Journal articles: 'Question-asking preferences'

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Mayo, Nancy E., Stanley Hum, and Ayse Kuspinar. "Methods and measures: what’s new for MS?" Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, no. 6 (December 20, 2012): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512470311.

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At no other time in the history of multiple sclerosis (MS) has the accurate measurement of health outcomes been so important. There are now many kinds of interventions of proven or potential efficacy available for people with MS and many other methods are under investigation. Not all outcomes that matter can be measured with a biological parameter. Many important outcomes of treatment can be assessed only by asking the patient directly. For clinical decision making, asking one good question, asking it consistently, and writing down the answer will produce historically accurate data to judge MS progression on life-altering constructs like fatigue, depression and pain. To get a total score from items in a questionnaire, Rasch Measurement Theory provides a way of estimating the extent to which the items form a linear continuum with mathematical properties. Preference-based measures, when the preferences are derived from patients, permit the impact of the multiple health dimensions associated with MS to be valued. The bottom line is, ask a good question and you will likely get a good answer, ask a poor question and assuredly, you will not.

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Weichselbaum, Hanna, Helmut Leder, and Ulrich Ansorge. "Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Visual Symmetry as a Function of Art Expertise." i-Perception 9, no. 2 (March 2018): 204166951876146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518761464.

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In perception, humans typically prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. Yet, little is known about differences in symmetry preferences depending on individuals’ different past histories of actively reflecting upon pictures and patterns. To address this question, we tested the generality of the symmetry preference for different levels of individual art expertise. The preference for symmetrical versus asymmetrical abstract patterns was measured implicitly, by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicitly, by a rating scale asking participants to evaluate pattern beauty. Participants were art history and psychology students. Art expertise was measured using a questionnaire. In the IAT, art expertise did not alter the preference for symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. In contrast, the explicit rating scale showed that with higher art expertise, the ratings for the beauty of asymmetrical patterns significantly increased, but, again, participants preferred symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. The results are discussed in light of different theories on the origins of symmetry preference. Evolutionary adaptation might play a role in symmetry preferences for art experts similarly to nonexperts, but experts tend to emphasize the beauty of asymmetrical depictions, eventually considering different criteria, when asked explicitly to indicate their preferences.

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Clossen, Amanda S. "Trope or Trap? Role-Playing Narratives and Length in Instructional Video." Information Technology and Libraries 37, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v37i1.10046.

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This article discussed the results of a survey of over thirteen hundred respondents. This survey was designed to establish the preferences of the viewers of instructional how-to videos, asking the question of whether length as well as the presence of a role-playing narrative enhances or detracts from the viewer experience.

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Ng, Jason Wei Jian, Santha Vaithilingam, and Gary John Rangel. "The Role of Life Satisfaction on Election Voting Preferences in Malaysia." Asian Journal of Social Science 45, no. 1-2 (2017): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04501007.

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Ethnicity and urbanisation have been the most studied predictors of electoral outcomes in Malaysian general elections. In this study, we examine life satisfaction in the political science literature that can also influence Malaysian electoral outcomes. Using data from the World Values Survey conducted in Malaysia shortly before the General Election in 2013, we leverage on responses to a survey question asking respondents to indicate the political party they would vote for if a national election were held the next day, and empirically investigate the relationship between life satisfaction and voting preferences. We find that respondents with higher levels of life satisfaction will have a higher probability of voting for the ruling party, with the magnitude of this effect relatively comparable to that of the ethnic effect. We also empirically show that this outcome is due to the preference for status quo, defined on two levels, in the Malaysian political scene.

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Abdul-Razzak, Amane, Daren K. Heyland, Jessica Simon, Sunita Ghosh, Andrew G. Day, and John J. You. "Patient-family agreement on values and preferences for life-sustaining treatment: results of a multicentre observational study." BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 9, no. 1 (July 22, 2017): e20-e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2016-001284.

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ObjectivesTo quantify agreement between patients and their family members on their own values and preferences for use or non-use of life-sustaining treatments for the patient.MethodsHospitalised patients aged 55 years or older with advanced pulmonary, cardiac, liver disease or metastatic cancer or aged 80 years or older from medical wards at 16 Canadian hospitals and their family members completed a questionnaire including eight items about values related to life-sustaining treatment and a question about preferences for life-sustaining treatments.ResultsWe recruited a total of 313 patient-family member dyads. Crude agreement between patients and family members about values related to life-sustaining treatment was 42% across all eight items but varied widely: 20% when asking how important it was for the patient to respect the wishes of family members regarding their care; 72% when asking how important it was for the patient to be kept comfortable and suffer as little as possible. Crude agreement on preferences for life-sustaining treatment was 91% (kappa 0.60; 95%CI 0.45 to 0.75) when looking at preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) versus no CPR but fell to 56% when including all five response options with varying degrees of resuscitative, medical or comfort options (kappa 0.39; 95%CI 0.31 to 0.47).ConclusionsThere is appreciable disagreement between seriously ill hospitalised patients and family members in their values and preferences for life-sustaining treatment. Strategies are needed to improve the quality of advance care planning, so that surrogates are better able to honour patient’s wishes at the end of life.

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Goldberg, Saskia, Dominik Wyss, and André Bächtiger. "Deliberating or Thinking (Twice) About Democratic Preferences: What German Citizens Want From Democracy." Political Studies 68, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321719843967.

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The question, ‘which kind of democratic governance people prefer’, has moved to the forefront in current democracy research. This article uses existing hypotheses on democratic preferences as an input and employs an advanced research design to find out what citizens want if they had engaged in deliberation and reflection. We conducted an online-experiment with a deliberative treatment asking 256 German citizens in 2016. Our findings show that deliberation does not lead to more informed or differential preferences for governance models compared with getting informed or ‘thinking twice’. One reason are high levels of consistency between basic democratic values and governance choices already before the experiment, contradicting our initial assumption that preferences about democracy are generally ill-formed. Overall, our experiment shows that post-deliberative democratic preferences are mainly driven by issue salience and disenchantment with the actual shape of representative democracy. We detect a sort of a ‘populist’ impulse where disenchantment conduces to calls for a stronger voice of the ‘people’ and participatory governance models, irrespective of their concrete design.

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Rhondali, Wadih, Pedro Emilio Perez-Cruz, David Hui, Gary B. Chisholm, Shalini Dalal, Walter F. Baile, Eva Chittenden, Marilène Filbet, and Eduardo Bruera. "Patient-physician communication about code status preferences: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 9049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.9049.

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9049 Background: Code status discussions are important in cancer care. The best modality for such discussions has not been established. Our objective was to determine the impact of a physician ending a code status discussion with a question (autonomy approach) versus a recommendation (beneficence approach) on patients’ do-not-resuscitate (DNR) preference. Methods: Patients in a supportive care clinic watched two videos showing a physician-patient discussion regarding code status. Both videos were identical except for the ending: one ended with the physician asking for the patient’s code status preference and the other with the physician recommending DNR. Patients were randomly assigned to watch the videos in different sequences. The main outcome was the proportion of patients choosing DNR for the video patient. Results: 78 patients completed the study. 74% chose DNR after the question video, 73% after the recommendation video (p=NS). Median physician compassion score was very high and not different for both videos (p=0.73). 30/30 patients who had chosen DNR for themselves and 30/48 patients who had not chosen DNR for themselves chose DNR for the video patient (100% v/s 62%, p<0.001). Age (OR=1.1/year, p=0.01) and white ethnicity (OR=9.43, p=0.004) predicted DNR choice for the video patient. Conclusions: Ending DNR discussions with a question or a recommendation did not impact DNR choice or perception of physician compassion. Therefore, both approaches are clinically appropriate. All patients who chose DNR for themselves and most patients who did not choose DNR for themselves chose DNR for the video patient. Age and race predicted DNR choice.

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Stulberg, Debra B., Avisek Datta, Emily White VanGompel, Kellie Schueler, and Corinne H. Rocca. "One Key Question® and the Desire to Avoid Pregnancy Scale: A comparison of two approaches to asking about pregnancy preferences." Contraception 101, no. 4 (April 2020): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2019.12.010.

