Academic literature on the topic 'Question Decomposition Meaning Representation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Question Decomposition Meaning Representation"
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Wolfson, Tomer, Mor Geva, Ankit Gupta, Matt Gardner, Yoav Goldberg, Daniel Deutch, and Jonathan Berant. "Break It Down: A Question Understanding Benchmark." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (July 2020): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00309.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding natural language questions entails the ability to break down a question into the requisite steps for computing its answer. In this work, we introduce a Question Decomposition Meaning Representation (QDMR) for questions. QDMR constitutes the ordered list of steps, expressed through natural language, that are necessary for answering a question. We develop a crowdsourcing pipeline, showing that quality QDMRs can be annotated at scale, and release the Break dataset, containing over 83K pairs of questions and their QDMRs. We demonstrate the utility of QDMR by showing that (a) it can be used to improve open-domain question answering on the HotpotQA dataset, (b) it can be deterministically converted to a pseudo-SQL formal language, which can alleviate annotation in semantic parsing applications. Last, we use Break to train a sequence-to-sequence model with copying that parses questions into QDMR structures, and show that it substantially outperforms several natural baselines.
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Cotterell, Ryan, and Hinrich Schütze. "Joint Semantic Synthesis and Morphological Analysis of the Derived Word." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00003.
Full textAbstract:
Much like sentences are composed of words, words themselves are composed of smaller units. For example, the English word questionably can be analyzed as question+ able+ ly. However, this structural decomposition of the word does not directly give us a semantic representation of the word’s meaning. Since morphology obeys the principle of compositionality, the semantics of the word can be systematically derived from the meaning of its parts. In this work, we propose a novel probabilistic model of word formation that captures both the analysis of a word w into its constituent segments and the synthesis of the meaning of w from the meanings of those segments. Our model jointly learns to segment words into morphemes and compose distributional semantic vectors of those morphemes. We experiment with the model on English CELEX data and German DErivBase (Zeller et al., 2013) data. We show that jointly modeling semantics increases both segmentation accuracy and morpheme F1 by between 3% and 5%. Additionally, we investigate different models of vector composition, showing that recurrent neural networks yield an improvement over simple additive models. Finally, we study the degree to which the representations correspond to a linguist’s notion of morphological productivity.
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Акімова, Наталія. "ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ РОЗУМІННЯ ТЕКСТУ." Psychology of Personality 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/ps.9.1.76-82.
Full textAbstract:
Стаття присвячено обґрунтуванню психологічного механізму розуміння тексту на основі узагальнення ґрунтовних сучасних розробок з указаної тематики. Зазначено, що питання про механізм розуміння тексту ще не отримало вичерпної відповіді. Найчастіше для пояснення психологічного механізму розуміння тексту використовують теорію гіпотез, теорію спільності значення, гіпотезу біологічної і функціональної схожості приписування значень, модель контекстуального семантичного обмеження слів, гіпотезу релевантності контексту, теорію дзеркальних нейронів та концепцію свідомого смислотворення. Проте використання методів узагальнення, аналізу та синтезу наукової літератури, елементів описового, корелятивного та концептуального аналізів дозволило висунути припущення, що психологічним механізмом розуміння тексту є взаємодія сенсу та значення.
Науковий аналіз зазначених понять привів до виокремлення їх диференційних ознак та дав підстави узгодити репрезентовані міркування у наступну гіпотезу: в результаті розуміння у свідомості суб’єкта виникають певні організовані уявлення щодо тексту – смисли, які згодом об’єктивуються у вторинний текст. Відтак психологічним механізмом розуміння є процес розкладання значень тексту на їх семантичні компоненти та утворення на цій основі власних вторинних смислів. Критерієм відбору прийнятних смислів може виступати контекст, що підтримує одні смисли та відкидає інші на основі спільності попереднього смислового змісту (Р. Краус, Н. В. Ігнатенко, В. В. Жовтянська, Г. В. Лосик), або ширше – спільний досвід, що формує такий спільний контекст (О. О. Залевська, М. Якобоні). Смисл виникає при зіткненні пропонованого текстом значення з наявними у свідомості реципієнта смислами за потреби їх узгодження; значення – загальне, об’єктивне, закріплене за словом, смисл – індивідуальний, суб’єктивний, не закріплений, а лише асоційований, тому він, як правило, ширший за значення.
The article is devoted to the substantiation of the psychological mechanism of text understanding on the basis of a generalization of the scrupulous modern scientific works. It is noted that the question of the text understanding mechanism has not yet received an exhaustive answer. Often, hypothesis theory, the theory of community significance, the hypothesis of biological and functional similarity of attribution of meanings, the model of contextual semantic restriction of words, the hypothesis of the relevance of the context, the theory of mirror neurons, and the concept of conscious thought-making are used to explain the psychological mechanism of text understanding. Meanwhile, results of analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, elements of descriptive, correlative and conceptual analysis let propose that the psychological mechanism of text understanding is the interaction of meaning and sense. The scientific analysis of these concepts led to the distinction of their differential features and gave reason to reconcile the representational arguments in the following hypothesis: sense is certain organized ideas about the text, it appears in the mind as a result of text understanding and represents into the secondary text. The psychological mechanism of understanding, respectively, is the process of decomposition of the text meanings into their semantic components and the formation of secondary sense on this basis. A criterion for selecting acceptable sense can be the context that supports some sense and rejects others based on the generality of the prior semantic content (R. Kraus, N. V. Ihnatenko, V. V. Zhovtyans’ka, H. V. Losyk), or more widely – a common experience, which forms such a common context (O. O.Zalevs’ka, M. Yakaboni). The contact the text proposed meaning with sense that existing in the recipient minds for their agreement led to appear the new secondary sense of the of the meanings; meaning is general, objective, fixed by word, sense is individual, subjective, not fixed, but only associate, therefore, it is usually wider than meaning.
