Academic literature on the topic 'Race discrimination – Canada'
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Journal articles on the topic "Race discrimination – Canada"
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Godley, Jenny. "Everyday Discrimination in Canada: Prevalence and Patterns." Canadian Journal of Sociology 43, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs29346.
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Using nationally representative data from the 2013 Canadian Community Health Survey, this article examines the prevalence and patterning of self-reported everyday discrimination in Canada. Almost twenty-three percent of Canadians report experiencing everyday discrimination. The most common types reported are gender, age, and race, followed by discrimination based on physical characteristics such as weight. Sex, age, marital status, race, place of birth, and body mass index all contribute to individuals’ reported experiences of discrimination. Gay men report particularly high levels of discrimination based on sexual orientation; Blacks, Asians, and Aboriginals report particularly high levels of racial discrimination; and Arabs, South and West Asians, and Aboriginals report particularly high levels of religious discrimination. There is strong evidence of the persistence of everyday discrimination in Canada, across multiple social groups, despite legal protections for marginalized groups. Suggestions are made for addressing the roots of discrimination at both the individual and the collective levels.
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Vang, Zoua M., and Yvonne Chang. "Immigrants’ Experiences of Everyday Discrimination in Canada: Unpacking the Contributions of Assimilation, Race, and Early Socialization." International Migration Review 53, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 602–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318764871.
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We examined perceptions of everyday discrimination among immigrants in Canada and in comparison to native-born Canadians using data from the 2013 Canadian Community Health Survey. We find that recent immigrants report less discrimination than native-born Canadians, ceteris paribus. Recent immigrants also report less discrimination than their fellow immigrants who had been residing in Canada for much longer durations. There were trivial differences in perceptions of everyday discrimination between native-born Canadians and midway and established immigrants, all else being equal. Additional analysis suggests that differences in age at arrival and associated early socialization experiences might explain variations in immigrants’ perceived discrimination.
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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Racial Discrimination." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340005.
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Abstract This fifth volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law surveys the field of comparative race discrimination law for the purpose of providing an introduction to the nature of comparing systems of discrimination and the transnational search for effective equality laws and policies. This volume includes the perspectives of racialized subjects (subalterns) in the examination of the reach of the laws on the ground. It engages a variety of legal and social science resources in order to compare systems across a number of contexts (such as the United States, Canada, France, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Israel, India, and others). The goal is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various kinds of anti-discrimination legal devices to aid in the study of law reform efforts across the globe centered on racial equality.
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Jain, Harish C. "Race and Sex Discrimination in Employment in Canada. Theories, Evidence and Policies." Relations industrielles 37, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 344–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029258ar.
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After having examined three theoritical approaches, the author presents public policy relating to race and sex discrimination in employment and analyzes 74 cases decided by the boards of enquiry and courts.
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Ramjattan, Vijay A. "Lacking the right aesthetic." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 34, no. 8 (November 16, 2015): 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-03-2015-0018.
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Purpose – Expertise in English language teaching (ELT) is determined by being a white native speaker of English. Therefore, ELT is a type of aesthetic labour because workers are expected to look and sound a particular way. As nonwhite teachers cannot perform this labour, they may experience employment discrimination in the form of racial microaggressions, which are everyday racial slights. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what types of microaggressions inform several nonwhite teachers that they cannot perform aesthetic labour in private language schools in Toronto, Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes a critical race methodology in which several nonwhite teachers told stories of racial microaggressions. Findings – The teachers were told that they lacked the right aesthetic through microaggressions involving employers being confused about their names, questioning their language backgrounds, and citing customer preferences. Research limitations/implications – Future research must find out whether nonwhite teachers experience discrimination throughout Canada. Other studies must investigate how intersecting identity markers affect teachers’ employment prospects. Practical implications – To prevent the discrimination of nonwhite teachers (in Canada), increased regulation is needed. The international ELT industry also needs to fight against the ideology that English is a white language. Originality/value – There is little literature that examines language/racial discrimination in the Canadian ELT industry and how this discrimination is articulated to teachers.
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Krysa, Isabella, Mariana Paludi, and Albert J. Mills. "The racialization of immigrants in Canada – a historical investigation how race still matters." Journal of Management History 25, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-09-2018-0048.
