Journal articles on the topic 'Race discrimination – Brazil'
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1
Layton, Matthew L., and Amy Erica Smith. "Is It Race, Class, or Gender? The Sources of Perceived Discrimination in Brazil." Latin American Politics and Society 59, no. 1 (2017): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/laps.12010.
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AbstractObservers have long noted Brazil's distinctive racial politics: the coexistence of relatively integrated race relations and a national ideology of “racial democracy” with deep social inequalities along color lines. Those defending a vision of a nonracist Brazil attribute such inequalities to mechanisms perpetuating class distinctions. This article examines how members of disadvantaged groups perceive their disadvantage and what determines self-reports of discriminatory experiences, using 2010 AmericasBarometer data. About a third of respondents reported experiencing discrimination. Consistent with Brazilian national myths, respondents were much more likely to report discrimination due to their class than to their race. Nonetheless, the respondent's skin color, as coded by the interviewer, was a strong determinant of reporting class as well as race and gender discrimination. Race is more strongly associated with perceived “class” discrimination than is household wealth, education, or region of residence; female gender intensifies the association between color and discrimination.
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Winant, Howard. "Rethinking Race in Brazil." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, no. 1 (February 1992): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00022999.
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Introduction: the Repudiation of the Centenário13 May 1988 was the 100th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil. In honour of that date, various official celebrations and commemorations of the centenário, organised by the Brazilian government, church groups and cultural organisations, took place throughout the country, even including a speech by President José Sarney.This celebration of the emancipation was not, however, universal. Many Afro—Brazilian groups staged actions and marches, issued denunciations and organised cultural events repudiating the ‘farce of abolition’. These were unprecedented efforts to draw national and international attention to the extensive racial inequality and discrimination which Brazilian blacks – by far the largest concentration of people of African descent in any country in the western hemisphere – continue to confront. Particular interventions had such titles as ‘100 Years of Lies’, ‘One Hundred Years Without Abolition’, ‘March for the Real Liberation of the Race’, ‘Symbolic Burial of the 13th of May’, ‘March in Protest of the Farce of Abolition’, and ‘Discommemoration (Descomemoraçāo) of the Centenary of Abolition’.1 The repudiation of the centenário suggests that Brazilian racial dynamics, traditionally quiescent, are emerging with the rest of society from the extended twilight of military dictatorship. Racial conflict and mobilisation, long almost entirely absent from the Brazilian scene, are reappearing. New racial patterns and processes – political, cultural, economic, social and psychological – are emerging, while racial inequalities of course continue as well. How much do we know about race in contemporary Brazil? How effectively does the extensive literature explain the present situation?
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Dávila, Jerry. "Challenging Racism in Brazil. Legal Suits in the Context of the 1951 Anti-Discrimination Law." Varia Historia 33, no. 61 (April 2017): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-87752017000100008.
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Abstract This article examines efforts to define the nature of racial discrimination in Brazil, within an environment shaped by perceptions of the meaning of racism in the United States and perceptions about the nature of race relations in the lusophone world. The article asks how did black Brazilians work to define discrimination, and what opportunities did they find to mount challenges? This study elucidates reactions to discrimination, looking for these acts where they occurred rather than where the U.S. experience tells us to find them, exploring efforts to define discrimination and to create means to challenge it. Though these efforts often dialogued with ever-present perceptions about race in the U.S., they were adapted to particular legal, political, social and cultural circumstances in the Brazil of their time. In particular, I examine challenges to discrimination through criminal suits brought under Brazil's 1951 anti-discrimination law.
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Marx, Anthony W. "Race-Making and the Nation-State." World Politics 48, no. 2 (January 1996): 180–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0003.
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Why was official racial domination enforced in South Africa and the United States, while nothing comparable to apartheid or Jim Crow was constructed in Brazil? Slavery and colonialism established the pattern of early discrimination in all three cases, and yet the postabolition racial orders diverged. Miscegenation influenced later outcomes, as did economic competition, but neither was decisive. Interpretations of these historical and economic factors were shaped by later developments. This article argues that postabolition racial orders were significantly shaped by the processes of nation-state building in each context. In South Africa and the United States ethnic or regional “intrawhite” conflict impeding nation-state consolidation was contained by racial domination. Whites were unified by excluding blacks, in an ongoing dynamic that took different forms. Continued competition and tensions between the American North and South or South Africa's English and Afrikaners were repeatedly resolved or diminished through further entrenchment of Jim Crow or apartheid. With no comparable conflict requiring reconciliation in Brazil, no official racial domination was constructed, although discrimination continued. The dynamics of nation-state building are then reviewed to explain variations in black mobilization and the end of apartheid and Jim Crow.
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Bueno, Natália S., and Thad Dunning. "Race, Resources, and Representation." World Politics 69, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 327–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887116000290.
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What explains the persistence of racial or ethnic inequalities in descriptive representation in the absence of strongly politicized racial or ethnic cleavages? This article uses new data to demonstrate a substantial racial gap between voters and politicians in Brazil. The authors show that this disparity is not plausibly due to racial preferences in the electorate as a whole, for instance, deference toward white candidates or discrimination against nonwhites, and that barriers to candidate entry or discrimination by party leaders do not likely explain the gap. Instead, they document persistent resource disparities between white and nonwhite candidates, including large differences in personal assets and campaign contributions. The findings suggest that elite closure—investments by racial and economic elites on behalf of elite candidates—help perpetuate a white political class, even in the absence of racialized politics. By underscoring this avenue through which representational disparities persist, the article contributes to research on elite power in democratic settings.
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Trochim, Michael R. "The Brazilian Black Guard Racial Conflict in Post-Abolition Brazil." Americas 44, no. 3 (January 1988): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006908.
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The existence of racial democracy in Brazil has long since come into serious question. The work of sociologists like Florestan Fernandes and historians like Carl Degler has demonstrated the fact of racial discrimination in Brazil, yet the history of race relations in Brazil still seems to stand in contrast to that of the United States. Occurrences of widespread racial violence and the organization of militant movements for social, economic, and political equality take up little space in the historical literature dealing with Brazil. The apparent lack of endemic racial conflict in Brazil has been explained as the result of the marginalization of black people in Brazilian capitalism or as the result of a social mechanism like Degler's “mulatto escape hatch,” which separates the mass of black people from their natural leaders. Consequently, a consciousness of racial solidarity did not develop as the basis for political organization. Without such organization, black people could not effectively confront the white power structure on the issues of race, and, ultimately, class discrimination.
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Arocena, Felipe. "Multiculturalism in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru." Race & Class 49, no. 4 (April 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396808089284.
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The different strategies of resistance deployed by discriminated ethnic groups in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia are analysed here. In Brazil, Afro movements and indigenous populations are increasingly fighting against discrimination and developing their cultural identities, while demystifying the idea of Brazil's national identity as a racial democracy. In Peru and Bolivia, indigenous populations are challenging the generally accepted idea of integration through miscegenation (racial mixing). Assimilation through race-mixing has been the apparent solution in most Latin American countries since the building of the nation states. Its positive side is that a peaceful interethnic relationship has been constructed but its negative side, stressed in recent multicultural strategies, is that different ethnicities and cultures have been accepted only as parts of this intermingling and rarely recognised as the targets of discrimination.
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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Racial Discrimination." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340005.
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Abstract This fifth volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law surveys the field of comparative race discrimination law for the purpose of providing an introduction to the nature of comparing systems of discrimination and the transnational search for effective equality laws and policies. This volume includes the perspectives of racialized subjects (subalterns) in the examination of the reach of the laws on the ground. It engages a variety of legal and social science resources in order to compare systems across a number of contexts (such as the United States, Canada, France, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Israel, India, and others). The goal is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various kinds of anti-discrimination legal devices to aid in the study of law reform efforts across the globe centered on racial equality.
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Kent, Michael, and Peter Wade. "Genetics against race: Science, politics and affirmative action in Brazil." Social Studies of Science 45, no. 6 (October 21, 2015): 816–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312715610217.
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This article analyses interrelations between genetic ancestry research, political conflict and social identity. It focuses on the debate on race-based affirmative action policies, which have been implemented in Brazil since the turn of the century. Genetic evidence of high levels of admixture in the Brazilian population has become a key element of arguments that question the validity of the category of race for the development of public policies. In response, members of Brazil’s black movement have dismissed the relevance of genetics by arguing, first, that in Brazil race functions as a social – rather than a biological – category, and, second, that racial classification and discrimination in this country are based on appearance, rather than on genotype. This article highlights the importance of power relations and political interests in shaping public engagements with genetic research and their social consequences.