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Śliwińska, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Mandziuk, and Marcin Studnicki. "Recreation in nature reserves – preferences and satisfaction of tourists visiting the Polesie National Park." Forest Research Papers 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2020-0018.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to determine preferences and satisfaction of tourists visiting the Polesie National Park (PPN). Preferences were defined in terms of the motives for visiting, ways of spending leisure time, the length and frequency of visits, knowledge of tourist attractions and awareness of the Park’s financing. A survey was conducted in July–August 2019 gathering responses from 125 adults visiting the PPN tourist and bicycle paths. 100 correctly completed questionnaires were analysed using the CART method to determine the respondents’satisfaction with spending leisure time in the Park. The most frequently mentioned reasons for visiting were the beautiful landscape (28%) and the species richness (27%) of the PPN. 39% of respondents visited the area for the first time and 47% came for one day. Most visitors (65%) had very good knowledge of the tourist attractions in the PPN. Walking was the most common way (37%) for visitors to spend theirleisure time in the Park. More than half of the respondents (58%) would be willing to accept additional fees in order to help maintain and protect the PPN. The vast majority of the respondents indicated that they are satisfied (42%) or very satisfied (48%) with their visit to this area. Our statistical analysis indicated that asking the question about financing the Park greatly impacted the responses to the question about visitor satisfaction, but was also correlated with the respondent’s place of residence as well as their knowledge of tourist attractions. The unique character, landscape as well as the natural, historical and cultural richness of the PPN combined with the well-maintained infrastructure are crucial to ensure a high level of visitor satisfaction.

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Xiao, Shuiyuan, Tongxin Li, Wei Zhou, Minxue Shen, and Yu Yu. "WeChat-based mHealth intention and preferences among people living with schizophrenia." PeerJ 8 (December 16, 2020): e10550. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10550.

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Background The past few decades have seen a rapid expansion of mHealth programs among people with serious mental illness, yet mHealth for schizophrenia is in a much earlier stage of development. This study examined the intention of WeChat-based mHealth programs among people living with schizophrenia (PLS) and evaluated correlates of the intention. Methods A total of 400 PLS aged 18–77 completed a cross-sectional survey by face-to-face interviews. The survey included a general question asking about participants’ willingness to attend WeChat-based mHealth programs, followed by preferences of three specific WeChat-based programs: psychoeducation, peer support, and professional support. PLS symptoms, functioning and disability were measured using the 18-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-18), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and the 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0), respectively. A multivariate logistic regression was used to determine correlates of program participation intention. Results Over forty percent (43%, n = 172) of participants were willing to participate in WeChat-based mHealth programs, among whom preferences for each specific program were shown in descending order: psychoeducation (68.60%), professional support (60.47%), and peer support (52.33%). A multivariate analysis revealed that younger age (OR: 0.13–0.20, 95% CI [0.05–0.43]), higher education (OR: 3.48–6.84, 95% CI [1.69–18.21]), and lower disability (OR: 0.97, 95% CI [0.94–0.99]) were all independently associated with WeChat-based mHealth program participation intention. Conclusion The findings provide guidance for further development of WeChat-based mHealth programs among PLS in China, and targeted at those who are younger, well-educated and with lower disability.

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Emery-Tiburcio, Erin, and Robyn Golden. "Diverse Approaches to Assessing What Matters to Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1937.

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Abstract Asking older adults What Matters to them and assuring that care plans are aligned with these preferences is the cornerstone of an Age-Friendly Health System (AFHS). Health systems have struggled to identify clear ways to ask this question and meaningfully utilize the responses. Both simple and complex options for addressing this challenge have been developed at Rush University Medical Center. At Rush, nurses began asking every inpatient What Matters and placing the response on the white board in the patient’s room. Results of this practice include increased awareness of staff and significant increases in patient satisfaction. Qualitative analysis of responses yields increased awareness of patterns that the hospital can more systematically address. The Rush Center for Excellence in Aging hosts Schaalman Senior Voices, in which older adults from diverse backgrounds are given the unique opportunity to offer their perspectives on life, health and aging related to “What Matters” to them. The films have been used effectively to stimulate conversations among older adults and families in the community and in health professions courses, and with health systems executives. The Rush College of Medicine has integrated AFHS training into communication skills for medical students. Faculty introduce the 4Ms and demonstrate methods for having What Matters (WM) conversations. Students then practice WM conversations with simulated patients; some have had the opportunity to practice with real patients in preceptorships. Implications for the health system and community will be discussed as Rush builds an Age-Friendly Health Community.

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Notaro, Sandra, Maria De Salvo, and Roberta Raffaelli. "Estimating Willingness to Pay for Alpine Pastures: A Discrete Choice Experiment Accounting for Attribute Non-Attendance." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074093.

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Alpine pastures generate important ecosystem services, some closely related to the environment, others to historical and cultural aspects. The economic valuation of these services helps their recognition in public policies, thus encouraging their conservation and improvement. Discrete Choice Experiments are particularly useful in estimating ecosystem services as they allow the evaluation of each individual ecosystem service, allowing for policy modulation. However, preferences and willingness to pay may be influenced by some heuristics that respondents adopt when making their choices. The present study contributes to the Attribute-Non-Attendance (ANA) literature by analyzing the effect of serial ANA on WTP for the improvement of the ecosystem services of an Alpine pasture, the Entrelor pasture located in Val d’Aosta (North-West Italy). The novelty of this study is that we investigated ANA by asking a first group of respondents which attributes were ignored during choices, and a second group which attributes they considered. Our results show that considering ANA matters in DCE. In particular, framing the question positively (which attributes were attended) yields differences in marginal WTPs that are significantly and systematically higher for all the attributes. Conversely, with negative framing, differences in marginal WTP seem to be insignificant and unstable both in terms of magnitude and sign. Moreover, positively framing the ANA question can be more informative, as ANA appears more frequently. These results suggest that respondents probably do not feel judged for not having adopted the expected degree of attention with a positively framed ANA question.

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Bugajski, Jakub. "Is Every Single Human Being a Person? A Dispute Between Robert Spaemann and Peter Singer." Intercultural Relations 1, no. 2(2) (November 30, 2017): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/rm.01.2017.02.03.

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One of the central issues of contemporary philosophy concerns the definition of the person. Many philosophers and bioethicists have sought to determine the basis for ascribing personhood, and to resolve the associated question of whether only human beings may be properly granted this status. Two contemporary thinkers have played a leading role in this debate, namely Robert Spaemann and Peter Singer. The former, coming from the tradition of Christian thought, seeks to demonstrate that the personality of a human being begins when he or she is conceived and ends with his or her death. In his opinion, only God, as the source of all life, has a right to exercise authority over human destiny. The opposite position is defended by the Australian philosopher Peter Singer. His philosophical views have emerged from the tradition of empiricist thought initiated by Democritus and expanded on later, above all, by John Locke. Singer postulates a descriptive theoretical account of persons, claiming that personhood results from the possession of a set of qualitative features, namely: to become a person, a human being ought to have certain properties, such as self-awareness, rationality of thought, or the possession of preferences – without these, he would say, one cannot even talk about persons. This paper seeks to confront the tenets of personalist ethics (as in Spaemann) with those of preference-based utilitarianism (Peter Singer), presenting the metaphysical, ontological and cognitive commitments that make up these two positions, but also asking whether there is any shared set of underlying concerns that could furnish a basis for dialogue between them.

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Miller, Deborah M., Brandon Moss, Susannah Rose, Hong Li, David Schindler, Malory Weber, Sarah M. Planchon, Jay Alberts, Adrienne Boissy, and Robert Bermel. "Obtaining Patient Priorities in a Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center: Beyond Patient-Reported Outcomes." Journal of Patient Experience 7, no. 4 (July 24, 2019): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373519864011.

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Background: In order to provide patient center care, our multiple sclerosis (MS) clinic assesses patient concerns before clinical encounters, first by asking the optional qualitative question “What is the most important thing you what your health-care provider to know today” (most important concern of the patient [MIPC]) and then completing quantitative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) including Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL). Both sets of questions are designed to facilitate encounters that address patients’ values and preferences. Objective: Determine whether the qualitative MIPC responses provided unique information not included in PROMs or clinical assessments. Methods: We randomly selected 400 first-time MIPC responders and 400 first-time MIPC nonresponders from 2788 participants in our database. We categorized MIPC responses by content and number of unique concerns and appended them to the Neuro-QoL framework. Nonresponders were compared to those who provided 1 and 2 or more responses. Results: Several MIPCs MS symptoms categories were added to the Neuro-QoL Physical domain. Most important concern of the patients work and cost-of-care categories were added to the Social Domain. Domains regarding treatment satisfaction and disease management were added. Two hundred thirty (58%) MIPC respondents reported 1 concern, 140 (35%) expressed 2 to 6 concerns, and 30 (7%) reported MS-unrelated concerns and not analyzed. Physical symptoms were the most common MIPC (69.9%). Respondents with more concerns were more likely African American, lacked private insurance, and worse disability. Conclusions: Importantly, MIPC responders described idiosyncratic symptoms, disease management, and social concerns not included in the PROMS, suggesting the MIPC question offered patients a unique opportunity to share specific concerns with their providers.

