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Journal articles on the topic 'Quokka'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

McLean, I. G., and N. T. Schmitt. "Copulation and Associated Behaviour in The Quokka, Setonix brachyurus." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 1 (1999): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99139.

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While preparing a review of published descriptions of copulatory behaviour in macropod marsupials (McLean, Lundie-Smith and Jarman 1993), we were surprised to find no description for one of the most studied species, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus, e.g. see Bradshaw 1983). Copulating quokkas have been seen previously by researchers (e.g. Kitchener 1970), but no account was given. Here we provide descriptions of copulatory behaviour in quokkas, and comment on levels of sexual behaviour and activity by quokkas in the wild and in captivity.

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2

Alacs, Erika, Deryn Alpers, Paul J. de Tores, Mick Dillon, and Peter B. S. Spencer. "Identifying the presence of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) and other macropods using cytochrome b analyses from faeces." Wildlife Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01109.

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Non-invasive methods have the potential to circumvent problems associated with using more traditional techniques when surveying for rare and elusive species. In this study, non-invasive molecular-based methods have been used to analyse the scats of several species of marsupials. DNA was successfully extracted from scats of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, and three other macropods (Macropus fuliginosus, M. irma and M. eugenii) sympatric with the quokka and with similar-appearing scats. Partial sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from these four species and seven other macropods was used to measure genetic differentiation among them to determine whether the quokka could be unambiguously identified from the scats alone. The results confirm that molecular approaches can be used for macropod species identification using scats as the source material. The approach will have potential survey and management applications, and, more specifically, may lead to more accurate assessment of the quokka's geographic range, leading to implementation of more appropriate management strategies for its conservation.

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3

Spencer, Peter B. S., Karlene Bain, Matthew W. Hayward, Mia Hillyer, and J. A. Tony Friend. "Persistence of remnant patches and genetic loss at the distribution periphery in island and mainland populations of the quokka." Australian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo19055.

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Understanding the spatial structure of populations is important in developing effective management options for threatened species, and for managing habitat connectivity for metapopulation function, and for demographic and genetic heterogeneity. We used genetic information to investigate the structure of populations of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, in south-west Western Australia. We hypothesised that movement between known populations would be relatively rare and result in significant genetic structuring. Genetic analyses from 412 adult individuals at 14 nuclear markers (microsatellite) from 33 sampling locations identified structure, diversity and spatial separation of quokkas across their mainland distribution and on two islands. We identified nine inferred (K = 9) populations of quokka that would be otherwise difficult to define with standard ecological techniques. The highest genetic diversity was evident in a large central population of quokka in the southern forest area and genetic diversity was lower at the peripheries of the distribution. The Rottnest Island population contained 70% of the genetic diversity of the mainland populations but the genetic diversity of animals on Bald Island was markedly lower. Populations of quokka in the northern jarrah forest were the only ones to show evidence of recent or long-term population bottlenecking. Of particular interest was the recently identified population at the Muddy Lakes area (the only remaining locality on the Swan Coastal Plain), which was identified as being genetically associated with the southern forest population. Overall, spatial and population cluster analysis showed small insular populations in the northern jarrah forest area, but in the southern forests there appears to be a large panmictic population.

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4

Sinclair, Elizabeth A., and Bridget M. Hyder. "Surviving quokka (Setonix brachyurus) population on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 31, no. 1 (2009): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09002.

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A survey of the Muddy Lakes area on the Swan Coastal Plain was carried out to determine the presence of quokkas. Extensive on-ground searches found a carcass, juvenile skull, and fresh scats, which were identified as belonging to quokka, using DNA analyses. This is currently the only known population remaining on the coastal plain.

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5

Phillips, Veronica F., Brian K. Chambers, and Roberta Bencini. "Habitats modified for tourism affect the movement patterns of an endemic marsupial, the Rottnest Island quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 1 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17063.

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The quokka (Setonix brachyurus), an iconic marsupial endemic to Western Australia, is listed as vulnerable. It is found at its greatest abundance on Rottnest Island, where little is known about its home range and movement patterns. We estimated the home ranges of 22 male and 23 female quokkas within each season in four habitat types on Rottnest Island: coastal dune, grass/heath, woodland and settlement areas developed for tourism. We also tested for factors affecting home range and space use. The mean seasonal home-range size of quokkas was 1.91 ± 0.23 ha, and there was no effect of sex or weight, habitat type or wet or dry periods on the size of the home ranges. Home-range overlap during both night and day was significantly lower in the settlement (25.9%), compared with costal dunes (78.5%), woodlands (70.3%) and grass/heath (66.6%). This was due to feeding and resting sites being spatially separated, with quokkas resting outside of the settled areas during the day and travelling back to these areas to feed at night. This research demonstrates how tourism development can impact on the behaviour and movement patterns of local species and will inform future management of the quokka on Rottnest Island.

