Academic literature on the topic 'R.C.C. BUILDING'

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR R/C BUILDING VULNERABILITY INDEX AND MEMBER IMPORTANCE CALCULATION Turkey has many active faults which have the potential to generate large earthquakes. Recent earthquakes showed that the buildings in Turkey are not well designed and vulnerable to earthquakes. Previous studies on the subject showed that many structures in Turkey need to be strengthened before the next major earthquake to minimize property loss and casualties. A number of fast and approximate (mostly empirical) methods have been developed in the past to process large building stock. However, there are some important and special structures that do not fit with the general building stock and needs special consideration (e.g., disaster management center, governmental buildings, hospitals, tall structures, etc.). This study targets to evaluate those important and special structures in a detailed, fast, and correct manner. The developed software, which constitutes an important part of this study, does process the building information several times to determine member-based importance factors. The vulnerability index of the building will be determined using the importance of each load-carrying member and how much each member is forced with respect to its capacity. In order to augment user perception, a functional graphical user-interface is designed. Software is equipped with modules that generate input files for SAP2000 analysis program, conduct dynamic and static analysis automatically, and postprocess the generated analysis results which enable the engineer to make a decision on the vulnerability of the structure. Program is written in C++, using object-oriented programming technique. The main difference between this and similar studies is the generator program which automatically generates 3D-FE models and post-processes nonlinear analysis results for an effective decision mechanism. In this way, more realistic results can be obtained much faster. As future studies, new routines are planned to be implemented to the graphical user interface of the program which will suggest smart and engineered retrofit/strengthening alternatives to the user.

Structural evaluation and seismic vulnerability assessment of Reinforced Concrete (R/C) buildings have especially become the focus of many researches in Turkey and abroad especially after the August 17, 1999 earthquake causing major life and property losses. A devastating earthquake being expected in Istanbul-Marmara region raises many questions on how well the existing buildings are constructed and whether they can stand a major earthquake. Evaluation of existing buildings for seismic vulnerability requires time consuming input preparation (pre-processing), modelling, and post processing of analysis results. The objective of the study is to perform automated seismic vulnerability assessment of existing R/C buildings automatically over the internet by asking internet users to enter their building related data, and streamlining the modelling-analysis-reporting phases by intelligent programming. The internet based assessment tool is prepared for two levels of complexity: (a) the detailed level targets to carry out seismic evaluation of the buildings using a linear structural analysis software developed for this study<br>(b) the simplified level produces seismic evaluation index for buildings, based on simple and easy to enter general building information which can be entered by any person capable of using an internet browser. Detailed level evaluation program includes a user friendly interface between the internet user and analysis software, which will enable data entry, database management, and online evaluation/reporting of R/C buildings. Building data entered by numerous users over the internet will also enable formation of an extensive database of buildings located all around Turkey. 36 buildings from D&uuml<br>zce damage database, generated by the cooperation of Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (T&Uuml<br>BiTAK) and Structural Engineering Research Unit (SERU) after the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli and the 12 November 1999 D&uuml<br>zce earthquakes, are used in the analyses to identify relationship between calculated indices and observed damage levels of buildings, which will enable prediction of building damage levels for future earthquakes. The research is funded by Science Research Program (BAP 2003-03-03-03), NATO-SfP 977231, and TUBITAK ICTAG-I574 projects. The contribution of the research is composed of a) online building index -performance analysis/evaluation software which might be used by any average internet user, b) an ever-growing R/C building database entered by various internet users.

Dynamic instrumentation and a series of ambient vibration tests were performed on a four storey strengthened R/C building within the scope of this study. Traffic load and wind load were accepted as natural dynamic loads and the vibrations were recorded by sensitive accelerometers.For that study, 12 uniaxial, 1 triaxial accelerometers and a 15 channel data logger system were used. Four sets of dynamic measurements were recorded over a period of 6 months. Recorded readings were analyzed using UPC, PC and CVA algorithms and Artemis software. The natural freqeuncies, mode shape of the tested building were determined. The experimental results were compared against each other. A 3D-FE model of the building was prepared and analytical results were also compared against experimental results.The calibration (updating) of the analytical model was carried out using the experimentally obtained mode shapes and freqeunices. The results of the study indicate that first few mode shapes and freqeuncies of the building can be obtained successfully within zero to 10 Hz range using ambient monitoring. Field calibrated FE models can effectively simulate the first translational and torsional modes of the building. Calibration studies indicate that the upper floor is more flexible than the nominal model and there are weaknesses between the shear wall and roof slab connections.

