Relevant bibliographies by topics / Race and ethnic relations

Academic literature on the topic 'Race and ethnic relations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Race and ethnic relations"

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Kinloch, Graham C., and E. Ellis Cashmore. "Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations." Contemporary Sociology 14, no. 5 (September 1985): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069566.

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Tuch, Steven A., John Rex, and David Mason. "Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations." Contemporary Sociology 17, no. 6 (November 1988): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073563.

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Vigil, James, and Felipe Lopez. "Race and Ethnic Relations in Mexico." Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies 1, no. 2 (January 2004): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18085/llas.1.2.w703q81768744475.

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Coulby, David. "Dictionary of race and ethnic relations." International Journal of Educational Development 5, no. 4 (January 1985): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(85)90033-1.

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Scott, Joseph W. "Models of American Race/Ethnic Relations." Equity & Excellence in Education 22, no. 4-6 (January 1986): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020486860220415.

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Kinloch, Graham C. "Race and Ethnic Relations: An Annotated Bibliography." Contemporary Sociology 14, no. 4 (July 1985): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069224.

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Pettigrew, Thomas F. "Review of Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 3 (March 1988): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/025547.

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Morris, Barry. "Book Reviews : Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 24, no. 1 (March 1988): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078338802400128.

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Morrissey, Marietta. "Exploring Social Distance in Race and Ethnic Relations Courses." Teaching Sociology 20, no. 2 (April 1992): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1317394.

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Malpica, Daniel Melero. "Book Review: Race and Ethnic Relations in Today's America." International Migration Review 38, no. 2 (June 2004): 781–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00217.xd.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Race and ethnic relations"

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Gonaver, Wendy. "Race Relations: A Family Story, 1765-1867." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626283.

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Riley, Kristen M. "Discourse on Race and Racism: A Phenomenological Analysis of Responses to Black.White." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RileyKM2008.pdf.

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Bellay, Susan. "Pluralism and race/ethnic relations in Canadian social science, 1880-1939." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57503.pdf.

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White, Hannah. "Community cohesion and ethnic difference : examining "race relations" and equalities practice in Bristol." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573397.

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Community Cohesion was one of New Labour's most durable social policy programmes. Launched during the aftermath of the 2001 riots, due to concerns that segregation is exacerbated by the absence of day-to-day interaction between members of different ethnic 'groups'. In contrast to the alleged divisiveness of the protectionist multicultural model, its architects claimed Community Cohesion signalled a more sophisticated approach intended to establish shared commonalities in an era of increasing diversity. This thesis explores New Labour's transformations to 'race relations' and equalities practice at the end of the last decade, by examining the implementation of Community Cohesion in the city of Bristol. Central to the study is exploration of different understandings of identity, as cultural differences were perceived to be the root- cause of social fractures, while the promotion of a shared sense of belonging, experience, and values, the recommended solution. In particular, the research examines whether the advised approach of emphasising common similarities addressed the underlying causes of ethnic disadvantage. This research is intended to complement the existing academic literature, by examining not only the repercussions of New Labour policy introduced to address. divisions rather than inequalities, but also the implications for single-issue campaigning. More specifically, it investigates how attempts to establish the 'invisibility' of ethnic difference across service provision, impacted upon single-issue organisations acting as supplementary service providers and proxy representatives of minority interests. The research findings suggest that in Bristol neither 'race relations' nor equalities policy were embedded across Council services. Instead voluntary and community organisations (VCOs) were primarily responsible for addressing the effects of structural inequalities. However, due to the priority of establishing cohesion, organisations were struggling for survival, and subsequently by the end of New Labour's term the foundations of a 'colour-blind' approach to tackling social disadvantage had been laid.
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Barot, Manoj. "Black and minority ethnic police officers : experiences of, and resisting, racism." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2013. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/8849/.

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Fernandez, Rose Mary. "An empirical test of the minority identity development model with Cuban-Americans /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1988. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10808474.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1988.
Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Samuel D. Johnson. Dissertation Committee: Michael L. O'Brien. Bibliography: leaves 92-97.
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Ubeysekara, Ruwan. "Questioning the revival : white ethnicities in the racial pentagon." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512319.