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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the discursive ways in which racialization affects the integration process of immigrants in present-day Canada. By drawing on a historical analysis, this paper shows how race continues to be impacted by colonial principles implemented throughout the colonization process and during the formation stages of Canada as a nation. This paper contributes to management and organizational studies by shedding light on the taken-for-granted nature of discursive practices in organizations through problematizing contemporary societal and political engagements with “race”.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on critical diversity studies as theoretical framework to problematize a one-dimensional approach to race and diversity. Further, it applies the Foucauldian historical method (Foucault, 1981) to trace the construction of “race” over time and to show its impact on present-day discursive practices.FindingsThrough a discursive review of Canada’s past, this paper shows how seemingly non-discriminatory race-related concepts and policies such as “visible minority” contribute to the marginalization of non-white individuals, racializing them. Multiculturalism and neoliberal globalization are identified as further mechanisms in such a racialization process.Originality/valueThis paper illustrates the importance of a historical contextualization to shed light on present workplace discrimination and challenges unproblematic approaches to workplace diversity.
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Tarnopolsky, Walter S. "Le contrôle de la discrimination raciale au Canada." L'égalité devant la loi 18, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 663–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042189ar.
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This article is divided into four parts: the first is a brief survey of race relations in Canada before the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation; the next two parts are devoted to an outline of the scope of this legislation and of the administration and enforcement of it ; finally, the last part suggests some current and possible future developments to make it more effective. Prior to the nineteenth century both the French and the British settlers in the colonies that have become a part of Canada had slaves. Slavery was not, however, very extensive due to lack of large agricultural holdings. At the end of the eighteenth century the legislature in Upper Canada and some judges in Lower Canada limited its expansion and helped to end its practice. The British Imperial Emancipation Act of 1833 brought it to an end. In the next few decades, up to the American Civil War, some Canadians helped run-away slaves from the slave-holding states in the United States, while others actively discouraged them from coming. By the end of the nineteenth century a new source of racial tension arose on the West Coast between the newer immigrants from Asia and the older immigrants from Europe. The result was the enactment of numerous discriminatory laws by the legislature of British Columbia and subsequently, on a lesser scale, by the other western provinces. Most of these remained on the statute books until after World War II. None of these laws were held invalid by the courts on the basis of their discriminatory nature. In addition, both the common law and the Civil Code were interpreted as not prohibiting private discrimination, except by hotel-keepers and common carriers. The change from this situation started in the I930's with a few specific legislative prohibitions of discrimination in specific instances. In the 1940's Ontario, with respect to signs and advertisements and Saskatchewan, with respect to a whole range of activities, enacted legislation prohibiting discrimination, enforcing their prohibitions with penal sanctions. The 1950's saw the introduction of fair employment and fair accommodation practices acts. By the I960's these were being consolidated into comprehensive human rights codes administered by human rights commissions. This trend has continued up to this year, with the result that all eleven jurisdictions have commissions charged with enforcing antidiscrimination codes or acts. The usual, but not invariable, procedure is the laying of a complaint, the investigation of it by the commission staff, an attempt to bring about a settlement and finally, failing that, a hearing before an adjudicative tribunal to determine whether an act of discrimination did occur and, if so, what redress is appropriate. In concluding, three suggestions are made regarding measures that could be taken to strengthen the effectiveness of anti-discrimination legislation: (I) contract compliance; (2) greater independence for the commissions from the government; and (3) giving the legislation paramountcy over other statutes.
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Bergeron, Caroline D., and Martine Lagacé. "On the Meaning of Aging and Ageism: Why Culture Matters." University of Toronto Quarterly 90, no. 2 (June 2021): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.90.2.06.
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Like any form of discrimination, ageism does not exist in a void; it is expressed through cultural values and social beliefs. Some studies show that ageism intersects with other discriminatory attitudes, including those based on race or culture, leading to negative outcomes. However, the way older individuals, who are members of diverse cultural groups, experience and acknowledge age-based discrimination and react to ageist stereotypes may also be culturally dependent. The purpose of this paper is to further explore perceptions of aging and ageism among cultural groups of older adults in Canada. Findings from group discussions conducted among Chinese, Arab, and South Asian Indian older adults reveal that seniors living in Canada share relatively positive perceptions of aging and maintain their physical and psychological well-being, in part, because of their family and community engagement. Participants highlighted the respect that is offered to older adults in their culture and, in most cases, were grateful for their families and the policies supporting older adults in Canada. While participants were often not familiar with the term “ageism,” they had experienced a few instances of age discrimination, especially in the workplace. Results suggest that participants’ identities as older people may prevail over identities related to culture. As Canada’s society ages and becomes more diverse, these findings shed light on how culture influences the experience of aging and ageism.
