Academic literature on the topic 'Race discrimination – Brazil'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Race discrimination – Brazil.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Race discrimination – Brazil"
1
Layton, Matthew L., and Amy Erica Smith. "Is It Race, Class, or Gender? The Sources of Perceived Discrimination in Brazil." Latin American Politics and Society 59, no. 1 (2017): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/laps.12010.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObservers have long noted Brazil's distinctive racial politics: the coexistence of relatively integrated race relations and a national ideology of “racial democracy” with deep social inequalities along color lines. Those defending a vision of a nonracist Brazil attribute such inequalities to mechanisms perpetuating class distinctions. This article examines how members of disadvantaged groups perceive their disadvantage and what determines self-reports of discriminatory experiences, using 2010 AmericasBarometer data. About a third of respondents reported experiencing discrimination. Consistent with Brazilian national myths, respondents were much more likely to report discrimination due to their class than to their race. Nonetheless, the respondent's skin color, as coded by the interviewer, was a strong determinant of reporting class as well as race and gender discrimination. Race is more strongly associated with perceived “class” discrimination than is household wealth, education, or region of residence; female gender intensifies the association between color and discrimination.
2
Winant, Howard. "Rethinking Race in Brazil." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, no. 1 (February 1992): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00022999.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: the Repudiation of the Centenário13 May 1988 was the 100th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil. In honour of that date, various official celebrations and commemorations of the centenário, organised by the Brazilian government, church groups and cultural organisations, took place throughout the country, even including a speech by President José Sarney.This celebration of the emancipation was not, however, universal. Many Afro—Brazilian groups staged actions and marches, issued denunciations and organised cultural events repudiating the ‘farce of abolition’. These were unprecedented efforts to draw national and international attention to the extensive racial inequality and discrimination which Brazilian blacks – by far the largest concentration of people of African descent in any country in the western hemisphere – continue to confront. Particular interventions had such titles as ‘100 Years of Lies’, ‘One Hundred Years Without Abolition’, ‘March for the Real Liberation of the Race’, ‘Symbolic Burial of the 13th of May’, ‘March in Protest of the Farce of Abolition’, and ‘Discommemoration (Descomemoraçāo) of the Centenary of Abolition’.1 The repudiation of the centenário suggests that Brazilian racial dynamics, traditionally quiescent, are emerging with the rest of society from the extended twilight of military dictatorship. Racial conflict and mobilisation, long almost entirely absent from the Brazilian scene, are reappearing. New racial patterns and processes – political, cultural, economic, social and psychological – are emerging, while racial inequalities of course continue as well. How much do we know about race in contemporary Brazil? How effectively does the extensive literature explain the present situation?
3
Dávila, Jerry. "Challenging Racism in Brazil. Legal Suits in the Context of the 1951 Anti-Discrimination Law." Varia Historia 33, no. 61 (April 2017): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-87752017000100008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article examines efforts to define the nature of racial discrimination in Brazil, within an environment shaped by perceptions of the meaning of racism in the United States and perceptions about the nature of race relations in the lusophone world. The article asks how did black Brazilians work to define discrimination, and what opportunities did they find to mount challenges? This study elucidates reactions to discrimination, looking for these acts where they occurred rather than where the U.S. experience tells us to find them, exploring efforts to define discrimination and to create means to challenge it. Though these efforts often dialogued with ever-present perceptions about race in the U.S., they were adapted to particular legal, political, social and cultural circumstances in the Brazil of their time. In particular, I examine challenges to discrimination through criminal suits brought under Brazil's 1951 anti-discrimination law.
4
Marx, Anthony W. "Race-Making and the Nation-State." World Politics 48, no. 2 (January 1996): 180–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Why was official racial domination enforced in South Africa and the United States, while nothing comparable to apartheid or Jim Crow was constructed in Brazil? Slavery and colonialism established the pattern of early discrimination in all three cases, and yet the postabolition racial orders diverged. Miscegenation influenced later outcomes, as did economic competition, but neither was decisive. Interpretations of these historical and economic factors were shaped by later developments. This article argues that postabolition racial orders were significantly shaped by the processes of nation-state building in each context. In South Africa and the United States ethnic or regional “intrawhite” conflict impeding nation-state consolidation was contained by racial domination. Whites were unified by excluding blacks, in an ongoing dynamic that took different forms. Continued competition and tensions between the American North and South or South Africa's English and Afrikaners were repeatedly resolved or diminished through further entrenchment of Jim Crow or apartheid. With no comparable conflict requiring reconciliation in Brazil, no official racial domination was constructed, although discrimination continued. The dynamics of nation-state building are then reviewed to explain variations in black mobilization and the end of apartheid and Jim Crow.