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Borges, Dain. "‘Puffy, Ugly, Slothful and Inert’: Degeneration in Brazilian Social Thought, 1880–1940." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (May 1993): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00004636.
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Brazilian discussions of race between 1880 and 1940 were partly a use of European scientific theory to rationalise the native system of colour discrimination. When scientific orthodoxy turned against ‘race’ between 1920 and 1945, much of the intellectual racism of Brazil also dispersed. Quite rightly, most intellectual histories of race in Brazil stress a disjuncture around 1930. However, from the 1870s onward, and most clearly after abolition, there was also a medical-psychiatric strand to ‘race’ that can be unravelled from the rest of the skein. Part of racial thinking in Brazil reflected the general medicalisation of social thought that began when early-nineteenth-century physicians called for hygienic reforms within upper-class families to protect children from hereditary or environmental contaminations. The Spencerian and Comtean positivist social science that became fashionable in Brazil after 1870 also contributed to medicalisation. It saw society as an organism, and compared the role of the social scientist to the role of the physician: to examine symptoms of disease and propose therapies. From the 1880s through the 1920s, the national ailment that the medicalised social thought of Brazil most often diagnosed, an ailment that connected individual health to national well-being, was degeneration.
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Maia Amorim, Domingos Isaias, Jair Andrade de Araujo, Francisco José Silva Tabosa, Ahmad Saeed Khan, Maria Josiell Nascimento da Silva, and Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar. "Causes of Involuntary Unemployment in Brazil." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 7 (June 10, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n7p75.
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Unemployment has been approached in research focusing on macroeconomic aspects, but from the microeconomic perspective, the literature is still recent. The objective of this work is to analyze the determinants of involuntary unemployment in Brazil. Thus, a Logit model is applied to data from the 2015 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). Among the results, we find that younger individuals, living in rural areas, which have less education, tend to be more in involuntary unemployment. Also, analyzing the marginal effects of race and marital status, non-white and/or unmarried individuals are more likely to be unemployed, suggesting possible discrimination.
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Ikawa, Daniela. "The construction of identity and rights: race and gender in Brazil." International Journal of Law in Context 10, no. 4 (December 2014): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174455231400024x.
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AbstractThe recognition of individual identity as multilayered and circumstance based leads to a shift from a theory of general rights to a theory of specific rights connected to structural social change. General rights, such as the right to health and the right to work, must be interpreted according to the circumstance of differently situated women, so that rights are specific enough to ensure that they are actually enforced for different groups, including groups that, due to discrimination, are made invisible to the law. In this sense, the different circumstances that help develop the identity of women, Black women or poor Black women in Brazil will be studied to give specific content to general rights recognised by Brazilian law and by International human rights law.
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Daflon, Veronica Toste. "FORMS OF SYSTEMATIZATON OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF RACE RELATIONS IN BRAZIL." Sociologia & Antropologia 8, no. 1 (April 2018): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-38752017v816.
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Abstract Throughout their training as researchers and teachers, academics working with race relations assimilate a canonical history of the production in the field. With some variations, this production is usually organized around a narrative that begins with the reception of scientific racism in Brazil, then goes on to formulate the culturalist approach and the thesis of ‘racial democracy’ and, finally, mentions the ruptures that led to the recognition and investigation of patterns of racism and discrimination in Brazil. This article presents a synthesis of this history and then interrogates it from different angles and perspectives. To achieve this objective, it turns to interpreters of the sociology and historiography of race relations to reveal how certain theoretical and methodological reorientations in the field, along with national and international social changes, are connected to the different questions raised with regard to the phenomenon of racism in Brazil.
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Maio, Marcos Chor. "Unesco and the Study of Race Relations in Brazil: Regional or National Issue?" Latin American Research Review 36, no. 2 (2001): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100019014.
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AbstractThe literature on the cycle of studies on Brazilian race relations written in the 1950s, supported by UNESCO, has considered it a milestone that offered solid findings about the variety of such relations and the existence of racial prejudice and discrimination in Brazilian society. Some evaluations of these studies have asserted that the results of the UNESCO Project frustrated expectations that Brazil could be used as a positive example for race relations and an instrument in the struggle against racism in the period following the Holocaust. This research note takes a different stand in arguing that from the early stages of the organization of the project, Brazilian, French, and U.S. social scientists favored broadening the geographical scope under investigation because they were aware of several patterns of race relations and racial prejudice in Brazil. Originally, a limited and idealized regional focus was to center on the state of Bahia, but soon the scope of investigation became almost national in including Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Pernambuco.
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Frio, Gustavo Saraiva, and Luiz Felipe Campos Fontes. "Wage differentials associated with race between 2002 and 2014 in Brazil: evidence from a quantile decomposition." Organizações & Sociedade 25, no. 87 (December 2018): 568–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-9250872.
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ABSTRACT Throughout the 2000s Brazil went through a great phase of economic development. The present study seeks to investigate whether this movement was accompanied by a reduction in inequality in the labor market, measured here by the wage gap between whites and non-whites. To do so, three cohorts of time (2002-2004, 2007-2009 and 2012-2014) were analyzed using the microdata of the National Household Sampling Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Amostragem Domiciliar - Pnad). The applied method is the counterfactual Oaxaca-Blinder along with the Recentered Influence Function Regression (RIF-Regression) so that the main determinants of wage inequalities can be detailed throughout the salary distribution. Our results showed that wage gap (totals, due to observed factors and discrimination) are higher in the higher quantiles of the distribution, that is, in professions or activities with higher wages. The results also point that the wage gap between the groups decreased during the analyzed period, which was mainly due to observable characteristics, especially educational levels. However, discrimination decreased only between the first and second triennium and in low magnitude. Apart from that, the main determinants of racial wage gap are returns related to education, experience and professions considered unregulated (self-employment and informal workers).
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Rocha, Luciane de Oliveira. "Black mothers’ experiences of violence in Rio de Janeiro." Cultural Dynamics 24, no. 1 (March 2012): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374012452811.
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This exploratory essay approaches gendered aspects of anti-black violence through the experiences of black mothers whose children were the victims of homicide in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Commonly understood to primarily affect black men, urban violence in Brazil has less-visible effects on black women. Their struggles to survive encompass not only their own fights against poverty, discrimination, and race and gender discrimination, but it also entails the consequences of violent acts perpetrated or facilitated by the state upon black men in their families. However, these experiences are either invisibilized or not taken into consideration in traditional analyses of violence. How can black women’s experiences deepen the analysis of anti-black violence and enrich African diaspora studies? Do the violent deaths of their relatives contribute to black women’s radicalization and activism? What are the main components of their political struggles? This essay addresses these issues in the framework of African diaspora scholarship and black feminist theory.
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Bastos, João L., Catherine E. Harnois, Carla O. Bernardo, Marco A. Peres, and Yin C. Paradies. "When Does Differential Treatment Become Perceived Discrimination? An Intersectional Analysis in a Southern Brazilian Population." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216681167.
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Despite ideals of equality and “racial democracy,” high levels of social inequality persist in contemporary Brazil. In addition, while the majority of the Brazilian population acknowledges the persistence of racism, high proportions of socially disadvantaged groups do not regard themselves as victims of discrimination. This study seeks to shed light on this issue by investigating the processes through which individuals come to interpret their experiences of mistreatment as discrimination. We ask: (1) How frequently do respondents perceive being treated differently due to a variety of social statuses alone and in combination? and (2) What factors are associated with respondents interpreting this differential treatment as “discrimination”? Data come from an ongoing cohort investigation, which included a representative sample of adults living in the urban area of Florianópolis. Results show that 45 percent of respondents experienced mistreatment and attributed it to two or more factors, such as social class, age, gender, and race. Perceptions of mistreatment based on social class were positively correlated with perceived mistreatment due to gender, place of residence, weight, race, and the way one dresses. Regression analyses revealed that interpreting differential treatment as stemming from multiple social statuses was the strongest predictor of respondents classifying their mistreatment as discrimination. Our findings highlight the importance of disentangling perceptions of mistreatment from perceptions of discrimination and show that the relationship between the two is structured in large part by the ways in which individuals interpret their experiences at the intersection of multiple inequalities.
