination of individual versus structural explanations for economic outcomes, (ii) the role played by race and discrimination, (iii) the endogenous determination of race, and (iv) the nature of objectivity and positionality in economic research. A unifying theme is a willingness of many Black economists to engage critically on economic policy issues, using frameworks both from within as well as outside of mainstream neoclassical economics.(JEL A11, D72, I23, I28, I32, J15, K42)
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Zenk, Shannon N., Amy J. Schulz, Barbara A. Israel, Graciela Mentz, Patricia Y. Miranda, Alisha Opperman, and Angela M. Odoms-Young. "Food shopping behaviours and exposure to discrimination." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 5 (March 27, 2013): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001300075x.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined food shopping behaviours, particularly distance to grocery shop, and exposure to discrimination.DesignCross-sectional observational study utilizing data from a community survey, neighbourhood food environment observations and the decennial census.SettingThree communities in Detroit, Michigan, USA.SubjectsProbability sample of 919 African-American, Latino and white adults in 146 census blocks and sixty-nine census block groups.ResultsOn average, respondents shopped for groceries 3·1 miles (4·99 km) from home, with 30·9 % shopping within 1 mile (1·61 km) and 22·3 % shopping more than 5 miles (8·05 km) from home. Longer distance to shop was associated with being younger, African-American (compared with Latino), a woman, higher socio-economic status, lower satisfaction with the neighbourhood food environment, and living in a neighbourhood with higher poverty, without a large grocery store and further from the nearest supermarket. African-Americans and those with the lowest incomes were particularly likely to report unfair treatment at food outlets. Each mile (1·61 km) increase in distance to shop was associated with a 7 % increase in the odds of unfair treatment; this relationship did not differ by race/ethnicity.ConclusionsThe study suggests that unfair treatment in retail interactions warrants investigation as a pathway by which restricted neighbourhood food environments and food shopping behaviours may adversely affect health and contribute to health disparities. Efforts to promote ‘healthy’ and equitable food environments should emphasize local availability and affordability of a range of healthy food products, as well as fair treatment while shopping regardless of race/ethnicity or socio-economic status.
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Vickers, Lucy. "IS ALL HARASSMENT EQUAL? THE CASE OF RELIGIOUS HARASSMENT." Cambridge Law Journal 65, no. 3 (November 23, 2006): 579–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197306007239.
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IN 2000 the Employment Directive was enacted by the European Community, creating a framework for combating discrimination in employment on grounds not previously covered by Community law, namely religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. To a large extent the definitions of discrimination are uniform in relation to the different grounds of discrimination. In accordance with the Directive, new Regulations have been introduced in the UK prohibiting discrimination on grounds of religion or belief (the Religion and Belief Regulations) and sexual orientation, and amendments have been made to some aspects of the law governing discrimination on grounds of race, sex and disability. Age discrimination is subject to regulations which came into force in October 2006. One common aspect of these new laws and amendments is that the concept of harassment is specifically defined, instead of being viewed as a form as discrimination.
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Kraus, Michael W., Julian M. Rucker, and Jennifer A. Richeson. "Americans misperceive racial economic equality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 39 (September 18, 2017): 10324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707719114.
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The present research documents the widespread misperception of race-based economic equality in the United States. Across four studies (n = 1,377) sampling White and Black Americans from the top and bottom of the national income distribution, participants overestimated progress toward Black–White economic equality, largely driven by estimates of greater current equality than actually exists according to national statistics. Overestimates of current levels of racial economic equality, on average, outstripped reality by roughly 25% and were predicted by greater belief in a just world and social network racial diversity (among Black participants). Whereas high-income White respondents tended to overestimate racial economic equality in the past, Black respondents, on average, underestimated the degree of past racial economic equality. Two follow-up experiments further revealed that making societal racial discrimination salient increased the accuracy of Whites’ estimates of Black–White economic equality, whereas encouraging Whites to anchor their estimates on their own circumstances increased their tendency to overestimate current racial economic equality. Overall, these findings suggest a profound misperception of and unfounded optimism regarding societal race-based economic equality—a misperception that is likely to have any number of important policy implications.
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Matvieieva, Liliia, Sergii Smokov, and Maksym Korniienko. "HATE CRIMES: INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL, ECONOMIC, AND NATIONAL ASPECTS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-125-133.