5
Bueno, Natália S., and Thad Dunning. "Race, Resources, and Representation." World Politics 69, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 327–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887116000290.
Full textAbstract:
What explains the persistence of racial or ethnic inequalities in descriptive representation in the absence of strongly politicized racial or ethnic cleavages? This article uses new data to demonstrate a substantial racial gap between voters and politicians in Brazil. The authors show that this disparity is not plausibly due to racial preferences in the electorate as a whole, for instance, deference toward white candidates or discrimination against nonwhites, and that barriers to candidate entry or discrimination by party leaders do not likely explain the gap. Instead, they document persistent resource disparities between white and nonwhite candidates, including large differences in personal assets and campaign contributions. The findings suggest that elite closure—investments by racial and economic elites on behalf of elite candidates—help perpetuate a white political class, even in the absence of racialized politics. By underscoring this avenue through which representational disparities persist, the article contributes to research on elite power in democratic settings.
6
Trochim, Michael R. "The Brazilian Black Guard Racial Conflict in Post-Abolition Brazil." Americas 44, no. 3 (January 1988): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006908.
Full textAbstract:
The existence of racial democracy in Brazil has long since come into serious question. The work of sociologists like Florestan Fernandes and historians like Carl Degler has demonstrated the fact of racial discrimination in Brazil, yet the history of race relations in Brazil still seems to stand in contrast to that of the United States. Occurrences of widespread racial violence and the organization of militant movements for social, economic, and political equality take up little space in the historical literature dealing with Brazil. The apparent lack of endemic racial conflict in Brazil has been explained as the result of the marginalization of black people in Brazilian capitalism or as the result of a social mechanism like Degler's “mulatto escape hatch,” which separates the mass of black people from their natural leaders. Consequently, a consciousness of racial solidarity did not develop as the basis for political organization. Without such organization, black people could not effectively confront the white power structure on the issues of race, and, ultimately, class discrimination.
7
Arocena, Felipe. "Multiculturalism in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru." Race & Class 49, no. 4 (April 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396808089284.
Full textAbstract:
The different strategies of resistance deployed by discriminated ethnic groups in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia are analysed here. In Brazil, Afro movements and indigenous populations are increasingly fighting against discrimination and developing their cultural identities, while demystifying the idea of Brazil's national identity as a racial democracy. In Peru and Bolivia, indigenous populations are challenging the generally accepted idea of integration through miscegenation (racial mixing). Assimilation through race-mixing has been the apparent solution in most Latin American countries since the building of the nation states. Its positive side is that a peaceful interethnic relationship has been constructed but its negative side, stressed in recent multicultural strategies, is that different ethnicities and cultures have been accepted only as parts of this intermingling and rarely recognised as the targets of discrimination.
8
Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Racial Discrimination." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This fifth volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law surveys the field of comparative race discrimination law for the purpose of providing an introduction to the nature of comparing systems of discrimination and the transnational search for effective equality laws and policies. This volume includes the perspectives of racialized subjects (subalterns) in the examination of the reach of the laws on the ground. It engages a variety of legal and social science resources in order to compare systems across a number of contexts (such as the United States, Canada, France, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Israel, India, and others). The goal is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various kinds of anti-discrimination legal devices to aid in the study of law reform efforts across the globe centered on racial equality.
9
Kent, Michael, and Peter Wade. "Genetics against race: Science, politics and affirmative action in Brazil." Social Studies of Science 45, no. 6 (October 21, 2015): 816–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312715610217.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyses interrelations between genetic ancestry research, political conflict and social identity. It focuses on the debate on race-based affirmative action policies, which have been implemented in Brazil since the turn of the century. Genetic evidence of high levels of admixture in the Brazilian population has become a key element of arguments that question the validity of the category of race for the development of public policies. In response, members of Brazil’s black movement have dismissed the relevance of genetics by arguing, first, that in Brazil race functions as a social – rather than a biological – category, and, second, that racial classification and discrimination in this country are based on appearance, rather than on genotype. This article highlights the importance of power relations and political interests in shaping public engagements with genetic research and their social consequences.
