Journal articles: 'Quota system'

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Mršević, Zorica. "Functioning of the election system quotas." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 79, no. 9 (2007): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0704084m.

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The paper analyzes the examples of functioning of election system quotas in the countries of the region, namely, Hungary and Macedonia. Both the Hungarian and Macedonian example of quotas within the political party proves that this type of quota has not produced expected changes, but that the statutory mandatory quotas in the form of single-sided quotas are also scarce measures. The study of those two regional examples clearly proves that only statutory "double" quotas are necessary if we really want to efficiently and relatively rapidly change the representative bodies that consist exclusively of one gender. Therefore it is hard to expect from quotas within the political party to increase the number of women in the form of political "disease" and Macedonian and Hungarian examples prove that. The paper also analyzes the fact that voluntarism in application and a lack of compulsory application are always unfavorable for the functioning of quota system, in sense of its further institutionalization and stabilization. This repudiates quota and makes them inefficient. The quotas fail to function especially because of the legally insufficiently articulated quota system, which means that there is either no compulsory application or there is a lack of application in the national framework, or the place on candidate lists is not determined next to the percent. The Hungarian and Macedonian examples clearly illustrate those shortfalls in the functioning of the quota system since in those two countries its establishment remained incomplete and unfinished while the number of women in their representative bodies is one of the lowest in Europe. The example of quota system that exists in Serbia is for that reason even more important in the regional sense and its proper recognition and application are becoming the regional example of functioning of the quota system.

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Zhao, Ziyang, Hongrui Wang, Shuxin Gong, and Cheng Wang. "Water quota system in China: problems and countermeasures." Water Supply 21, no. 4 (January 22, 2021): 1701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.022.

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Abstract Water resources are the foundation of economic development, social progress and ecological security, and water shortage is the primary problem facing China. Water quotas have great practical significance for the resolution of water shortages to achieve sustainable use of water resources and sustainable development of the national economy. In this study, to analyse the problems and countermeasures of the water quota system in China, the water quota system progress domestically and abroad, the water quota problem in China, and the countermeasures for the water quota problem are summarized. The data validity test, spatial correlation test and consistency test are used to test the rationality of water use quota. And the specific countermeasures are presented: improving the water quota system, defining its concept, and revising its scheme, etc. This study provides the support to standardize water quotas and implement the effective water conservation policies of China.

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Sargeant, Malcolm, Elena Radevich-Katsaroumpa, and Alessandra Innesti. "Disability quotas: Past or future policy?" Economic and Industrial Democracy 39, no. 3 (April 6, 2016): 404–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x16639655.

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This article considers the issues associated with the use of quota systems for the employment of workers with a disability. It examines the use and experiences of such quotas in Italy, Russia and the United Kingdom. Italy has a long established quota system for the employment of such workers, whilst the modern Russian system is a more recent innovation. In contrast, the UK abandoned quotas in the 1990s. The article draws on the experiences of the three countries to consider generally whether the use of quotas is an acceptable means of encouraging employers to take on disabled workers, or necessary to achieve this objective.

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Qi, Yawei, Wenxiang Peng, Ran Yan, and Guangping Rao. "Use of BP Neural Networks to Determine China’s Regional CO2 Emission Quota." Complexity 2021 (January 5, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6659302.

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China declared a long-term commitment at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2020 to reduce CO2 emissions. This announcement has been described by Reuters as “the most important climate change commitment in years.” The allocation of China’s provincial CO2 emission quotas (hereafter referred to as quotas) is crucial for building a unified national carbon market, which is an important policy tool necessary to achieve carbon emissions reduction. In the present research, we used historical quota data of China’s carbon emission trading policy pilot areas from 2014 to 2017 to identify alternative features of corporate CO2 emissions and build a backpropagation neural network model (BP) to train the benchmark model. Later, we used the model to calculate the quotas for other regions, provided they implement the carbon emission trading policy. Finally, we added up the quotas to obtain the total national quota. Additionally, considering the perspective of carbon emission terminal, a new characteristic system of quota allocation was proposed in order to retrain BP including the following three aspects: enterprise production, household consumption, and regional environment. The results of the benchmark model and the new models were compared. This feature system not only builds a reasonable quota-related indicator framework but also perfectly matches China’s existing “bottom-up” total control quota approach. Compared with the previous literature, the present report proposes a quota allocation feature system closer to China’s policy and trains BP to obtain reasonable feature weights. The model is very important for the establishment of a unified national carbon emission trading market and the determination of regional quotas in China.

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Tan, Rong, and Volker Beckmann. "Diversity of Practical Quota Systems for Farmland Preservation: A Multicountry Comparison and Analysis." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c09174.

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Diverse quota systems are designed and implemented in different countries to preserve farmland. Choosing a quota system for farmland preservation is thus an important issue for policy makers and researchers. In order to explain this diversity and reveal shared principles for the choice of a quota system in practice, we compare typical quota arrangements in four countries through a model of transaction cost economics (TCE). We examine agricultural zoning in the Netherlands, the transferable development right in the US, command-and-control quotas and their supplemented trading mode in China, and the debated tradable planning permits for land-use control in Germany. Our comparison not only shows that extending TCE into tradable quota theory is feasible, but also compares experience with the tools of farmland preservation across the four countries. Furthermore, the shared principles we discover could also be reference points for the rest of the world.