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6

Dundas, Shannon J. "Tell-tale testicles: observations of morphological abnormalities in small, spatially restricted mainland quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17045.

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The quokka (Setonix brachyurus) exists in spatially restricted populations in the northern jarrah forest in south-west Western Australia. Observations were made of adult male quokkas exhibiting morphological anomalies (cryptorchidism and micropthalmia) that may be indicative of inbreeding within these populations. Despite the presence of males with abnormalities that could potentially affect their fertility, most females captured were carrying a pouch young or feeding a joey at foot. Field researchers and managers should routinely report abnormalities seen in wild captured animals. Reduced genetic diversity of quokka populations in the northern jarrah forest may not be the key threatening process and preservation of habitat may be more important to ensure persistence of populations. Future management of this species in the northern jarrah forest should include up-to-date occurrence mapping across their range using targeted camera trap surveys and management of habitat to improve connectivity between populations.

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7

Dundas, Shannon J., Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Population monitoring of an endemic macropod, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), in the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 1 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16033.

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Monitoring populations of threatened species plays a part in continued conservation and contributes to assessment of how effective management actions are. We estimated population indices and studied cohort demographics of mainland populations of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) at 14 sites across the northern jarrah forest. One site is currently monitored through annual trapping, seven were intensively surveyed a decade previously, while six sites had no previous monitoring. Across the 14 study sites, no quokkas were detected at one site and the other population estimates ranged from 5 to 25 adults. Most females (86% of capture events) carried a pouch young or were lactating (indicating a young at foot). Quokka populations at the eight previously-surveyed sites showed variable population changes. We discuss likely contributing factors, including broad-scale fox baiting and fire. Comparative studies of native species over time are important; however, such comparison has limited capacity to explain population changes without comparable methods or where relevant contributing factors (e.g. predator numbers, habitat change) have not likewise been monitored. The threat of changing climate in the northern jarrah forest (where increasing temperatures and greater frequency of drought have been witnessed over the last decades) and implications for control of fire regimes increases the urgency for an updated review of quokka populations to guide appropriate management actions.

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8

Hayward, M. W. "Diet of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) (Macropodidae:Marsupialia) in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 1 (2005): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03051.

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The diet of the quokka in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia was investigated by microscopic examination of faecal pellets of known individuals and comparison with a reference collection of plant epidermal tissue. Twenty-nine plant species were identified from the 97 faecal pellet groups collected from 53 individuals, confirming that the quokka is a browsing herbivore that favours leaves and stems. Of those 29 species, 11 made up over 90% of the diet and five species accounted for 71%. Thomasia species were the most common in the diet and the most preferred; Dampiera hederacea was also preferred and these species, along with Bossiaea aquifolia, Mirbelia dilatata and Agonis linearifolia, were the five most important food items. The seasonal variation in the diet of the quokka, and that between sites, can be attributed to increases in nutrient content associated with fresh growth associated with season or vegetation seral stage after fire. The reduced dietary diversity at sites with younger seral stages (<10 years after fire) and the importance of certain species that are more common in these younger ages explains the cause of the species’ habitat preference for sites with a mosaic of young and old (>25 years after fire) age classes. The relatively short availability of sufficient, high-quality, succulent plants in the seral succession of swamps occupied by quokkas is likely to drive a regular pattern of local extinction and recolonisation.

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9

Casinos, A., N. Milne, F. K. Jouffroy, and M. F. Médina. "Muscle fibre types in the reduced forelimb and enlarged hindlimb of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus, Macropodidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 4 (2016): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo15055.