10
Borges, Dain. "‘Puffy, Ugly, Slothful and Inert’: Degeneration in Brazilian Social Thought, 1880–1940." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (May 1993): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00004636.
Full textAbstract:
Brazilian discussions of race between 1880 and 1940 were partly a use of European scientific theory to rationalise the native system of colour discrimination. When scientific orthodoxy turned against ‘race’ between 1920 and 1945, much of the intellectual racism of Brazil also dispersed. Quite rightly, most intellectual histories of race in Brazil stress a disjuncture around 1930. However, from the 1870s onward, and most clearly after abolition, there was also a medical-psychiatric strand to ‘race’ that can be unravelled from the rest of the skein. Part of racial thinking in Brazil reflected the general medicalisation of social thought that began when early-nineteenth-century physicians called for hygienic reforms within upper-class families to protect children from hereditary or environmental contaminations. The Spencerian and Comtean positivist social science that became fashionable in Brazil after 1870 also contributed to medicalisation. It saw society as an organism, and compared the role of the social scientist to the role of the physician: to examine symptoms of disease and propose therapies. From the 1880s through the 1920s, the national ailment that the medicalised social thought of Brazil most often diagnosed, an ailment that connected individual health to national well-being, was degeneration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Race discrimination – Brazil"
1
Furuichi, Satomi. "On understanding racial inequality in Brazil /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
2
Garcia, Ozemela Liana M. "Race and diversity effects on earnings and educational outcomes in Brazil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=167792.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis employs advanced econometric methods to understand the determinants of race inequalities in labour markets and in higher education in Brazil. It then investigates whether race diversity can be used as a policy to reduce existing inequalities in pay and college campuses. It uses data from the National Household Sample Survey PNAD of 2005 and the National Examination of Higher Education Courses (ENC/Provão) of 2003. The main methodological contributions of this thesis are: 1) extending wage models to include several variables which can explain more than 40 percent of the total variation in wages; 2) computing a proxy for parental education (this has not been possible to estimate using PNAD since 1996); 3) correcting wage equations for selection bias using a robust instrument (most studies ignore the sample selection problem by using employed males only); 4) implementing a new algorithm that combines Heckman Two-Step, complex sample weights and constrained least squares (this increases robustness of the detailed decomposition of the discrimination term). This is done in a generalized wage decomposition setting where the level of discrimination is invariant to the choice of the reference wage group. Results show an existing pay-gap and a significant level of discrimination against nonwhites even after corrections are made. Selection bias appears to underestimate the discrimination term considerably. This study also develops a theoretical framework for the study of the impact of diversity on labour productivity and on discrimination simultaneously. Results support policies which seek greater diversity in order to reduce the existing inequalities in labour markets and on higher education campuses. However, the outcome of policies aimed at increasing diversity on campuses can significantly differ depending on the existing level of diversity and the subject majors attended by students.