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Oh, Dongsuk, Jungwoo Lim, Kinam Park, and Heuiseok Lim. "Semantic Representation Using Sub-Symbolic Knowledge in Commonsense Reasoning." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 9202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189202.
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The commonsense question and answering (CSQA) system predicts the right answer based on a comprehensive understanding of the question. Previous research has developed models that use QA pairs, the corresponding evidence, or the knowledge graph as an input. Each method executes QA tasks with representations of pre-trained language models. However, the ability of the pre-trained language model to comprehend completely remains debatable. In this study, adversarial attack experiments were conducted on question-understanding. We examined the restrictions on the question-reasoning process of the pre-trained language model, and then demonstrated the need for models to use the logical structure of abstract meaning representations (AMRs). Additionally, the experimental results demonstrated that the method performed best when the AMR graph was extended with ConceptNet. With this extension, our proposed method outperformed the baseline in diverse commonsense-reasoning QA tasks.
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La Barre, Kathryn. "Returning the (faceted) gaze: Reflections on representation, meaning and form." NASKO 3, no. 1 (November 2, 2011): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/nasko.v3i1.12797.
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This brief position paper is the central narrative in a theoretic-historical triptych. The first two documents: A (Faceted) Semantic Web? (La Barre, 2011) and Traditions of Facet Theory or a Garden of Forking Paths? (La Barre, forthcoming) amplify a question Brian Vickery posed to the author in 2005. The current proposal, deeply entwined in the same narrative, seeks to continue the agenda of articulation for a primarily North American audience. Instead of description and comparison, a starkly different analytical framework – Walter Benjamin’s notion of ‘aura’ – is deployed to interrogate facet theory along the core dimensions of tradition, uniqueness, and authenticity. The final aspect of this proposal will be an investigation of the aesthetic of redemption that may well serve as the bedrock for operational definitions and functional requirements for facet theory.
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Krugly, A. L. "THE RELATIONAL APPROACH TO THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF MEANING OF INFORMATION." Metaphysics, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2021-3-70-91.
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A mathematical model of the meaning of the signal is proposed. The meaning is not the signal itself, but its effect on the recipient. Under the action of the signal, the state of the receiver changes, which is the meaning of the signal. The most general mathematical model is the description of the recipient’s state with the help of some mathematical object, and the meaning is modeled by the action of some operator on this object. Various concrete formalisms are considered: abstract automata, matrix representation, algorithms, Markov chains, parameter spaces. The article deals with finite, countable and continuous meanings, reversible and irreversible meanings, ambiguous meanings, decomposition into elementary meanings.
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Ristic, Stefan. "Why is substitutional theory of representation inconsistent when combined with traditional aesthetics? Review of A.C. Danto’s philosophy of art." Filozofija i drustvo, no. 29 (2006): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0629163r.
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This article intends to critically envisage limits and values of philosophy of art of Arthur Danto and to point out the main problems of the theory of supstitutional representation, when placed within wider theoretical frame of traditional aesthetics, such as the notion of meaning in the philosophy of art of Arthur Danto. The article focuses on the notions of exteral and interal representation and denotation of non-existent and existent entities substituted by representation. This article intends to question the validity of Danto?s position.
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Yang, Lei, Haonan Guo, Yu Dai, and Wanheng Chen. "A Method for Complex Question-Answering over Knowledge Graph." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2023): 5055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13085055.
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Knowledge Graph Question-Answering (KGQA) has gained popularity as an effective approach for information retrieval systems. However, answering complex questions involving multiple topic entities and multi-hop relations presents a significant challenge for model training. Moreover, existing KGQA models face difficulties in extracting constraint information from complex questions, leading to reduced accuracy. To overcome these challenges, we propose a three-part pipelined framework comprising question decomposition, constraint extraction, and question reasoning. Our approach employs a novel question decomposition model that uses dual encoders and attention mechanisms to enhance question representation. We define temporal, spatial, and numerical constraint types and propose a constraint extraction model to mitigate the impact of constraint interference on downstream question reasoning. The question reasoning model uses beam search to reduce computational effort and enhance exploration, facilitating the identification of the optimal path. Experimental results on the ComplexWebQuestions dataset demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed model, achieving an F1 score of 72.0% and highlighting the effectiveness of our approach in decomposing complex questions into simple subsets and improving the accuracy of question reasoning.
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Sauerland, Uli, and Kazuko Yatsushiro. "Remind-Me Presuppositions and Speech-Act Decomposition: Evidence from Particles in Questions." Linguistic Inquiry 48, no. 4 (October 2017): 651–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00257.
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In this article, we investigate questions like What is your name again?, which presuppose that the answer was already made common-ground knowledge in the past ( Sauerland 2006 ). We call this a remind-me presupposition. While repetitive particles can trigger a remind-me presupposition in German and English, Japanese uses a specialized particle kke to bring about such a presupposition. We argue for an account of remind-me presuppositions based on syntactic decomposition of the question speech-act into an imperative part and a make-it-known part. On this account, the repetitive particles take scope between the two parts of the decomposed question speech-act. The proposal correctly predicts how both particles interact syntactically with the periphery of the clause in slightly different ways. The interaction with polar questions corroborates our proposal that the decomposed question speech-act parts are syntactically projected parts of the question structure. Our data therefore corroborate a syntactic representation of aspects of speech-acts.
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Korochentseva, Anna, Elena Suroedova, Nelli Khachaturyan, and Oksana Nikolenko. "Pupil’s representation about the socio-psychological qualities of teachers in the process of effective meaning transmission." SHS Web of Conferences 70 (2019): 08020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197008020.