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The quokka (Setonyx brachyurus) is restricted to two offshore islands and small isolates on the mainland of south-western Australia. It displays a tendency to saltatorial locomotion and moves at speed by bipedal hopping, although it also uses its forelimbs at low speed. Its bipedal adaptation involves enlarged hind limbs, with elongated feet. The fibre type distribution of the elbow and knee extensors, and the ankle plantar flexors, in comparison with two eutherians, the quadrupedal rhesus monkey, as a locomotor generalist, and the jerboa, a small eutherian hopping species morphologically similar to the quokka, were studied. The quokka’s forelimb showed the same characteristics as that of the jerboa, lacking the fatigue-resistant Type I fibres that are used to sustain posture. As in the jerboa, the gastrocnemius lateralis was the muscle head with the highest proportion of fast twitch fibres. Muscular fibre pattern is not identical in the quokka and the jerboa hindlimb, but it appears that both species have similar anatomical adaptations to saltatorial locomotion. Differences in muscle fibre proportions could be due to several factors including, resting posture, body size and the propensity for elastic energy storage, the burrowing behaviour of the jerboa, but also to phylogenetic constraints where the adaptation to hop on the hindlimbs is a shared behaviour of the Macropodoidea (jerboas are the only Dipodidae to have elongated hindlimbs).

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10

Austen, J. M., J. A. Friend, R. Yang, and U. M. Ryan. "Further characterisation of two Eimeria species (Eimeria quokka and Eimeria setonicis) in quokkas (Setonix brachyurus)." Experimental Parasitology 138 (March 2014): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.01.007.

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11

Miller, S. J., R. Bencini, and P. E. Hartmann. "Consumption of milk by quokka (Setonix brachyurus) young." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 2 (2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09085.

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We investigated the consumption of milk by the young quokka using the stable isotope deuterium oxide. The volume of milk consumed increased from 1.6 mL day–1 at 55 days post partum to 32.5 mL day–1 at 165 days. The daily energy intake ranged from ~22 to 151 kJ day–1 during pouch life. The crude growth efficiency (grams of growth per millilitre of milk consumed) increased from an average of 0.35 to 0.46 g mL–1 in the early stages of pouch life, and then decreased to 0.24 g mL–1 during Phase 2b of lactation. The crude growth efficiency measured in our study indicates that quokkas are equally efficient in converting milk energy to body mass as other marsupials reported in the literature. Measuring milk intake with this method offers a non-toxic, minimally invasive alternative to other techniques for measuring milk consumption in marsupials, when milk is the only source of water intake.

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12

Baker, S. K. "The Microbial Population of the Quokka Forestomach." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1989.458.

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13

Hamilton, William A., Richard Garrett, and Elliot Paul Gilbert. "Quokka: The Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Instrument." Neutron News 20, no. 4 (October 23, 2009): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448630903240987.

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14

Wynne, C. D. L., and B. Leguet. "Detour behavior in the Quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Behavioural Processes 67, no. 2 (September 2004): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2004.04.007.

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15

Clark, P., and P. B. S. Spencer. "Haematological characteristics of wild quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Comparative Clinical Pathology 15, no. 2 (June 14, 2006): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-006-0619-1.

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16

Blumstein, Daniel T., Janice C. Daniel, and Ian G. McLean. "Group size effects in quokkas." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 6 (2001): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01032.

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The amount of time allocated to vigilance, foraging, and locomotion as a function of group size were studied in the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), a small, moderately social, macropodid marsupial, on Rottnest Island. Despite living in isolation from most predators for up to 7000 years, quokkas exhibited typical group size effects of aggregation: they foraged more and showed less visual vigilance as group size increased. Group size effects, therefore, may result from factors other than antipredator benefits. In groups larger than 10, quokkas, uniquely among macropodids, allocated virtually all of their time to foraging and none to looking. Given virtually no predation risk on Rottnest Island and no antipredator benefit from aggregation, competition for food or other resources may also be important factors influencing time allocation in quokkas. Quokkas seemingly retained some apparent antipredator behaviour: they remained sensitive to the distance they were from cover and to the time of day when allocating time to foraging and looking.

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17

McCabe, Kyle, Keith Henderson, Jess Pantinople, Hazel L. Richards, and Nick Milne. "Curvature reduces bending strains in the quokka femur." PeerJ 5 (March 22, 2017): e3100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3100.