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This thesis embodies a comprehensive analysis of the assimilation of Southern and Eastern European immigrant groups in the United States. Despite being considered racially distinct upon arrival en masse in the period 1880-1920, assimilation theorists posited that these white ethnic groups would be quickly absorbed into the prevailing white population. With the aid of Americanization campaigns targeting immigrants and their offspring, it appeared as though ethnic attachments had progressively declined with each successive generation. However, an explosion of white ethnic sentiment and activity in the 1960s and 1970s suggested otherwise, and led many to believe that white ethnic identities had not been entirely forsaken and were in fact being revived by the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the immigrants. This view is fundamentally questioned within this thesis which argues that, due to a multitude of forces and factors, white ethnicities could not have been revived in any meaningful sense. Significant attention is drawn to America’s racialised history and racebased social framework within which white ethnics categorically benefited from being classified as ‘white’. Also examined are factors such as generational distance from the point of immigration, language loss, upward mobility, and intermarriage, which together facilitated the comprehensive assimilation of white ethnic groups into the majority white population in the decades leading up to the alleged “ethnic revival.” The upsurge in white ethnic sentiment in the 1960s and 1970s is therefore argued to have transpired due to the chance convergence of a number of different factors, and given the continued classification of Americans as belonging to one of five racial groups, this thesis concludes that white ethnicities stand little chance of surviving in the long-run within a society in which race continues to hold significant sway.
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Premdas, Ralph R. "Religion and reconciliation in the multi-ethnic states of the Third World Fiji, Trinidad, and Guyana /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26969958.html.

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Fyvie, Erica Gwen. "The myths of the American dream interracial and inter-ethnic relationships in Hollywood films /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0016/MQ56174.pdf.

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Coymak, Ahmet. "Associations Of Religious Identification, Secular Identification, Perceived Discrimination, And Political Trust With Ethnic And Societal (national) Identification." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610734/index.pdf.

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The current thesis extends research in the area of multiple social identities and identity conflict by focusing on both intergroup and intraindividual process underlying structures of identities, namely, religious, ethnic, and societal (national) identifications. In addition, it examined the influence of political trust, and perceived discrimination the relationship between ethnic and societal identification for disadvantaged ethnic groups in Turkey. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the process of identity organization both inter group and in group. While, the first study addresses intergroup differentiations of these identities, second study focused on intraindividual process of these identities'
structure. Supporting hypothesis stemming from Social Identity Theory and Optimal Distinctiveness Theory, political trust and perceived discrimination have roles of mediation in the relationship ethnic and societal identification, by contrast with secular and religious identities in the relationship. Results were discussed for their implications to politic context of the Turkey.
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Books on the topic "Race and ethnic relations"

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Raelene, Wilding, and Hawkins Mary, eds. Race and ethnic relations. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Education, Scarborough Board of. Race relations, ethnic relations, and multicultural policy. Scarborough, Ont: The Board, 1988.

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Marcovitz, Hal. Race relations. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2006.

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S, Li Peter, ed. Race and ethnic relations in Canada. 2nd ed. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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S, Li Peter, ed. Race and ethnic relations in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990.

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Cashmore, Ernest. Dictionary of race and ethnic relations. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1988.

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Kromkowski, John A. Race and ethnic relations 96/97. 6th ed. Guilford, Conn: Dushkin Pub. Group, 1996.

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John, Rex, and Mason, David, 1948 Jan. 8-, eds. Theories of race and ethnic relations. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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East York Board of Education. Multicultural, ethnic and race relations policy. [Toronto, ON]: The Board, 1985.

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Kromkowski, John A. Race and ethnic relations 96/97. 6th ed. Guilford, Conn: Dushkin Pub. Group, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Race and ethnic relations"

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Banton, Michael. "Race Relations." In A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 90–96. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/b.9780631206163.2002.00012.x.

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Bartoş, Sebastian E., and Peter Hegarty. "Gender, Race and Ethnic Relations." In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Political Psychology, 187–203. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29118-9_11.

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Selfe, Paul. "Race Relations: Ethnic Groups in Britain." In Sociology a Level, 272–92. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13854-8_21.

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Selfe, Paul. "Race Relations: Ethnic Groups in Britain." In Work Out Sociology, 269–88. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13120-4_22.

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Ono, Hiroshi, and Hiromi Ono. "Race and Ethnic Relations in Contemporary Japan." In The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity, 219–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8891-8_11.

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Farley, John E., and Michael W. Flota. "Race and Ethnic Relations." In Sociology, 195–236. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315527611-7.