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Thomson, Jane. "Discrimination and the Private Law in Canada: Reflections on Spence v. BMO Trust Co." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 36 (September 18, 2020): 138–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v36i0.6416.
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Discrimination has long been identified as detrimental to the basic functioning of multicultural countries like Canada. While governments have adopted constitutional law and passed human rights legislation to combat and control discrimination, these laws are inapplicable to a significant portion of Canadian law. Areas of private law, such as wills and trusts are therefore more vulnerable to use by individuals seeking to perpetuate discrimination.
The main way that courts in Canada have dealt with this issue is through the use of the doctrine of public policy. As early as the 19th century, private law provisions viewed as restraining another’s freedom of religion or perpetuating discrimination on grounds such as race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation have been found contrary to public policy by Canadian courts and voided accordingly.
While the uniquely Canadian jurisprudence in this area continues to evolve, until quite recently, its trajectory appeared to be one of expansion. However, the latest appellate level decision in this area,Spence v. BMO Trust Co., appears to have changed the course of this jurisprudence. In Spence, the Ontario Court of Appeal found that certain testamentary clauses, no matter how discriminatory in nature, can never be subject to a public policy review.
This article argues that while the result of Spence was likely correct on its particular facts, the reasoning of that decision goes too far in its attempt to limit the doctrine’s applicability with respect to discrimination in the private law. Parts of the decision in Spence ignore the key message of past decisions in this area concerning the danger of uncensored discrimination in Canadian society.
While reasonable people may disagree on the outcome of any given public policy inquiry, a point that should attract consensus is that the private law should never be an unexamined and impenetrable shelter for discrimination. However, Spence effectively creates an area of the private law immune to legal scrutiny by precluding the use of the common law doctrine that has been used to directly confront and censure discrimination in Canadian private law.
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Reitz, Jeffrey G., Emily Laxer, and Patrick Simon. "National Cultural Frames and Muslims’ Economic Incorporation: A Comparison of France and Canada." International Migration Review 56, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 499–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01979183211035725.
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This article shows that differences in the economic incorporation of Muslims and other immigrant minorities in France and in Canada are mainly related to immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Differences in ethno-specific penalties due to national cultural frames — related to multiculturalism in Canada and secular republicanism in France — are small, affect only the second generation, and are related both to minority household patterns and to treatment in mainstream institutions. Using data on household incomes from two large-scale surveys (Trajectories and Origins in France 2008–2009 and the Canadian National Household Survey 2011) and taking account of cross-setting differences in Muslim and other minority origins, we model cross-generational economic trajectories reflecting the impact of immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Within this framework, we examine four ways that cultural frames may affect minority economic disadvantage: the significance of religion relative to race, citizenship access, labor market discrimination, and minority household patterns, including employment of women in couples and intergenerational cohabitation. Across all minorities, we find a striking cross-national difference in intergenerational economic trajectories: flat in France and upward in Canada, plausibly reflecting institutional differences. Net of sociodemographic controls, both religion and race matter in each setting, and net Muslim disadvantage is similar in each. Citizenship differences have little impact. Labor market earnings discrimination appears similar. A small potential effect of cultural frames appears in second-generation Muslim households: in France, lower female employment rates reduce household incomes, while in English-speaking Canada, more frequent cohabitation with more affluent parents increases household incomes. Yet even these findings do not necessarily diminish the overriding significance of immigrant selectivity, labor market structure, and welfare transfers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Race discrimination – Canada"
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Baker, David N. "Forms of exclusion racism and community policing in Canada /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/NQ43413.pdf.
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Huang, Belinda. "Gender, race, and power : the Chinese in Canada, 1920-1950." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ43885.pdf.
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Woolverton, Donna J. "Black Canadian mothers' socialization of children to respond to situations involving racial prejudice and discrimination." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39248.pdf.
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Anand, Sanjeev Singh. "Expressions of racial hatred and criminal law : the Canadian response /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21231.pdf.
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Torres, Ospina Sara. "Uncovering the Role of Community Health Worker/Lay Health Worker Programs in Addressing Health Equity for Immigrant and Refugee Women in Canada: An Instrumental and Embedded Qualitative Case Study." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23753.