Les proteines r b c c sont caracterisees par la presence, de l'aminoterminus au carboxyterminus, des trois motifs ring, boite b et coiled coil. Le doigt de zinc du type ring (c 3hc 4) fait partie des interactions intermoleculaires dans des complexes multiproteiques et pourrait jouer un role dans leur assemblage ou stabilisation. Il est aussi responsable, en collaboration avec la boite b, de la localisation compartementalisee subcellulaire des proteines. Le doigt de zinc du type boite b (chc 3 - 4h 2) est implique dans des interactions proteine-proteines, par exemple dans la liaison de pml a rb1. Le domaine de dimerisation par helices hydrophobes (coiled coil) est une super-helice des helices et participe a la dimerisation, ensemble avec la boite b : le coiled coil comme surface d'interaction, la boite b peut-etre comme stabilisateur de l'orientation du coiled coil. Les trois domaines constituent le motif tripartie qui semble jouer un role fondamental dans l'adressage ou l'assemblage des macromolecules. Les membres les mieux etudies de cette famille multiproteique sont pml et les tif1. Pml est une proteine avec des capacites multiples de regulation : elle fait partie des complexes transcriptionnellement actifs, elle reprime (a travers l'apoptose) la croissance et la transformation, et elle controle des fonctions immunitaires, sous influence de l'acide retinoique et des interferons. Nous avons pu eclaircir le mecanisme moleculaire de l'induction transcriptionnelle de pml par les interferons avec l'identification d'elements fonctionnels de reponse aux interferons dans le promoteur de pml. Pml est fusionne au recepteur de l'acide retinoique, rar dans la translocation t(15 ; 17) specifiquement rencontree dans la vaste majorite

Dans cette thèse, on considère M, une sous-variété C R de CN, passant par 0 et on donne des conditions suffisantes, liées à la forme de Levi en 0, pour que toutes fonction C R sur ω, un voisinage ouvert de 0 dans M, soit la restriction à ω d’une fonction holomorphe au voisinage de 0 dans CN. La méthode utilisée consiste en la construction de disques analytiques dont le bord est sur M et qui contiennent un voisinage de 0 dans CN, d’abord dans un cas modèle puis dans la cas général par approximations<br>In this thesis, we consider M, a CR submanifold of ₵N, which passes through 0, and, we give sufficient conditions, related to the Levi form at the origin, so that each C R function on ω, an open neighborhood of 0 in M, is the restriction to ω of a holomorphic function defined on an open neighborhood of 0 in ₵N. The method used is to construct analytic discs whose boundaries lie on M and which contain a neighborhood of 0 in ₵N, first in a model case, then in the general case by approximations

AbstractRuthenium-Catalyzed C-C Bond Formation via Functional-Group Directed C-H Bond ActivationXiangyu GuoAdvisor: Prof. Chao-Jun LiMcGill UniversityThis thesis is an investigation on the formation of carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds in the presence of ruthenium catalyst.In the first part of this thesis, oxidative dehydrogenative coupling reactions for carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation are described. A ruthenium-catalyzed dimerization of 2-phenylpyridine derivatives is demonstrated to synthesize biaryls using iron(III) chloride as the terminal oxidant. In addition, the oxidative cross coupling of arenes and cycloalkanes is also illustrated, achieving a unique para-selectivity.In the second part of the thesis, a ruthenium-catalyzed olefination via decarbonylative addition of aldehydes to terminal alkynes is described. Conjugated and isolated C=C bonds can be chemoselectively generated in two catalytic systems starting from aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. The method provides an alternative synthesis of C=C bonds from direct C-H bond addition to triple bonds.<br>RésuméRuthenium-Catalyzed C-C Bond Formation via Functional-Group Directed C-H Bond ActivationXiangyu GuoSuperviseur: Prof. Chao-Jun LiUniversité McGillCette thèse est le résultat de la recherche sur la formation de liaisons carbone-carbone (C-C), catalysé par le ruthénium. La première partie de cette thèse expose les résultats sur la formation de liaison carbone-carbone (C-C) par la réaction de couplage oxydant par déshydrogénation. La synthèse de composés biaryl par l'utilisation d'un catalyseur de ruthénium a permis la dimérisation des dérivés de la 2-phénylpyridine en présence de chlorure de fer (III) comme oxydant terminal. En outre, l'oxydative cross-coupling entre arènes et cycloalcanes, a montrer une notable, para-sélectivité. La seconde partie de cette thèse, décrit les résultats obtenue sur la réaction d'oléfination decarbonylative entre un aldéhyde et un alcyne vrai, catalyser par le ruthénium. En partant d'aldéhydes aromatiques ou aliphatiques et par l'utilisation de deux systèmes catalytiques, la synthèse chemioselective de double liaison C=C conjuguée ou isolée ont pu être réalisé. Cette réaction fournit ainsi, une intéressante alternative à la synthèse de doubles liaisons C=C par la directe addition de liaison C-H sur une triple liaison.