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This study explores how curvature in the quokka femur may help to reduce bending strain during locomotion. The quokka is a small wallaby, but the curvature of the femur and the muscles active during stance phase are similar to most quadrupedal mammals. Our hypothesis is that the action of hip extensor and ankle plantarflexor muscles during stance phase place cranial bending strains that act to reduce the caudal curvature of the femur. Knee extensors and biarticular muscles that span the femur longitudinally create caudal bending strains in the caudally curved (concave caudal side) bone. These opposing strains can balance each other and result in less strain on the bone. We test this idea by comparing the performance of a normally curved finite element model of the quokka femur to a digitally straightened version of the same bone. The normally curved model is indeed less strained than the straightened version. To further examine the relationship between curvature and the strains in the femoral models, we also tested an extra-curved and a reverse-curved version with the same loads. There appears to be a linear relationship between the curvature and the strains experienced by the models. These results demonstrate that longitudinal curvature in bones may be a manipulable mechanism whereby bone can induce a strain gradient to oppose strains induced by habitual loading.

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18

Shield, John. "Reproduction of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, in captivity." Journal of Zoology 155, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb03060.x.

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19

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, Michael J. Dillon, and Peter B. Banks. "Predicting the occurrence of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Macropodidae:Marsupialia), in Western Australia's northern jarrah forest." Wildlife Research 34, no. 3 (2007): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06161.

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The quokka, Setonix brachyurus, is a medium-sized, macropodid marsupial that is endemic to south-western Australia. It has declined markedly in its distribution and abundance since the early 1930s and is listed as vulnerable under IUCN criteria. The presence or absence of quokka populations at 66 sites in the northern jarrah forest of Australia was investigated using generalised linear models (GLM). We hypothesised that fox control and the presence of a mosaic of post-fire seral stages within Agonis linearifolia swamp vegetation were important in predicting the presence of quokkas. The number of poison meat baits delivered per hectare, the average number of years since the swamps burnt and the number of post-fire age classes within the swamps (mosaic value) were used as explanatory variables. Two models had substantial support (ΔAICc < 2), with the best approximating model including the variables ‘baiting’ and ‘swamp age’, and the second-best model including the additional variable ‘swamp mosaic value’. The two best models had Akaike weights (weight of evidence as being the best model of the data) of 0.465 and 0.308 respectively. We used an information-theoretic approach and multimodel inference to determine the best approximating model of baiting, swamp age and swamp mosaic, and Akaike weights to assess model fit and to rank variable importance. Baiting had a model average parameter estimate of 98, swamp age 79 and a mosaic of swamp age classes 42, implying that baiting was more than twice as important as the number of swamp ages classes at a site in predicting the occurrence of quokkas. Evidence from our analysis therefore supports previous studies that concluded that continued fox control and the maintenance of a mosaic of early seral stage (<10 years since fire) and long unburnt habitat (>19 years since fire) are essential for its conservation.

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20

Richardson, KC, and RS Wyburn. "Electromyography of the Stomach and Small-Intestine of the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus-Eugenii, and the Quokka, Setonix-Brachyurus." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 4 (1988): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880363.

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Electromyographic activity recorded by chronically implanted bipolar electrodes showed the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) to have slow wave activity over the entire stomach and small intestine. Slow wave mean frequency (min-') were: 5.5 and 5.3 for the forestomach; 5.4 and 5.0 for the pylorus; 26 and 17.8 for the duodenum; and 25 and 17.5 for the ileum in the tammar and quokka, respectively. There was virtually no frequency gradient of the slow wave along the length of the small intestine in both macropods, which is extremely unusual. Action potentials were recorded from the quokka stomach but not from the tammar stomach. Action potentials were recorded from the small intestine of both species. The pattern of action potential activity was similar in both species. There were periods of up to 30 minutes during which the intestine was quiescent (q) with no action potential activity. This was followed by extended periods when bursts of action potentials occurred irregularly to be followed by periods of about 5 minutes when action potentials were associated with every slow wave.

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21

Wood, Kathleen, Jitendra P. Mata, Christopher J. Garvey, Chun-Ming Wu, William A. Hamilton, Peter Abbeywick, Daniel Bartlett, et al. "QUOKKA, the pinhole small-angle neutron scattering instrument at the OPAL Research Reactor, Australia: design, performance, operation and scientific highlights." Journal of Applied Crystallography 51, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 294–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576718002534.