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Owensby, Brian. "Toward a History of Brazil's “Cordial Racism”: Race Beyond Liberalism." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 2 (April 2005): 318–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417505000150.
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As anyone who has tried knows, the central problem in thinking about race in Brazil is how to. The almost quantum-theory-like indeterminacy of the ways Brazilians of different skin colors interact has exercised imaginations for decades, fromfin-de-sièclescientific racists, to the eugenists of the 1920s, to interwar modernists who promoted the idea of racial democracy, to the Brazilian and later North American revisionists of the 1950s and beyond. The complexities of Brazilian race have not always been in the forefront of these debates. For much of the period up to the 1970s, scholars focused on debunking Brazil's vaunted myth of racial democracy—the national ideology claiming Brazil to be free of racial prejudice (Costa 1985). The effort was roundly successful. From this literature, we learned not only how wide a gap there has been between the ideal of racial democracy and the reality of racial and color prejudice in Brazil, but also the role elites have played in manipulating the myth to defuse racial and other social tensions (Hanchard 1994). Recently, some scholars have suggested that it is high time to look beyond the debunking agenda and take up once again the complexities of the Brazilian situation. Anthropologists have led the way, seeking to reveal “the range of contemporary understandings” of racial democracy and to explain something of its persistence as a tangible “dream” in the face of ongoing discrimination and prejudice in everyday Brazilian life (Sheriff 2001:8).
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Loureiro, Paulo R. A., Francisco Galrão Carneiro, and Adolfo Sachsida. "Race and gender discrimination in the labor market: an urban and rural sector analysis for Brazil." Journal of Economic Studies 31, no. 2 (April 2004): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443580410527114.
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Jones, Terry-Ann. "Migration as a Response to Internal Colonialism in Brazil." Transfers 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2017.070205.
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The concept of internal colonialism h as been used to frame studies of marginalized populations exploited by the dominant or majority population. Brazil’s regional inequalities have gained notoriety, as wealth tends to be concentrated in the southern regions, while poverty is most rampant in the north and northeast. Inequality in Brazil is connected to geographic region and related to complex factors such as race, ethnicity, color, kinship, and class, and is deeply rooted in Brazil’s colonial history. Using data from in-depth, qualitative interviews with seasonal sugarcane workers, this article argues that the inequality that motivates their migration pattern is rooted in internal colonialism. These temporary labor migrants travel from northern and northeastern states to the cane fields of São Paulo, where labor demands are high and they face many of the challenges that international labor migrants encounter, including discrimination, poor wages, and inhumane working conditions.
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Faerstein, Eduardo, Dóra Chor, Guilherme Loureiro Werneck, Claudia de Souza Lopes, and George Kaplan. "Race and perceived racism, education, and hypertension among Brazilian civil servants: the Pró-Saúde Study." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, suppl 2 (2014): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400060007.
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INTRODUCTION: Brazil has the largest population of African descendants outside Africa. OBJECTIVE: Mindful of the imprint of slavery on their contemporary social position, we investigated the relationship of perceived racism to hypertension. METHODS: We analyzed data (1999 - 2001) from 3,056 civil servants (mean age 42 years; 56% females) at university campuses in Rio participating in the longitudinal Pró-Saúde Study. RESULTS: Cases of prevalent hypertension had measured blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mmHg or used antihypertensive medication. Self-administered questionnaires assessed participants' perceived history of lifetime discrimination (due to race, gender, socioeconomic position, and other attributes) at work and school, neighborhood, public places, and in contact with the police. Participants used 41 terms as responses to an open-ended question on racial self-identification; for these analyses, 48% were classified as afrodescendants. Racial discrimination in at least one setting was reported by 14% of afrodescendants. Compared to whites, the age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was higher for afrodescendants with history of self-perceived racism (prevalence ratio - PR = 2.1; 95%CI 1.5 - 3.0) than for those with no such history (PR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.2 - 1.8). Comparing the former to whites, the adjusted association with hypertension was stronger for those with elementary education (PR = 3.0; 95%CI 1.3 - 6.7) than for those with a college degree (PR = 1.7; 95%CI 1.0 - 3.1). CONCLUSION: Racism may increase the risk of hypertension of afrodescendants in Brazil, and socioeconomic disadvantage - also influenced by societal racism - may further potentiate this increased risk.
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Fischer, Brodwyn. "Quase pretos de tão pobres? Race and Social Discrimination in Rio de Janeiro's Twentieth-Century Criminal Courts." Latin American Research Review 39, no. 1 (2004): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100038942.
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Conceived as a contribution to debates about the role of state institutions in perpetuating racial inequality in modern Brazil, this article explores the relative importance of social and racial characteristics in determining defendants' treatment in Rio de Janeiro's criminal courts between 1930 and 1964. Focusing on rarely noted aspects of defendants' class and citizenship status, and emphasizing the importance of judicial procedure, it argues that social discrimination was open in Rio de Janeiro's courts, but that race alone was a relatively poor predictor of defendants' fates. At the same time, it suggests that racial and social characteristics ought not to be seen as separate and competing categories, both because “social' language had important racial meanings and because ”social“ discrimination had significant racial implications. Institutionalized social prejudice may thus go far in explaining the stubborn persistence of racial inequity in an age when ”racial democracy“ became a national hope and mantra.
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Nascimento, Elisa Larkin. "The sorcery of color, identity, race and gender in Brazil." Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing 2, no. 1 (April 2, 2003): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17665/1676-4285.20034815.
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African ancestral values and demographic presence are crucial to the making of the Brazilian nation. Yet the tendency is to deny their identity in favor of a unitary concept of nationality and cultural homogeneity under the aegis of patriarchy and Western values.In the globalized world, feminists and formerly colonized peoples have defined identity as a political right; this is the source of the theory of multiculturalism. The critique of Western universalism and patriarchy leads us to question the terms in which this theory has been articulated and points to the need to interrogate whiteness.This critique, developed in the practice and thought of feminist and anti-racist social movements, including Afro-Brazilian movements in the period 1930-1968, contributes in largely unrecognized ways to the construction of post-modern thought.The concept of gender implies moving the focus of attention from women to the relations between men and women. A similar shift can be made in the study of race relations and of feminist thought. Thus, it is suggested that the traditional focus on “Blacks” or on “the Black problem” in Brazil is insufficient. In order to deal effectively with the issue of race, one must interrogate the silent, invisible and unarticulated hegemony of white identity as ethnicity. In this process, reason is found to critically analyze feminist thought from the perspective of non-Western cultures. The line of scientific research and thought initiated and inspired by Cheikh Anta Diop and the analysis of the social and linguistic structures of the Yoruba, an African people who contributed greatly to the formation of Brazilian culture, reveal common grounds and areas of coherence between feminist theory and Afrocentric or perspectivist anti-racist thought.The text explores the legacy and current presence of racism in Brazil in their relation to patriarchy. The Sorcery of Color is proposed as a metaphor for the Brazilian standard of race relations, which transforms a perverse system of racial domination into a pretense of anti-racist ideals and creates the category of Virtual Whiteness as its fulcrum of identity. These factors are traced in the literature of psychology and new tendencies like ethnopsychiatry and the study of whiteness are identified. Also, the emergence of new theoretical and therapeutic approaches in the clinical practice and theoretical production of a new generation of Brazilian African descendant psychologists is observed and characterized as the Afro-Brazilian Listeners Based on documentary research, Black movements in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (1914-1960) are examined in a critical analysis that emphasizes the aspects of identity and education. Frequently, distortion and omission of data occur in studies of these movements, which present a continuum and coherence in thought and practice over the twentieth century, and also contribute to the construction of post-modern thought. In education, the conclusion is that attending to the widely demonstrated need to overcome racial discrimination will depend on a new approach to gender and to African identity.
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CICALO, ANDRÉ. "Nerds and Barbarians: Race and Class Encounters through Affirmative Action in a Brazilian University." Journal of Latin American Studies 44, no. 2 (May 2012): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x12000028.