This thesis describes the formation of new C-C bonds from the direct oxidative coupling of two C-H bonds, through the use of metal catalysts for activation. First, three different oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative-Coupling (CDC) reactions will be presented. Initially, through the use of an organic co-catalyst, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI), oxygen could be utilized as the terminal oxidant for the metal catalyzed alkylation of benzylic C-H bonds with 1,3-dicarbonyls and ketones in Chapter 2. The reaction was found to be feasible for a variety of substrates with readily enolizable C-H bonds. Next, the 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) mediated alkynylation of sp3 C-H bonds was studied. A novel copper (I) triflate catalyzed CDC reaction of unactivated benzylic C-H bonds and terminal aromatic alkynes is presented in Chapter 3. After further studies, the alkynylation of benzylic ethers could also be realized in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver (I) triflate, as described in Chapter 4. Both procedures were found to be amendable for aromatic terminal alkynes, however could not be extended to aliphatic alkynes. Finally, a palladium catalyzed Minisci-type reaction will be described in Chapter 6. Peroxide generated α-hydroxyalkyl radicals could be reacted with azines in moderate to good yields. A stoichiometric amount of acid, used in the traditional Minisci reaction, was replaced by a catalytic amount of palladium dichloride.<br>Cette thèse décrit la formation de nouvelles liaisons C-C par activation oxydative directe de deux liaisons C-H grâce à l'utilisation de métaux de transition comme catalyseurs. La première partie présentera trois différentes réactions de Cross-Dehydrogenative-Coupling (CDC) oxydantes. Dans un premier temps, sera présentée dans le chapitre 2, la réaction d'alkylation de liens C-H benzylique par 1,3-dicarbonyles et cétones. Ce system a démontré son efficacité sur une large variété de substrats contenant des liaisons C-H enolysable. De plus il a été rendu possible, grâce à l'utilisation d'un co-catalyseur organique, le N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI), d'utiliser l'oxygène moléculaire comme oxydant terminal. Dans un second temps, nous étudierons l'utilisation du 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) comme médiateur pour l'alkynylation de liaisons sp3 C-H. Une nouvelle CDC réaction catalysée par le triflate de cuivre (I) sera présentée dans le chapitre 3, entre un alcyne et une liaison C-H benzylique. Le chapitre 4 présentera le développement de cette réaction à l'alcynation d'éthers benzyliques en présence d'une quantité catalytique de triflate d'argent (I). Ces deux procédures sont seulement applicables pour les alcynes vrais aromatiques. Finalement, le chapitre 6 portera sur la réaction de Minisci catalysée par le palladium. Le peroxyde radical α-hydroxyalkyl généré lors de la réaction est capable de réagir avec les azines. La quantité stœchiométrique d'acide nécessaire lors de la traditionnelle réaction de Minisci, a été remplacée par une quantité catalytique de dichloro palladium.

This thesis investigates the origins and impact of electrical telegraphy in Germany between 1830 and 1880, situating them within the context of long-term transformations in the theory and practice of communication. It uses the development of telegraphy as an analytical lens through which to explore the connections between actors at the heart of the socio-economic transformations taking place in Germany during the period. Both as an innovation and as a tool of communication, this thesis argues, the telegraph epitomised the simultaneously growing interdependence and differentiation between people and places which was a defining characteristic of modernity. By exploring the motivations and interactions of scientists, entrepreneurs, state officials, and ordinary users who engaged with the technology, this thesis highlights the diverse expectations which were placed upon telegraphy, and the many different directions in which its development was pulled. In doing so, it reveals the ties between the ‘modernising’ processes with which the technology has been associated. It challenges linear narratives of technological innovation which focus exclusively upon individual or state actors, emphasising the cooperation and collaboration across society which was necessary to produce the telegraph. It similarly questions triumphalist interpretations of the 'communications revolution' so often attributed to the nineteenth century, emphasising instead the tensions and divisions which it also generated. Revisiting the themes of industrialisation, capitalism, community and bourgeois class-formation in nineteenth-century Germany in this light, this thesis emphasises their intrinsic interdependence, and the inevitable mixture of hopes and anxieties, expectations and frustrations, which it produced.