3
Haga, Elizabeth Yuko. "Nikkei: estrangeiro em seu país natal? um estudo sobre identidade, estigma e preconceito com filhos e netos de imigrantes japoneses." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21531.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-05T13:00:54Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Elizabeth Yuko Haga.pdf: 3342115 bytes, checksum: c78c9d7dc565723fbf65eb081e54211f (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-05T13:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Yuko Haga.pdf: 3342115 bytes, checksum: c78c9d7dc565723fbf65eb081e54211f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-14
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the children and grandchildren of Japanese immigrants in Brazil feel or have ever felt like victims of discrimination, prejudice or stigmatization due to their origins. The secondary goals were to assess whether they identified more with Brazilian or Japanese culture, and whether there were differences in these feelings between the children and grandchildren. To this end, 31 people were interviewed (22 women and 9 men), of which 13 were children and 18, grandchildren, between 50 and 65 years old. Participants were recruited through the researcher’s online social networks. The method was qualitative and quantitative. The results were categorized and analyzed using the analytical psychology framework and some constructs from the social sciences. The results showed that the participants experienced discrimination in their childhood and youth, and ambiguity regarding their bicultural roots, with possibilities of working these conflicts at the present time. There were no differences between genders or generations
Este estudo teve por objetivo principal investigar se filhos e netos de imigrantes japoneses se sentem ou se já se sentiram como alvo de discriminação, preconceito ou estigmatização devido à sua ascendência. Os objetivos secundários foram avaliar se eles se sentem mais identificados com a cultura brasileira ou com a japonesa, e se há diferenças entre filhos e netos quanto a esses sentimentos. Com essa finalidade, foram entrevistadas 31 pessoas (22 mulheres e 9 homens), dos quais eram 13 filhos e 18 netos, na faixa etária entre 50 e 65 anos de idade. A seleção desses participantes foi realizada a partir de divulgação pelas redes sociais da pesquisadora. O método utilizado foi o qualitativo e o quantitativo. Os resultados foram categorizados e analisados pelos referenciais da psicologia analítica e alguns constructos das ciências sociais. Os resultados apontaram afirmativamente para vivências de discriminação no período da infância à juventude, ambiguidades em relação à dupla raiz cultural, com possibilidades de elaboração dos conflitos no momento presente. Concluiu-se que não há diferenças entre sexos ou gerações
4
Reith, Stefanie Landim. "Programas de diversidade de recursos humanos: uma análise sobre sua adoção no Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3774.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
6297.pdf: 1546013 bytes, checksum: 7fda6a0bebfe08814f56559ade53124a (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-08-04Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The purpose of this master´s degree thesis is to analyze the adoption of diversity programs for inclusion of women and blacks in companies in Brazil. We chose to conduct the survey on companies listed on the ranking "Melhores Empresas para Você Trabalhar" (Best Companies to Work For), in which they participate for human resources management practices evaluated as advanced. Few companies have diversity programs, but more than indicated by the literature review. Most programs are in initial stages. It was also possible to observe the relationship of the adoption of these programs with the size and origin of the capital of the companies surveyed.
O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a adoção de programas de diversidade voltados à inclusão de mulheres e negros em empresas no Brasil. Optou-se por pesquisar empresas listadas no ranking Melhores Empresas para Você Trabalhar , no qual participam por terem práticas de gestão de recursos humanos avaliadas como avançadas. A quantidade destas empresas que têm programas de diversidade é pequena, mas maior do que indicava a revisão da literatura. A maior parte dos programas se encontra em estágios iniciais de implantação. Foi possível observar, ainda, a relação da adoção desses programas com o porte e a origem do capital das empresas pesquisadas.
Books on the topic "Race discrimination – Brazil"
1
Centro de Proyectos Integrales en Base a la Alpaca (Peru), ed. Brazil: Women and legislation against racism. Rio de Janeiro: CEPIA, 2001.
Find full text
2
Telles, Edward Eric. Race in another America: The significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Find full text
3
Souza, Maria Elena Viana. Relações raciais no cotidiano escolar: Diálogos com a Lei 10,639/03. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Editora Rovelle, 2009.
Find full text
4
Making race and nation: A comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Find full text
5
Making race and nation: A comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Find full text
6
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. The spectacle of the races: Scientists, institutions, and the race question in Brazil, 1870-1930. New York: Hill and Wang, 1999.
Find full text
7
Blacks & whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888-1988. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
Find full text
8
The Revolt of the Whip. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2012.
Find full text
9
Antônio José Rollas de Brito. FIPIR: Encontro do Brasil com a política de igualdade racial. São Paulo: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2007.
Find full text
10
Borges, Rosane da Silva. Um fórum para a igualdade racial: Articulação entre estados e municípios. São Paulo: Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Race discrimination – Brazil"
1
Jacob, Jorge, and Valerie Purdie-Greenaway. "The Stigma of Poverty and Race and Interventions to Mitigate Its Effects in Brazil and Senegal." In Innovative Stigma and Discrimination Reduction Programs Across the World, 235–46. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003042464-13.
Full text
2
Antonio, Carlos, and Costa Ribeiro. "Class, Race, and Social Mobility in Brazil*." In Discrimination in an Unequal World, 126–54. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.003.0007.