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Kaplan, Isaac C., Daniel S. Holland, and Elizabeth A. Fulton. "Finding the accelerator and brake in an individual quota fishery: linking ecology, economics, and fleet dynamics of US West Coast trawl fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 2 (September 4, 2013): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst114.

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Abstract Isaac C. Kaplan, Daniel S. Holland, and Elizabeth A. Fulton. 2014. Finding the accelerator and brake in an individual quota fishery: linking ecology, economics, and fleet dynamics of US West Coast trawl fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 308–319. In 2011, the Pacific Fisheries Management Council implemented an individual transferrable quota (ITQ) system for the US West Coast groundfish trawl fleet. Under the ITQ system, each vessel now receives transferrable annual allocations of quota for 29 groundfish species, including target and bycatch species. Here we develop an ecosystem and fleet dynamics model to identify which components of an ITQ system are likely to drive responses in effort, target species catch, bycatch, and overall profitability. In the absence of penalties for discarding over-quota fish, ITQs lead to large increases in fishing effort and bycatch. The penalties fishermen expect for exceeding quota have the largest effect on fleet behaviour, capping effort and total bycatch. Quota prices for target or bycatch species have lesser impacts on fishing dynamics, even up to bycatch quota prices of $50 kg−1. Ports that overlap less with bycatch species can increase effort under individual quotas, while other ports decrease effort. Relative to a prior management system, ITQs with penalties for exceeding quotas lead to increased target species landings and lower bycatch, but with strong variation among species. The model illustrates how alternative fishery management policies affect profitability, sustainability and the ecosystem.

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Weeks, Ana Catalano, and Lisa Baldez. "Quotas and qualifications: the impact of gender quota laws on the qualifications of legislators in the Italian parliament." European Political Science Review 7, no. 1 (April 9, 2014): 119–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773914000095.

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This article addresses concerns that candidates nominated because of gender quota laws will be less qualified for office. While questions of candidate quality have long been relevant to legislative behavior, quota laws requiring a certain percentage of candidates for national office to be women have generated renewed interest. Gender quotas are often perceived to reduce the scope of political competition. By putting gender identity center stage, they preclude the possibility that elections will be based on ‘ideas’ or ‘merit’ alone. Other electoral rules that restrict candidate selection, such as the centralization of candidate selection common in closed list PR systems, have been found to reduce the quality of candidates. Rules that open selection, such as primaries, result in higher quality candidates. We exploit the institutional design of Italy’s mixed electoral system in 1994, where quotas were applied only to the PR portion of the list, to compare the qualifications of men, women, and ‘quota women’. We estimate regressions on several measures of deputies’ qualifications for office and performance in office. We find that unlike other rules limiting candidate selection, quotas are not associated with lower quality on most measures of qualifications. In fact, quota women have more local government experience than other legislators and lower rates of absenteeism than their male counterparts. Contrary to critics, quota laws may have apositiveimpact on legislator quality. Once the quota law was rescinded, quota women were less likely to be re-elected than non-quota women or men, which suggests that discrimination – not qualification – limits women’s status as candidates.

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Benešová, Irena, Helena Řezbová, Luboš Smutka, Karel Tomšík, and Adriana Laputková. "European Sugar Market – Impact of Quota System." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 6 (2015): 1825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563061825.

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The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The aim of this paper is to present the basic characteristics of the EU quota sugar market. The analysis identifies the main drivers of EU sugar market and their position within the EU sugar market. The paper identifies especially those drivers/companies/alliances which take control over the EU sugar production realized under the quota production system. The paper also highlights the level of EU sugar market concentration and also identifies those countries and companies which are the main leaders in the sugar production area realized under the quota system. Based on the results deriving from the paper, it is possible to characterize the EU sugar market as a heavily concentrated one – nearly 75% (10 mil. tonnes) of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only; these companies are operating more than 50% of all the available sugar plants located in the EU. These multinational alliances are also in control of the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. The EU sugar market is extremely concentrated especially if we take into consideration the location of each alliance’s headquarters. The majority of production capacities are under (the) control of especially German and French companies. These two countries are also the main beneficiaries in relation to the EU sugar production quota system.

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Jensenius, Francesca R. "Mired in Reservations: The Path-Dependent History of Electoral Quotas in India." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 1 (December 4, 2014): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911814002162.

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Since independence, India has had electoral quotas for Scheduled Castes (SCs, Dalits, “untouchables”). These quotas have been praised for empowering members of a deprived community, but have also been criticized for bringing to power SC politicians who are mere tools in the hands of the upper castes. Tracing the history of these quotas through four critical junctures, I show how a British attempt to strengthen their own control of India eventually resulted in one of the world's most extensive quota systems for minorities. The quota system was in the end a compromise between several political goals, and was not strongly supported by anyone. Also, while the quotas were designed to integrate SC politicians into mainstream politics, there was a subtle and gradual shift in the debate about them, to being about development for the SC community as such. This created a disjuncture between the design of the quota system and the expectation of what it would achieve. The case of quotas in India illustrates how policy choices often result from long path-dependent processes, how policy makers struggle with trade-offs when trying to design institutions, and also the power of expectations in shaping the perceptions of the outcomes of those institutions.