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Pataki-Bittó, Fruzsina. "Interruptions at Work from the Point of View of IT Professionals." Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 26, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppso.11857.

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It is a major challenge nowadays to recruit and retain young professionals, especially IT professionals in Europe. Interior designers do their bests to create an office space that is more attractive for the young talents than the competitor’s workspace. Modern workstyle is based on communication and collaboration and therefore modern office spaces are designed to support continuous communication and teamwork. In this research, we raise the question how IT professionals fit in this workstyle. The focus of this research is on how IT professionals feel about the different types of communication channels, which are those they identify as hindering factors, and how much their opinion differs from other professionals. During the research, we collected information from questionnaires asking about work environment, communication channels used in the workplace, individual communication preferences, and factors considered as disruptions. The questionnaire was completed by 191 Hungarian office workers from which 63 respondents were IT professionals. The most important result of the research shows that while IT professionals consider personal inquiries useful, many of them are dissatisfied with organized meetings. This research also outlines that IT professionals have an outstanding ability to block out office noise and to focus on work. With the conclusions we make suggestions to the organizations how to improve the communicational environment in order to support work efficiency.

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Egro, Francesco M., Erica D. Johnson, Elizabeth M. Kenny, Aaron M. Foglio, Brandon T. Smith, Alain C. Corcos, and Jenny A. Ziembicki. "A Qualitative Survey Study of United States Burn Units: Pathways to a Career in Burn Surgery." Journal of Burn Care & Research 40, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irz071.

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Abstract With current changes in training requirements, it is important to understand the venues in the United States for a general surgery (GS) and plastic surgery (PS) resident interested in pursuing a burn surgery career. The study aims to evaluate the pathways to a career in burn surgery and the current state of leadership. A cross-sectional study was conducted between August and September 2017. A 12-question survey was sent to all burn unit directors in the United States, asking about their background, who manages various aspects of burn care and the hiring requirements. Responses were received from 55 burn unit directors (47% response rate). Burn units are lead most commonly by physicians who received GS training (69%), but the majority either did not undergo fellowship training (31%) or completed a burn surgery fellowship (29%). While surgical care (GS = 51%, PS = 42%) and wound care (GS = 51%, PS = 42%) were predominantly managed by GS- or PS-trained burn teams, management of other aspects of burn care varied depending on the institution, demonstrating that a shift in burn care management. The desired hiring characteristics, including GS (67%) or PS residency (44%) and a burn surgery (55%), trauma surgery (15%), or critical care (44%) fellowship. Directors’ training significantly influenced their preferences for hiring requirements. While leadership in burn surgery is dominated by GS-trained physicians, the surgical and wound care responsibilities are shared among PS and GS. Although one third of current directors did not undergo fellowship training, aspiring surgeons are advised to obtain a burn surgery and/or critical care fellowship.

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Nguyen, Minh Hao, Ellen M. A. Smets, Nadine Bol, Eugène F. Loos, Hanneke W. M. van Laarhoven, Debby Geijsen, Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen, Kristien M. A. J. Tytgat, and Julia C. M. van Weert. "Tailored Web-Based Information for Younger and Older Patients with Cancer: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Preparatory Educational Intervention on Patient Outcomes." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): e14407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14407.

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Background Many patients with cancer, including older patients (aged ≥65 years), consult the Web to prepare for their doctor’s visit. In particular, older patients have varying needs regarding the mode in which information is presented (eg, via textual, visual, or audiovisual modes) owing to age-related sensory (eg, impaired vision and hearing) and cognitive decline (eg, reduced processing speed). Therefore, Web-based information targeted at older patient populations is likely to be used and processed more effectively, and evaluated more positively, when tailored to age-related capabilities and preferences. This, in turn, may benefit patient outcomes. Objective This randomized controlled trial tested the effects of a Web-based tailored educational intervention among newly diagnosed younger (<65 years) and older (≥65 years) patients with cancer. We compared the intervention group who viewed a mode-tailored website (ie, enabling patients to tailor information using textual, visual, and audiovisual modes) with 3 control groups view a nontailored website (ie, text only, text with images, and text with videos). We examined website experience outcomes (ie, website satisfaction, website involvement, knowledge, anxiety, and communication self-efficacy) and consultation experience outcomes (ie, question asking during consultation, anxiety, and information recall). Methods Patients from a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic (N=232) viewed a mode-tailored or nontailored website as preparation before their hospital consultations to discuss diagnosis and treatment. Data were collected before (T1), during (T2), and after (T3) visitation. Website experience outcomes were assessed with questionnaires (T1). Patients’ question asking was coded from videotaped consultations, and anxiety was assessed through a questionnaire (T2). Telephone interviews were conducted to assess knowledge acquired from the website before (T1) and after consultation (T3), and information recall from the consultation (T3). Results The preparatory website was well used across all conditions (mean 34 min). Younger patients viewing the mode-tailored website were more satisfied before consultation (P=.02) and reported lower anxiety after consultation (P=.046; vs text only). This pattern was not found in older patients. Mode tailoring yielded no other significant differences in patient outcomes. Regression analyses showed that website involvement (beta=.15; P=.03) and, to a lesser extent, website satisfaction (beta=.15; P=.05) positively associated with knowledge before consultation (T1). In turn, higher knowledge before consultation (beta=.39; P<.001), together with time on the website (beta=.21; P=.002; T1), predicted information recall from consultations (T3). Patients with higher knowledge before consultation (T1) also reported higher knowledge from the website afterward (T3; beta=.22; P=.003). Conclusions Offering preparatory online information before consultations benefits information processing and patient outcomes of both younger and older newly diagnosed patients with cancer. Younger patients benefit even more when information is offered in a mode-tailored manner. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications for patient-provider communication research in an electronic health era. Clinical Trial Netherlands Trial Register NTR5904; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/5750

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Kim, Jongphil, Martine Extermann, Jeffrey E. Lancet, Najla H. Al Ali, Tea Reljic, Marina Sehovic, Varun C. Dhulipala, and Benjamin Djulbegovic. "When Should Patients Older Than 70 with Acute Myeloid Leukemia be Treated?" Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4007.4007.