Full text
3
Lamont, Michèle, Graziella Moraes Silva, Jessica S. Welburn, Joshua Guetzkow, Nissim Mizrachi, Hanna Herzog, and Elisa Reis. "Brazil." In Getting Respect, 123–92. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183404.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the experiences and responses of Black Brazilians in Rio de Janeiro to stigmatization and discrimination. It first provides background information to place the interviewees in their historical and socioeconomic context, taking into account race relations in Brazil as well as the legacy of slavery, the rise and fall of racial democracy, and racial inequality and segregation in the country. It then considers the ethnoracial groupness of Black Brazilians in Rio de Janeiro, with a focus on self-identification and group boundaries, before discussing the ways in which the group struggles with what they perceive as a subtle or masked racism and how they experience specific incidents of stigmatization and discrimination. The chapter also analyzes how Black Brazilians respond to ethnoracial exclusion and what they view as the best responses from a normative perspective. Finally, it explains how the patterns of those experiences and responses can be accounted for.
4
ALFREDO GUIMARÃES, ANTÓNIO SÉRGIO. "Colour and Race in Brazil: From Whitening to the Search for Afro-Descent." In Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-Speaking World. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the way in which Brazil has developed a system of colour classification with regard to Afro-descendants in the period since abolition. The intention is not only to show how this system developed over time, but also how it has been shaped by the mobilisation of the black population around the notion of race: as a group sharing solidarity and common experiences of subordination and discrimination. The strategy is to trace the terms ‘colour’ and ‘race’ and their meanings through time, as used or systematised into classifications by the state, social movements and social scientists. This study is both preliminary and incomplete, but it is hoped that it can serve as a guide for future and more systematic research on specific periods, places and social agents.
5
Zeidman, Lawrence A. "The origins of Nazi persecution and victimization of neuroscientists in Germany, Austria, and Poland." In Brain Science under the Swastika, 29–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728634.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Beginning with even some famous neuroscientists in the nineteenth century anti-Semitism prevented professional promotions and left Jews as outsiders. This included Oppenheim, Flatau, Freud, Liepmann, Weigert, Lewandowsky, Edinger, and others. The specialties of neurology and psychiatry in the first place were fringe areas in which Jews could gravitate and build careers in a field others shunned. But pervasive and insidious discrimination existed in most German and Austrian universities, and Jewish neuroscientists were rarely made department chairs or institute heads. In some instances independent hospitals or clinics in larger cities such as Berlin or Vienna could be headed by Jews, but this became increasingly rare and these dreams were shattered at the onset of the Nazi era. Even as heads of some independent hospitals Jewish neuroscientists faced intolerable degrees of hatred and roadblocks, but persevered and contributed heavily to the growth of neuroscience.
6
Vieira, Armando. "Business Applications of Deep Learning." In Deep Learning and Neural Networks, 942–64. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch052.
Full textAbstract:
Deep Learning (DL) took Artificial Intelligence (AI) by storm and has infiltrated into business at an unprecedented rate. Access to vast amounts of data extensive computational power and a new wave of efficient learning algorithms, helped Artificial Neural Networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in almost all AI challenges. DL is the cornerstone technology behind products for image recognition and video annotation, voice recognition, personal assistants, automated translation and autonomous vehicles. DL works similarly to the brain by extracting high-level, complex abstractions from data in a hierarchical and discriminative or generative way. The implications of DL supported AI in business is tremendous, shaking to the foundations many industries. In this chapter, I present the most significant algorithms and applications, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), image and video processing and finance.
7
Vieira, Armando. "Business Applications of Deep Learning." In Natural Language Processing, 440–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0951-7.ch023.
Full textAbstract:
Deep Learning (DL) took Artificial Intelligence (AI) by storm and has infiltrated into business at an unprecedented rate. Access to vast amounts of data extensive computational power and a new wave of efficient learning algorithms, helped Artificial Neural Networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in almost all AI challenges. DL is the cornerstone technology behind products for image recognition and video annotation, voice recognition, personal assistants, automated translation and autonomous vehicles. DL works similarly to the brain by extracting high-level, complex abstractions from data in a hierarchical and discriminative or generative way. The implications of DL supported AI in business is tremendous, shaking to the foundations many industries. In this chapter, I present the most significant algorithms and applications, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), image and video processing and finance.