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AbstractThis ethnographic article discusses how race emerges between discourses of class and space at the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Following a legal decision, this academic institution was required to implement racial quotas to combat social exclusion and raise the number of ‘black’ students in public higher education. A crucial question is whether such racially based policies help redress social inequalities, or whether they actually increase discrimination by reifying ‘racial’ differences in Brazil. I argue that the social diversity promoted by quotas at the university stresses certain urban tensions and unequal dynamics that come to be reflected within the university. However, it also reveals novel and positive paths by which policies can negotiate these contrasts.
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Carvalho, Luiz Paulo, José Antonio Suzano, Ingrid Gonçalvez, Silas Pereira Filho, Flávia Maria Santoro, and Jonice Oliveira. "A Psychosocial Perspective about Mental Health and League of Legends in Brazil." Journal on Interactive Systems 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/jis.2021.1896.
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Every month, millions of users worldwide play the online digital game League of Legends, which also contains a server dedicated to the Brazilian region. Social oppression by race, skin color, sexual orientation, among others, occurs within the game and is reported constantly. In this paper, we analyzed possible indications of depressive disorder by using an online questionnaire as a basis. We used quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing the relationship between the interactions and the social identities of the players. We define quantitative hypotheses and qualitative syntheses related to different social factors of the game through the analysis of 604 responses. League of Legends has a negative influence on the mental health of socially peripheral players, and the qualitative analysis exposes specific and widespread cases of oppression and discrimination. We present a discussion on ethics, possible collusion with oppression, and proposals for mitigation or solution.
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Valente, Rubia R., and Brian J. L. Berry. "Effects of Perceived Discrimination on the School Satisfaction of Brazilian High School Graduates." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 405–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v5i1.22093.
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This paper analyzes the consequences of peer victimization for the satisfaction with schooling (“happiness”) of college-bound high school graduates in Brazil. Several types of victimization are explored including discrimination due to race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, and disability. We compare the satisfaction with their schooling of students planning to head to college straight from high school and older students applying for college later in life (“nontraditional students”). We conclude that students who perceived that they had been discriminated against were more dissatisfied with their school experience than those who did not, ceteris paribus, and we relate level of dissatisfaction to type of discrimination. The older student evidence reveals that this dissatisfaction wanes with time and age, however. Our conclusions are based upon ordered logistic analyses of data for 2.4 million current high school seniors and 78.7 thousand older students drawn from the Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio questionnaire (ENEM).
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Marcocci, Giuseppe. "Blackness and Heathenism. Color, Theology, and Race in the Portuguese World, c. 1450-1600." Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 43, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/achsc.v43n2.59068.
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The coexistence of a process of hierarchy and discrimination among human groups alongside dynamics of cultural and social hybridization in the Portuguese world in the early modern age has led to an intense historiographical debate. This article aims to contribute to extending our perspectives, focusing on the circulation of two global categories of classification: negro (Black) and gentio (Heathen) between the mid-fifteenth and late-sixteenth century. In particular, it explores the intersections between the perception of skin color and the reworking of theological concepts in a biologizing direction, which ran parallel to the development of an anti-Jewish theory based on blood purity. The line of enquiry leads from the coasts of West Africa, where it immediately meets the problem of slavery, to Brazil, via South Asia. The intense cross-fertilization of the categories of negro and gentio in the Portuguese world provides us with an alternative geography and institutional process of racialization to that of the Spanish Empire.
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Xavier, João Paulo. "In my skin: racial education and post abyssal thinking of black aesthetics." Gragoatá 26, no. 56 (September 29, 2021): 912–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.v26i56.51598.
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This work, which is a fragment of a research that has been discussed in lectures and presented separately in other journals and books, examines through the lens of critical racial literacy, the discrimination, tension, and racism experienced by Afro-Brazilian persons due to the aesthetics of their phenotypic traits. The theoretical framework draws on Critical Race Theory (LADSON-BILLINGS, 1998; FERREIRA, 2014) and Epistemologies of the South (SANTOS, 2014) which provided the basis for data analysis. The methodology for data gathering was autobiographical narratives provided by the informants, who were selected due to their experiences of the subject. The primary research instrument was an online questionnaire, voluntarily and anonymously, answered by the participants. The results show that black people in Brazil face issues of race and racism in their own homes, at schools and universities as students, as well as in their working environments. The discussion is pertinent to the field of Applied Linguistics and Education as it highlights the paramount importance of developing a critical racial literacy at schools, which can address these issues and overcome racism from a variety of perspectives.
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Simielli, Lara Elena Ramos. "Equidade e oportunidades educacionais: O acesso a professores no Brasil." education policy analysis archives 25 (May 8, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2752.
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The goal of this article is to evaluate students’ access to qualified teachers (regarding teacher education and experience), from 2001 to 2011 in Brazil. A logistic model was developed, with teacher characteristics as dependent variables and four independent variables: student characteristics (gender, race and socioeconomic status), system characteristics (private or public schools), states (26 states and one federal district) and territory (urban or rural). The database comes from the SAEB statistics, in Portuguese and Mathematics, on fifth and ninth grades. The results indicate the importance of the socioeconomic status in determining educational opportunities and the existence of three evolution patterns concerning the access to qualified teachers from 2001 to 2011. The final considerations focus on three actions: the definition of minimum standards, the development of compensatory policies as well as positive discrimination; and the investment on teacher training.
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Alkuwari, Buthaina Mohammed. "Human Rights of Women: Intersectionality and the CEDAW." International Review of Law 11, no. 2 (October 2022): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/irl.2022.0229.
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This research aims to track the record of the “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)” since its entry into force in 1981, to review its texts and the cases brought to it, to know how it considered and dealt with intersectional discrimination against women. This paper evaluates if CEDAW has succeeded or failed to protect women from ‘intersectionality’. However, this discrimination describes compound discrimination against women based on sex, gender, identity, religion, belief, race, ethnicity, color, culture, socioeconomic status, age, class, and/ or origin... etc. The importance of this research is since despite a lot of cases of compound discrimination practiced against women around the world, the text of the Convention has not changed, and its committee, which is composed of experts in this field, did not adopt any ideas about the nature of discrimination. To determine the role of intersectionality, the research first focused on the theory of intersectionality in terms of concept and practice. Secondly, it showed how it affects women’s lives with examples from India, Brazil, Canada, Hungary, and others. Finally, it traced the concept of intersectionality, and how the Convention or its committee dealt with it through its general recommendations. The research found that CEDAW has overlooked the concept of intersectionality in its texts, while its committee addressed it in one of its recommendations in 2010 – noting that such recommendations are limited in scope and efficacy – which adversely impacted women’s rights globally. Therefore, the research recommends that the concept of intersectionality should be fully integrated into the text of the Convention, which will be reflected on the state parties by taking special measures that concretely give advantage to women who have been subjected to a history of discrimination.
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Macedo Junior, Ronaldo Porto. "Freedom of Expression: what lessons should we learn from US experience?" Revista Direito GV 13, no. 1 (April 2017): 274–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6172201711.
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Abstract Freedom of Expression is becoming a theme of growing importance and visibility in Brazil. Newspapers report daily legal suits against “hate speech” concerning race and religious discrimination. Many courts are also imposing high compensation damages that are challenging the “right to ridicule” in comedy shows and newspapers cartoons. The Brazilian public opinion in general tends to be sympathetic to more restrictive rules that may threaten freedom of expression in Brazil. There is nowadays in Brazil an unexpected agreement among the right wing, religious groups, and many human rights movements that support a European model of free speech. In many ways, the “Brazilian Model” based on balancing doctrine and a vague conceptualization of Human Dignity gives a lot of discretion for courts to decide the limits of freedom of expression. Court decisions based on balancing rhetoric is becoming dominant in Brazilian Constitutional court and usually try to avoid some epistemological issues concerning objectivity and moral justification. This article advocates that Brazilian interpretation of freedom expression has a lot to learn from the US model and doctrine. The US more strict and conceptual jurisprudence on this issue offers a powerful and democratic alternative to the balancing model and represents a rich conceptual analysis still unknown by Brazilian courts.
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Bonilla Medina, Sandra Ximena, and Kyria Finardi. "Critical Race and Decolonial Theory Intersections to Understand the Context of ELT in the Global South." Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 27, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 822–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.ikala.v27n3a13.