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In the article, the authors raise the question of the relationship between the pupils’ perception of the teacher and effective meaning transmission. The study identified socio-psychological qualities and non-verbal patterns of teacher behavior that influence the effectiveness of meaning from the point of view of students. Students prefer to come into contact, with a teacher who has characteristics such as sincerity, leadership, compassion, restraint, responsibility, kindness, cordiality and others. It is established that among the nonverbal patterns of behavior that contribute to the effectiveness of meaning, pupils are considered “gestures appropriate to the situation communication”, “communication distance, which is regulated in accordance with the situation” and “the manifestation of the ability to listen and speak”.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Question Decomposition Meaning Representation"
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Franco, Salvador Marc. "A Cross-domain and Cross-language Knowledge-based Representation of Text and its Meaning." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/84285.
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Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and computational linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages. One of its most challenging aspects involves enabling computers to derive meaning from human natural language. To do so, several meaning or context representations have been proposed with competitive performance. However, these representations still have room for improvement when working in a cross-domain or cross-language scenario.
In this thesis we study the use of knowledge graphs as a cross-domain and cross-language representation of text and its meaning. A knowledge graph is a graph that expands and relates the original concepts belonging to a set of words. We obtain its characteristics using a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network as knowledge base. This allows to have a language coverage of hundreds of languages and millions human-general and -specific concepts.
As starting point of our research we employ knowledge graph-based features - along with other traditional ones and meta-learning - for the NLP task of single- and cross-domain polarity classification. The analysis and conclusions of that work provide evidence that knowledge graphs capture meaning in a domain-independent way.
The next part of our research takes advantage of the multilingual semantic network and focuses on cross-language Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. First, we propose a fully knowledge graph-based model of similarity analysis for cross-language plagiarism detection. Next, we improve that model to cover out-of-vocabulary words and verbal tenses and apply it to cross-language document retrieval, categorisation, and plagiarism detection. Finally, we study the use of knowledge graphs for the NLP tasks of community questions answering, native language identification, and language variety identification.
The contributions of this thesis manifest the potential of knowledge graphs as a cross-domain and cross-language representation of text and its meaning for NLP and IR tasks. These contributions have been published in several international conferences and journals.El Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (PLN) es un campo de la informática, la inteligencia artificial y la lingüística computacional centrado en las interacciones entre las máquinas y el lenguaje de los humanos. Uno de sus mayores desafíos implica capacitar a las máquinas para inferir el significado del lenguaje natural humano. Con este propósito, diversas representaciones del significado y el contexto han sido propuestas obteniendo un rendimiento competitivo. Sin embargo, estas representaciones todavía tienen un margen de mejora en escenarios transdominios y translingües. En esta tesis estudiamos el uso de grafos de conocimiento como una representación transdominio y translingüe del texto y su significado. Un grafo de conocimiento es un grafo que expande y relaciona los conceptos originales pertenecientes a un conjunto de palabras. Sus propiedades se consiguen gracias al uso como base de conocimiento de una red semántica multilingüe de amplia cobertura. Esto permite tener una cobertura de cientos de lenguajes y millones de conceptos generales y específicos del ser humano. Como punto de partida de nuestra investigación empleamos características basadas en grafos de conocimiento - junto con otras tradicionales y meta-aprendizaje - para la tarea de PLN de clasificación de la polaridad mono- y transdominio. El análisis y conclusiones de ese trabajo muestra evidencias de que los grafos de conocimiento capturan el significado de una forma independiente del dominio. La siguiente parte de nuestra investigación aprovecha la capacidad de la red semántica multilingüe y se centra en tareas de Recuperación de Información (RI). Primero proponemos un modelo de análisis de similitud completamente basado en grafos de conocimiento para detección de plagio translingüe. A continuación, mejoramos ese modelo para cubrir palabras fuera de vocabulario y tiempos verbales, y lo aplicamos a las tareas translingües de recuperación de documentos, clasificación, y detección de plagio. Por último, estudiamos el uso de grafos de conocimiento para las tareas de PLN de respuesta de preguntas en comunidades, identificación del lenguaje nativo, y identificación de la variedad del lenguaje. Las contribuciones de esta tesis ponen de manifiesto el potencial de los grafos de conocimiento como representación transdominio y translingüe del texto y su significado en tareas de PLN y RI. Estas contribuciones han sido publicadas en diversas revistas y conferencias internacionales.
El Processament del Llenguatge Natural (PLN) és un camp de la informàtica, la intel·ligència artificial i la lingüística computacional centrat en les interaccions entre les màquines i el llenguatge dels humans. Un dels seus majors reptes implica capacitar les màquines per inferir el significat del llenguatge natural humà. Amb aquest propòsit, diverses representacions del significat i el context han estat proposades obtenint un rendiment competitiu. No obstant això, aquestes representacions encara tenen un marge de millora en escenaris trans-dominis i trans-llenguatges. En aquesta tesi estudiem l'ús de grafs de coneixement com una representació trans-domini i trans-llenguatge del text i el seu significat. Un graf de coneixement és un graf que expandeix i relaciona els conceptes originals pertanyents a un conjunt de paraules. Les seves propietats s'aconsegueixen gràcies a l'ús com a base de coneixement d'una xarxa semàntica multilingüe d'àmplia cobertura. Això permet tenir una cobertura de centenars de llenguatges i milions de conceptes generals i específics de l'ésser humà. Com a punt de partida de la nostra investigació emprem característiques basades en grafs de coneixement - juntament amb altres tradicionals i meta-aprenentatge - per a la tasca de PLN de classificació de la polaritat mono- i trans-domini. L'anàlisi i conclusions d'aquest treball mostra evidències que els grafs de coneixement capturen el significat d'una forma independent del domini. La següent part de la nostra investigació aprofita la capacitat\hyphenation{ca-pa-ci-tat} de la xarxa semàntica multilingüe i se centra en tasques de recuperació d'informació (RI). Primer proposem un model d'anàlisi de similitud completament basat en grafs de coneixement per a detecció de plagi trans-llenguatge. A continuació, vam millorar aquest model per cobrir paraules fora de vocabulari i temps verbals, i ho apliquem a les tasques trans-llenguatges de recuperació de documents, classificació, i detecció de plagi. Finalment, estudiem l'ús de grafs de coneixement per a les tasques de PLN de resposta de preguntes en comunitats, identificació del llenguatge natiu, i identificació de la varietat del llenguatge. Les contribucions d'aquesta tesi posen de manifest el potencial dels grafs de coneixement com a representació trans-domini i trans-llenguatge del text i el seu significat en tasques de PLN i RI. Aquestes contribucions han estat publicades en diverses revistes i conferències internacionals.