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QUOKKA is a 40 m pinhole small-angle neutron scattering instrument in routine user operation at the OPAL research reactor at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. Operating with a neutron velocity selector enabling variable wavelength, QUOKKA has an adjustable collimation system providing source–sample distances of up to 20 m. Following the large-area sample position, a two-dimensional 1 m2position-sensitive detector measures neutrons scattered from the sample over a secondary flight path of up to 20 m. Also offering incident beam polarization and analysis capability as well as lens focusing optics, QUOKKA has been designed as a general purpose SANS instrument to conduct research across a broad range of scientific disciplines, from structural biology to magnetism. As it has recently generated its first 100 publications through serving the needs of the domestic and international user communities, it is timely to detail a description of its as-built design, performance and operation as well as its scientific highlights. Scientific examples presented here reflect the Australian context, as do the industrial applications, many combined with innovative and unique sample environments.

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22

Bain, Karlene, Adrian Francis Wayne, and Roberta Bencini. "Spatial ecology of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) in the southern forests of Western Australia: implications for the maintenance, or restoration, of functional metapopulations." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 1 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am18036.

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We used radio-telemetry to investigate the home-range size and movement patterns of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) in the southern forests of Western Australia to assess the ability of animals to move between increasingly segregated habitat patches and to identify implications for metapopulation function. We found that quokkas in this region have a much larger home range (71 ± 5.8 ha) and move larger distances (up to 10 km per night) than previously reported for this species in other regions. Temporal and sex variations in home-range size, overlap and movement patterns provided insights into the social structure, reproductive strategies and resource availability for the species in this part of its range. Quokkas moved up to 14 km between habitat patches, where these patches were connected by dense riparian vegetation. While riparian vegetation was used exclusively for movement between habitat patches, quokkas spent only 40% of their time in this ecotype. The current management paradigm of protecting linear riparian vegetation as habitat for quokkas is important for maintaining habitat connectivity, but is unlikely to meet broader habitat and spatial requirements. Management of preferred habitat as well as riparian corridors is necessary for the maintenance of a functional metapopulation.

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23

Martínez-Pérez, Pedro, Timothy H. Hyndman, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Salmonella in Free-Ranging Quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) from Rottnest Island and the Mainland of Western Australia." Animals 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040585.

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Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative, motile, and facultative anaerobic bacteria with a worldwide distribution that contaminates multiple substrates (vegetation, food, soil, and water) and inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. Rottnest Island is a popular tourist destination and is abundantly inhabited by quokkas (Setonix brachyurus), a charismatic small wallaby. Current data on the association between Salmonella and quokkas on Rottnest Island are outdated by approximately 30 years. Additionally, previous studies on quokkas on this island and mainland Western Australia did not perform physical examinations or any diagnostic tests. The aim of the project was to assess the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in quokkas from Rottnest Island and mainland Western Australia and correlate the presence of the bacterium with the health of the animal. Ninety-two quokkas from Rottnest Island (n = 71) and populations on the mainland (n = 21) were screened for Salmonella, and a prevalence of 47.9% and 4.8%, respectively, was determined. A total of 16 serovars were identified from 37 isolates; five of these serovars had previously not been described in the quokka. Salmonella appeared to have an effect on the haematology and blood chemistry of quokkas on Rottnest Island consistent with subclinical salmonellosis. The health of Rottnest Island quokkas, and their potential impact on the health of the visitors to the island, should continue to be monitored carefully.

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Poole, Holly L., Laily Mukaromah, Halina T. Kobryn, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Spatial analysis of limiting resources on an island: diet and shelter use reveal sites of conservation importance for the Rottnest Island quokka." Wildlife Research 41, no. 6 (2014): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14083.

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Context For conservation of any species, we need baseline data that will guide conservation planning strategies. Identifying plant resources used by animal species for food and shelter is the first important step towards fauna conservation. The second step is to determine the extent and distribution of these resources and thus identify prime habitat or habitat that could be improved through suitable management actions. This information provides the necessary spatial targeting required to make the most of few resources and a shortage of time. Aims Applying this model approach, we identified plant species used as food or shelter resources by the conservationally significant quokka (Setonix brachyurus) across Rottnest Island, Western Australia in the aftermath of the hottest and driest summer on record. Methods Dietary analysis was carried out using microhistological examination of plant cuticle remains from faecal samples for 67 locations across the island. Plants acting as diurnal rest shelters (n = 73 sites) were identified through observation of individuals flushed during surveys. Identifying key resources requires both a comprehensive analysis of the current use, as well as knowledge of availability of resources to determine selectivity. We therefore compared food plants or rest sites with a comprehensive survey of floristic diversity and abundance for 210 stratified-randomly located sites across the island. Key results We identified eight plant species that quokkas fed on preferentially and identified four plant species that were the principal shelter sites. We then used hyperspectral remote sensing data to map the distribution of these plant species to quantify their distribution and identify key habitat areas. Conclusions Understanding resource limitation over the most physiologically challenging time of the year provides important information for quokka conservation. Quokkas prefer Malvaceae species as food plants, and use dense, abundant shrubs for shelter. Implications Quokkas appear to have shifted their use of food plants since a previous study (50 years ago), likely reflecting modification of island vegetation due to anthropogenic influences, fire and herbivory over time. In the face of changing climate, this information will serve as an important guide towards conservation management actions on the island (e.g. future planning of revegetation and habitat protection/enhancement).