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Critical race theory (CRT) questions social practices that have perpetuated discrimination and social inequality. Decolonial studies coincide with these efforts to deracialise elt practices, explaining racialisation as dominant structures constituted in whiteness-centred practices that situate some in disadvantage (usually non-white) while privileging others (usually white). In the context of English language teaching (ELT), that colonisation/racialisation can take the form of some hierarchisation of English native speakers from the Global North while otherising non-native speakers of English and native speakers of English from the Global South. Therefore, coloniality/racialisation are useful terms to explain practices that value foreign over local identities alienating regional/local views and languages. In this article, the links between CRT and decolonial theories are explored and colonisation/racialisation of ELT are approached through the analysis of macro and micro practices developed in two public universities, one in Colombia and one in Brazil. The aim is to disrupt those practices by making evident decolonisation/deracialisation efforts in undergraduate and graduate students’ proposals.
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Aparecida dos Santos, Gislene, and Fernando Fagundes Ferreira. "Analysis of the anti-racism law’s efficacy, effectiveness and relevance from the view of legal professionals." Suprema - Revista de Estudos Constitucionais 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 119–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53798/suprema.2021.v1.n1.a19.
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This article aims to present and discuss the results of the Law and Racial Mediation research: The role and effectiveness of using law as a mediator for race relations in contemporary Brazil. We collected data and analyzed the point of view of legal professionals on the anti-racism law. Our sample, composed of 103 legal professionals, was non-probabilistic. The findings reveal that respondents, categorized as a group with a progressive vision within the law, have assessed that the anti-racism law is not efficient or effective. And they evaluated that the law should be improved. They show a predilection for non-punitive axes and for solutions that do not involve judicialization. They suggested restorative justice, the knowledge about discrimination and antidiscrimination; and development of skills to reduce the divergence between legal knowledge and the Brazilian reality.
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Brignol, Sandra, Inês Dourado, Leila D. Amorim, and Lígia Regina Franco Sansigolo Kerr. "Vulnerability in the context of HIV and syphilis infection in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, no. 5 (May 2015): 1035–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00178313.
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Social, individual, and programmatic vulnerability of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the context of the HIV epidemic and other sexually transmitted infections (STI) is a reality in many countries. The survey Behavior, Attitudes, Practices, and Prevalence of HIV and Syphilis in Men Who Have Sex with Men in 10 Brazilian Cities selected 383 MSM in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, using the respondent driven sampling (RDS) technique. Individual vulnerability: early sexual initiation (51%), average of eight sex partners, and unprotected receptive anal sex with casual (32%) and steady partners (45%) and positive rapid tests HIV (6.5%) and syphilis (9%). Social vulnerability: young adults (80%), black race/skin color (91%), mean monthly family income of BRL 1,000.00, and personal history of discrimination (57%). Programmatic factors: no previous HIV test (63%) and no access to lubricant gel (88%). The study showed a profile of vulnerability and the urgent need for interventions and STI prevention in the MSM population in Salvador, in addition to high prevalence rates for HIV and syphilis.
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Grubba, Leilane Serratine, and Juliana Pires de Oliveira. "Contexto histórico, social e estrutural da discriminação das mulheres negras nas cidades brasileiras / Historical, social and structural context of the discrimination of the black women in the brazilian cities." Revista de Direito da Cidade 14, no. 3 (December 23, 2022): 1824–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2022.59320.
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Resumo A pesquisa tematiza as discriminações de raça e gênero diante da falta de sustentabilidade e de um projeto de coexistência. Parte-se da noção de complexidade, com enfoque histórico, social e estrutural da realidade brasileira. O objetivo geral é analisar a intensidade de afetação dessas desigualdades em relação às mulheres negras nas cidades brasileiras. A pesquisa problematiza as causas, motivos e especificidades das desigualdades de gênero e raça e porque elas afetam de forma tão intensa todos os aspectos existenciais das mulheres negras nas cidades brasileiras. A pesquisa parte do método da complexidade, por meio de revisão bibliográfica com ênfase em estudos interseccionais de caráter feministas, antirracistas, históricos de formação de desigualdades, expressão de narrativas e experiências e contextualização com os ambientes reais de vivência na contemporaneidade. A pesquisa apresenta como resultado que a formação social e espacial das cidades brasileiras, conforme as diretrizes do sistema de produção de riqueza, levaram a crescimentos desequilibrados e desordenados, que refletem a reprodução estrutural, histórico e social brasileira. Conclui e contribui afirmando que as mudanças e alterações precisam ser complexas e profundas, principalmente para a construção de projetos de coexistência e planejamento da sustentabilidade social.Palavras-chave: Direito; Discriminação; Desigualdades; Gênero; Raça. Abstract The research will address the discrimination of race and gender in the face of the lack of sustainability and a project of coexistence. From a complex model, it aims at the historical, social and structural approach to the Brazilian reality. Mainly, the objective is to analyze the intensity of affect of these inequalities in relation to black women in Brazilian cities. It brings as a research problem the causes, motives and specificities of gender and race inequalities and why they affect so intensely all the existential aspects of black women in Brazilian cities. The research has a complex methodology, through bibliographic review with an emphasis on intersectional feminist, anti-racist studies, history of inequality formation, expression of narratives and experiences and contextualization with the real environments of contemporary experience.The research shows as a result that the social and spatial formation of Brazilian cities, according to the guidelines of the wealth production system, led to unbalanced and disordered growth, which reflect the structural, historical and social reproduction of Brazil. It concludes and contributes by stating that changes and alterations need to be complex and profound, especially for the construction of coexistence projects and social sustainability planning.Keywords: Law; Discrimination; Inequalities; Genre; Race.
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Vasconcelos, Anselmo Ferreira. "Mapping Brazilian workforce diversity: a historical analysis." Management Research Review 39, no. 10 (October 17, 2016): 1352–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2015-0104.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how Brazilian organizations have handled diversity. Design/methodology/approach This study draws upon the historical analysis by focusing essentially on secondary sources of data, surface-level indicators, namely, race, gender and age. Accordingly, the major sources of information used in this study are the rankings of the Great Place to Work® Institute Brazil (between 2005 and 2013) and from the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Employment’s reports (between 2009 and 2013). Findings The evidence gathered from the Great Place to Work® Institute Brazil’s lists and the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Employment’s reports produced mixed results regarding the moral imperative derived from the acculturation of a broad diversity mindset. Research limitations/implications This study is not free from limitations. Both sources used in this inquiry do not depict other relevant data that could provide more accurate results. Practical implications Overall, the findings of this study suggest that training programs and sound work values revision are necessary steps to reduce discrimination, stereotypes, gender bias and to promote diversity and inclusion inside Brazilian organizations. Originality/value It contributes to the understanding of the current diversity scenario in Brazilian organizations by drawing on a historical analysis method. It relied on two germane secondary sources of data.
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Lino Lecci, Alice. "Black Feminism and the Feeling of the Sublime in the Performance Merci Beaucoup, Blanco!" AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 19 (September 15, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i19.316.
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This paper presents a criticism of the performance Merci Beaucoup, Blanco! by Michelle Mattiuzzi and the self-reflection on it published in the 32nd Biennial of São Paulo – “Live Uncertainty” (2016) – entitled Written Performance Photography Experiment. To this end, we emphasize the performance’s formal elements alongside aspects of the history of racist practices and theories in Brazil, in addition to the official historiography concerning the black population, which contextualize the feelings of pain and horror impregnating both the artist’s personal experience and her performance.Accordingly, the elements of this performance that can incite feelings of pleasure in the observer such as the resistance of black women and their political representation are analyzed in the field of art and culture. Lastly, to conclude, this paper argues about the possibilities of the performance’s fruition. This argument is based on the artist's text and certain constituent arguments of the feeling of the sublime’s concept, as presented by Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant and Jean-François Lyotard.Considering an analogy with the aesthetics of the sublime, it is argued that Merci Beaucoup Blanco! gravitates in the atmosphere of horror, pain and shock, recalling/suggesting feelings of racial violence and discrimination still existing in Brazil. This performance of a black woman against racist oppression also constitutes an act of resistance of the artist, capable of awakening feelings of pleasure in their watchers. The public then moves from shock, pain and horror to contentment of the political consciousness of race, gender, and class. Article received: April 23, 2019; Article accepted: June 15, 2019; Published online: September 15, 2019. Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Lino Lecci, Alice. "Black Feminism and the Feeling of the Sublime in the Performance Merci Beaucoup, Blanco!" AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 19 (2019): 85-99. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i19.316
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Pimenta, Izadora Silva. "Racismo no futebol." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v10.n2.2021.446.