8
Vieira, Armando. "Business Applications of Deep Learning." In Ubiquitous Machine Learning and Its Applications, 39–67. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2545-5.ch003.
Full textAbstract:
Deep Learning (DL) took Artificial Intelligence (AI) by storm and has infiltrated into business at an unprecedented rate. Access to vast amounts of data extensive computational power and a new wave of efficient learning algorithms, helped Artificial Neural Networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in almost all AI challenges. DL is the cornerstone technology behind products for image recognition and video annotation, voice recognition, personal assistants, automated translation and autonomous vehicles. DL works similarly to the brain by extracting high-level, complex abstractions from data in a hierarchical and discriminative or generative way. The implications of DL supported AI in business is tremendous, shaking to the foundations many industries. In this chapter, I present the most significant algorithms and applications, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), image and video processing and finance.
Conference papers on the topic "Race discrimination – Brazil"
1
Patel, Krishna, Michael Stevens, Suyash Adhikari, Greg Book, Muhammad Mubeen, and Godfrey Pearlson. "Acute cannabis-related alterations in an fMRI time estimation task." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.26.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Cannabis is widely popular recreational drug of choice in the US. The drug is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, its effects on time estimation at a brain level are still largely unexplored. Our goal was to investigate acute effects of cannabis on an fMRI time estimation task by evaluating brain activation differences between cannabis and placebo conditions. We hypothesized that participants’ time estimation accuracy and corresponding BOLD response would be altered during the cannabis condition in a dose-related manner, compared to placebo. Methods: In this placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial, a total of N=44 participants had 3 dose visits, at each of which they received either high-dose cannabis (0.5 gm of ~12.5% THC flower), low dose cannabis (0.5 gm of ~5.7% flower) or 0.5 gm placebo, using paced inhalation from a volcano via vaporizer. Drug material was supplied by NIDA/RTI. For the current study we analyzed fMRI data from the first of placebo and high dose fMRI sessions throughout each dosing day in which participants performed a time estimation task. Participants were asked to respond with a mouse click as to which box of two boxes displayed for different intervals was displayed on the screen longer. Both sub-second and supra-second temporal intervals were tested, with a range of easy to hard discriminations. We used the Human Connectome Project processing pipeline to prepare fMRI data for GLM modeling of activation using the FSL FEAT toolbox. This model estimated the unique effect sub-second (short) and supra-second (long) interval discrimination, their average effect, and their difference. From these contrasts, the mean activation amplitudes within 387 brain parcels from the Human Connectome cortical atlas were extracted. Robust statistics in R software estimated a paired t test equivalent using the bootdpci function to assess the difference between placebo and the high dose drug conditions for each contrast. Results: Only premotor cortex survived False Discovery Rate corrections for searching all 387 parcels across the entire brain for the average of short and long temporal estimation conditions. Numerous other brain regions differed between placebo and high doses at p<.05 uncorrected for various task contrasts: Short duration stimuli: Premotor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal cortex, visual area, somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, paracentral and mid-cingular cortex, inferior frontal cortex. Long duration stimuli: Premotor cortex, visual areas, somatosensory motor cortex, paracentral and mid- cingulate cortex, the tempo-parieto-occipital junction, dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, posterior opercular cortex, medial temporal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, orbito-frontal cortex. Average of short and long duration stimuli: Premotor cortex, somatosensory and motor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, visual are, medial temporal cortex, paracentral and midcingulate cortex, anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, tempo-parieto-occipital junction, premotor cortex, somatosensory motor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal cortex, orbital and polar frontal cortex, hippocampus. Difference of short and long duration stimuli: Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, ventral stream visual cortex, dorsal stream visual cortex, early visual cortex. Conclusions: The current study elicited multiple brain activation differences for the initial, acute high-dose cannabis vs. placebo condition, but only premotor cortex region survived as significant following multiple comparison correction for short and long duration stimuli contrast. A post hoc power analysis showed that adding 10 additional subjects to this sample would achieve significance with multiple comparison correction for medium effect sizes at alpha=0.05. Future studies on a larger sample can help identify such significant activation differences, and examining all doses and tasks would elucidate unfolding of effects longitudinally post-dose, and dose-dependence of effects.