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25

Bain, Karlene, Adrian Wayne, and Roberta Bencini. "Risks in extrapolating habitat preferences over the geographical range of threatened taxa: a case study of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) in the southern forests of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 42, no. 4 (2015): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14247.

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Context Extrapolation of knowledge for threatened taxa between parts of their range that are disconnected and/or ecologically diverse can result in significant sources of error that undermine the effectiveness of conservation efforts. Aims We investigated the risks associated with extrapolation of ecological information across environmental gradients, using the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) as a case study. Information documented in the northern part of its range is currently used to manage this species across its range in south-western Australia. We examined the suitability of this approach by developing a habitat suitability model (HSM) for the quokka in the southernmost areas of its range and comparing this with existing knowledge for the species. Methods We surveyed 327 sites, representative of a range of ecotypes, for presence/absence of quokkas. Occupancy models were applied to select a subset of habitat variables that best predicted occupancy patterns. Key results Occupancy patterns were influenced by complex vegetation structure, low levels of woody debris and habitat patchiness. HSMs developed for quokkas in the north could not predict occupancy patterns in the south. Significant fragmentation of subpopulations was observed due to patchiness in the availability of suitable habitat. Conclusions The choice of predictor variables in HSMs that are not transferrable between regions could contribute to inappropriate management of habitat for quokkas and an increased risk of local extinctions. In addition, failure to consider processes that affect preferred habitat variables could contribute to the segregation of habitat patches and intervening distances that are too great for successful dispersal, immigration and recolonisation processes. Implications The extrapolation of HSMs between geographical areas can increase the risk of outcomes that are detrimental to the conservation of threatened species. Where such extrapolation is necessary, actions guided by the HSMs should be implemented in a management framework that can detect adverse effects, allow for inclusion of new ecological information and explicitly consider the limitations and assumptions of this approach. In addition, perceptions of habitat fragmentation need to include processes such as fire regimes and feral animals that affect the availability and connectivity of habitat and have the potential to adversely affect population viability.

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26

Miller, S. J., R. Bencini, and P. E. Hartmann. "Composition of the milk of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 1 (2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08065.

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We investigated the composition of the milk of the quokka between 70 and 300 days post partum. From 70 to 180 days, the mean concentration of protein in the milk was 63.5 ± 6.50 g L−1. The protein levels then began to increase, peaking at 120 g L−1 towards the end of lactation. The mean lipid and total solids content were 45.0 ± 6.50 and 175.0 ± 11.77 g L−1 from 70–180 days, increasing to 150 and 250 g L−1 after permanent pouch exit. In contrast, the total carbohydrate concentration of the milk decreased from 80 to 20 g L−1 at 150 days. The concentration of lactose started to decrease at 180 days from 30 to 10 g L−1, and galactose and glucose began to rise from 1 to 9 g L−1 and 0.5 to 4.0 g L−1, respectively. The milk lipid consisted mainly of long- and medium-chain fatty acids, with no short-chain fatty acids detected. The major fatty acids present were palmitic and oleic acids, followed by linoleic, trans-vaccenic and stearic acids. The percentage composition of oleic and stearic acids varied significantly during lactation. The composition of the milk of the quokka changed during lactation, coincident with the young reaching critical milestones in its development. This finding supports the hypothesis that the composition of the milk changes to meet the nutritional needs of the developing young.

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27

Gilbert, Elliot P., Jamie C. Schulz, and Terry J. Noakes. "‘Quokka’—the small-angle neutron scattering instrument at OPAL." Physica B: Condensed Matter 385-386 (November 2006): 1180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.05.385.

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Li, Qing, Yong Jiang, Pengfei Duan, Mingwei Xu, and Xi Xiao. "Quokka: Latency-Aware Middlebox Scheduling with dynamic resource allocation." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 78 (January 2017): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2016.10.021.