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Calderwood, Julia, and David G. Reid. "Quota exhaustion and discarding: how Ireland’s monthly quota system has a limited relationship with discarding patterns in the commercial fishing fleet." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy158.

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Abstract The Irish fishing fleet is subject to monthly quotas which are designed to ensure an equal share between vessels and to spread uptake throughout the year. This monthly quota system also allows us to study the links between discarding and quota exhaustion once a month rather than once a year, as would be the case in most other countries. The hypothesis that discards of cod, haddock, and whiting would increase through the month, as quotas were used up, was tested using observer data collected from commercial fishing vessels. Other than for whiting the results showed no relationship between discarding and day of the month. Instead gear type and target fishery were bigger drivers of discarding with restrictive quotas for cod and haddock resulting in consistent discarding of these species throughout the month. Improvements in gear selectivity may aid in reducing discards but due to the mixed nature of the fishery there is limited ability for vessels to reduce catches of these quota restricted species. Understanding how such a quota management system may influence fishing and discarding behaviour is important when developing management tools to assist in avoiding unwanted catch. This is especially important with the introduction of the Landing Obligation in EU fisheries.

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Barghoorn, Martin. "Intelligent quota management system." ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 32, no. 4 (June 2002): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/604444.602235.

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Barichello, Richard R. "A Review of Tariff Rate Quota Administration in Canadian Agriculture." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 1 (April 2000): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001489.

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To analyze Canada's Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) administration, a model of efficient quota administration is put forward. After examining the operation of the Canadian TRQ system for its twenty-one TRQs, conclusions are drawn. In general this system has worked well in Canada. The quotas are almost all filled, and the administration is transparent and not costly for quota-holders to use. Among the international lessons from Canada's experience are that few WTO rules may be needed in this area, aside from steps to ensure the TRQ is fully available to users and can be freely transferred among them.

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Lee, Alexander. "Does Affirmative Action Work? Evaluating India’s Quota System." Comparative Political Studies 54, no. 9 (February 10, 2021): 1534–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414021989755.

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This paper examines two common critiques of ethnic quota policies in government hiring and education: that they do not benefit the target group, and that any benefits are unevenly distributed within the target group. It focuses on the effects of educational and hiring quotas for Other Backward Class (OBC) castes in India, using difference-in-difference and triple difference designs that take advantage of the gradual introduction of these quotas. The results provide little support for these critiques: affirmative action is associated with small increases in educational attainment and government employment among eligible age cohorts, though the increases in government employment may be a result of other social and political trends. These benefits extend even to poorer OBCs (though not the very poorest), and increase the chances of social contact between uneducated OBCs and government officials.

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Holland, Daniel S., and Guillermo E. Herrera. "Flexible catch-balancing policies for multispecies individual fishery quotas." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-066.

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In multispecies fisheries managed with individual fishery quotas, fishers targeting certain species often have insufficient quota to cover other jointly caught species. New Zealand employs a unique, dual quantityprice system to address this problem. In lieu of acquiring quota, fishers can opt to pay a fee per unit of catch known as deemed value (DV). Although designed primarily to create flexibility in catch balancing for individuals, this system can allow aggregate catches to exceed total allowable catches (TACs). The DV system reduces the likelihood that target species catches are constrained by TACs of bycatch species, but also increases the risk of overexploitation of bycatch species. Using a bioeconomic model, we evaluate the risk and efficiency of alternative DV policies in fisheries with one target and one bycatch species. Our simulations suggest that increasing DVs above ex-vessel price in response to TACs being exceeded can control risk of overexploitation without reducing overall efficiency; however, this does shift rents from owners of target species quota to owners of bycatch species quota.

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Balagaev, Konstantin. "End of the Quota System." Statutes and Decisions 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsd1061-0014460606.

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Camanho, Gilberto Luis. "Quota System in the RBO." Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition) 48, no. 2 (March 2013): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rboe.2013.04.001.

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Woods, Pamela J., Daniel S. Holland, Guðrún Marteinsdóttir, and André E. Punt. "How a catch–quota balancing system can go wrong: an evaluation of the species quota transformation provisions in the Icelandic multispecies demersal fishery." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 5 (February 4, 2015): 1257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv001.

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Abstract Implementation of single-species catch limits in multispecies individual quota systems is problematic because it may incentivize discarding behaviour when quotas for some species limit catch of jointly caught species. Since discarding may reduce economic benefits and bias stock assessments, mechanisms that reduce incentives to discard can be beneficial. However, these mechanisms may be detrimental in the long term if they also pose a risk of stock depletion, which can occur if they enable catch to persistently exceed the total allowable catch (TAC). This study uses a bioeconomic model to analyse potential negative consequences of species quota transformation provisions, using the Icelandic individual transferable quota system as a case study. These provisions allow quota of one species to be transformed into quota of another species at specified rates related to relative market value. The system reduces the degree that the TAC of any particular species constrains catch of other species. However, it also allows catches of some species to exceed TACs, possibly leading to stock depletion. We explore how these provisions may affect long-term sustainability of individual species and profitability of the fishery as a whole. We focus on the extreme case of perfect targeting (i.e. full control of catch composition) to increase intuition on the potential for adverse effects of this system. Various combinations of species profitability are examined to determine attributes of species that lead to greater vulnerability, as well as interactions in species utilization. Consequences of changing harvest control rules are explored, and information needed to monitor for unintended consequences of such a system in practice are discussed. Although the species transformation system is designed to increase economic efficiency, our results show that it could lead to depletion in some cases, and may make it difficult to achieve optimal management goals.