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Abstract Introduction Patients older than 70 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are generally considered to have poor prognosis. As a result, many patients are routinely not offered active treatment and/or are referred to palliative hospice care based on the assumption that their expected survival will be well below 6 months. However, a substantial number of patients live beyond 6 months indicating that management decisions ought to be individualized taking into considerations patients' preferences about benefits and harms of treatments and estimated survival prognostication. Methods Using large Moffitt AML database we identified all consecutive patients (n=305) with AML older than 70 who received high or low intensity chemotherapy to develop a multiple logistic regression model to assess the probability of survival at 12 month since diagnosis of AML. Patients who were censored prior to 12 months were considered not eligible (n=300). The final model was determined by the backward elimination method. We assessed discrimination of the model by performing ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis and calibration by using Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) goodness-of-fit test. We also performed regret-based decision curve analysis (DCA) to compare three decision strategies over all possible patient's preferences: "Do Not Treat/Refer to Hospice" vs. "Treat All" with chemotherapy vs. "Use Model" to guide decision about treatment (to treat or not to treat depending on the survival estimates in a relationship to the patient's preferences). In DCA, the preferences are captured by determining the threshold probability (T) of disease (AML) outcome at which a patient is indifferent between benefits (B) and harms (H) of treatment according to: T=1/[1+B/H]. The T can be elicited by asking a simple question concerning regret of omission (failure to benefit) vs. regret of commission (causing unnecessary harm): "how many more times would you regret not receiving a health intervention that could improve disease outcome (survival) compared with unnecessary and potentially harmful administration of treatments?" (http://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6947-10-51) Based on our previous study, we assumed that if treatment is administered, it is associated with hazard ratio (HR) of death reduction by 0.35 in the baseline analysis. The best strategy is the one associated with the least amount of regret. Results The prognostic model consisted of the following variables; cytogenetic status, ECOG PS, type of AML (De Novo vs. Secondary), and WBC level. A total of 112 patients (37%) survived at least 12 months. The model has good discrimination (area under curve=0.80) and excellent calibration [HL (chi2)=4.3; p=0.83] (Fig 1). DCA analysis showed that strategy "Do Not Treat/Refer to Hospice" was always inferior to the strategies "Treat" vs. "Use Model" (Fig 2). The decision strategy "Treat All" patients with AML older than 70 was best strategy for the threshold probability ranging from 1 to 46%. That is, as long as the patient would regret of not receiving benefit of treatment between 99 to 1.17 more than unnecessary receiving potentially harmful chemotherapy treatment, "Treat All" represents the best decision strategy for the management of elderly patients with AML. If the harms of treatments are more important to the patient (B/H<1.17), then "Use Model" becomes the best management choice. If we assumed that HR of treatment effect is equal to 0.1 and 0.65, then the threshold varied from 1% to 39% and 1% to 75%, respectively. That is, under these circumstances "Treat All" becomes best strategy if the patient values benefit of treatment 99 to 1.56 (or, 99 to 0.33 when HR of treatment=0.65) times more than avoiding harms of treatment. Limitation : Our model requires external validation before it can be exported for the use in a routine practice. Conclusion Our analysis indicates that not offering treatment to patients older than 70 with AML is never acceptable. The optimum decision is driven by the patients' preferences and estimated survival. If the patient regrets not receiving the potential benefits of treatments more than avoiding harms, treatment should be offered. The treatment should be avoided if the patient places more weight on harms than on benefits of treatment. Predictive model can help guide this decision. This research is supported by NIH grant 1-R01-CA168677-01A1 Disclosures Extermann: GTx: Research Funding.

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Weinfurt, Kevin P., Damon M. Seils, Li Lin, Daniel P. Sulmasy, Alan B. Astrow, Herbert I. Hurwitz, Roger B. Cohen, and Neal J. Meropol. "Research Participants' High Expectations of Benefit in Early-Phase Oncology Trials: Are We Asking the Right Question?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 35 (December 10, 2012): 4396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.40.6587.

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Purpose To determine whether patients' expectations of benefit in early-phase oncology trials depend on how patients are queried and to explore whether expectations are associated with patient characteristics. Patients and Methods Participants were 171 patients in phase I or II oncology trials in the United States. After providing informed consent for a trial but before receiving the investigational therapy, participants answered questions about expectations of benefit. We randomly assigned participants to one of three groups corresponding to three queries about expectations: frequency type, belief type, or both. Main outcomes were differences in expectations by question type and the extent to which expectations were associated with demographic characteristics, numeracy, dispositional optimism, religiousness/spirituality, understanding of research, and other measures. Results The belief-type group had a higher mean expectation of benefit (64.4 of 100) than the combination group (51.6; P = .01) and the frequency-type group (43.1; P < .001). Mean expectations in the combination and frequency groups were not significantly different (P = .06). Belief-type expectations were associated with a preference for nonquantitative information (r = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.19 to −0.36), knowledge about research (r = −0.21; 95% CI, −0.38 to −0.03), dispositional optimism (r = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.37), and spirituality (r = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.38). Frequency-type expectations were associated with knowledge about clinical research (r = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.27 to −0.51). Conclusion In early-phase oncology trials, patients' reported expectations of benefit differed according to how patients were queried and were associated with patient characteristics. These findings have implications for how informed consent is obtained and assessed.

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Howe, Carol D. "Point-of-Care Healthcare Databases Are an Overall Asset to Clinicians, but Different Databases May Vary in Usefulness Based on Personal Preferences." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2011): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8mw4t.

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Objective – To evaluate the usefulness of three point-of-care healthcare databases (BMJ Point-of-Care, Clin-eguide, and Nursing Reference Centre) in clinical practice. Design – A descriptive study analyzing questionnaire results. Setting – Hospitals within Alberta, Canada’s two largest health regions (at the time of this study), with a third health region submitting a small number of responses. Subjects – A total of 46 Alberta hospital personnel answered the questionnaire, including 19 clinicians, 7 administrators, 6 nurses, 1 librarian, 1 preceptor, and “some” project coordinators. Subjects were chosen using a non-probability sampling method. Methods – The researchers developed an online questionnaire consisting of 17 questions and posted it on the University of Calgary’s Health Sciences Library and the Health Knowledge Network websites. The questions, in general, asked respondents how easy the databases were to search and use, whether the database content answered their clinical questions, and whether they would recommend the databases for future purchase. Most questions required a response for each of the three databases. The researchers collected quantitative data by using a Likert scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being the most positive answer and 1 being the most negative. They collected qualitative data by asking open-ended questions. Main Results – With regard to ease of searching, BMJ Point-of-Care (BMJ) received the greatest number of responses (71%) at level 5. A smaller number of respondents (56%) rated Nursing Reference Centre (NRC) at level 5. Clin-eguide received 59% of the responses at level 5, but it also received the greatest number of responses at the next highest level (level 4). Respondents rated all three databases similarly with regard to levels 1 and 2. Regarding how easy the resources were to learn, most respondents rated all three databases as easy to learn (BMJ, 77%; Clin-eguide, 72%; and NRC, 68%). Very few respondents thought any of the databases were difficult to learn. The researchers gleaned from open-ended questions that the respondents generally thought all three databases were faster and easier to use than the conventional databases they had used. Respondents did not always agree with one another, however, about which features they liked or why. With regard to content, most respondents agreed that the information in all three databases was relevant to their needs (94.6% for Clin-eguide and 87.9% for BMJ and NRC). Respondents also generally agreed that all three databases answered their questions to a high degree. Clin-eguide had the highest percentage of answers at levels 4 and 5 and the lowest percentage of answers at level 2. NRC was the reverse, with the lowest percentage of answers at levels 4 and 5 and the highest percentage of answers at level 2. Still, the researchers felt that all three databases answered respondents’ questions to a similar degree. In the open-ended questions, respondents voiced additional likes and dislikes about content, but again, answers among respondents were not consistent with one another. Respondents were asked how often they would use the resource if it were available though their library. The majority of BMJ users reported that they would use it extensively or moderately. About 36% and 39% of NRC users reported they would use it extensively or moderately, respectively; while 43.5% and 34.8% of Clin-eguide users reported they would use it extensively or moderately, respectively. When asked if they would recommend the resource for the library, 84.8% would recommend Clin-eguide, 75% would recommend BMJ, and 67.6% would recommend NRC. The open-ended questions generally indicated that respondents would recommend all three databases. Regarding how respondents preferred training on these resources, users preferred online tutorials to learn Clin-eguide and NRC. Users preferred website tips and instruction to learn BMJ. The least preferred methods of training for all three databases were live demonstration and classroom training. Conclusion – None of the databases particularly stood out with regard to usability and content. The respondents generally liked all three databases. It is important to note, however, that detailed comparisons among the databases were difficult to make. First, respondents did not always give an answer for all three databases for a given question. Because of this, and to present a more meaningful analysis, the researchers often reported the number of respondents who answered a certain way as a percentage rather than a number. Second, although the respondents generally liked all three databases, opinions about likes and dislikes were not consistent among respondents. For example, one respondent thought the NRC and Clin-eguide interfaces were more difficult to navigate than BMJ, while another respondent thought BMJ had the harder-to-navigate interface. The researchers felt that respondents’ prior experience with the databases may have influenced their preferences. They were unable to determine if the respondents’ professional interests had any influence on their preferences. Inconsistent responses made it difficult for researchers to assign an overall value to a given database. Therefore, this survey did not help to make definitive purchasing decisions. The researchers felt they would have to look at each resource much more carefully to make such a decision. The researchers noted several ideas for future research of this sort. They acknowledged that the sample size was not big enough to determine statistical significance and thought that better marketing of the questionnaire may have increased the numbers. They also thought that it would be interesting to observe the respondents using the databases in real-time to find out such things as: what information they require in their daily work, how long it takes them to find it, and what they do with it once they find it.