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The subject of this study is the scientific and practical problems of defining the definition of "hate crime" in international, regional and domestic legal systems. General scientific, interdisciplinary and special scientific methods were used in the process of research. Thus, logical and systematic methods allowed us to select and analyze the information on the topic of research. Specific sociological method allowed to determine the social determinants of the existence of this type of crime. The formal-legal method allowed us to trace the level of institutionalization of hate crimes and formulate definitions of legal concepts and categories. The comparative legal method allowed for a comparison of international, regional and national legislation on combating intolerance and combating hate crimes. The purpose of this article is to identify the key areas for the formation of an active legal policy aimed at increasing the capacity to combat hate crimes. Analysis of experience in combating intolerance and discrimination and the development of proposals for improving domestic legislation. The main stages of the formation, development and legalization of hate crimes are highlighted. Such crimes in the modern world are considered to be the most dangerous type of criminal acts. Factors associated with the acquisition of the character of hate crime as an acute social problem since the second half of the 20th century are named. The main recommendations of modern human rights institutions regarding the fight against these crimes are considered. The most important guarantees of prevention of any human discrimination in the future, which are reflected in the international agreements on human rights and enshrined in the constitutions of modern states, are analyzed. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights in this direction is considered. The legal regulation of hate crimes in the national legislation of Ukraine is analyzed. It is emphasized that the main directions of implementation of domestic legal policy in the field of combating discrimination are carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, sectoral legislation and international obligations of Ukraine. Statistical data characterizing the level of hate crimes in the national legal system is presented. The characteristics of hate crimes are studied. It is emphasized that the motive itself is of key importance in establishing the corpus delicti and the correct qualification of hate crimes. It was concluded that the list of aggravating circumstances for hate crimes should be clearly defined at the national legislative level, which would avoid ambiguous interpretations of the wording contained in the articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine providing for punishment for crimes committed on the grounds of intolerance. It was stressed that an effective response to hate crimes is necessary in order to prevent such crimes from becoming a serious public threat. In the opinion of the authors, such a problem can be solved through legal education of Ukrainian society and the formation of a culture of tolerant and respectful attitudes toward all people. It is the duty of a modern state to ensure the adoption of appropriate national legislation, the collection of statistical data, and the thorough investigation and prosecution of hate crimes.
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Sameer, Ali Kareem, and Hasan Hadi Ali. "BLACK ATHEIST: ASPECTS OF COMMUNISM IN LANGSTON HUGHES'S SELECTED POEMS." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 4, no. 13 (March 1, 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.413001.
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This paper aims to study the perspectives of communism as a dogma in Langston Hughes's selected poems. Hughes was an African American poet who observed communism as an outlet for his problems and suffering under the social prejudice of whites. He reflected the impact of discrimination in part of the race and social segregation in most of his poems. Hughes embedded communist aspects in some of his poems like Good-Bye Christ, as an outcome of the recurrence of the daily conducts of discrimination and racism against Afro-Americans. Thus, this paper is conducted in the light of “Speaking out for Justice” to denote the injustice situations of the dark-skinned people via adopting atheism in an idealized society, America. Some questions will be articulated to uncover the ideology of Hughes in discussing his issue as such how did Hughes reflect communist trends and religious tensions in his poetry?
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Wong, Janelle. "The Evangelical Vote and Race in the 2016 Presidential Election." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2017.32.
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AbstractThis paper highlights differences in evangelical identity and its association with political attitudes across racial groups. It finds that White evangelicals hold more conservative views than Black, Latinx, and Asian American evangelicals, despite similar levels of religiosity. White evangelicals' more conservative political attitudes are driven by a sense of in-group embattlement, or the idea that their group faces as much or more discrimination as persecuted outgroups. This sense of in-group embattlement is distinct from the effects of economic resources, economic anxiety, partisanship, region (South) and generalized conservative outlook. The paper draws on survey data collected in the immediate aftermath of the 2016 election.
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Akinlade, Ekundayo Y., Jason R. Lambert, and Peng Zhang. "Mechanisms for hiring discrimination of immigrant applicants in the United States." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 39, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-08-2019-0218.
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PurposeFew studies examine how hiring discrimination can be an antecedent to the labor exploitation of immigrant workers. The main purpose of this paper is to advance the theoretical understanding of how the intersectionality of race and immigrant status affects differential hiring treatment, and how it affects job offers, job acceptance and hiring decision outcomes for immigrant job seekers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws from theories on status and intersectionality, and literature on immigration labor and racial hierarchy, addressing the unequal power relations that underlie race and immigration status affecting the hiring process, to advance critical understandings of why immigrant job seekers accept positions where they may be exploited.FindingsThis paper provides a conceptual model to critically synthesize the complexity between race and immigrant status, and their effect on the experience of immigrant job seekers differently. Exploitation opportunism is introduced to better understand the mechanisms of hiring discrimination among immigrant job seekers to include the role of race, immigrant status, economic motivations and unequal power relations on the hiring process.Practical implicationsThe framework for exploitation opportunism will help employers improve the quality and fairness of their hiring methods, and empower immigrant job seekers to not allow themselves to accept subpar job offers which can lead to exploitation.Originality/valueThe paper provides an original analysis of immigrant job seekers' experience of the hiring process that reveals the intragroup differences among immigrants based on race and status, and the decision-making mechanisms that hiring managers and immigrant job seekers use to evaluate job offers and job acceptance.