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PT. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os Julgamentos (Martin e White, 2005) presentes no discurso midiático a respeito de um caso de racismo sofrido pelo jogador Daniel Alves em 2014, à época, no Barcelona. A análise foi feita a partir do fragmento de um corpus coletado em minha pesquisa de mestrado (Pimenta, 2019), compilado com a plataforma Sketch Engine a partir de 65 artigos de hard news sobre o tema, publicados de forma online no Brasil, totalizando 21.387 formas, 1.014 sentenças e 25.127 palavras. Para os trechos analisados neste artigo, considera-se apenas os trechos das notícias nos quais a voz do repórter está sendo utilizada em primeiro plano. A análise é realizada a partir da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday e Matthiessen, 2014) e do Sistema de Avaliatividade (Martin e White, 2005), a partir dos quais a linguagem é visualizada como um sistema sociossemiótico, ou seja, entende-se que a comunicação se dá por um sistema, sendo ele repleto de significados de cunhos sociais e culturais. O trabalho também se baseia na hipótese de que as hard news nunca são neutras (White, 2003) e, portanto, passíveis da presença de significados avaliativos ao longo do texto. Para compreender o contexto no qual as notícias estão sendo relatadas, há ainda uma compreensão inicial sobre alguns preceitos das relações raciais no Brasil e no futebol. Os resultados mostram que a linguagem utilizada pelo discurso midiático opera como fator de reforço para padrões de representação sobre o racismo no futebol e seus aspectos presentes na sociedade brasileira. Uma vez em que o racismo é base para as formas de desigualdade e violência dessa sociedade (Almeida, 2019), é possível observar que a presença deste na estrutura se mostra visível na linguagem em uso. Os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa oferecem, ainda, um desenho para uma metodologia de análise de aspectos sociológicos do esporte e do racismo como ideologia vigente por meio da linguagem intrínseca.
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EN. This article analyzes the judgments (Martin and White, 2005) developed in the media coverage of a case of racial discrimination experienced by Brazilian Daniel Alves in 2014, at the time playing for the FC Barcelona. The analysis is based on a segment of a corpus compiled as part of a master's research (Pimenta, 2019) using the platform Sketch Engine. The corpus is composed of 65 hard news articles published online in Brazilian media, which break down into 21,387 forms, 1,014 sentences and 25,127 words. The analysis focuses exclusively on extracts in which the journalist’s position is made clear. Research methodology is based on systemic-functional linguistics (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014) and appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005), which consider language as a socio-semiotic system loaded with social and cultural meanings, through which communication occurs. The research is based on the hypothesis that hard news is never neutral (White, 2003). On the contrary, hard news articles include an evaluative dimension throughout the reports. Understanding some of the precepts of race relations in Brazil and in soccer is central to better understant the context in which the news is reported. Results of the analysis show that the language produced by media coverage reinforces standards of race representation in soccer, which is part of the larger racial discrimination dynamics that characterize contemporary Brazilian society. The language used by the media indeed illustrates how racial discrimination is a root cause of inequality and violence in Brazilian society today (Almeida, 2019). Based on the data collected, a methodological model of analysis was developed through language and its intrinsic features, allowing to reveal specific sociological aspects of sports and racial discrimination, which still today remains a dominant ideology.
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FR. Cet article analyse les jugements (Martin et White, 2005) présents dans le discours médiatique autour d’un cas de racisme subi par le Brésilien Daniel Alves en 2014, à l’époque joueur du FC Barcelone. L'analyse se penche sur une partie d’un corpus plus large compilé dans le cadre d’une recherche de master (Pimenta, 2019) à l’aide de la plateforme Sketch Engine. Ce corpus de 65 articles de hard news sur le sujet, publiés en ligne dans des médias brésiliens, est constitué de 21 387 formes, 1 014 phrases et 25 127 mots. L’analyse porte uniquement sur les extraits où la voix du journaliste apparait au premier plan. L’apport méthodologique repose sur la linguistique systémique-fonctionnelle (Halliday et Matthiessen, 2014) et sur la théorie de l’évaluation (Martin et White, 2005), où le langage est perçu comme un système socio-sémiotique chargé de significations de natures sociale et culturelle, au travers duquel se réalise la communication. Notre étude part de l'hypothèse que les hard news ne sont jamais neutres (White, 2003). Bien au contraire, elles sont sujettes à la présence de significations évaluatives tout au long du texte. Ainsi, pour appréhender le contexte dans lequel sont rapportées les informations d’actualité, il importe également de comprendre certains préceptes des relations raciales au Brésil et dans le football. Les résultats montrent que le langage produit par le discours médiatique renforce les standards de représentation du racisme dans le football et les aspects de ce racisme qui caractérisent la société brésilienne. En effet, le langage des médias illustre bien le fait que le racisme est à la base des formes d'inégalité et de violence de cette société (Almeida, 2019). A partir des données recueillies, nous avons pu construire un modèle méthodologique d'analyse, par le biais du langage et des traits qui lui sont intrinsèques, capable de révéler certains aspects sociologiques du sport et du racisme, qui s’avèrent constituer l'idéologie dominante.
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Machado, Amanda Viana, Lidyane V. Camelo, Dora Chor, Rosane H. Griep, Joanna M. N. Guimarães, Luana Giatti, and Sandhi Maria Barreto. "Racial inequality, racial discrimination and obesity incidence in adults from the ELSA-Brasil cohort." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75, no. 7 (January 8, 2021): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214740.
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BackgroundThis study investigated whether self-reported race/skin colour and perceived racial discrimination predict higher obesity incidence after approximately 4-year follow-up of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We also investigated whether these associations are modified by educational level.MethodsFollowing exclusion of individuals defined as obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) at baseline, associations between race/skin colour and obesity incidence between the first (2008–2010) and second (2012–2014) visits were investigated in 10 130 participants. Next, associations between perceived racial discrimination and obesity incidence among black (n=1532) and brown (n=2958) individuals were investigated separately. Racial discrimination (yes/no) was assessed using the Lifetime Major Event Scale. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex and research site were used. All analyses were stratified for educational level.ResultsObesity risk was higher in Blacks with high education compared with white individuals to the same education level (OR: 2.22; 95% CI 1.62 to 3.04) following adjustments. After adjustments, obesity incidence was higher among black individuals reporting racial discrimination compared with peers who did not report this experience, but only among the low education group (OR: 1.64; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.51). No statistical association with perceived discrimination was observed among brown individuals.ConclusionResults are congruent with findings from other studies reporting associations between racial inequality and obesity incidence and also suggest racial discrimination may be one of the mechanisms leading to such inequalities. Also, it supports the paradox theory by which education modify the association in distinct directions.
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Camelo, Lidyane V., Luana Giatti, Roberto Marini Ladeira, Rosane Harter Griep, José Geraldo Mill, Dóra Chor, and Sandhi Maria Barreto. "Racial disparities in renal function: the role of racial discrimination. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 11 (July 27, 2018): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210665.
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BackgroundRacial discrimination may play a significant role in higher incidence and poorer prognosis of chronic kidney disease among Black individuals. This study set out to investigate the association between racial discrimination and renal function and to estimate the contribution of racial discrimination to existing racial disparities in renal function.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis using baseline data (2008–2010) of 14 355 participants (35–74 years) in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health cohort study. Renal function was estimated based on estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) obtained by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Racial discrimination was assessed using a modified version of the Lifetime Major Events Scale ; race/colour was self-reported. Covariates included were age, sex, level of education and selected health-related factors.ResultsRacial discrimination was reported by 31.6%, 6.3% and 0.8% of Black, Brown and White individuals, respectively. The older the age, the lower the prevalence of racial discrimination among Blacks. Racial discrimination was independently associated with lower mean eGFR (β=−2.38; 95% CI −3.50 to −1.25); however, associations were limited to individuals aged under 55 years. In this age group, eGFR differences between Black and White individuals were reduced by 31% when exposure to racial discrimination was accounted for.ConclusionBlacks are approximately 40 times more likely to report racial discrimination than Whites. Racial discrimination was associated with lower mean eGFR and explained a significant portion of eGFR differences between Black and White individuals aged under 55 years. Exposure to experiences of racial discrimination should be accounted for in studies investigating racial disparities in renal function.