Franco Salvador, M. (2017). A Cross-domain and Cross-language Knowledge-based Representation of Text and its Meaning [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84285
TESIS
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Fähndrich, Johannes [Verfasser], Sahin [Akademischer Betreuer] Albayrak, Sahin [Gutachter] Albayrak, Rainer [Gutachter] Unland, and Michael [Gutachter] Weyrich. "Semantic decomposition and marker passing in an artificial representation of meaning / Johannes Fähndrich ; Gutachter: Sahin Albayrak, Rainer Unland, Michael Weyrich ; Betreuer: Sahin Albayrak." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162540680/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Question Decomposition Meaning Representation"
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Urbinati, Nadia. Populism and the Principle of Majority. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.31.
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What puts populism and democracy in tension although they rest on the same principle of majority and claim to be government by the people? The answer is that when it seeks to implement its agenda through state power, populism enters a direct competition with constitutional democracy over the meaning and expression of the people and puts into question a party-democracy’s conception of representation because it is impatient with the tension between pluralism of social interests and unity of the polity that electoral representation triggers and channels. Hence although ingrained in the ideology of the people and the language of democracy, populism as a ruling power tends to give life to governments that stretch the democratic rules toward an extreme majoritarianism.
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Holbo, Christine. Legal Realisms. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604547.001.0001.
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U.S. historians have long considered the Civil War and its Reconstruction as a second American revolution. Literary scholars, however, have yet to show how fully these years revolutionized the American imagination. One marker of this was the postwar search for a “Great American Novel”—a novel fully adequate to the breadth and diversity of the United States in the era of the Fourteenth Amendment. The debate over what full representation would mean led to a thoroughgoing reconstruction of the meaning of “literature” for readers, writers, politics, and law. Legal Realisms examines the transformation of the idea of “realism” in literature and beyond in the face of uneven developments in the racial, ethnic, gender, and class structure of American society. The ideal of equality before the law conflicted with persistent inequality, and it was called into question by changing ideas about accurate representation and the value of cultural difference within the visual arts, philosophy, law, and political and moral theory. Offering provocative new readings of Mark Twain, Henry James, William Dean Howells, Helen Hunt Jackson, Albion Tourgée, and others, Legal Realisms follows the novel through the worlds of California Native American removal and the Reconstruction-era South, of the Mississippi valley and the urban Northeast. It shows how incomplete emancipation haunted the celebratory pursuit of a literature of national equality and explores the way novelists’ representation of the difficulty of achieving equality before the law helped Americans articulate the need for a more robust concept of society.
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Kim, Su Yun. Imperial Romance. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751882.001.0001.
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This book argues that the idea of colonial intimacy within the Japanese empire of the early twentieth century had a far broader and more popular influence on discourse makers, social leaders, and intellectuals than previously understood. The book investigates representations of Korean–Japanese intimate and familial relationships — including romance, marriage, and kinship — in literature, media, and cinema, alongside documents that discuss colonial policies during the Japanese protectorate period and colonial rule in Korea (1905–45). Focusing on Korean perspectives, the book uncovers political meaning in the representation of intimacy and emotion between Koreans and Japanese portrayed in print media and films. It disrupts the conventional reading of colonial-period texts as the result of either coercion or the disavowal of colonialism, thereby expanding our understanding of colonial writing practices. The theme of intermarriage gave elite Korean writers and cultural producers opportunities to question their complicity with imperialism. Their fictions challenged expected colonial boundaries, creating tensions in identity and hierarchy, and also in narratives of the linear developmental trajectory of modernity. Examining a broad range of writings and films from this period, the book maps the colonized subjects' fascination with their colonizers and with moments that allowed them to become active participants in and agents of Japanese and global imperialism.
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Brozgal, Lia. Absent the Archive. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789622386.001.0001.
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Cultural Traces of a Massacre in Paris: The October 17, 1961 Anarchive is the first cultural history devoted to literary and visual representations of the police massacre of peaceful Algerian protesters. Covered up by the state and hidden from history, the events of October 17 have nonetheless never been fully erased. Indeed, as early as 1962, stories about the massacre began to find their way their way into novels, poetry, songs, film, visual art, and performance. This book is about these stories, the way they have been told, and their function as both documentary and aesthetic objects. Identified here for the first time as a corpus—an anarchive—the works in question produce knowledge about October 17 by narrativizing and contextualizing the massacre, registering its existence, its scale, and its erasure, while also providing access to the subjective experiences of violence and trauma. Cultural Traces of a Massacre is invested in exploring how literature and culture may “do history” differently by complicating it, whether by functioning as first responders and persistent witnesses; reverberating against reality but also speculating on what might have been; activating networks of signs and meaning; or by showing us things that otherwise cannot be seen. This book provokes important questions about the aesthetic, ethical, and political stakes of representation.
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Havelková, Tereza. Opera as Hypermedium. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190091262.001.0001.