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“Why do immigrants and refugees need community health workers/lay health workers (CHWs) if Canada already has a universal health care system?” Abundant evidence demonstrates that despite the universality of our health care system marginalized populations, including immigrants and refugees, experience barriers to accessing the health system. Evidence on the role of CHWs facilitating access is both lacking and urgently needed. This dissertation contributes to this evidence by providing a thick description and thorough analytical exploration of a CHW model, in Edmonton, Canada. Specifically, I examine the activities of the Multicultural Health Brokers Co-operative (MCHB Co-op) and its Multicultural Health Brokers from 1992 to 2011 as well as the relationship they have with Alberta Health Services (AHS) Edmonton Zone Public Health. The research for this study is based on an instrumental and embedded qualitative case study design. The case is the MCHB Co-op, an independently-run multicultural health worker co-operative, which contracts with health and social services providers in Edmonton to offer linguistically- and culturally-appropriate services to marginalized immigrant and refugee women and their families. The two embedded mini-cases are two programs of the MCHB Co-op: Perinatal Outreach and Health for Two, which are the raison d’être for a sustained partnership between the MCHB Co-op and AHS. The phenomenon under study is the Multicultural Health Brokers’ practice.
I triangulate multiple methods (research strategies and data sources), including 46 days of participant and direct observation, 44 in-depth interviews (with Multicultural Health Brokers, mentors, women using the programs, health professionals and outsiders who knew of the work of the MCHB Co-op and Multicultural Health Brokers), and document review and analysis of policy documents, yearly reports, training manuals, educational materials as well as quantitative analysis of the Health Brokers’ 3,442 client caseload database. In addition, data include my field notes of both descriptive and analytical reflections taken throughout the onsite research. I also triangulate various theoretical frameworks to explore how historically specific social structures, economic relationships, and ideological assumptions serve to create and reinforce the conditions that give rise to the need for CHWs, and the factors that aid or hinder their ability to facilitate marginalized populations’ access to health and social services.
Findings reveal that Multicultural Health Brokers facilitate access to health and social services as well as foster community capacity building in order to address settlement, adaptation, and integration of immigrant and refugee women and their families into Canadian society. Findings also demonstrate that the Multicultural Health Broker model is an example of collaboration between community-based organizations and local systems in targeting health equity for marginalized populations; in particular, in perinatal health and violence against women. A major problem these workers face is they provide important services as part of Canada’s health human resources workforce, but their contributions are often not recognized as such. The triangulation of methods and theory provides empirical and theoretical understanding of the Multicultural Health Brokers’ contribution to immigrant and refugee women and their families’ feminist urban citizenship.
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Teelucksingh, Cheryl. "In somebody's backyard racialized space and environmental justice in Toronto (Canada) /." 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ67937.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Sociology.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 348-365). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ67937.
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Hardie, Catherine. "Ethno-racialized immigrant mothers and pediatric hospitalization /." 2006. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=442533&T=F.
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Kitossa, Tamari Kofi Dessalines. "It's written on the body : Malleus Africanus, crime and racial dialectic in Western ontology." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=232639&T=F.
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Sabiston, Leslie James. "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and the Fear of Indigenous (dis)Order: New Medico-Legal Alliances for Capturing and Managing Indigenous Life in Canada." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-g3z4-9x21.
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While accounting for less than 5 percent of the Canadian population, Indigenous peoples represent more than 30 percent of the federal prison population of Canada. In a prairie province like Manitoba the numbers are even more extreme, with over three-quarters of the prison population being Indigenous. This contemporary “Indian Problem” has been theorized in recent decades as an outcome of the colonial history of Canada. Indigenous Studies scholarship has critiqued the temporal political imaginary of the subsequent reconciliation discourse that locates colonial violence, and, thus, culpability and responsibility of the Canadian state, to an ‘event’ of history. Such national stories not only diminish the interrogation of ongoing structures of colonial violence but relegate any meaningful political processes of accountability and justice to the dustbin of history. This ‘legacy’ framework of historicizing colonial violence has created fecund conditions for (re)apprehending Indigenous bodies at the junctures of legal and medical reasoning, where questions of punishment, containment and rehabilitation for criminal actions become uneasily blurred with questions of healing and repair of damaged bodies and minds.