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29

SHIELD, J. W., and PATRICIA WOOLLEY. "POPULATION ASPECTS OF DELAYED BIRTH IN THE QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 141, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1963.tb01625.x.

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Makanya, A. N., S. A. Tschanz, B. Haenni, and P. H. Burri. "Functional respiratory morphology in the newborn quokka wallaby (Setonix brachyurus)." Journal of Anatomy 211, no. 1 (July 2007): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00744.x.

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31

Harman, Alison M., and Glen Jeffery. "Development of the chiasm of a marsupial, the quokka wallaby." Journal of Comparative Neurology 359, no. 3 (August 28, 1995): 507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903590311.

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32

FLEMING, PATRICIA A., ALISON M. HARMAN, and LYN D. BEAZLEY. "Retinal Pigment Epithelium Topography in the Mature Quokka, Setonix brachyurus." Experimental Eye Research 62, no. 1 (January 1996): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1996.0010.

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33

Chelvanayagam, D. K., S. A. Dunlop, and L. D. Beazley. "Axon order in the visual pathway of the quokka wallaby." Journal of Comparative Neurology 390, no. 3 (January 19, 1998): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980119)390:3<333::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-2.

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34

Harman, A. M., and L. D. Beazley. "Generation of retinal cells in the wallaby, Setonix brachyurus (quokka)." Neuroscience 28, no. 1 (January 1989): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(89)90246-7.

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35

Dawson, R., and N. Milne. "A geometric morphometric study of regional variation in Quokka crania." HOMO 61, no. 3 (June 2010): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2010.01.012.

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36

Wibking, Benjamin D., and Mark R. Krumholz. "quokka: a code for two-moment AMR radiation hydrodynamics on GPUs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 1430–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac439.

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ABSTRACT We present quokka, a new subcycling-in-time, block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) radiation hydrodynamics (RHD) code optimized for graphics processing units (GPUs). quokka solves the equations of HD with the piecewise parabolic method (PPM) in a method-of-lines formulation, and handles radiative transfer via the variable Eddington tensor (VET) radiation moment equations with a local closure. We use the amrex library to handle the AM management. In order to maximize GPU performance, we combine explicit-in-time evolution of the radiation moment equations with the reduced speed-of-light approximation. We show results for a wide range of test problems for HD, radiation, and coupled RHD. On uniform grids in 3D on a single GPU, our code achieves >250 million hydrodynamic updates per second and almost 40 million radiation hydrodynamic updates per second. For RHD problems on uniform grids in 3D, our code scales from 4 to 256 GPUs with an efficiency of 76 per cent. The code is publicly released under an open-source license on GitHub.

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37

McDonagh, Thomas J. "Quokka bites The first report of bites from an Australian marsupial." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 11 (December 1992): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb141273.x.

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38

FLEMING, PATRICIA A., ALISON M. HARMAN, and LYN D. BEAZLEY. "Development and Ageing of the RPE in a Marsupial, the Quokka." Experimental Eye Research 62, no. 5 (May 1996): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1996.0056.

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39

Makanya, Andrew N., Malcolm, P. Sparrow, Charles, N. Warui, Deter, K. Mwangi, Peter, and H. Burri. "Morphological analysis of the postnatally developing marsupial lung: The quokka wallaby." Anatomical Record 262, no. 3 (2001): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0185(20010301)262:3<253::aid-ar1025>3.0.co;2-b.

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40

Fleming, Patricia A., Charlie R. Braekevelt, Alison M. Harman, and Lyn D. Beazley. "Retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor maturation in a wallaby, the Quokka." Journal of Comparative Neurology 370, no. 1 (June 17, 1996): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960617)370:1<47::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-l.

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41

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, Michael L. Augee, and Peter B. Banks. "Mortality and survivorship of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) (Macropodidae : Marsupialia) in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 8 (2005): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04111.

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The potential for the quokka (Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)), a threatened macropodid marsupial, to increase in abundance following the initiation of predator control was investigated by determining the cause of deaths of radio-collared individuals. Predation was identified as a major cause of death followed by road kills. The non-parametric Kaplan–Meier method modified for staggered entry of individuals was used to estimate survivorship. Although males and females were affected differently by each cause of mortality, their overall survivorship did not differ significantly. Individuals alive at the beginning of the 25-month study had a 61% chance of surviving to the end. This represented an 81% chance of surviving for 1 year. There was no significant difference in survivorship between adults and juveniles. Current rates of adult and juvenile survivorship should allow population recovery, although none has been evident. Pouch young mortality is hypothesised to have inhibited the anticipated quokka population increase since the initiation of predator control. The observed expulsion of pouch young by females when threatened may be a primary predator avoidance strategy.