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McGlynn, Clare. "EC Legislation Prohibiting Age Discrimination: “Towards a Europe for All Ages”?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802859051.
Full textAbstract:
In 2000 the European Community adopted the General Framework Directive aimed at combating discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation as regards employment and occupation. This important measure followed closely on the heels of the Race Discrimination Directive adopted earlier in the year. The adoption of these measures was made possible after the Treaty of Amsterdam inserted a new Article 13 into the EC Treaty which empowered the Community to adopt measures to combat discrimination on the above grounds, as well as in the fields of sex, race and ethnicity. While Article 13 was greeted with much acclaim, doubts were expressed as to whether or not binding measures would be forthcoming. As it has turned out, such pessimism was unwarranted and the Community has now adopted measures aimed at eliminating discrimination on all the grounds specified in Article 13. The adoption of these directives is, therefore, a highly significant expansion of the Community’s competence and ensures the continued development of the Community beyond its original purely economic focus.
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McGlynn, Clare. "EC Legislation Prohibiting Age Discrimination: “Towards a Europe for All Ages”?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003815.
Full textAbstract:
In 2000 the European Community adopted the General Framework Directive aimed at combating discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation as regards employment and occupation. This important measure followed closely on the heels of the Race Discrimination Directive adopted earlier in the year. The adoption of these measures was made possible after the Treaty of Amsterdam inserted a new Article 13 into the EC Treaty which empowered the Community to adopt measures to combat discrimination on the above grounds, as well as in the fields of sex, race and ethnicity. While Article 13 was greeted with much acclaim, doubts were expressed as to whether or not binding measures would be forthcoming. As it has turned out, such pessimism was unwarranted and the Community has now adopted measures aimed at eliminating discrimination on all the grounds specified in Article 13. The adoption of these directives is, therefore, a highly significant expansion of the Community’s competence and ensures the continued development of the Community beyond its original purely economic focus.
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Bruyère, Susanne M., Sarah von Schrader, Wendy Coduti, and Melissa Bjelland. "United States Employment Disability Discrimination Charges: Implications for Disability Management Practice." International Journal of Disability Management 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jdmr.5.2.48.
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AbstractIt is 20 years since the passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act, yet employment and economic inequities continue for people with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to inform and encourage disability management leading practices to contribute toward reducing these disparities. The approach is an examination of where in the employment process applicants and incumbent employees perceive employment disability discrimination, leading to the filing of charges against an employer. Employment disability discrimination claims filed by individuals over 15 years (1993–2007) with the United States (US) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or state and local Fair Employment Practice Agencies are studied. The authors analyse employment discrimination charges by year, basis (i.e., protected class characteristics, such as disability, age, or race), issue (i.e., actions of the employer, such as discharge, hiring, or harassment), employer characteristics (i.e, size of business and industry sector), and joint filings under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (gender, race/ethnicity, and religious discrimination) and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). Special attention is paid to where in the employment process people with specific impairments are perceiving discrimination. Implications of these research findings for the practice and administration of disability management and employer policies are discussed.
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Besbris, Max, Jacob William Faber, and Patrick Sharkey. "Disentangling the Effects of Race and Place in Economic Transactions: Findings from an Online Field Experiment." City & Community 18, no. 2 (June 2019): 529–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12394.
Full textAbstract:
Scholarship on discrimination consistently shows that non–Whites are at a disadvantage in obtaining goods and services relative to Whites. To a lesser extent, recent work has asked whether or not place of residence may also affect individuals’ chances in economic markets. In this study, we use a field experiment in an online market for second–hand goods to examine transactional opportunities for White, Black, Asian, and Latino residents of both advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods. Our results show that sellers prefer transactional partners who live in advantaged neighborhoods to those who live in neighborhoods that are majority non–White and have higher rates of poverty. This was true across all four racial/ethnic groups, revealing that neighborhood stigma exists independently of racial stigma. We discuss the implications for scholarship on neighborhood effects and we outline how future research using experiments can leverage various types of markets to better specify when characteristics like race trigger discrimination.
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Watson, Sharon. "GETTING THE QUESTIONS ON THE GUIDE: RACE AND RACISM IN EVALUATION." Practicing Anthropology 44, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.44.3.13.