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Bevenuto, João Alberto Zago, José Raimundo de Souza Passos, and Edson Luiz Furtado. "Development parameters of the latent period as a response of rubber tree resistance to South American leaf blight." Summa Phytopathologica 47, no. 2 (April 2021): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/217084.
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ABSTRACT The major phytosanitary problem for rubber tree cultivation in Brazil is the disease known as South American leaf blight, caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei. Its symptoms manifest in young leaves and cause intense defoliation, resulting in reduced latex production and even the death of susceptible plants. Thus, this disease consists in a constant threat to East Asian plantations. As worldwide traditional breeding programs have evolved, interspecific hybrid clones have currently been used for planting. They are more productive and show better resistance to pathogens. However, traditional breeding programs have not led to significant progress in resistance to South American leaf blight since the selection is directed to clones with complete resistance. In this pathosystem, horizontal or partial resistance (HR) and vertical or complete resistance (VR) can act simultaneously, evidencing their complexity and difficult quantification. This study aimed to: characterize the foliar lesion type in Hevea sp. X M. ulei pathosystem; verify the clonal susceptibility to pathogens; analyze the infection frequency for resistance quantification in Hevea sp. x M. ulei pathosystem, and recommend differentiating rubber tree clones to quantify M. ulei races in Brazil. The monocyclic parameters (latent period and lesion diameter) are applicable for resistance quantification in Hevea sp. x M. ulei pathosystem. Latent period had slight variation among clones. Lesion diameter had wide variation among clones and was a discriminating parameter for horizontal resistance and vertical resistance.
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Chazkel, Amy. "Toward a History of Rights in the City at Night: Making and Breaking the Nightly Curfew in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro." Comparative Studies in Society and History 62, no. 1 (January 2020): 106–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417519000422.
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AbstractDuring much of the nineteenth century, Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian capital, was under a selective curfew that made it a crime to be in the city's public spaces after dark. The curfew bent normal rules and attenuated supposedly universal rights, overtly discriminating between people on the basis of class and race. Rules that legally defined the nighttime did not come from any national statute, or from newly independent Brazil's liberal Constitution (1824) or its Criminal Code (1830). Instead, Rio's nocturnal sociolegal world was the product of police edicts, on-the-ground policing practice, and city ordinances. It also emerged from the actions of people who used the darker hours for work, play, and resistance against oppression, especially members of the city's immense enslaved population and the growing number of free persons of African descent. In other words, this is a phenomenon of urban governance that allows, and indeed forces us to look beyond the nineteenth-century nation-state to understand the exercise of power at a local level. This article explores how the curfew established patterns and means of limiting the basic freedom to move about the city. It was at night when both the necessity and fragility of what jurists in Brazil called the “freedom to come and go” came into view. The daily transition between day and night enacted juridical changes that, although invisible at the national level, fundamentally shaped the social categories that determined people's places in society in ways that historical research has yet to explore.
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De Carvalho, Pedro Guedes. "Comparative Studies for What?" Motricidade 13, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.13551.
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ISCPES stands for International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sports and it is going to celebrate its 40th anniversary in 2018. Since the beginning (Israel 1978) the main goals of the Society were established under a worldwide mind set considering five continents and no discrimination of any kind. The founders wanted to compare Physical Education and Sports across the world, searching for the best practices deserving consideration and applied on the purpose of improving citizen quality of life. The mission still stands for “Compare to learn and improve”.As all the organizations lasting for 39 years, ISCPES experienced several vicissitudes, usually correlated with world economic cycles, social and sports changes, which are in ISS journal articles - International Sport Studies.ISS journal is Scopus indexed, aiming to improve its quality (under evaluation) to reach more qualified students, experts, professionals and researchers; doing so it will raise its indexation, which we know it is nowadays a more difficult task. First, because there are more journals trying to compete on this academic fierce competitive market; secondly, because the basic requirements are getting more and more hard to gather in the publishing environment around Physical Education and Sports issues. However, we can promise this will be one of our main strategic goals.Another goal I would like to address on this Editorial is the language issue. We have this second strategic goal, which is to reach most of languages spoken in different continents; besides the English language, we will reach Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. For that reason, we already defined that all the abstracts in English will be translated into Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese words so people can find them on any search browser. That will expand the demand for our journal and articles, increasing the number of potential readers. Of course this opportunity, given by Motricidade, can be considered as a good example to multiply our scope.In June 2017 we organized a joint Conference in Borovets, Bulgaria, with our colleagues from the BCES – Bulgarian Society for Comparative Educational Studies. During those days, there was an election to appoint a new (Portuguese) president. This constitutes an important step for the Portuguese speaker countries, which, for a 4th year term, will have the opportunity to expand the influence of ISCPES Society diffusing the research results we have been achieving into a vast extended new public and inviting new research experts to innovative debates. This new president will be working with a wide geographical diverse team: the Vice President coming from a South American country (Venezuela), and the other several Executive Board members are coming from Brazil, China, Africa and North America. This constitutes a very favorable situation once, adding to this, we kept the previous editorial team from Australia and Europe. We are definitely committed to improve our influence through new incentives to organize several regional (continental) workshops, seminars and Conferences in the next future.The international research is crossing troubled times with exponential number of new indexed journals trying to get new influence and visibility. In order to do that, readers face new challenges because several studies present contradictory conclusions and outcome comparisons still lacking robust methodologies. Uncovering these issues is the focus of our Society.In the past, ISCPES started its activity collecting answers to the same questions asked to several experts in different countries and continents across the world. The starting studies developed some important insights on several issues concerning the way Physical Education professionals approached their challenges. In the very starting documents ISCPES activity focused in identifying certain games and indigenous activities that were not understood by people in other parts of the world, improving this international understanding and communication. This first attempt considered six groups of countries roughly comprehending 26 countries from all the continents.ISCPES has on its archives several seminal works, PhD proposals and program proposals, which constitutes the main theoretical framework considered in some textbooks printed at the end of the sixties in the XXth century.The methods used mostly sources’ country comparisons, historic development of comparative education systems, list of factors affecting those systems and a systematic analysis of case studies; additionally, international organizations for sports and physical education were also required to identify basic problems and unique features considered for the implementation of each own system. At the time, Lynn C. Vendien & John E. Nixon book “The World Today in Health, Physical Education and Recreation”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, together with two monographies from William Johnson “Physical Education around the World”, 1966, 1968, Indianapolis, Phi Epsilon Kappa editions, were the main textbook references.The main landscapes of interest were to study sports compared or the sport role in Nationalisms, Political subsidization, Religion, Race and volunteering versus professionalism. The goal was to state the true place of sports in societies.In March 1970, Ben W. Miller from the University of California compiled an interesting Exhibit n.1 about the main conclusions of a breakfast meeting occurred during the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. There, they identified thirty-one individuals, which had separate courses in “Comparative and/or International Physical Education, Recreation and Sports”; one month later, they collected eighteen responses with the bibliographic references they used. On this same Exhibit n.1 there is detailed information on the title, catalogue description, date of initial course (1948, the first), credit units, eligibility, number of year offer, type of graduation (from major to doctorate and professional). Concluding, the end of the sixties can be the mark of a well-established body of literature in comparative education and sports studies published in several scientific journals.What about the XXIst century? Is it still important to compare sports and education throughout the world? Only with qualitative methods? Mixed methods?We think so. That is why, after a certain decline and fuzzy goal definition in research motivations within ISCPES we decided to innovate and reorganize people from physical education and sports around this important theme of comparative studies. Important because we observe an increasing concern on the contradictions across different results in publications under the same subject. How can we infer? What about good research questions which get no statistically significant results? New times are coming, and we want to be on that frontline of this move as said by Elsevier “With RMR (results masked review) articles, you don’t need to worry about what editors or reviewers might think about your results. As long as you have asked an important question and performed a rigorous study, your paper will be treated the same as any other. You do not need to have null results to submit an RMR article; there are many reasons why it can be helpful to have the results blinded at initial review”.https://www.elsevier.com/connect/reviewers-update/results-masked-review-peer-review-without-publication-bias.This is a very different and challenging time. Our future strategy will comprehend more cooperation between researchers, institutions and scientific societies as an instrument to leverage our understanding of physical activity and sports through different continents and countries and be useful for policy designs.Next 2018, on the occasion of the UE initiative Sofia – European Capital of Sport 2018 we - Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) & the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport (ISCPES) - will jointly organize an International Conference on Sport Governance around the World.Sports and Physical Education are facing complex problems worldwide, which need to be solved. For health reasons, a vast number of organizations are popularizing the belief that physical education and sports are ‘a must’ in order to promote human activity and movement. However, several studies show that modern lifestyles are the main cause for people's inactivity and sedentary lifestyles.Extensive funded programs used to promote healthy lifestyles; sports media advertising several athletes, turning them into global heroes, influencers in a new emerging industry around sports organizations. Therefore, there is a rise in the number of unethical cases and corruption that influence the image of physical education and sports roles.We, the people emotional and physically involved with sports and physical activity must be aware of this, studying, discussing and comparing global facts and events around the world.This Conference aims to offer an incentive to colleagues from all continents to participate and present their latest results on four specific topics: 1. Sport Governance Systems; 2. Ethics and Corruption in Physical Education and Sports Policies; 3. Physical Education and Sport Development; 4. Training Physical Educators and Coaches. Please consider your selves invited to attend. Details in http://bcesconvention.com/
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Burgard, Sarah, Debora de Pina Castiglione, Katherine Y. Lin, Aline A. Nobre, Estela M. L. Aquino, Alexandre C. Pereira, Isabela J. Martins Bensenor, Sandhi M. Barreto, and Dora Chor. "Differential reporting of discriminatory experiences in Brazil and the United States." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 33, suppl 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00110516.