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Conrad, David, Amit Ghosh, and Marc Isaacson. "Employee motivation factors." International Journal of Public Leadership 11, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-01-2015-0005.

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Purpose – Motivation is a widely explored topic and numerous studies have been done to determine motivation importance and implementation. However, no studies have been identified that investigate what motivators are most important to physicians and if physician leaders agree with the importance physicians place on specific motivational aspects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this missed management learning opportunity. Design/methodology/approach – A fully inclusive sampling of all (n=2,547) public-practice physicians and physician leaders (clinic and hospital employed, non-private practice) in Minneapolis and St. Paul Minnesota was conducted in the summer and fall of 2013. The surveys were sent in a link via a web survey software program by the study researchers. The surveys were anonymous and minimally intrusive, asking only for perspectives regarding the most important motivational elements by physicians and physician leaders. Findings – Generally, the responses were surprisingly similar between physicians and physician leaders. The two statistically different motivators – interesting work and job security – were ranked as more important by physicians than the physician leaders. This suggests that leaders should be more attentive to ensuring variety, challenge, and engagement is an active part of the physicians’ work. This also suggests that managers should emphasize and reinforce the fact that – if it is the case – jobs are secure and that staffing stability is a key goal for management. As Kovach (1987) suggests, as employees’ income increases, money becomes less of a motivator and as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of a motivator. Research limitations/implications – Conclusions and generalizations can be made about the population sampled. Practical implications – The two statistically different motivators – interesting work and job security – were ranked as more important by physicians than the physician leaders. This suggests that leaders should be more attentive to ensuring variety, challenge, and engagement is an active part of the physicians’ work. This also suggests that managers should emphasize and reinforce the fact that – if it is the case – jobs are secure and that staffing stability is a key goal for management. Social implications – As this study reveals, physicians have clear preferences when it comes to workplace motivation. It is not unreasonable then to determine that the more satisfied the employee, the better he or she will perform. Accordingly, the environment that managers create for their employees must be one that is constructive to positive energy. If employees feel happy when they are working, then they will be naturally encouraged to work, thus producing improved quality healthcare for patients. Originality/value – What are the most important motivators for physicians and do physician leaders understand what motivators are to enhance physician productivity, well-being, and morale? Answers to this question may be beneficial to designing leadership education that enhances the understanding of the impact effectively identified and effectively applied motivation techniques may have on employee behavior and attitudes. Insights will also benefit the design of motivational structures and methods in the healthcare workplace.

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Ericson, David P., and Frederick S. Ellett. "The Question of the Student In Educational Reform." education policy analysis archives 10 (July 2, 2002): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v10n31.2002.

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In pursuing the goals of educational reform over the past several decades, educational policy makers have focused on teachers, administrators, and school structures as keys to higher educational achievement. As the would-be beneficiaries of reform, students, and their interaction with the educational system, have been almost entirely overlooked in the pursuit of educational excellence. Yet, as we argue, students are as causally central as educators in bringing about higher educational achievement. In what follows, we examine rational student interaction with the educational system and show why a large number of students have incentives to undercut the intent of the reforms. These are incentives created by our development of an educationally-based, meritocratic social and economic system. No one, apparently, is asking what exactly is in the reforms from the point of view of quite rational, if sometimes irresponsible, student self-interest. Indeed, the eduationally-based, meritocratic social and economic system may be actually forming student preferences guaranteed to result in educational mediocrity rather than excellence. Finally, we comment upon the meaning of "educational excellence" and show why the educational reformers' understanding of the purpose of public education—to compete in the global economic system—can only fail to capture it. In doing so, we point to the kinds of educational structures and policies that create multiple pathways to competent adulthood that do have a chance of bringing about the reformers' stated goal of excellence in the educational system. But these are structures and policies that challenge the entire conceptual framework of the current educational reform movement.

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Koch, S., T. M. Waliczek, and J. M. Zajicek. "The Effect of a Summer Garden Program on the Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Children." HortTechnology 16, no. 4 (January 2006): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.4.0620.

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Fifty-six children were included in a study that evaluated the effectiveness of a garden program designed to teach health and nutrition to second through fifth grade-level children. The specific objectives of the research project were to evaluate the effect of the program on nutritional knowledge of the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables, nutritional attitudes toward fruit and vegetables, and eating behaviors of children, specifically consumption of fruit and vegetables. Children's nutritional knowledge was measured with an 11-question multiple-choice exam based on the educational activities performed. Children's nutritional attitudes regarding fruit and vegetables were measured with a fruit and vegetable preference questionnaire, and children's eating behaviors were evaluated with an interview question asking them what they ate for a snack that day. After participating in the nutritional program, children's knowledge about the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables significantly improved, but there were no significant differences found in participants' attitude scores toward fruit and vegetables. However, the participants did report eating healthier snacks after participation in the nutritional program.

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David, Virginia. "A conversation analytic study of error correction outside of the second language classroom." Semiotica 2018, no. 222 (April 25, 2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0167.

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AbstractThis study investigates repair sequences between two nonnative speakers of English while they engaged in naturally occurring talk outside of the second language classroom. Eight hours of naturally occurring talk between native and nonnative speakers were collected and analyzed. The present study reports on one hour of the data which shows two types of repair: Self-initiated and other-corrected and other-initiated. The analysis of the repair sequences shows that the self-initiated and other-corrected repair sequences follow a distinct pattern of asking for confirmation on the production of a language item and receiving a correction, while the other-initiated repair is done differently from the ones found in the literature on repair and do not follow the rules of preference for self-correction described by some researchers in the Conversation Analysis literature. In addition, the other-initiated repair analyzed in this study does not appear to be modulated, that is, the person initiating the correction does not offer a candidate solution by asking a question and displaying uncertainty, as researchers found. The repair sequences show a particularly interesting expert-novice relationship in which one nonnative speaker relies on a more expert nonnative speaker to communicate with a native English speaker.

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Richardson, A. J. "Simulation Study of Estimation of Individual Specific Values of Time by Using Adaptive Stated-Preference Survey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1804, no. 1 (January 2002): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1804-16.

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Stated-preference surveys provide a good opportunity for obtaining information for the construction of choice models, but they run the risk of asking questions that are too complex for respondents to answer meaningfully, especially when many attributes and alternatives are considered in each question. An alternative technique is the use of adaptive conjoint analysis or adaptive stated-preference (ASP) surveys, wherein simpler questions are used, each game is dependent on the answers given to previous games, and parameters are estimated at the level of the individual. A simulation study used to test the ability of ASP to produce unbiased estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the value of time (VOT) is described. It is found that this is possible under certain conditions, namely, that a seven-point rating scale is used to obtain responses, each respondent plays three games for each parameter to be estimated, the starting estimate of VOT used should be higher than the expected final mean value of VOT, and a logit model sensitivity parameter of c = 5 is used in the binary logit model used to convert probabilities of choice into utility differences. The results of this simulation give reassurance that in addition to being easier for respondents, the ASP survey method produces unbiased estimates of the distribution of VOT (or any other parameter under consideration). Given the extreme flexibility of the disaggregate results produced by the ASP survey method, the demonstration of unbiased estimates is an important confirmation of the usefulness of this method.

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Kimball, Spencer. "Allocating Undecided Voters in Pre-election Polling." Tripodos, no. 48 (December 2, 2020): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2020.48p69-84.

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Is there a way to make pre-election polls more accurate? This paper seeks to test some of the most popular methods of allocating ‘undecided’ voters, based on the underlying theory that the allocation of undecided voters will improve the public’s expectations of election results and a pollster’s claims about accuracy. Polling literature states the most popular methods to incorporate undecided voters include asking a “leaner” question that follows a ballot test question, or allocating the undecided proportionally to their vote preference. Both methods were used in this study, along with a third option in which an even-allocation, or essentially no allocation of undecided voters, took place. The study incorporates n=54 pre-election polls conducted in 20 different states, between October 26 and November 4, 2018, which were used to compare the three allocation methods. This includes an Absolute Error test (deviation between poll results and election results, Mosteller et al., 1949), a Statistical Accuracy test (absolute error compared with the poll’s margin of error, Kimball, 2017), and a Predictive Accuracy test (did the poll predict the actual election winner?). The study found no significant difference between the accuracy of the polls that included an allocation of undecided voters as compared to those that did not (χ2 (2, N=161)=.200, p=.905), suggesting that allocating undecided voters does not detract from, nor add to the reliability and validity of a pre-election poll. Keywords: undecided voter, pre-election polling, poll accuracy, allocation of undecided voter, political communication.