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Bellanger, Manuel, Claire Macher, Mathieu Merzéréaud, Olivier Guyader, and Christelle Le Grand. "Investigating trade-offs in alternative catch share systems: an individual-based bio-economic model applied to the Bay of Biscay sole fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 10 (October 2018): 1663–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0075.

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An individual-based bio-economic model is presented and applied to the Bay of Biscay sole (Solea solea) fishery to investigate alternative quota management systems from a multicriteria perspective. For this study, the model integrates several institutional arrangements related to catch share management. The current French co-management system with nontransferability of quota is compared with an alternative individual transferable quota (ITQ) system in a context of transition to maximum sustainable yield. Trade-offs between ecological and socioeconomic impacts are highlighted and the effectiveness of governance scenarios is discussed in regard to the challenge of capacity adjustment. Results emphasize that the introduction of ITQs is expected to reduce by 40% the number of vessels in the fishery. While effectively mitigating the economic impacts of the transition phase to maximum sustainable yield, ITQs are also expected to increase substantially the fishing effort by trawlers, which may cause ecological concerns. The scenarios tested also include the simulation of a decommissioning scheme where subsequent decommissioned vessels are considerably different from the vessels that would lease out their quotas in an ITQ system, resulting in differentiated ecological and socioeconomic impacts between scenarios.

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Morgan, GR. "Optimal fisheries quota allocation under a transferable quota (TQ) management system." Marine Policy 19, no. 5 (September 1995): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(95)00005-q.

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MENDES JUNIOR, ALVARO ALBERTO FERREIRA, ALBERTO DE MELLO E SOUZA, and FÁBIO DOMINGUES WALTENBERG. "Affirmative Action and Access to Higher Education in Brazil: The Significance of Race and Other Social Factors." Journal of Latin American Studies 48, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 301–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16000018.

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AbstractUsing recent data, this study examines the affirmative action programme of the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), the first Brazilian university to implement admissions quotas. The article analyses admissions records and finds that both the ratio of applications per place and minimum admission scores are considerably lower among quota students; scores in the admissions test are associated principally with socio-economic factors rather than racial ones; preparatory courses for the university's admissions tests do not appear to be a substitute for the quota system in terms of improving access; few quota applicants would be admitted in the absence of the system; and the applicants who displace others come from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds. The article concludes that it is necessary to improve the quality of basic education in Brazil in order to enable disadvantaged applicants to compete.

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ATKINSON, DAVID C. "The International Consequences of American National Origins Quotas: The Australian Case." Journal of American Studies 50, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581600044x.

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This article examines Australian responses to the imposition of stringent national origins quotas in the United States during the 1920s. Following the introduction of the American quota system, many Australians worried that large numbers of undesirable southern and eastern European migrants would make their way toward Australian ports. Widespread calls for preemptive restrictions forced the Australian government to finally implement a range of measures designed to limit immigration from Italy, Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Malta. More broadly, this article argues that American quotas often inadvertently engendered a wide range of indirect and unintentional consequences around the world that scholars of migration and American foreign relations might explore in greater depth. It concludes by suggesting some opportunities for individual and collaborative research into the international effects of the United States’ notorious national origins quota system.

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Rees, Anne. "‘Treated like Chinamen’: United States immigration restriction and white British subjects." Journal of Global History 14, no. 2 (July 2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022819000056.

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AbstractIn 1921, the United States introduced national immigration quotas. Although designed to curb the arrival of ‘undesirables’ from south-east Europe, this quota system also applied to Britain and its white Dominions. By 1929, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were each allocated 100 quota places per annum. The British quota was far greater, but still struggled to meet demand. Through a focus on the Australian example, this article investigates how an immigration regime intended to bolster America’s ‘Anglo-Saxon’ identity also exposed the limits of Anglospheric kinship by closing the gates to white Britons. Although the quotas had a comparatively minor impact on Britons, their exclusion held great significance in the context of Anglo-American relations, where the rhetoric of transnational white solidarity produced expectations of unqualified welcome in the United States. After 1921, as such welcome disappeared and then failed to rematerialize, the global community of white men’s countries was shaken and remade.

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Kindt-Larsen, Lotte, Eskild Kirkegaard, and Jørgen Dalskov. "Fully documented fishery: a tool to support a catch quota management system." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 8 (May 13, 2011): 1606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr065.

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Abstract Kindt-Larsen, L., Kirkegaard, E., and Dalskov, J. 2011. Fully documented fishery: a tool to support a catch quota management system. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1606–1610. The Danish Government has proposed a catch quota management system (CQMS) in which fishers are obliged to report their total catches, including discards and landings, and both are counted against the formal total allowable catch (TAC). The success of a CQMS requires appropriate documentation to verify the total catch, the validity of scientific advice, and the implementation of the TACs through national catch quotas. A remote electronic monitoring (EM) system, providing full documentation of fishing operations and catches, was tested on six Danish fishing vessels operating under a CQMS for cod (Gadus morhua). The results showed that the EM system could provide the documentation required to support the CQMS and that it was an incentive for the participating fishers to avoid discarding cod. Changing from landings to total catch quotas would not affect the scientific-advisory processes of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), but it could have notable consequences for the allocation of TACs between countries.