The uptake of ‘Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder’ (FASD) in the Canadian justice system in recent decades operates precisely at this juncture of treating Indigenous peoples as uniquely medicalized, or disabled, criminals, and has created further capacities for deepening this ‘legacy’ framework for apprehending and containing Indigenous peoples as offenders, or even as potential offenders of a social and legal order. FASD is an umbrella term describing the range of lifelong physical, mental, behavioral and learning disabilities that can occur in an individual who was exposed to alcohol while in utero. It is typically thought of as a neurocognitive disability that affects memory, executive reasoning, and the ability to learn from or think consequentially about one’s actions. As such, it has become a broad institutional discourse for predicting criminal behaviors through a medicalized conception of risk of violence. FASD is typically raised as an ethical problem in the criminal justice system, provoking important questions as to whether we punish crimes (for which one is culpable) or disabilities (for which one is not). In addition, if FASD represents a permanent neurocognitive disability without any hope of cure, how should the rehabilitative and reintegrative tenets of the criminal code be imagined and implemented? These problems are compounded further by the regular speculation that Canada is in the midst of a hitherto unknown epidemic of this “invisible disorder” of FASD. Important as these ethical and political problems are, the dissertation argues that the specific institutional urgency surrounding the medicalization of criminal offenders with FASD has been enabled by diagnostic logics of deferral and certainty that pertains to the “Indian Problem.” These logics allow FASD to relocate and bury questions of colonial responsibility within the Indigenous body itself which is tragically doomed to permanent brain damage and cognitive disorder and an incorrigible lifestyle of dysfunction and crime. The ‘colonial legacy’ predicates a foreclosure on Indigenous futurity.
This dissertation is based on 24 months of fieldwork in a non-profit community outreach program for justice-involved individuals with FASD in Winnipeg, Manitoba. As an FASD community outreach worker, my job was to assist individuals to navigate the complexities of criminal justice and social welfare systems that might pose challenges to those with cognitive disabilities associated with FASD. I learned very quickly, however, that actors as diverse as lawyers, probation officers, doctors, social workers, FASD researchers and even my community outreach colleagues and supervisors, operated within a diagnostic imaginary that quite often assumed without proof the presence of an FASD diagnosis for our almost exclusively Indigenous clientele. The dissertation analyzes the everyday procedures of FASD knowledge formation and circulation beginning with a basic ethnographic question: how does one know that another has FASD? This line of questioning was situated within the broad institutional apparatus of the criminal justice system in Canada, which I examine thematically and temporally as four separate stages of encounter: 1) the initial crime and related discourses of accusation; 2) the trial setting; 3) the sentencing trial; and, finally, 4) the post-carceral release phase. This temporal framework emerged naturally out of my experience of ethnographic work as a community outreach worker and innumerable casual and professional encounters with social workers, slum landlords, and my many hours spent in courts, probation offices, and jail visitations. In addition, I had a four-month placement with an assessment team at an FASD diagnostic clinic and did extensive work in the archive of legal cases and decisions pertaining to Indigenous offenders and the unique problematic of FASD in the legal system. Breaking down the minute social and legal details that attend to determinations of FASD at these various stages unmasks the ways in which FASD comes to explain Indigenous criminality as a congenital condition that is an expression of biological and cultural dysfunction, while strategically ignoring any examination of ongoing structures of colonial violence.
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Caron-Paquin, Azinatya. "Le système de justice pénale pour adolescents et les droits internationaux de l’enfant : obligations du Canada et jeunes racialisés." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18627.
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La justice criminelle devrait être adaptée aux mineurs et répondre à leurs besoins spécifiques selon le droit international des droits de l’enfant. Or, ce mémoire démontre que les droits internationaux de l’enfant compris dans les traités et autres instruments de droit international ne sont pas respectés au Canada. Le non-respect des droits de l’enfant en matière de justice juvénile se traduit par une violation des protections internationales fondamentales contre la discrimination raciale. Afin d’étudier les répercussions de la violation des droits du mineur dans la justice criminelle sur les jeunes racialisés, l’auteure adopte un cadre théorique critique de la race. La loi canadienne sur le système de justice pénale (LSJPA) est évaluée à la lumière des instruments internationaux de protection des droits de la personne selon quatre thèmes, soit (1) l’accent de la justice juvénile canadienne mis sur la répression, (2) l’accès entravé aux mesures et sanctions extrajudiciaires, (3) l’emploi abusif du placement sous garde ainsi que (4) l’assujettissement à une peine adulte. Chacun de ces quatre thèmes aborde la question de la discrimination raciale telle que vécue par les Autochtones et jeunes d’appartenance aux minorités visibles.According to Children’s international rights, the youth criminal justice system should be adapted to minors and address their special needs. However, this thesis examines the extend to which Canada does not fulfill its international obligations regarding international children’s rights in juvenile justice. Violation of these rights induce the infrigement of internationally recognized fundamental protections against racial discrimination. In order to analyse the consequences for racialized youth of such violation of international rights, the author applies a critical race theoretical frame. This thesis compares the Canadian Youth criminal justice Act (YCJA) with international human rights emanating from ratified treaties and other international agreements. The evaluation is divided among four themes : the emphasis of the present act on the repressive justice model, the impeded access to extrajudicial measures and sanctions, the abusive use of detention, and the transfer to adult court. Each of these four themes address questions of racial discrimination as lived by Aboriginal youth and visible minorities.