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Ellis, Megan, Kaitlyn Finneran, Chunfa Jie, and Drew Lewis. "Comparing In-person vs. Live-streamed Osteopathic Manual Medicine Lab Instruction." AAO Journal 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53702/2375-5717-32.3.9.

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Abstract Context Practicing osteopathic manual medicine (OMM) requires medical students to learn a unique psychomotor skill. OMM techniques are taught during hands-on laboratory sessions in osteopathic medical schools across the country. Determining the optimal delivery of OMM training in the first and second years of medical school is instrumental in maximizing student engagement and confidence for future use in practice. In the academic year of 2020–2021, public health guidelines for COVID-19 forced Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine to restructure their OMM laboratory sessions to include in-person and live-stream demonstrations of somatic dysfunction diagnoses and treatments. Objective(s) To determine if there was a difference in students’ perception of the learning experience and exam performance between in-person and live-streamed osteopathic manual medicine (OMM) laboratory instruction. Methods An online 8-question survey was sent to 225 first year medical students from Des Moines University at the end of their first year. The survey contained a combination of Likert scale, dichotomous, and open-ended questions. Statistical analysis for the Likert scale questions included paired-t test given the nature of correlated responses by the same cohort of students. A non-parametric permutation test was used to compare Fall 2020 practical exam grades due to the heavy skewness and ties of the exam score distributions. All computations were also made using the statistical computing software R. Free text was qualitatively analyzed for recurrent themes. Results The survey response rate was 67.1% with 151 respondents. When students were asked to rate their learning experience (engagement, comfort asking questions, understanding of material, ability to retain and recall lab material) between in-person vs. live-stream delivery of OMM lab material on a 5-point Likert Scale, there was a statistically significant mean difference for all of the responses, indicating a preference for in-person delivery method. Comparisons of the mean practical exam scores revealed no statistically significant differences. When asked to choose between in-person vs. live-stream, 83% of students reported a preference for in-person OMM laboratory demonstrations. Conclusion The students’ perceptions suggest that in-person delivery of OMM was superior to live-stream instruction based on higher rankings of engagement, comfort in asking questions, understanding material to practice, and recall of material in preparation of practical exams.

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Hewitt, Mitchell, Ken Edwards, Sarah Ashworth, and Shane Pill. "Investigating the Teaching Styles of Tennis Coaches Using The Spectrum." Sport Science Review 25, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2016): 350–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0019.

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Abstract It is unknown what teaching styles (range of pedagogies) coaches are employing during coaching sessions and whether these teaching styles are associated with recommended pedagogical principles advocated by sport and coaching scholars. It is unknown whether twenty years of coach education has shifted coaching practice as the insights into the pedagogical diversity and preference of teaching styles that underpin and inform the coaches’ decisions to employ particular teaching strategies during coaching sessions are undetermined. This paper addresses these unknowns in the field of tennis coaching in Australia by reporting the findings of a study that address the lack of information on the teaching styles employed by tennis coaches by asking the following research question: What teaching styles are junior coaches in Australia actually using during coaching sessions? This study used The Spectrum (Mosston & Ashworth, 2008) of teaching styles as a tool to assess the observed teaching styles of twelve junior coaches. Contrary to the educational convictions of Australian sport coach education materials the results from this study indicated that the coaches in this study potentially did not offer players developmental opportunities beyond a limited range (i.e., motor skill development in the physical learning domain) due to a narrow pedagogical mix in their coaching.

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Wang, Weicheng, and Raymond Chi-Wing Wong. "Interactive mining with ordered and unordered attributes." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 11 (July 2022): 2504–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551810.

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There are various queries proposed to assist users in finding their favorite tuples from a dataset with the help of user interaction. Specifically, they interact with a user by asking questions. Each question presents two tuples, which are selected from the dataset based on the user's answers to the previous questions, and asks the user to select the one s/he prefers. Following the user feedback, the user preference is learned implicitly, and the best tuple w.r.t. the learned preference is returned. However, existing queries only consider datasets with ordered attributes (e.g., price), where there exists a trivial order on the attribute values. In practice, a dataset can also be described by unordered attributes, where there is no consensus about the order of the attribute values. For example, the size of a laptop is an unordered attribute. One user might favor a large size because s/he could enjoy a large screen, while another user may prefer a small size for portability. In this paper, we study how to find a user's favorite tuple from the dataset that has both ordered and unordered attributes by interacting with the user. We study our problem progressively. First, we look into a special case in which the dataset is described by one ordered and one unordered attributes. We present algorithm DI that is asymptotically optimal in terms of the number of questions asked. Then, we dig into the general case in which the dataset has several ordered and unordered attributes. We propose two algorithms BS and EDI that have provable performance guarantees and perform well empirically. Experiments were conducted on synthetic and real datasets, showing that our algorithms outperform existing algorithms in the number of questions asked and the execution time. Under typical settings, our algorithms ask up to 10 times fewer questions and take several orders of magnitude less time than existing algorithms.

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Shevlin, Henry. "Which Animals Matter?" Philosophical Topics 48, no. 1 (2020): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20204819.

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Most people will grant that we bear special moral obligations toward at least some nonhuman animals that we do not bear toward inanimate objects like stones, mountains, or works of art (however priceless). These moral obligations are plausibly grounded in the fact that many if not all nonhuman animals share important psychological states and capacities with us, such as consciousness, suffering, and goal-directed behavior. But which of these states and capacities are really critical for a creature’s possessing moral status, and how can we determine which animals do in fact have them? In this paper, I examine three main approaches to answering these questions. First are what I term consciousness-based approaches that tackles these questions by first asking which animals are conscious. Second are affective-state approaches that focus on identifying behavioural and physiological signatures of states like pain, fear, and stress. Finally, I consider what I call preference-based approaches whose focus is on the question of which organisms have robust motivational states. I examine the prospects and challenges—both theoretical and empirical—faced by these seemingly contrasting methodologies. I go on to suggest that there are reasons why, despite challenges, we should be robustly committed to the project of identifying psychological grounds of moral status. I conclude by suggesting we should also take seriously the idea of pluralism about moral status, according to which each of these approaches might be capable of providing independent grounds for moral consideration.

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Berger, Zackary, Pooja Yesantharao, Alice Zhou, Amanda Blackford, Thomas J. Smith, and Claire Frances Snyder. "Use and usefulness of the “know yourself” tool in outpatient cancer care." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e21558-e21558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e21558.

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e21558 Background: Patient-physician communication is important to cancer care. The National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship developed the Know Yourself Tool, a 2-page form, to improve patients’ understanding of goals of care and clinicians’ understanding of patients’ priorities/expectations. We assessed the Tool’s use and usefulness. Methods: This mixed-methods study at an academic cancer center recruited 1 medical, 1 radiation, and 1 surgical oncologist for each of 5 cancer types: breast, lung, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, head & neck. For each clinician (n = 15), we recruited 2 control patients to observe usual care (n = 30) and then 4 intervention patients who were provided the Tool (n = 60); eligible patients were at a decision point in their care. Data were collected for the decision making visit via patient and physician post-visit surveys analyzed descriptively and visit recordings/transcripts to analyze: 1) option presentation 2) patient preference assessment 3) shared decision making elements 4) patient question asking opportunities. Results: Of 90 patients, 39 (43%) were female and 75 (83%) were white. Of the 60 intervention patients, 42 (70%) completed a post-visit survey: 15 (36% of respondents) reported using the Tool and 13 (31%) discussing the Tool. Nearly half (49%) reported the Tool helped them prepare for follow-up visits and know the importance of their perspective in decision making. Patients reported the Tool was easy to use (76%) and would recommend the Tool to others (52%). Clinicians reported on Tool use for 24 visits, finding it most helpful in identifying areas of concern (74%). Based on visit transcripts, physicians were more likely to describe certain options as more appropriate than others with intervention vs control patients. However, physicians were less likely to assess patient preference, engage in shared decision making behaviors, and provide opportunities for patients to ask questions with intervention vs control patients. Conclusions: Use and usefulness of the Know Yourself Tool was limited. Further work should identify barriers to Tool use, determine if there are specific subgroups for whom the Tool would be more useful, and further elucidate how the Tool affects patient-clinician interactions.