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Huang, Dong Bing, and Pan Pan Zhu. "Research on Labour Quota in Redried Enterprise Based on System Dynamics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5659.

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Labour quota management is a basic work for enterprise management. It plays an important role for improving productivity and reducing costs. First, the production process of redried enterprise is in-depth analyzed. Second, the system dynamics model of labour quota is established and mathematical functions of variables and the selection of parameters in the model are thoroughly discussed. Third,computer software is used for simulation to define labour quota. Empirical studies show that using the model and parameters to define labour quota not only greatly enrich the quota theory, but also has a strong practical value.

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Forrest, Robyn E., Ian J. Stewart, Cole C. Monnahan, Katherine H. Bannar-Martin, and Lisa C. Lacko. "Evidence for rapid avoidance of rockfish habitat under reduced quota and comprehensive at-sea monitoring in the British Columbia Pacific halibut fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 8 (August 2020): 1409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0444.

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The British Columbia longline fishery for Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) has experienced important recent management changes, including the introduction of comprehensive electronic catch monitoring on all vessels; an integrated transferable quota system; a reduction in Pacific halibut quotas; and, beginning in 2016, sharp decreases in quota for yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus, an incidentally caught species). We describe this fishery before integration, after integration, and after the yelloweye rockfish quota reduction using spatial clustering methods to define discrete fishing opportunities. We calculate the relative utilization of these fishing opportunities and their overlap with areas with high encounter rates of yelloweye rockfish during each of the three periods. The spatial footprint (area fished) increased before integration, then decreased after integration. Each period showed shifts in utilization among four large fishing areas. Immediately after the reductions in yelloweye rockfish quota, fishing opportunities with high encounter rates of yelloweye rockfish had significantly lower utilization than areas with low encounter rates, implying rapid avoidance behaviour.

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Huang, Bi Bin, and Jing Hu. "Renewable Energy Quota System in Italy and its Enlightenment for China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 4256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4256.

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Renewable energy quota system (also known as renewable portfolio standard) is a new policy to promote development of renewable energy in the world. The typical pattern of the foreign quota system is studied deeply in this paper at first. Based on this, take Italian quota system policy for example, the Italian electricity system overview and key elements of the Italian quota system policies are analyzed. At last, some useful enlightenment gained from renewable portfolio standard in Italy is given to our country.

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Westfall, Aubrey, and Carissa Chantiles. "The Political Cure: Gender Quotas and Women's Health." Politics & Gender 12, no. 03 (April 21, 2016): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x16000167.

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Political gender quotas have become the institutional solution for most governments hoping to increase women's descriptive and substantive representation in national and local government, despite the lack of consensus over whether quotas have a consistent positive effect on the lives of women. We argue that the different forms in which quotas are implemented result in diverse effects in the substantive representation of women's issues. Using women's health to illustrate the substantive effect of women's political participation through quotas, we utilize multilevel models to find that quotas are effective at placing women into legislative office and that this descriptive representation is associated with positive conditions for women's health. However, the strength of the relationship depends on the type of quota implemented. Countries implementing candidate quotas exhibit more consistent but weaker relationships between representation and women's health outcomes than in countries with reserved seat quotas. These results affirm the quota's objective to place women in political office but suggest that the policy effectiveness of the individual female legislators may depend on the quota system in place.

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Ebright, Richard H. "Letters: Affirmative Action: A Quota System." Academe 81, no. 4 (1995): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40251500.

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Morishima, Keiko. "My Thought of the Quota System." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 1, no. 8 (1996): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.1.8_55.

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Bess, Randall. "Expanding New Zealand's quota management system." Marine Policy 29, no. 4 (July 2005): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2004.04.008.

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Ehde, Dawn M., David R. Patterson, and Wilbert E. Fordyce. "The Quota System in Burn Rehabilitation." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 19, no. 5 (September 1998): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199809000-00014.

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Bean, Dwight R., Jane Friedman, and Cameron Parker. "Proportional quota weighted voting system hierarchies." Social Choice and Welfare 34, no. 3 (June 4, 2009): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-009-0404-6.

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AKIBA, OKON. "Policy issues, and challenges in Canadian management of the Atlantic fisheries." Environmental Conservation 24, no. 2 (June 1997): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000222.