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This book deals with contemporary relationships between opera and the media. It is concerned with both the use of media on stage and opera on screen. Drawing on the concept of hypermediacy from media studies, it situates opera within the larger context of contemporary media practices, and particularly those that play up the multiplicity, awareness, and enjoyment of media. The discussion is driven by the underlying question of what politics of representation and perception opera performs within this context. This entails approaching operas as audiovisual events (rather than works or texts) and paying attention to what they do by visual means, along with the operatic music and singing. The book concentrates on events that foreground their use of media and technology, drawing attention to opera’s inherently hypermedial aspects. It works with the recognition that such events nevertheless engender powerful effects of immediacy, which are not contingent on illusionism or the seeming transparency of the medium. It analyzes how effects like presence, liveness, and immersion are produced, contesting some critical claims attached to them. It also sheds light on how these effects, often perceived as visceral or material in nature, are related to the production of meaning in opera. The discussion pertains to contemporary pieces such as Louis Andriessen and Peter Greenaway’s Rosa and Writing to Vermeer, as well as productions of the canonical repertory such as Wagner’s Ring Cycle by Robert Lepage at the Met and La Fura dels Baus in Valencia.
Book chapters on the topic "Question Decomposition Meaning Representation"
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Şanlıer Yüksel, İlke, and Aydın Çam. "Conclusions: “Ways of Representation”: Is a Reflexive Representation Possible?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 315–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67608-7_17.
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AbstractIn his seminal work, Berger (1972) introduces ‘ways of seeing’ as the ways in which meaning is given to the things which are depicted that stand for something. Image-based ethnography has long been interested in these meaning construction processes, namely representations. The ethnographer, or the researcher – as part of the meaning-making process – produces and/or reproduces ways of representation, along with the research design and the outcome. Then the question arises: is a reflexive representation possible? The three chapters in the fourth section of this volume offer thoughts to provoke answers to this question and evoke a theoretical discussion on the dialectical relation between migration and the representation of it, through research. The concluding chapter of this section reflect on key methodological, ethical and theoretical issues connected to the ways of representation and the role of the researcher.
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Della Rocca, Michael. "Meaning." In The Parmenidean Ascent, 145–81. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510940.003.0006.
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In its most general form, the explanatory demand with regard to meaning addresses the question: what is it for representation or aboutness or meaning to be present? This question can focus on linguistic meaning in particular or on aboutness in general, including non-linguistic aboutness. Through a detailed analysis of leading theories—including those of Grice, Searle, Soames, Descombes, Horwich, Putnam, Kripke, Lewis, and Davidson—it is shown how the failure to meet the explanatory demand with regard to meaning is pervasive. A Bradleyan regress argument is then deployed to make a Parmenidean Ascent: there is no differentiated meaning, instead all is meaning. This ascent is intimated—perhaps unwittingly—in the classic arguments of Quine’s “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” and Davidson’s “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme.” The chapter closes with a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to truth that follows from the Parmenidean Ascent with regard to meaning.
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Graesser, Arthur C., Vasile Rus, Zhiqiang Cai, and Xiangen Hu. "Question Answering and Generation." In Applied Natural Language Processing, 1–16. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-741-8.ch001.
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Automated Question Answering and Asking are two active areas of Natural Language Processing with the former dominating the past decade and the latter most likely to dominate the next one. Due to the vast amounts of information available electronically in the Internet era, automated Question Answering is needed to fulfill information needs in an efficient and effective manner. Automated Question Answering is the task of providing answers automatically to questions asked in natural language. Typically, the answers are retrieved from large collections of documents. While answering any question is difficult, successful automated solutions to answer some type of questions, so-called factoid questions, have been developed recently, culminating with the just announced Watson Question Answering system developed by I.B.M. to compete in Jeopardy-like games. The flip process, automated Question Asking or Generation, is about generating questions from some form of input such as a text, meaning representation, or database. Question Asking/Generation is an important component in the full gamut of learning technologies, from conventional computer-based training to tutoring systems. Advances in Question Asking/Generation are projected to revolutionize learning and dialogue systems. This chapter presents an overview of recent developments in Question Answering and Generation starting with the landscape of questions that people ask.
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Weigel, Sigrid. "EffigiĒs : Double, Representation, and the Supplementary Economy of the Likeness ( Ebenbild )." In Grammatology of Images, 101–17. Fordham University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9781531500153.003.0005.
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The chapter investigates the problem of a supplementary economy of representation—in the sense of idea (Vorstellung), re/presentation (Darstellung), and substitution (Stellvertretung)—as the central question of the effigiēs (the Latin term has a stricter meaning than the English effigy) used as double or Doppelgänger in the context of religious or/ and political rituals. In this respect the effigies that replaces an absent person, a lacking or dead body raises two main questions: on the one hand that of (non-) resemblance of the likeness, the sculptural or pictorial representative or its representation through insignia, on the other what this substitute stands for in different contexts, as for example the soul of the defunct, the persona, dignitas, honour, infamia, the guilt of debts, etc. The examples include effigiēs of the dead, the king's effigiēs, defamatory likeness, and punishment in effigy, and refer to historical practises such as: the kolossus placed on a cenotaph (as analysed by Vernant), the Roman rituals of consecration, the funeral ritual of the ‘king's two bodies,’ the execution in effigy, the pitture infamanti as means of the 14th-century picture-policy of enmity. and the Schandbilder as part of credit system in late medieval Germany.
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Tran, Ben. "Culturally Gendered." In Discourse Analysis as a Tool for Understanding Gender Identity, Representation, and Equality, 99–135. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0225-8.ch006.
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The social differentiation between males and females is a relational concept: masculinity exists and has meaning only as it contrasts with femininity, and vice versa (Connell, 1995, p. 43). Western culture, especially, prides itself on the successful integration of feminism into modern society—though some still question how successfully integrated feminism truly is while others ponder whether or not cultural power in society has been reversed. As masculinity studies developed, according to Simpson (2004), so too did the concept of multiple masculinities, the idea that men respond to and embrace masculinity in a variety of ways because the expression of masculinity can “change according to time, the event, and the perspectives” of a group or community (Imms, 2000, p. 156), as demonstrated by Heasley (2005), and men who are in female dominated occupations. Nevertheless, multiple masculinities are commonly segregated into the following categories: hegemonic, complicit, subordinated, and marginalized.