Books on the topic "Race discrimination – Canada"
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Canada. Multiculturalism and Citizenship Canada. Eliminating racial discrimination in Canada. [Ottawa]: Multiculturalism and Citizenship Canada, 1989.
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Multiculturalism, Canada. Eliminating racial discrimination in Canada. [Ottawa]: Multiculturalism and Citizenship Canada, 1989.
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Canada. Secretary of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship. Eliminating racial discrimination in Canada. Ottawa: Secretary of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship, 1989.
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Racial discrimination in Canada: The Black experience. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1985.
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Walker, James W. St. G. Racial discrimination in Canada: The black experience. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Associaiton, 1985.
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Hill, Daniel G. Human rights in Canada: A focus on racism. 3rd ed. Ottawa: Canadian Labour Congress, 1988.
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Racial discrimination in Canada: The Black Experience. Ottawa: Can. Hist. Assoc, 1985.
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Canada. Multiculturalism and Citizenship Canada. Reach for the sky : the winners : together we're better! : let's eliminate racial discrimination in Canada =: Coeur sans frontière : les lauréats : ensemble on ira loin! : éliminons la discrimation raciale au Canada. Ottawa, Ont: Minister of Supply and Services Canada = Ministre des approvisionnements et services Canada, 1990.
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Discrimination and denial: Systemic racism in Ontario's legal and criminal justice systems, 1892-1961. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
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Commission, Canadian Human Rights. Race, colour, national or ethic origin: Anti-discrimination casebook. Ottawa: Canadian Human Rights Commission, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Race discrimination – Canada"
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Fredman FBA KC, Sandra. "Social Context and Legal Developments." In Discrimination Law, 52—C2P142. 3rd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854081.003.0002.
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Abstract Anti-discrimination law is necessarily a response to particular manifestations of inequality, which are themselves deeply embedded in the historical and political context of a given society. Discrimination laws are only effective if they are moulded to deal with the types of inequalities which have developed in the society to which they refer. The legal framework has, in turn, developed and changed in response to a variety of influences. This chapter examines the challenges in relation to gender, race, ethnicity, and religion. In each case, it considers the historical, political, and social context in the UK (including the EU and ECHR), US, Canada, India, and South Africa and traces the ways in which the legal framework on the right to equality and non-discrimination has evolved to address these challenges. It considers, in particular, the role of patriarchy, slavery, racism, religious intolerance, and their intersections.
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Al-Waqfi, Mohammed A., and Harish C. Jain. "5. Employment Conditions of Racial Minorities in Canada: How Bad Is the Problem of Discrimination?" In Race, Racialization and Antiracism in Canada and Beyond, edited by Genevieve Fuji Johnson and Randy Enomoto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442685567-007.
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Bingulac, Marija. "How Positive Youth Development Can Support Low-Income Roma Youth Living in the United States." In Roma Minority Youth Across Cultural Contexts, 16–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190654061.003.0002.
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Deprivation and discrimination, including the destruction of housing settlements, forced evictions, and persistent violence, led a portion of Europe’s 12 million Roma to seek refuge in the United States and Canada. Approximately 1 million Roma live in the United States, and 80,000 Roma currently live in Canada. Profound experiences of injustice in their home countries have led Roma in the United States to keep their lives hidden from mainstream society. The Roma as a race/ethnicity is not accounted for in any American surveys, and research on their well-being in the United States is scarce. This chapter fills knowledge gaps by presenting a one-of-a-kind comprehensive literature review synthesizing empirical evidence on the lives of Roma people and their youth in the United States by applying the positive youth development (PYD) framework that focuses on promoting positive asset-building for youth and seeing youth as vital resources in development strategies. In doing so, the chapter advances beyond the more usual narrative that has focused on the problems of Roma youth to examine the mechanisms that can enable them to flourish in the United States. Romani youth is a case study example of youth of color in general; this chapter adds to the body of knowledge that examines how PYD development matters for positive developmental outcomes of a minority group that has experienced socioeconomic disparities strictly because of the stigma of their identity.