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Abstract Evaluations justify resource allocations and shape future actions. In settings working to improve health and economic mobility, this is a high-stakes activity. Program evaluations often focus on the topic at hand, leaving the issue of race and race relations (historical and present) out as the work of diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts and not central to program implementation. However, many of the programs we are hired to evaluate involve populations living out the legacy impacts of structural racism and discrimination. This article acknowledges different forms of resistance experienced when integrating questions about racism into evaluations. It draws on my experience in a collaborative process of creating a guide intended to be used with stakeholders. I present challenges that others setting out to include structural racism and discrimination into processes of evaluation may encounter and highlight how the qualitative interview process is itself an intervention in facilitating reflection and action.
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Collins, William J. "Race, Labor Markets, and Social Disorder in Twentieth-Century America." Social Science History 29, no. 2 (2005): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012931.
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In 1900, approximately 10 percent of African Americans resided in central cities; by 1970, nearly 60 percent did, far higher than the corresponding proportion of whites. This geographic redistribution was central to the twentieth-century African American economic experience, with connections radiating in innumerable directions: to labor markets, housing markets, educational systems, the civil rights movement, and public policy responses to discrimination and poverty. Although migration patterns are not their focus, each essay in this special section is closely connected to the black population's historic redistribution.
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Cheskidov, B. M. "Anti-recessionary aspects of the modern monetary theory." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-7-152-160.
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The paper considers the modern monetary economic theory (MMT) from the point of view of the approaches to overcome the current economic crisis by recourse to fiscal and monetary tools. It is shown that its proposals are aimed at overcoming the crisis of the U.S. economy through an additional inflow of investment resources from other states with a simultaneous increase in social stability within the country with the support of a quantitative easing race. It also concludes that the level of taxation in developed states reaches the limit beyond which the economic activity is discouraged. The negative consequences for economic subjects of reducing the possibility of maneuvering between national jurisdictions for tax optimization, and the importance of this process for the preservation of U.S. leadership are demonstrated.
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CHONG, DENNIS, and DUKHONG KIM. "The Experiences and Effects of Economic Status Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities." American Political Science Review 100, no. 3 (August 2006): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055406062228.
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We propose and test a theory of opportunities that explains the conditions in which economic status affects support for racial and ethnic group interests among African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans. Using data from a 2001 Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University national survey, our analysis finds that, for all minority groups, the effect of economic status on support for group interests is mediated by the socioeconomic experiences of individuals. Intergroup differences therefore result from varying experiences and perceptions of discrimination among minority groups rather than from group-specific theoretical processes. Compared to Latinos and Asian Americans, African Americans are least responsive to changes in economic circumstances because they are on the whole more pessimistic about their life prospects and more likely to encounter discrimination. But we find in general that, among those minority individuals who perceive equal opportunity and experience less discrimination, higher economic status often leads to a reduced emphasis on race and ethnicity. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of a minority group into American society depends not only on the actions of group members but also on the fair treatment of that group by the majority population.
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Jain, Paras. "A STUDY ABOUT STATUS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IN INDIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2017): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i5.2017.1855.
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In the Indian context, the constitution makes envisaged a concept of social justice which involves the establishment of an egalitarian, social order where there was no discrimination among individuals on the basis of caste, religion, race, sex or place of birth. Goal of political, socio and economic democracy have been sought to be implemented through certain political and socio economic rights. These conditions were to be established by adopting a socio economic model of development through a policy of socialism. In present study year wise variation with respect to element of social justice is presented.
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Liss, Joseph, David Peloquin, Mark Barnes, and Barbara E. Bierer. "Applying Civil Rights Law to Clinical Research: Title VI’s Equal Access Mandate." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 50, no. 1 (2022): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.14.
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AbstractTitle VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its implementing regulations prohibit federally-funded educational institutions and healthcare centers from engaging in disparate impact discrimination “on the ground of race, color, or national origin” in all of their operations.
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BHATIA, Gautam. "Horizontal Discrimination and Article 15(2) of the Indian Constitution: A Transformative Approach." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 11, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2016.5.
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AbstractThis article explores horizontal non-discrimination rights under the Constitution of India (Indian Constitution). The Indian Constitution is unique in that it expressly prohibits private discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, caste, religion, etc. for the purpose of, inter alia, “access to … shops” (Article 15(2)). The article argues that a historically grounded understanding of the word “shops”, in the context of the transformative purposes of the Indian Constitution, necessitates a broad reading that covers all private economic transactions where goods and services are offered to the public at large. Furthermore, seemingly contrary Supreme Court precedent, if it is constitutionally justifiable, must be restricted to its own facts. In sum, Article 15(2) of the Indian Constitution provides a radical constitutional remedy that is directly horizontally applicable to private conduct, and goes far beyond remedies developed in other jurisdictions, which have often needed to turn to legislation in order to adequately combat private discrimination in the economic and social sphere.