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Alessandri, Elena, Dawn Rose, Olivier Senn, Katrin Szamatulski, Antonio Baldassarre, and Victoria Jane Williamson. "Consumers on Critique: A Survey of Classical Music Listeners’ Engagement with Professional Music Reviews." Music & Science 3 (January 1, 2020): 205920432093133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204320931337.

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Music criticism has a long tradition as a leading agent in the classical music discourse. However, some people question its function in the contemporary music market. We explored the topicality of classical music critique by asking: Who reads professional reviews today? And what do readers expect from review? Through an online survey (English/German), we profiled the listening habits of classical music listeners ( N = 1200) and their engagement with professional reviews. Our participants were more actively engaged with music, but contrary to the ‘highbrow’ stereotype, not more highly musically trained than the general population. They consumed music and opinion sources in a variety of ways. Approximately two-thirds ( n = 741) of the participants had recently engaged with professional reviews, which were perceived as the most useful form of opinion, followed by short written commentaries and, lastly, ratings. A multiple logistic regression model suggested that the typical consumer of professional music critique was older with higher levels of musical engagement and education, had a higher inclination to purchase music and lower usage of streaming services, and had a preference for detailed reviews from traditional sources (e.g. newspapers). According to review readers, reviews should cover a variety of topics and offer evaluations underpinned with reasons. Reviewers should be constructive, open-minded, respectful, and well informed; their professional background was less relevant. Professional reviews should not necessarily provide a recommendation on what to buy, but rather guide listeners’ musical appreciation and understanding. Professional criticism still has an audience, although more so among older, musically educated listeners. Critics need to explore various channels in order to connect to a new generation of classical music listeners.

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Iqbal, Zafar. "Evidence-based teaching practices: A road less traveled in Pakistan?" Health Professions Educator Journal 3, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53708/hpej.v3i2.1036.

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It is no secret that most health professionals, after postgraduation, aim to secure an academic position in a teaching institute due to various personal and/or professional preferences. Personal interest in teaching, inspirational figure/ role model-driven career selection, fixed working hours, financial rewarding, societal respect, and relatively easier career path are some of the prominent motives for health professionals to join academia (Huda & Yousuf, 2006). Indeed, it is a personal choice of a health professional should he/she opt for an academic career path. However, a serious question to ask oneself is: Am I prepared and ready for this challenging role? As Adam Urbanski once said, “Anybody who believes that all you have to do to be a good teacher is to love to teach also has to believe that all you have to do to become a good surgeon is to love to cut.” (1946 - American Federation of Teachers) Unfortunately, most (if not all) postgraduate programs in Pakistan are designed in such a way that they focus more on the core specialty and tend not to provide dedicated training on how to conduct evidence-based teaching practices. Evidence-based teaching refers to a process in which teachers use findings of empirical and concrete research evidence to inform their teaching practices (Thomas & Bussières, 2021). This process of applying research to practice is not haphazard but systematic, and it typically follows five essential steps: ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess. Ask refers to asking a question related to a teaching problem; acquire refers to searching and retrieving the literature evidence; appraise refers to critically appraising the quality of the acquired evidence; apply refers to extracting valid and reliable findings from the literature and applying to own teaching setting; and assess refers to assessing whether or not the application of evidence to one’s teaching helped solve the problem (Thomas et al., 2011). As most novice teachers in our education system lack an understanding of educational theory or pedagogical practices, they learn on the job and use the hit and trial method to improve their teaching practices (Iqbal et al., 2020). Consequently, these health professionals cum teachers often use those teaching strategies that are not supported by evidence to positively influence student learning. Some of the known ill-informed teaching strategies include didactic lectures, teacher-dominated small group learning, borrowed teaching strategies from foreign education systems, and misuse of learning styles in instruction. These teaching malpractices result in wastage of limited educational resources, student demotivation, failure to achieve curricular goals, and a poor reflection on the personal and institutional portfolio. More importantly, it affects the overall healthcare system as these teachers are responsible for producing safe and high-quality healthcare providers for tomorrow. As of Ernest Leroy, “A poor surgeon hurts 1 person at a time, but a poor teacher hurts 130 (students) and consequently hundreds of patients”. What are the Potential Solutions? Here one wonders that what could be the possible solutions to this gruesome problem. Below, I describe some solutions that can be broadly classified into three domains. Responsibilities of Teachers: First of all, the health professionals assuming teaching roles should consume their time, efforts, and available resources to acquire pedagogical competence through formal and structured training so that they can practice evidence-based teaching. Moreover, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many international Universities are now offering virtual professional development courses. The teachers could use these opportunities to develop their knowledge and skills in educational theory and practice. Second, they should regularly consult literature evidence to learn and incorporate teaching strategies in instruction that are known to support knowledge retention and schema formation. Some of these strategies are: assessing prior knowledge and linking new information to it, summarizing information at the end of educational event, providing cognitive or hands-on rehearsal opportunities, providing constructive feedback on learning, nurturing learners’ metacognition et cetera. Third, they should align instructional methods to the desired curricular outcomes. For instance, if a final year medical student is expected to skillfully examine, diagnose and manage a patient with diabetes then the teaching approaches should be focused more on developing their cognitive and psychomotor skills through clinical or simulation-based teaching instead of imparting cognitive knowledge through didactic lectures. Finally, they should motivate students to be independent and self-directed learners and advocate the use of evidence-based learning strategies that can help in their learning, such as, peer-assisted learning, near-peer tutoring, collaborative learning, cognitive rehearsals, et cetera. Responsibilities of Institutions: Next to teachers, the onus to ensure evidence-based teaching is insinuated onto the institutions. The health professional institutes should provide sufficient continuous professional development opportunities to their teaching staff. In fact, it should be mandatory for the faculty to attend these professional development activities to polish their teaching skillset. Moreover, the planners of faculty evelopment activities should not entirely rely upon the participants’ feedback or self-reported change. They should incorporate certain evaluation methods to observe whether or not these activities helped 10HPEJ 2020 VOL 3, ISSUE. 2 bring the desired improvement in teaching practices. Some of the best methods to observe the change include peer evaluation, student feedback, graded assignments et cetera. More recently, entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have been advocated as a reliable tool to observe, evaluate and certify teaching proficiency (Iqbal & Al-Eraky, 2019). Responsibilities of Institutions: Finally, the national regularity bodies, such as, Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) and the Higher Education Commission (HEC) should devise minimum standards for health professionals, in addition to their core specialty, who wish to choose an academic career. A postgraduate qualification in the respective specialty is certainly not sufficient to warrant the teaching proficiency of the aspirants. A basic qualification in education should be a prerequisite to secure a teaching position in health professional colleges. Additionally, it is also the responsibility of these regulatory bodies to standardize the professional development programs across Pakistan to maintain quality. Lastly, the regulatory bodies should also come up with a plan to regulate the certification of the faculty by legitimizing a continuous professional development framework. Sethi and Wajid (2020) have suggested a re-evaluation of professional growth through documentation of continuous professional development activities instead of renewing the registration by mere payment of the prescribed fee. Their recommendation is strongly supported by growing evidence which suggests that a decline in competence over time is very much possible if the skillset is not regularly practiced and polished through continuous professional development (Steinert et al., 2016). This editorial is an appeal to the teachers, educators, administrators, and policymakers to support evidence-based teaching practices in academia to ensure meaningful and effective education. It is about time that individuals, institutions, and regulatory bodies start paying attention to evidence-based teaching so that a resource strained education and healthcare system of Pakistan could be streamlined.

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Saunders, Catherine L., Alison Berner, Jenny Lund, Amy M. Mason, Tash Oakes-Monger, Meg Roberts, Jack Smith, and Robbie Duschinsky. "Demographic characteristics, long-term health conditions and healthcare experiences of 6333 trans and non-binary adults in England: nationally representative evidence from the 2021 GP Patient Survey." BMJ Open 13, no. 2 (February 2023): e068099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068099.