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"CLASSROOM MATERIAL ETHNIC MINORITIES." In Race Relations and Cultural Differences, 183–93. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203147283-42.

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Pincus, Fred L., and Howard J. Ehrlich. "The Study of Race and Ethnic Relations." In Race and Ethnic Conflict, 11–13. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429497896-2.

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Feagin, Joe R., and Clairece Booher Feagin. "Theoretical Perspectives in Race and Ethnic Relations." In Race and Ethnic Conflict, 41–60. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429497896-6.

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"Research in race and ethnic relations." In Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, ii. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-7449(08)15014-0.

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Conference papers on the topic "Race and ethnic relations"

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Mosque, Roseane Santos, and Maria Vitória Santos Fontes. "Didactics and methodologies applied to teaching racial-ethnic relations in Brazil." In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-129.

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Teacher training, in its scope, dispenses with methodological understanding of pedagogical practices, with regard to transversal themes such as gender, race and ethnicity, highlighting the diversity and differences present in human beings, so that the exchange of knowledge in and for beyond the school space, occurs in order to strengthen the exercise of citizenship from the perspective of an inclusive educational model. Diversity for this formation requires knowledge of the history of the composition of the Brazilian territory by African, Afro-Brazilian and indigenous peoples, respect for the culture and organization that these ethnic groups establish socially, and how they were brought together through their colonizing processes. .
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Boroujerdi, Sarah. "Mapping Out Race: How Afro-Iranian Migrations Redefine the ‘Aryan Myth’." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.5-4.

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If maps refer to geographies, the transing of cultural histories, and an arrival of migrant bodies, what might it mean to map out race in Iran? This work examines the ethnocentric biases that stem from the ‘Aryan Myth’—a terminology influenced by The First Persian Empire (550-330 B.C.) and further associations with the ancient Indo-Europeans by 19th century Western scholars. The kindred ties between Iranian identity and homeland through the Aryan label formulated a romanticized narration of race in Iran. The bridge between linguistics, as emphasized by theocratic terminology and ancient language associations, and geography uniformly synthesized racial affiliations between Iranians and the Aryan racial categorization. Aryan ancestry and its association with land as homeland, while formulating a singular Iranian identity, subsequently separated Iranians from Afro-Iranian populations residing north of the Persian Gulf in the next few millennia to come. Limited scholarship has been shown of the Afro-Iranian community’s presence in southern Iran, particularly during and after the period of the slave trade from East Africa in the 1800s into southern Iran. However, archives on the aftermath of slavery from within Iran and England are critical to scholarship on Afro-Iranian migrations (Mirzai 2002, p. 231), where a reclaiming of multi-ethnic identity and a renovated epistemological lens comes centerfold. This work begins with an analysis of the Indo-European migrations of 4,000 and 3,500 B.C. by examining the Iranian family origins through Nichols (1997) "The epicenter of the Indo-European linguistic spread." This will be accompanied by the Ara’s (2005) Eschatology in the Indo-Iranian traditions: The genesis and transformation of a doctrine to define the history of the term “Aryan” and its rooted ties with Indo-European migrations and geography as homeland during Achaemenid rulership. The concluding section will review Mirzai’s (2002) “African presence in Iran: identity and its reconstruction,” with an analysis of the African diaspora during the mid eighteen and early nineteen hundreds, and subsequent growth of Afro-Iranian heritage within southern Iran. Through the establishment of Afro-Iranian societies within southern Iran during the 19th and 20th centuries, socioeconomics resulting from the slave trade, and race relations during the African population settlement of the eighteen hundreds, the blossoming of an Afro-Iranian ethnic heritage led to subsequent ostracism from the larger Iranian host society.
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Baliqi, Bekim. "Citizenship and ethnic relations in Kosovo." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2014.29.

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Poon, Selina, Dan Kiridly, Muhammad Mutawakkil, Rachel Gecelter, Stephen Wendolowski, Rachel Porter, and Lewis Lane. "Race and Ethnic Diversity in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency." In Selection of Abstracts From NCE 2016. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.141.1_meetingabstract.642.

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Elmahy, Ahmed, Julie Maes, Paul Desbordes, Maarten De Vos, and Marko Topalovic. "New race neutral GLI equation impacts ethnic groups differently!" In ERS International Congress 2023 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.oa871.

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Wan Husin, Wan Norhasniah. "Inter-Ethnic Tolerance And Communalism In Pre-Independence Malaysia." In 4th icPSIRS International Conference on Political Science, International Relations and Sociology. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.02.11.