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González-López, Irene, and Ashida Mayu. "The First Female Gaze at Post-war Japanese Women: Tanaka Kinuyo, Film Director." In Tanaka Kinuyo, 104–25. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474409698.003.0005.
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The chapter focuses on the production and reception of Love Letter (Koibumi, 1953) and The Moon Has Risen (Tsuki wa noborinu, 1955) –the first two films directed by Tanaka—to call into question the meaning and construction of the category of ‘woman director’. The chapter is divided in three parts. The first contextualises Tanaka’s decision to become a director within the post-war legal and social changes affecting women, illuminating how she positioned herself within trending discourses. The second offers a textual analysis of the representation of gender roles and power dynamics in both films to question whether Tanaka was offering new perspectives on the subject. The last part illuminates how the figure of ‘woman director’ was being defined, contextualised and negotiated in the public sphere by a detailed analysis of promotional material and reviews from the contemporaneous Japanese press.
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Weeks, Liam. "Introduction." In Independents in Irish party democracy, 1–22. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719099601.003.0001.
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This comprises a general introduction to the topic of independents. It begins with a discussion as to the meaning of the concept, and what is understood by an independent for the purposes of this study, particularly in relation to the role of such a representative vis-à-vis government and parliament. There then follows a rationale for a book on this topic, before the international and Irish experience of independents is briefly examined, and in particular the evolution of parliamentary representation from Independent to political party, with a discussion of how parties have become dominant. The final section outlines the central premise of this book and its structure, detailing how the question of an independent presence can be explained.
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Rodríguez Matos, Jaime. "Introduction." In Writing of the Formless. Fordham University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823274079.003.0001.
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The introduction foregrounds the relation of the formless to the fields of thought treated in the book: Latin Americanism, the Cuban Revolution, the question of political representation in connection to philosophical developments concerning time, and the writings of Lezama Lima. The book explores the link between abstract symbolic procedures and various political experiments in giving form to a principle of sovereignty based on the category of the People. It advances the notion of the formless as the limit of modern and contemporary reflections on the meaning of politics. The introduction also begins to outline the philosophical consequences of a formless concept of temporality (also understood in the book as the end of a single hegemonic Time and the end of multiple temporalities, or times) for the critique of metaphysics.
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Ferrara, Alessandro. "Sequential Sovereignty." In Sovereignty Across Generations, 177—C5N122. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192871077.003.0006.
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Abstract Chapter 5, ‘Sequential Sovereignty: On Representing “the People” and the Electorate’, elucidates the distinctive meaning of ‘representation’ in the two cases of representing the people and the electorate. After a critical reconstruction of Hanna Pitkin’s theory of representation as ‘acting for’ (Section 1), and a critical appraisal of the main recent contributions to representation theory by Jane Mansbridge, Michael Saward, and Andrew Rehfeld (Section 2), the chapter argues that, in accordance with the nemo judex principle, the representatives of the electorate (who may legitimately lean towards the delegate pole of the delegate–trustee spectrum of substantive representation) cannot be entrusted with assessing the consistency of the will of the voters and the ‘will of the people’ recorded in the living constitution. Bracketing the question whether the will of the transgenerational people can be represented by non-judicial institutions (but engaging Samuel Freeman’s proposal for a ‘non-judicial’ constitutional court as ‘conservator of the constitution’), Section 3 argues that in judicial review a constitutional court represents the transgenerational people as a trustee and assesses the alignment of the people’s will with that of the electorate. Failure to secure such alignment or acting as a delegate of the electorate arguably reinforces a serial, as opposed to sequential, pattern of popular democratic sovereignty (theorized by Rousseau and Jefferson, hijacked today by populists) and, consequently, contributes to three negative outcomes, described as the ‘wanton republic’, the ‘indistinct republic’, and the ‘underdetermined polity’.
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Arellano, Diana, Javier Varona, and Francisco J. Perales. "Emotional Context? Or Contextual Emotions?" In Handbook of Research on Synthesizing Human Emotion in Intelligent Systems and Robotics, 366–85. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7278-9.ch018.
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The question “What is the meaning of a smile?” could be easily answered with the sentence “it means happiness”. But we can see in our daily lives that it is not always true. We also recognize that there is the context the one that makes us differentiate a happy smile from an embarrassed smile. The context is the framework that gives emotions a reason for happening because it describes what occurs around a person. Therefore, to create virtual characters, or agents that express emotions in a believable way it is necessary to simulate the context around them. The novelty of this chapter is the representation of context using ontologies, where context is seen not only as the events in the world, but also as that part of the character which allows them to react in one way or another, resulting in more believable emotional responses.
Conference papers on the topic "Question Decomposition Meaning Representation"
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Deng, Zhenyun, Yonghua Zhu, Yang Chen, Michael Witbrock, and Patricia Riddle. "Interpretable AMR-Based Question Decomposition for Multi-hop Question Answering." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/568.
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Effective multi-hop question answering (QA) requires reasoning over multiple scattered paragraphs and providing explanations for answers. Most existing approaches cannot provide an interpretable reasoning process to illustrate how these models arrive at an answer. In this paper, we propose a Question Decomposition method based on Abstract Meaning Representation (QDAMR) for multi-hop QA, which achieves interpretable reasoning by decomposing a multi-hop question into simpler subquestions and answering them in order. Since annotating the decomposition is expensive, we first delegate the complexity of understanding the multi-hop question to an AMR parser. We then achieve decomposition of a multi-hop question via segmentation of the corresponding AMR graph based on the required reasoning type. Finally, we generate sub-questions using an AMR-to-Text generation model and answer them with an off-the-shelf QA model. Experimental results on HotpotQA demonstrate that our approach is competitive for interpretable reasoning and that the sub-questions generated by QDAMR are well-formed, outperforming existing question-decomposition-based multihop QA approaches.