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Despite steady injection of public funds by successive administrations, the Canadian fishery industry is characterized by resource depletion, vessel tie-ups, and overcapacity, which have led to plant closures and rising unemployment. This paper assesses the progress Canadian marine policies have been making towards rational use and conservation of fisheries and promotion of employment and economic development in fishing communities since 1977.The analysis begins with the creation of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and its rationale in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), namely conservation. State subsidies for fleet upgrading, industry modernization, marketing, and the introduction of quota systems, such as the individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and enterprise quotas (EQs), are identified as the key policy initiatives which might realize an economically-viable fishing industry in the post-1977 period. These policies produced corporate expansion and prosperity in the mid-1980s, but there followed corporate losses because of Canadian over-dependence on American markets and sharp quota cuts.With regard to conservation, shortcomings are identified in the virtual population analysis model (VPA), and the inability of the Department of Fisheries to monitor fishing effort by domestic and foreign vessels. The need for radical change in the future direction of marine policies is emphasized and arguments made which support the following objectives: elimination of ecologically-harmful fishing technologies; use of community quotas (with a modified individual quota system); strengthening of community management systems and development of co-management approaches to fisheries management, involving government and fishing communities.

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Trouwborst, Arie, Andrew J. Loveridge, and David W. Macdonald. "Spotty Data: Managing International Leopard (Panthera pardus) Trophy Hunting Quotas Amidst Uncertainty." Journal of Environmental Law 32, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqz032.

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Abstract Leopard (Panthera pardus) conservation has a strong international dimension. Hunting trophy export quotas established for African range states under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) are a case in point. We test these quotas, and the methods for their establishment, against the benchmark of the general principles of precaution, sustainable use and adaptive management. The various national approaches and the CITES regime condoning them largely fail this test. For decades, CITES bodies have endorsed apparently arbitrary quotas lacking robust scientific bases, without regular adjustment. Thus, the quotas have been inadequately performing their assigned function within the Convention’s framework. The way in which the CITES leopard quota regime has been operating is fundamentally at odds with the principles of sustainable use, precaution and adaptive management. To remedy this, we offer recommendations on how to embed a science-based, sustainable, precautionary and adaptive approach to quota-setting within the CITES system.

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Cuttitta, Paolo. "Yearly quotas and country-reserved shares in Italian immigration policy." MIGRATION LETTERS 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2008): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v5i1.57.

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Regular immigration to Italy is based on a quota system setting annual ceilings to legal entries. Reserved shares are granted to single countries or categories of countries. Reserved shares have been increased; they are used as an incentive to obtain the cooperation of countries of origin in stemming irregular migration flows. The total quota of regular immigration has gradually increased too. Still, it does not fully respond to the growing demand of foreign workers on the labour market, and quotas seem to be used as crypto-regularisations rather than as an instrument for regulating legal entries.

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Oliveira, M. M., A. S. Camanho, and M. B. Gaspar. "The influence of catch quotas on the productivity of the Portuguese bivalve dredge fleet." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 7 (August 6, 2013): 1378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst098.

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Abstract Oliveira, M. M., Camanho, A. S., and Gaspar, M. B. 2013. The influence of catch quotas on the productivity of the Portuguese bivalve dredge fleet. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: . Among the Portuguese artisanal fishing fleets, the bivalve dredge fleet is one of the most profitable. In the last decade, after the implementation of a quotas system, the management of this fishery has been largely focused on adjusting catch to the conservation status of the resources exploited. The present work aims to understand how changes in the amount of quota attributed to each vessel each year and shifts in the quota regime affected vessel productivity. Boostrapped Malmquist indices, complemented with an efficiency assessment using a directional distance function, were used to quantify productivity changes between 1999 and 2011 for the fleets operating in two areas along the Portuguese coast (northwest and southwest). The results showed that the implementation of a weekly quota, as opposed to a daily quota, led to a significant improvement in productivity. This was mainly due to the decrease in fishing days and fuel consumption. It is predicted that the implementation of weekly quotas in the south area would lead to an overall reduction of about 12% in fishing days and fuel consumption, even though the variation in fuel consumption may be affected by the status of the resources. The results achieved provide important insights for future management actions and showed the potential advantages of applying this type of management to other fisheries worldwide, mainly those using active gear.

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de Gorter, Harry, and Ian M. Sheldon. "Issues in the Administration of Tariff-Rate Import Quotas in the Agreement on Agriculture in the WTO: An Introduction." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 1 (April 2000): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000143x.

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The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) put in place a set of rules that may, in the future, have significant effects on the conditions for market access for agricultural products. Bound tariffs replaced non-tariff barriers in most cases, and rules facing exporters are now more transparent. In addition, minimum access commitments were made through the use of import quotas, with a lower tariff for imports within the quota. Although agriculture is now integrated into the multilateral trading system, most commentators agree that the URAA did little actually to liberalize agricultural trade. Bound out-of-quota tariffs remain very high while quotas have resulted in the institutionalization of rents for specific countries and firms or state trading enterprises, thereby potentially increasing resistance by these stakeholders to any trade liberalization initiatives.

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O'DONNELL, S., B. HORAN, A. M. BUTLER, and L. SHALLOO. "A survey of the factors affecting the future intentions of Irish dairy farmers." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 5 (January 28, 2011): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000037.