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Barr, R. G., A. Elmaleh-Sachs, D. Malinsky, P. Balte, N. B. Allen, A. Baugh, A. G. Bertoni, et al. "Race/ethnic, social, environmental, and genetic correlates to lung function decline: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Lung Study." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.4419.

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Elmaleh-Sachs, A., D. Malinsky, Y. Sun, N. B. Allen, A. D. Baugh, P. Balte, A. G. Bertoni, et al. "Race/ethnic, Ancestral, Social, and Environmental Correlates of Lung Function Decline: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Lung Study." In American Thoracic Society 2023 International Conference, May 19-24, 2023 - Washington, DC. American Thoracic Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2023.207.1_meetingabstracts.a1090.

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Xue, Yishu, Ofer Harel, and Robert Aseltine. "Comparison of Imputation Methods for Race and Ethnic Information in Administrative Health Data." In 2019 13th International conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SampTA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sampta45681.2019.9030977.

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Mohd Nizah, Mohd Azmir. "Ethnic Tolerance In Multiethnic Society: The Case Of Pulau Pinang." In 4th icPSIRS International Conference on Political Science, International Relations and Sociology. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.02.6.

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Reports on the topic "Race and ethnic relations"

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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Emilia Flores, Christopher Jepson, Jaya Aysola, Jordana Cohen, Michael Harhay, et al. Impact of Healthcare Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer268.

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Objectives. To examine the evidence on whether and how healthcare algorithms (including algorithm-informed decision tools) exacerbate, perpetuate, or reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes, and examine strategies that mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development and use of algorithms. Data sources. We searched published and grey literature for relevant studies published between January 2011 and February 2023. Based on expert guidance, we determined that earlier articles are unlikely to reflect current algorithms. We also hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and reviewed suggestions from experts and stakeholders. Review methods. Searches identified 11,500 unique records. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we screened and selected studies to assess one or both Key Questions (KQs): (1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare outcomes and (2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Outcomes of interest included access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. We assessed studies’ methodologic risk of bias (ROB) using the ROBINS-I tool and piloted an appraisal supplement to assess racial and ethnic equity-related ROB. We completed a narrative synthesis and cataloged study characteristics and outcome data. We also examined four Contextual Questions (CQs) designed to explore the context and capture insights on practical aspects of potential algorithmic bias. CQ 1 examines the problem’s scope within healthcare. CQ 2 describes recently emerging standards and guidance on how racial and ethnic bias can be prevented or mitigated during algorithm development and deployment. CQ 3 explores stakeholder awareness and perspectives about the interaction of algorithms and racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. We addressed these CQs through supplemental literature reviews and conversations with experts and key stakeholders. For CQ 4, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of six algorithms that have not been widely evaluated before in the published literature to better understand how their design and implementation might contribute to disparities. Results. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were included for both KQs. One study was a randomized controlled trial, and all others used cohort, pre-post, or modeling approaches. The studies included numerous types of clinical assessments: need for intensive care or high-risk care management; measurement of kidney or lung function; suitability for kidney or lung transplant; risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, prostate cancer, postpartum depression, or opioid misuse; and warfarin dosing. We found evidence suggesting that algorithms may: (a) reduce disparities (i.e., revised Kidney Allocation System, prostate cancer screening tools); (b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (e.g., estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] for kidney function measurement, cardiovascular disease risk assessments); and/or (c) have no effect on racial or ethnic disparities. Algorithms for which mitigation strategies were identified are included in KQ 2. We identified six types of strategies often used to mitigate the potential of algorithms to contribute to disparities: removing an input variable; replacing a variable; adding one or more variables; changing or diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the patient population used to train or validate a model; creating separate algorithms or thresholds for different populations; and modifying the statistical or analytic techniques used by an algorithm. Most mitigation efforts improved proximal outcomes (e.g., algorithmic calibration) for targeted populations, but it is more challenging to infer or extrapolate effects on longer term outcomes, such as racial and ethnic disparities. The scope of racial and ethnic bias related to algorithms and their application is difficult to quantify, but it clearly extends across the spectrum of medicine. Regulatory, professional, and corporate stakeholders are undertaking numerous efforts to develop standards for algorithms, often emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and representativeness. Conclusions. Algorithms have been shown to potentially perpetuate, exacerbate, and sometimes reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Disparities were reduced when race and ethnicity were incorporated into an algorithm to intentionally tackle known racial and ethnic disparities in resource allocation (e.g., kidney transplant allocation) or disparities in care (e.g., prostate cancer screening that historically led to Black men receiving more low-yield biopsies). It is important to note that in such cases the rationale for using race and ethnicity was clearly delineated and did not conflate race and ethnicity with ancestry and/or genetic predisposition. However, when algorithms include race and ethnicity without clear rationale, they may perpetuate the incorrect notion that race is a biologic construct and contribute to disparities. Finally, some algorithms may reduce or perpetuate disparities without containing race and ethnicity as an input. Several modeling studies showed that applying algorithms out of context of original development (e.g., illness severity scores used for crisis standards of care) could perpetuate or exacerbate disparities. On the other hand, algorithms may also reduce disparities by standardizing care and reducing opportunities for implicit bias (e.g., Lung Allocation Score for lung transplantation). Several mitigation strategies have been shown to potentially reduce the contribution of algorithms to racial and ethnic disparities. Results of mitigation efforts are highly context specific, relating to unique combinations of algorithm, clinical condition, population, setting, and outcomes. Important future steps include increasing transparency in algorithm development and implementation, increasing diversity of research and leadership teams, engaging diverse patient and community groups in the development to implementation lifecycle, promoting stakeholder awareness (including patients) of potential algorithmic risk, and investing in further research to assess the real-world effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities before widespread implementation.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Alderfer, C. P. Changing Race Relations in Organizations: A Comparison of Theories. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada154585.