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Kapanipathi, Pavan, Ibrahim Abdelaziz, Srinivas Ravishankar, Salim Roukos, Alexander Gray, Ramón Fernandez Astudillo, Maria Chang, et al. "Leveraging Abstract Meaning Representation for Knowledge Base Question Answering." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.339.
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Wang, Cunxiang, Zhikun Xu, Qipeng Guo, Xiangkun Hu, Xuefeng Bai, Zheng Zhang, and Yue Zhang. "Exploiting Abstract Meaning Representation for Open-Domain Question Answering." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.131.
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Wagner, Terrance C., and Panos Y. Papalambros. "A General Framework for Decomposition Analysis in Optimal Design." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0404.
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Abstract Numerous methods exist in the literature for decomposing mathematical programming (MP) problems. The question for the designer wishing to utilize any of these methods is, what (if any) structure exists in a particular problem, and what (if any) decomposition method(s) may be appropriate for the problem at hand. The paper develops a formal methodology, termed Decomposition Analysis, to answer this question. Decomposition of a mathematical programming problem requires identification of linking variables or functions which effect independent optimization problems. Examination of prevalent methods reveals various structures in an MP problem which determine appropriate decomposition methods for a particular problem. An undirected graph representation of the MP problem facilitates rigorous identification of the desired structures that allow decomposition. The representation is the foundation of the methodology to analyze any particular MP problem for its decomposability.
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Freeman, William T., and Edward H. Adelson. "Steerable pyramids for image decomposition and enhancement." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.wv5.
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We have previously described1 the use of steerable filters, in which a small set of oriented basis filters are used to analyze images in a uniform and efficient manner. Filters of arbitrary orientation can be synthesized as linear combinations of the basis filters. We now describe a multiscale pyramid decomposition using steerable filters. The steerable pyramid breaks an image down into a set of bandpassed subimages; the subimages at a given level of the pyramid form a steerable set. The steerable pyramid is overcomplete and therefore nonorthogonal. However, it is self-inverting, meaning that the analysis functions used to build the pyramid are the same as the synthesis functions used to reconstruct. We have implemented image noise cleaning within this representation. The pyramid is used to analyze local image orientation. Neighborhoods with strong orientation are likely to represent image structure, while neighborhoods with little or no orientation are likely to represent noise. The pyramid coefficients are modified according to the likelihood that they represent image or noise. The pyramid transform is then inverted, producing a cleaned image.
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Terushkin, Maria, and Offer Shai. "Applying Rigidity Theory Methods for Topological Decomposition and Synthesis of Gear Train Systems." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70904.
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This paper introduces a novel way to augment the knowledge and methods of rigidity theory to the topological decomposition and synthesis of gear train systems. A graph of gear trains, widely reported in the literature of machine theory, is treated as a graph representation from rigidity theory—the Body-Bar graph. Once we have this Body-Bar graph, methods and theorems from rigidity theory can be employed for analysis and synthesis. In this paper we employ the pebble-game algorithm, a computational method which allows determination of the topological mobility of mechanisms and the decomposition of gear trains into basic building blocks—Body-Bar Assur Graphs. Once we gain the ability to decompose any gear train into standalone components (Body-Bar Assur Graphs), this paper suggests inverting the process and applying the same method for synthesis. Relying on rigidity theory operations (Body-Bar extension, in this case), it is possible to construct all of the Body-Bar Assur Graphs, meaning the building blocks of gear trains. Once we have these building blocks at hand, it is possible to recombine them in various ways, providing us with a topological synthesis method for constructing gear trains. This paper also introduces a transformation between the Body-Bar graph and other graph representations used in mechanisms, thus leaving room for the application of the proposed synthesis and decomposition method directly to known graph representations already used in machine theory.
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Pascal, Simoens, and Vincent Becue. "Heritage buildings and digital storage: which conceivable match?" In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8144.
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The purpose of the article is to define the relationship between property issues and new urban experiences it creates. The article is divided by chapter 3. The first presents the background and urban issues that led to the questioning and, more specifically, the issue of keeping a portfolio of real or virtual way under pressure from the major urban issues. The second part defines the concept of heritage and its representation in a virtual world. We rely heavily on Unesco's work on the preservation of digital data as well as the collective work of Petauque (FR) on the question of meaning to the stored information. Finally, we present the risks of the theory made facing the ground in describing the example of Godin Familistère project that underlies all of our research. It is clear that the article is based on actual experience and is therefore a posteriori looking for experienced face the reality of the Brussels urban governance.
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Tota, Paulina. "Tamed city: the perception of urban space by visually impaired people." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8057.
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Relations between man and his surroundings can always be referred to the general question of one’s being in the world. Therefore, the spatiotemporal reality creates a framework for any human activity. Space orientation is the basis for determining the place of a human being - not only in the physical environment, but also in the whole spectrum that is carried by its meaning.
The city has become a primary habitat for man and his nearest space – hence it seems to be essential to take into consideration the issue of urban spaces; perception.
Thanks to cognitive processes, a human being has the ability to create in his mind a subjective representation of the physical world outside of him. The physical world can be perceived by constructing our internal mental image based on the information received through our five senses. It is estimated that up to 90% of the external stimuli are received by man via eyesight. The other four senses provide us only with 10% of all sensations.
Visually impaired persons are so often presented as those users of space who do not understand it entirely. Usually we do not realise that blind people are the ones who are the most attentive audience to the city space: they pay attention to those of its elements that are almost imperceptible for people without disabilities.
The article discusses the issue of urban composition as one of the determinants of orientation in the urban space. The author aims to analyse the issues of perception and environmental cognition together with the question of cognitive maps created by blind space users.