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SUMMARYEU milk quota deregulation has forced many farmers to reconsider the factors that will limit milk production into the future. Factors other than milk quota such as land, labour, capital, stock, etc. will become the limiting factor for many in a post-EU milk quota scenario. While it can be postulated what the limits to production will be in a post-quota scenario, how farmers react will determine the future direction of the industry. In order to determine the future attitudes and intentions and to identify the key factors influencing farmers who intend to expand, exit, remain static or contract their businesses in the future, a survey of a large group of Irish commercial dairy farmers was carried out. The telephone survey sample was chosen randomly, based on a proportional representation of suppliers to the largest milk processor in Ireland. The sample (780 suppliers) was broken down by quota size (five quota categories, Q1–Q5), supplier region and system of production. The sample was analysed to determine the effect of key survey variables on the future intentions of dairy farmers. The survey was completed by 659 suppliers (0·82 of the sample). The proportions of farmers intending to expand were 0·28, 0·47, 0·61, 0·61 and 0·56, respectively, for Q1–Q5, while the proportions intending to exit were 0·27, 0·18, 0·08, 0·09 and 0·08, respectively. Farmers who were intent on expanding had larger total farm areas, larger milk tank capacity per litre of milk quota, more modern milking facilities, more available cow housing and more housing that could be converted at a relatively low cost and were more likely to have a successor. Of those expanding, 0·60 wanted milk quotas abolished, while 0·36 of those planning to exit wanted milk quotas abolished. The level of expansion was affected by business scale, dairy stocking rate, the additional labour required with expansion and total and milking platform farm size.

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Wu, Mingxing, Zhilin Lu, Qing Chen, Tao Zhu, En Lu, Wentian Lu, and Mingbo Liu. "A Two-Stage Algorithm of Locational Marginal Price Calculation Subject to Carbon Emission Allowance." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102510.

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To analyze the effect of carbon emission quota allocation on the locational marginal price (LMP) of day-ahead electricity markets, this paper proposes a two-stage algorithm. For the first stage of the algorithm, a multi-objective optimization model is established to simultaneously minimize the total costs and carbon emission costs of power systems. Hence, an evenly distributed Pareto optimal solution can be solved effectively by means of the normalized normal constraint method. For the second stage, a tracing model is built with the goal of minimizing the total costs of power systems and satisfying the constraints generated based on the Pareto optimal solution obtained from the first stage. Furthermore, the influence of carbon emission quota allocation on the LMP of electricity markets is analyzed, and different schemes to allocate carbon emission quotas are evaluated on a real 1560-bus and 52-unit system.

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Muchopa, Chiedza L. "Economic Impact of Tariff Rate Quotas and Underfilling: The Case of Canned Fruit Exports from South Africa to the EU." Economies 9, no. 4 (October 18, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9040155.

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Export trade provided for under tariff rate quotas (TRQs) is an important contributor to improving South Africa’s export access to European markets. The performance of exporter-administered TRQs has not received much research attention in the context of the below par market access utilisation of a given opportunity. The present study analysed how the country performed in terms of utilising its TRQ for canned pears, apricots, and peaches provided by the European Union (EU) for the period 2010 to 2019. The permit allocation system for TRQs in South Africa is described for further understanding of aspects of the TRQ system likely to affect quota fill. Performance was assessed in terms of yearly quota utilisation rates as well as welfare measured in equivalent variation calculated in a computable general equilibrium (CGE) trade model. The analysis found that the canned fruit TRQ exhibited a fill rate average of 61% for the past 10 years (2010–2019) and 49% for the period 2015–2019, thus falling far short of the goal of achieving full market access availed by the EU within the protocols of liberalised trade. The welfare effects of trade liberalisation confirmed the underutilisation of the TRQ indicated by a welfare loss, considering the difference in gains of an underutilised quota (USD 2497) and a fully utilised quota (USD 2530). The study highlights the importance of full utilisation of preferences.

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Park, Sang Soo, Shu Hui Wang, and Le Xue Guo. "Research on Chinese Consumers’ Attitude to the Screen Quota System." Korean-Chinese Social Science Studies 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 221–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36527/kcsss.19.2.12.

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Huang, Hui Rong, Jia Yuan Guo, Yi Jie Zhu, and Jian Xiao Zheng. "Research of System of High-Rise Building Steel Structure Construction Based on AHP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2456.

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In order to make the reasonable cycle time, the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process)-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was applied to analyze the factors of affecting cycle time and the model feasibility was verified through a projecting example. With the development of the construction market, the project bidding is further regulative and extensive. In order to obtain more benefits, reducing project costs becomes very important to enterprise, so the construction quota which meets their own scale must be drawn up. All kinds of factors that would affect the cost will be measured, analyzed and evaluated by the construction quota, and the main quota difference is the measurable consumption, so it is important to make the quota of per hour construction machinery, while cycle time is the one of the main factors of affecting machinery quota [1, 2].

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Abdullah, Farhad Hassan, and Hawre Hasan Hama. "Minority Representation and Reserved Legislative Seats in Iraqi Kurdistan." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 7, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798920939821.

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Ethnic and religious minorities have played a significant role in the long history of Kurdistan. At an official level, their political position was significantly strengthened with the advent of autonomy for the Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq in 1992. Most importantly, a quota system was established that reserved seats for several minority groups in the Kurdistan Parliament, often cited as an example of tolerance for diversity and respect for minority rights. Nevertheless, there is a lack of empirical research examining how ethnic and religious quotas affect democratic stability, quality of representation, and opportunities to represent authentic interests within the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). The politicians who occupy the reserved seats have come under criticism for merely supporting the policy programs of the dominant Kurdish parties, which deprives ethnic and religious minority groups of authentic representation and exposes the minority parties to allegations that they are politically exploited. This article analyzes the dynamics of minority political participation in Iraqi Kurdistan, how representation has been affected by the dominance of the ruling parties, and factors that guide the behavior of minority politicians while serving in quota-allocated positions. It also examines the effects of reserving seats through the quota system on the political behavior of minority groups. To these ends, this article focuses on parliamentary quotas and their impact on democratic stability, decision-making, and the empowerment of minority groups in the Kurdistan Region.