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Abstract: There has been little cross-national comparison of perceived discrimination, and few studies have considered how intersectional identities shape perception of discriminatory treatment in different societies. Using data from the ELSA-Brasil, a study of Brazilian civil servants, and the Americans’ Changing Lives Study, a nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults, we compare reports of lifetime discrimination among race-by-gender groups in each society. We also consider whether educational attainment explains any group differences, or if differences across groups vary by level of education. Results reveal higher lifetime discrimination experiences among Black respondents in both countries, especially Black men, than among Whites, and lower reports among White women than White men. Brown men and women also reported higher levels than White men in Brazil. For all race-by-gender groups in both countries, except Brazilian White men, reports of discrimination were higher among the more educated, though adjusting for educational differences across groups did not explain group differences. In Brazil, we found the greatest racial disparities among the college educated, while U.S. Black men were more likely to report discrimination than White men at all levels of education. Results reveal broad similarities across countries, despite important differences in their histories, and an intersectional approach contributed to identification of these similarities and some differences in discrimination experiences. These findings have implications for social and public health surveillance and intervention to address the harmful consequences of discrimination.
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Mendes, Patrícia Miranda, Aline Araújo Nobre, Rosane Härter Griep, Joanna Miguez Nery Guimarães, Leidjaira Lopes Juvanhol, Sandhi Maria Barreto, Alexandre Pereira, and Dóra Chor. "Association between perceived racial discrimination and hypertension: findings from the ELSA-Brasil study." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00050317.
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“Pardos” and blacks in Brazil and blacks in the USA are at greater risk of developing arterial hypertension than whites, and the causes of this inequality are still little understood. Psychosocial and contextual factors, including racial discrimination, are indicated as conditions associated with this inequality. The aim of this study was to identify the association between perceived racial discrimination and hypertension. The study evaluated 14,012 workers from the ELSA-Brazil baseline population. Perceived discrimination was measured by the Lifetime Major Events Scale, adapted to Portuguese. Classification by race/color followed the categories proposed by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Hypertension was defined by standard criteria. The association between the compound variable - race/racial discrimination - and hypertension was estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance and stratified by the categories of body mass index (BMI) and sex. Choosing white women as the reference group, in the BMI < 25kg/m2 stratum, “pardo” women showed adjusted OR for arterial hypertension of 1.98 (95%CI: 1.17-3.36) and 1.3 (95%CI: 1.13-1.65), respectively, whether or not they experienced racial discrimination. For black women, ORs were 1.9 (95%CI: 1.42-2.62) and 1.72 (95%CI: 1.36-2.18), respectively, for the same categories. Among women with BMI > 25kg/m2 and men in any BMI category, no effect of racial discrimination was identified. Despite the differences in point estimates of prevalence of hypertension between “pardo” women who reported and those who did not report discrimination, our results are insufficient to assert that an association exists between racial discrimination and hypertension.
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"Corrigendum." Current Sociology 66, no. 5 (April 12, 2018): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118769503.
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Silva GM (2016) After racial democracy: Contemporary puzzles in race relations in Brazil, Latin America and beyond from a boundaries perspective. Current Sociology 64(5): 794-812. DOI: 10.1177/0011392115590488 The author would like to draw attention to the following correction. On p.802 of this article, where it is written: “[…] scholars who want to underplay the importance of race in Brazil tend to see this as evidence that race is not as central, or at least not a factor of discrimination for a large percentage of non-whites (Fry, 2005)” This section should read: “[…] scholars who emphasize the convergence of opinions tend to see this as evidence of a more successful policy of cultural integration that illustrates understandings of race as less essentialized (Fry, 2005)”. This correction does not change the main arguments made in the article.
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Layton, Matthew, and Amy Erica Smith. "Is it Race, Class, or Gender? The Sources of Perceived Discrimination in Brazil." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2704435.
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Muñoz-Cabrera, Patricia, and Patricia Duarte Rangel. "Gender Justice in Feminist Analysis of Public Policies in Argentina, Brazil and Chile." Revista Estudos Feministas 26, no. 3 (November 14, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2018v26n358565.
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Abstract: This paper presents part of the authors’ postdoctoral research at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. It focuses on the transformation processes triggered by feminist-driven governmental actions in Brazil, Argentina and Chile over the last few years, especially during the terms of Cristina Fernández, Dilma Rousseff and Michele Bachelet. Using concepts and theoretical insights from specialized literature, we address questions about lobbying and disputes in the political arena in order to understand the impact of feminisms on public policies, and the extent to which these policies relate to the intersectional nature of discrimination (gender, race / ethnicity, class). Four major public policies areas are examined, namely economic autonomy, social facilities, health, and violence, from three analytical angles: 1) the role of women’s policy agencies in policy making processes; 2) Gender-Aware Public Policies during the mandates of female presidents in Argentina, Brasil e Chile; 3) the intersectionality of gender justice in public policy-making.
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Flannery, Mércia S. "Vítimas e perpetradores: Discurso reportado e identidade em narrativas de discriminação racial." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2008-1005.
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AbstractNarratives of racial discrimination can be organized through the utterance of an insult - overt discrimination - or through the interpretation that an action was motivated by prejudice - covert discrimination. One of the characteristics of these two types of narratives is the description and demonstration of the voices of those characters playing the roles of victim and perpetrator of discrimination. This article examines the role of reported speech to the construction of specific positions within four oral narratives, collected in Portuguese, in Northeast Brazil. Considering that every discourse is dialogic and intertextual, this study analyzes the forms of transmission of another’s voices, how these enable the narrators to construct positions defined in the story-world and to transmit ideas about the authorprotagonist and about the other. Through a linguistic analysis of narratives describing a social problem this article contributes to fill in the gap in the studies on language and race/racism.
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Sousa, Anderson Reis de, Sheila Santa Barbara Cerqueira, Thiago da Silva Santana, Cleuma Sueli Santos Suto, Eric Santos Almeida, Luana Santana Brito, Elena Casado, and Evanilda Souza de Santana Carvalho. "Stigma experienced by men diagnosed with COVID-19." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 75, suppl 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0038.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the stigma characteristics perceived in the experience of men who had COVID-19. Method: this qualitative study involved men living in Brazil, diagnosed with COVID-19, who answered semi-structured questions in an online form. Data were subjected to thematic and lexical analysis, interpreted in the light of the stigma theory. Results: 92 men, adults, cisgender, heterosexual, of mixed race/color, belonging to middle class, living in the urban area, with higher education participated. The stigma characteristics evidenced were the occurrence of leave, perception of impolite treatment, use of labels and discrimination by co-workers, family members, neighbors and even healthcare professionals, with consequences for the psycho-emotional dimension. Final considerations: discrimination and exclusion derived from stigma surprised men marked by class and gender privileges, little used to being downgraded in interactions when compared to other groups.