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42

Sinclair, E. A. "Phylogeographic variation in the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Marsupialia: Macropodidae): implications for conservation." Animal Conservation 4, no. 4 (November 2001): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136794300100138x.

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Beg, Obaid Ullah, and Denis C. Shaw. "The complete primary structure of late lactation protein from quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Journal of Protein Chemistry 13, no. 6 (August 1994): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01901532.

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44

Dunlop, S. A. "Early development of retinal ganglion cell dendrites in the marsupialSetonix brachyurus, Quokka." Journal of Comparative Neurology 293, no. 3 (March 15, 1990): 425–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902930307.

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45

Kaldor, Imre, and Evan H. Morgan. "Iron metabolism during lactation and suckling in a marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 84, no. 4 (January 1986): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90389-0.

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46

Dawson, R., and N. Milne. "Cranial size and shape variation in mainland and island populations of the quokka." Journal of Zoology 288, no. 4 (July 24, 2012): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00952.x.

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47

Hayward, Matt W., Paul J. de Tores, Michael J. Dillon, Barry J. Fox, and Peter B. Banks. "Using faecal pellet counts along transects to estimate quokka (Setonix brachyurus) population density." Wildlife Research 32, no. 6 (2005): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03046.

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A study was conducted to determine the validity of using transect counts of faecal pellet groups to estimate population densities of a threatened, macropodid marsupial – the quokka (Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)). Mark–recapture estimates of population density were regressed against counts of faecal pellet groups at six sites with and three sites without fox control within the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia. Significant linear relationships were found between population density and pellet counts for all sites (r2 = 0.56, P < 0.02) and when all unbaited sites were excluded (r2 = 0.98, P < 0.01). We suggest that this method could be used for broad-scale monitoring of this threatened species.

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48

Bain, Karlene, Adrian Wayne, and Roberta Bencini. "Prescribed burning as a conservation tool for management of habitat for threatened species: the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, in the southern forests of Western Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 5 (2016): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15138.

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Prescribed burning is frequently advocated as a means of managing habitat for threatened species. We studied effects of fire on the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), a species currently used as a focal species for planning prescribed burns in the southern forests of Western Australia. We examined (i) the recolonisation of burnt areas; (ii) the refuge value of unburnt vegetation; and (iii) fire prediction variables that may help to guide fire planning to achieve desired habitat management outcomes. We hypothesised that fire regimes promoting vegetation structure and patchiness of burnt and unburnt vegetation would result in more rapid recolonisation of burnt areas by quokkas. Occupancy modelling identified the most important variables for recolonisation as retention of vertical vegetation structure and multiple unburnt patches across >20% of the total area. These outcomes were associated with high surface moisture, low soil dryness and slow fire rates of spread. Intense wildfire resulted in complete loss of vegetation structure and a lack of unburnt patches, which contributed to these areas remaining uncolonised. Burning with high moisture differentials, maximising the effectiveness of edaphic barriers to fire, retaining unburnt vegetation and maintaining vegetation structure were found to be important elements of fire regimes in this region.

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49

Shield, John. "A seasonal change in blood cell volume of the Rottnest Island Quokka, Setonix brachyurus." Journal of Zoology 165, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1971.tb02192.x.

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50

Sinclair, E. A. "Morphological variation among populations of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Macropodidae : Marsupialia), in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 5 (1998): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98014.

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Variation in five external morphological characters was examined among two island populations and five remnant mainland populations of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus. Sexual dimorphism was observed, with males being significantly larger than females at each location. Pairwise comparisons among populations showed that significant differences were mostly between the two island populations. There was a general trend for animal size to decrease with latitude. Multivariate analyses did not show clear geographic groups, although the island populations tended to cluster. The inheritance of the morphological characters was examined by comparing island populations with those of a captive colony on the mainland, but which originated from the same island. Significant differences between these populations were observed for tail-width measures, suggesting that environmental conditions may be responsible for some variation, but considerable variation may also be due to underlying genetic variation.

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