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Colman, David. "Inefficiencies in the UK milk quota system." Food Policy 25, no. 1 (February 2000): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9192(99)00061-5.

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45

Bean, Dwight. "Proportional quota weighted voting system hierarchies II." Social Choice and Welfare 39, no. 4 (June 8, 2011): 907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-011-0560-3.

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Xianlin, Meng, Ma Jianzhang, Chen Huapeng, Chang Hong, Gao Erhu, and Wen Zhanqiang. "Wildlife export quota and its administrative system." Journal of Forestry Research 9, no. 2 (June 1998): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02864993.

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Salim Saeed, Kurdistan. "The impact of the women's quota system in activating the role of women in the elections for the Parliament of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A comparative analytical study." Journal of Juridical and Political Science 10, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55716/jjps.2021.10101.

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This study deals with the application of the women's quota system in the Parliament of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and raises two important questions, the first: Does the application of the women's quota system in the Kurdistan Regional Parliament elections contribute to increasing the effectiveness of women and contribute to the preparation of political and legislative staff who can enter the parliament without the need to implement a Quota system for the future? The second: Is the women's quota system a temporary measure that can be dispensed with in the future? The study found that the approval of the Iraqi constitution in 2005 for the quota system for women in Article (49) has a prominent role in encouraging the Kurdistan Region to adopt it at a rate of 30%. The implementation contributed to increasing the effectiveness of women, as the number of women reached about 10 members out of a total 34 members in Parliament Kurdistan Region in the fourth session in 2013 without implementing the quota system. Meanwhile, the number reached 12 of the same total in the elections for the fifth session in 2018. This indicates that it is a temporary system that must be abolished once women are politically empowered.

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Ørebech, Peter. "The “Lost Mackerel” of the North East Atlantic—The Flawed System of Trilateral and Bilateral Decision-making." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no. 2 (2013): 343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341276.

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Abstract The North East Atlantic mackerel is moving westward and northward. How to integrate new coastal states whose Exclusive Economic Zone is invaded by mackerel into existing decision-making processes? The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, the 1995 Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement, the 1980 North East Atlantic Fisheries Convention, and bilateral and trilateral agreements between “relevant coastal states” fail to provide rules for present decision-makers to incorporate newcomers. The present harvesting states are sovereign with regard to admitting or refusing newcomers. This article argues for a stricter obligation on coastal states to acknowledge the right of new harvesting nations to access decision-making processes for estimating total allowable catch and allocating quotas. Equitable distribution can occur if quota allocation is subject to principles that are less discretionary than the present ones. One solution is to estimate the ratio of biomass related to the share of coastal states in the distribution of eggs, larvae and fishable stock, and allocate a quota to each coastal and high seas fishing state accordingly.

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WESTSKOG, HEGE. "Intertemporal flexibility in a tradeable CO2 quota system." Environment and Development Economics 5, no. 3 (July 2000): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000140.

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The paper compares the total costs of abating CO2 emissions in two different intertemporal trading systems. In addition, the paper gives an analysis of how abatement costs are distributed among different countries/regions. It is shown that the total cost of implementing a climate treaty is considerably reduced in a system where both banking and borrowing of quotas are allowed compared to a system where quotas only can be banked. The analysis also shows that the total cost of implementing a climate treaty can be reduced in a banking system by compensating the developing country parties for participating in the CO2 emission reductions such that their net costs of making emissions reductions after sale/purchase of quotas equal zero.

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Gerrard, Siri, and Danika Kleiber. "Women fishers in Norway: few, but significant." Maritime Studies 18, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40152-019-00151-4.

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Abstract Professional fishing and fisheries quota systems can affect women and men differently, yet gender analysis of quota systems is rare. In this article, we use a feminist framing and a mixed methods approach to examine the long-term gendered effects of the introduction of the 1990 quota system in Norway. Using statistics from the National Fishery Registry and the Directorate of Fisheries, we found that the number of women and men registered as fishers has declined since 1990 (an overall decline of 59%). Over this period, men have consistently outnumbered women among registered fishers (2.7–3.2% women), among boat owners (2.23% women in 2017) and particularly among owners of larger boats (> 11 m), which can have multiple quotas (0.35% women in 2017). However, changes in the age and geographic location among women fishers reflect changes to fisheries overall, as well as highlighting the gender-blind entry barriers that disproportionately impact women. In addition, contextualising statistical data with participant interviews conducted in North Norway, especially in Finnmark, enables us to examine more closely why the gender gap remains. This mixed method approach also identifies changes women and men working in fisheries have undergone, while also addressing women fishers’ political efforts to improve gender equity in Norwegian fisheries. Our study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of Norwegian coastal fishing, and particularly women’s small but significant presence.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Quota system'

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