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Arriaga, Eduard, and Andrés Villar. "Borrowing Digital Tools to Connect the Periphery." In Afro-Latinx Digital Connections, translated by Eduard Arriaga and Andrés Villar, 144–55. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402046.003.0010.
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Alí Majul is an Afro-Colombian performance artist and activist who uses digital technology as part of his practice. As one of the coordinators and most active members of Contextos, a cultural collective in the Colombian city of Cartagena, Majul and his collaborators have created Canal Cultural (Cultural Channel), a web presence through which they disseminate their production and connect with diverse members of their community. Majul proposes that a healthy critical wariness of the digital needs to be fostered in Afro-Latinx and peripheral communities at large, and argues against the primacy of the academy in terms of how knowledge is valued, calling in effect for a decolonized epistemology. Majul also challenges ongoing gender discrimination that is compounded by issues of race.
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Hudson, Lynn M. "“This Is Our Fair and Our State”." In West of Jim Crow, 56–91. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043345.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter chronicles the simultaneous appearance of D. W. Griffith’s film, The Birth of a Nation and the opening of the Panama Pacific International Exposition (PPIE) in San Francisco in 1915. The PPIE celebrated, among other things, San Francisco’s recovery from the 1906 earthquake and fire, and the building of the Panama Canal. For African Americans, this fair, like the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, allowed them to demonstrate their contributions to the nation. The fairs also presented possibilities for black citizens to critique discrimination within and outside the fairgrounds. Delilah Beasley, a black journalist for the Oakland Tribune and the Oakland Enquirer, understood that the exposition offered a rare chance to garner a wide audience for her writing about black Californians and black history.
Conference papers on the topic "Race discrimination – Canada"
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Muramoto, Yuki, Yoshihisa Nakatoh, and Hideaki Kawano. "Personal Authentication Method Using Geometrical Features of External Auditory Canal." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002785.
Full textAbstract:
Gloves and masks make fingerprint and face recognition difficult in hospitals and factories. In this research, as a precondition for developing an authentication system based on geometrical features inside the ear canal using a camera, we will verify whether it is possible to identify individuals from images inside the ear canal using machine learning. The method is to acquire image data of the ear canal using a camera and identify individuals using the image data and a model that has been learned in advance. As a preliminary step to machine learning, we conducted a questionnaire to investigate whether it is possible to identify the inside of the ear canal using human recognition ability. The questionnaire results showed that the correct response rate was approximately 64%. We also found that the correct response rate decreased for questions such as "select the image of the left ear from the image of the right ear," even for the same person. In this study, the VGG16 model was re-trained by transfer learning because of the small amount of training data we had prepared. The number of classes was 26 since the data we prepared was for 13 people and the number of left and right ears, and we used approximately 400 pieces of data per class. The experimental results showed that discrimination was possible with high accuracy. Accuracy, Recall, Precision, and F-measure were used as evaluation indices, and both Accuracy and F-measure were highly evaluated at 0.989. These results also indicate that the left and right ears can be discriminated against even if they are different during registration and evaluation. In the future, we are planning to study the imaging method for implementation and conduct experiments with third-party data.
Reports on the topic "Race discrimination – Canada"
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Ackerley, N., A. L. Bird, M. Kolaj, H. Kao, and M. Lamontagne. Procedures for seismic event type discrimination at the Canadian Hazards Information Service. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329613.
Full textAbstract:
Within a catalogue of seismic events, it is necessary to distinguish natural tectonic earthquakes from seismic events due to human activity or other natural processes. This becomes very important when the data are incorporated into models of seismic hazard, since natural and anthropogenic events follow different recurrence and scaling laws. This document outlines a two-step procedure whereby first, a most likely event type is identified, and second, confirmation or refutation is sought. The procedure is intended to be compatible with current and past practices at the Canadian Hazards Information Service and the Geological Survey of Canada in assigning event types in the National Earthquake Database (NEDB). Furthermore, this document presents a new nomenclature and coding system for event types and their certainty, one that is compatible with QuakeML. Detailed classification criteria are given for all common event types; for rare event types, only definitions and examples are given.