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Telles, Edward E., Stanley R. Bailey, Shahin Davoudpour, and Nicholas C. Freeman. Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005238.

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This chapter examines socioeconomic inequality in Latin America through the lens of race and ethnicity. We primarily use national census data from the International Public Use Micro Data Sample (IPUMS). Since censuses use inconsistent measures of race and ethnicity, we also draw on two additional measures from the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). Unlike censuses, LAPOP data offer a more consistent ethnoracial scheme across countries and a unique interviewer-rated skin color measure. Our study shows that black and indigenous populations and those with darker skin color experience educational, income, and occupational disadvantages, even after controlling for their social origins. However, inequality and hierarchical ordering of Afro-descendants, indigenous peoples, mestizos, whites, and others vary across countries. We include an extended examination of educational inequality in Brazil, the regions largest country. The chapter concludes with an exploration of public policy approaches to address black and indigenous disadvantage across Latin America while also highlighting the case of Brazil, where targeted antiracism policy is most advanced.
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Coe, Aaron. Chinese Merchants and Race Relations in Astoria, Oregon, 1882 - 1924. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.422.

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Vernon, John A., Gustavo Angeles, Ashu Handa, Raquel Bernal, Antonio Giuffrida, Carlos Larrea, Laura Rodríguez Wong, Mauricio Cárdenas, Antonio J. Trujillo, and David Mayer-Foulkes. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008662.

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Roberts, Ronald. Implementing the Race Equality Action Plan. Wales Centre for Public Policy - Cardiff University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54454/20211115.

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The Welsh Government’s Race Equality Action Plan sets out to tackle structural racial inequalities in Wales in order to make ‘meaningful and measurable changes to the lives of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic people by tackling racism’ and achieve ‘a Wales that is anti-racist by 2030’. The consultation closed in July and responses are currently being reviewed. Delivering on this ambitious vision will require concerted and carefully thought-through actions. The Welsh Government and public bodies are going to need to establish a very clear set of priorities and metrics to ensure accountability for achieving measurable race equality improvements. Building on the recommendations in WCPP’s evidence reviews on improving race equality in Wales, which informed the development of the Race Equality Action Plan, this commentary highlights some of the steps that might be necessary or helpful to make good on the Plan’s aims.
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Trujillo, Michael. Arctic Security: The Race for the Arctic Through the Prism of International Relations Theory. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6699.

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Berry, Alexander, Elizabeth Maloney, and David Neumark. The Missing Link? Using LinkedIn Data to Measure Race, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Employment Outcomes at Individual Companies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32294.

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Huang, David, Bryan Bassig, Kate Hubbard, Richard Klein, and Makram Talih. Examining Progress Toward Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities for Healthy People 2020 Objectives Using Three Measures of Overall Disparity. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121266.

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