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Chen, Da Jun, and Wei Ji Wang. "Pattern Changes of Time-Shifted Vibration Signals on Wavelet Time-Scale Maps." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0381.
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Abstract As a multi-resolution signal decomposition and analysis technique, the wavelet transforms have been already introduced to vibration signal processing. In this paper, a comparison on the time-scale map analysis is made between the discrete and the continuous wavelet transform. The orthogonal wavelet transform decomposes the vibration signal onto a series of orthogonal wavelet functions and the number of wavelets on one wavelet level is different from those on the other levels. Since the grids are unevenly distributed on the time-scale map, it is shown that a representation pattern of a vibration component on the map may be significantly altered or even be broken down into pieces when the signal has a shift along the time axis. On contrary, there is no such uneven distribution of grids on the continuous wavelet time-scale map, so that the representation pattern of a vibration signal component will not change its shape when the signal component shifts along the time axis. Therefore, the patterns in the continuous wavelet time-scale map are more easily recognised by human visual inspection or computerised automatic diagnosis systems. Using a Gaussian enveloped oscillation wavelet, the wavelet transform is capable of retaining the frequency meaning used in the spectral analysis, while making the interpretation of patterns on the time-scale maps easier.
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Tomescu, Silviaadriana, Mihai Dascalu, Stefan Trausanmatu, Gabriel Guturobu, and Stefan Ruseti. "DESIGNING AN ONTOLOGY FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED PROCESSING IN ROMANIAN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES." In eLSE 2020. University Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-20-015.
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The analysis of ontologies' role in knowledge processing has both theoretical and pragmatic foundations, taking into account that ontologies are a core component of knowledge representation within the semantic web. The necessity for the development of the Lib2Life ontology emerged alongside the Smart Search project that has as a central objective the design of a semantic indexing and search system for digitized documents shared by the Romanian central university libraries. This project has a high degree of innovation taking into account the fact that, at national scale, there is no dedicated platform that aggregates the joint collection of digitized documents. Thus, the following research question arises, centered on identifying a suitable data model to corresponding map topics and improve content discovery. The proposed methodology for ontology design includes: (a) ontology purpose set up; (b) conceptualization of the subject domains; (c) formalization; (d) implementation; (e) evaluation and maintenance. The conceptualization stage involves defining the glossary of terms, as well as building taxonomies for 17 specific categories. Afterwards, the ontology was semantically enhanced with properties and axioms (i.e., description of binary relations, class attributes, instance attributes, and formal axioms). Our model was designed using the Prot?g? editor, we used OWL as ontology standard language, and OntoGraph for visualization and navigation. Overall and considering knowledge organization systems, ontologies enclose specific features: coherent in terms of structure, organizing information and meaning of notions; accurate by problem solving and reasoning; extensible, allowing conceptual developments according to science evolution and users' needs, and reusable for follow-up experiments. Moreover, ontology design applied onto knowledge domains improves the efficiency and effectiveness of semantic content search and retrieval process of relevant meta-tagged resources.
Reports on the topic "Question Decomposition Meaning Representation"
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Horrocks, Ian, Ulrike Sattler, and Stephan Tobies. A Description Logic with Transitive and Converse Roles, Role Hierarchies and Qualifying Number Restrictions. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.94.
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As widely argued [HG97; Sat96], transitive roles play an important role in the adequate representation of aggregated objects: they allow these objects to be described by referring to their parts without specifying a level of decomposition. In [HG97], the Description Logic (DL) ALCHR+ is presented, which extends ALC with transitive roles and a role hierarchy. It is argued in [Sat98] that ALCHR+ is well-suited to the representation of aggregated objects in applications that require various part-whole relations to be distinguished, some of which are transitive. However, ALCHR+ allows neither the description of parts by means of the whole to which they belong, or vice versa. To overcome this limitation, we present the DL SHI which allows the use of, for example, has part as well as is part of. To achieve this, ALCHR+ was extended with inverse roles. It could be argued that, instead of defining yet another DL, one could make use of the results presented in [DL96] and use ALC extended with role expressions which include transitive closure and inverse operators. The reason for not proceeding like this is the fact that transitive roles can be implemented more efficiently than the transitive closure of roles (see [HG97]), although they lead to the same complexity class (ExpTime-hard) when added, together with role hierarchies, to ALC. Furthermore, it is still an open question whether the transitive closure of roles together with inverse roles necessitates the use of the cut rule [DM98], and this rule leads to an algorithm with very bad behaviour. We will present an algorithm for SHI without such a rule. Furthermore, we enrich the language with functional restrictions and, finally, with qualifying number restrictions. We give sound and complete decision proceduresfor the resulting logics that are derived from the initial algorithm for SHI. The structure of this report is as follows: In Section 2, we introduce the DL SI and present a tableaux algorithm for satisfiability (and subsumption) of SI-concepts—in another report [HST98] we prove that this algorithm can be refined to run in polynomial space. In Section 3 we add role hierarchies to SI and show how the algorithm can be modified to handle this extension appropriately. Please note that this logic, namely SHI, allows for the internalisation of general concept inclusion axioms, one of the most general form of terminological axioms. In Section 4 we augment SHI with functional restrictions and, using the so-called pairwise-blocking technique, the algorithm can be adapted to this extension as well. Finally, in Section 5, we show that standard techniques for handling qualifying number restrictions [HB91;BBH96] together with the techniques described in previous sections can be used to decide satisfiability and subsumption for SHIQ, namely ALC extended with transitive and inverse roles, role hierarchies, and qualifying number restrictions. Although Section 5 heavily depends on the previous sections, we have made it self-contained, i.e. it contains all necessary definitions and proofs from scratch, for a better readability. Building on the previous sections, Section 6 presents an algorithm that decides the satisfiability of SHIQ-ABoxes.