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ObjectiveIn order to address the lack of data on the health and healthcare needs of trans and non-binary adults, NHS England includes questions asking about both gender and trans status in its surveys to support quality improvement programmes.We used self-reported data from the GP Patient Survey to answer the research question: what are the demographic characteristics, health conditions and healthcare experiences of trans and non-binary adults in England?Design/settingNationally representative, population-based cross-sectional survey in England with survey data collection from January to March 2021.Participants840 691 survey respondents including 6333 trans and non-binary adults.OutcomesWe calculated weighted descriptive statistics, and using logistic regression explored 15 long-term physical and mental health conditions, and 18 patient experience items, covering overall experience, access, communication and continuity.ResultsTrans and non-binary adults were younger, more likely to be from Asian, black, mixed or other ethnic groups and more likely to live in more deprived parts of the country. Age-specific patterns of long-term conditions were broadly similar among trans and non-binary adults compared with all other survey respondents, with some variation by condition. Overall, inequalities in long-term health conditions were largest for autism: OR (95% CI), 5.8 (5.0 to 6.6), dementia: 3.1 (2.5 to 3.9), learning disabilities: 2.8 (2.4 to 3.2) and mental health: 2.0 (1.9 to 2.2), with variation by age. In healthcare experience, disparities are much greater for interpersonal communication (OR for reporting a positive experience, range 0.4 to 0.7 across items) than access (OR range 0.8 to 1.2). Additionally, trans and non-binary adults report much higher preference for continuity 1.7 (1.6 to 1.8), with no evidence of any differences in being able to see or speak to a preferred general practitioner.ConclusionThis research adds up to date evidence about population demographics, health and healthcare needs to support healthcare improvement for trans and non-binary adults.

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Wiersinga, Wilmar M. "THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: T4 + T3 combination therapy: is there a true effect?" European Journal of Endocrinology 177, no. 6 (December 2017): R287—R296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-17-0645.

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About 5%–10% of hypothyroid patients on T4 replacement therapy have persistent symptoms, despite normal TSH levels. It was hoped that T4 + T3 combination therapy might provide better outcomes, but that was not observed according to a meta-analysis of 11 randomized clinical trials comparing T4 monotherapy with T4 + T3 combination therapy. However, the issue is still subject of much research because normal thyroid function tests in serum may not necessarily indicate an euthyroid state in all peripheral tissues. This review evaluates recent developments in the field of T4 + T3 combination therapy. T4 monotherapy is associated with higher serum FT4 levels than in healthy subjects, and subnormal serum FT3 and FT3/FT4 ratios are observed in about 15% and 30% respectively. T4 + T3 combination therapy may mimic more closely thyroid function tests of healthy subjects, but it has not been demonstrated that relatively low serum FT3 or FT3/FT4 ratios are linked to persistent symptoms. One study reports polymorphism Thr92Ala in DIO2 is related to lower serum FT3 levels after thyroidectomy, and that the D2-Ala mutant reduces T4 to T3 conversion in cell cultures. Peripheral tissue function tests such as serum cholesterol reflect thyroid hormone action in target tissues. Using such biochemical markers, patients who had a normal serum TSH during postoperative T4 monotherapy, were mildly hypothyroid, whereas those with a TSH 0.03–≤0.3 mU/L were closest to euthyroidism. Peripheral tissue function tests suggest euthyroidism more often in patients randomized to T4 + T3 rather than that to T4. Preference for T4 + T3 combination over T4 monotherapy was dose-dependently related to the presence of two polymorphisms in MCT10 and DIO2 in one small study. It is not known if persistent symptoms during T4 monotherapy disappear by switching to T4 + T3 combination therapy. The number of patients on T4 + T3 therapy has multiplied in the last decade, likely induced by indiscriminate statements on the internet. Patients are sometimes not just asking but rather demanding this treatment modality. It creates tensions between patients and physicians. Only continued research will answer the question whether or not T4 + T3 combination therapy has true benefits in some patients.

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Ambroziak, Klaudia B., Lou Safra, and Manos Tsakiris. "Non-political anger shifts political preferences towards stronger leaders." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (July 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15765-8.

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AbstractPast research has shown that anger is associated with support for confrontational and punitive responses during crises, and notably with the endorsement of authoritarian ideologies. One important question is whether it is anger generated specifically in a political context that explains the association between anger and specific political preferences or whether any feeling of anger would be associated with changes in political attitudes. Here, we tested the effect of non-politically motivated incidental anger on the preference for strong leaders. In line with past research, we predicted that anger would increase preferences for strong leaders. Across two experiments, we exposed participants to an anger induction task. Before and after this experimental manipulation, we measured participants’ political leader preferences by asking them to choose between the faces of two leaders they would vote for in a hypothetical election. The level of self-reported anger predicted the probability of choosing more dominant-looking and less trustworthy-looking leaders after the induction, suggesting that even non-political incidental anger increases preferences for strong leaders.

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"One Step Further." International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 18, no. 1 (January 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicte.288543.

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In this qualitative research study, a bidirectional ARS was integrated into a lecture. Students’ perceptions were explored by focusing on their preferences on different question and feedback types, sharing of posts, nickname use, problems, and design suggestions. A total of 25 students participated in focus group interviews. The results showed that students liked the multiple-choice type questions due to the easy answer characteristics, and they found it difficult to text their responses for open-ended questions. The majority of the students preferred getting feedback immediately after asking a question. Students also stated that using ARS ease their shyness. The findings can significantly contribute for understanding the potential of an ARS supporting two-way communication during a lecture-based approach of instruction, also demonstrate that thinking level of the questions with the feasibility of ARS should be investigated together, and the different preferences of students on the question type, feedback type, and nickname use highlight the importance of student characteristics.

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Li, Ye, Antonia Krefeld-Schwalb, Daniel G. Wall, Eric J. Johnson, Olivier Toubia, and Daniel M. Bartels. "The More You Ask, the Less You Get: When Additional Questions Hurt External Validity." Journal of Marketing Research, April 18, 2022, 002224372110735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222437211073581.

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Researchers and practitioners in marketing, economics, and public policy often use preference elicitation tasks to forecast real-world behaviors. These tasks typically ask a series of similarly structured questions. The authors posit that every time a respondent answers an additional elicitation question, two things happen: (1) they provide information about some parameter(s) of interest, such as their time preference or the partworth for a product attribute, and (2) the respondent increasingly “adapts” to the task—that is, using task-specific decision processes specialized for this task that may or may not apply to other tasks. Importantly, adaptation comes at the cost of potential mismatch between the task-specific decision process and real-world processes that generate the target behaviors, such that asking more questions can reduce external validity. The authors used mouse and eye tracking to trace decision processes in time preference measurement and conjoint choice tasks. Respondents increasingly relied on task-specific decision processes as more questions were asked, leading to reduced external validity for both related tasks and real-world behaviors. Importantly, the external validity of measured preferences peaked after as few as seven questions in both types of tasks. When measuring preferences, less can be more.

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Boehnke, Klaus, Adriana Berrueto, Georgi Dragolov, and Paloma Ocampo Villegas. "Are Value Preferences and Social Cohesion Interconnected? The Case of Mexico." Acta de Investigación Psicológica 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2019.2.262.

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Social cohesion, the modern version of the fraternité motto of the French revolution, has become a hot social science topic. The paper addresses it from a social-psychological perspective, asking whether individually and societally prevailing value preferences are interconnected with the level of cohesion in society. Mexico serves as the case to examine whether findings for European countries, obtained in the Bertelsmann Social Cohesion Radar, can be generalized to Latin America. Is it true also in Mexico that strong self-transcendence values (Universalism) foster social cohesion, whereas strong self-enhancement values (Power) impede it? A large random probability quota sample (N = 2,003) was gathered to answer the research question. Results showed that, largely, findings from Europe could be generalized to the Mexican context. However, the role of Security values emerged as different. Whereas in Europe such value preferences covaried with low levels of cohesion, in Mexico they were generally associated with higher levels. The authors interpret this as evidence for negative consequences of neoliberal economic policies for social cohesion. Unlike in Europe, strong support for Security values seems to serve as a safeguard against capitalist economic pressures more so than being a sign for an egoistic preservation of one’s own lot.

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Raza, Syed Ali, Jonathan Vitale, Meg Tonkin, Benjamin Johnston, Richard Billingsley, Sarita Herse, and Mary-Anne Williams. "An in-the-wild study to find type of questions people ask to a social robot providing question-answering service." Intelligent Service Robotics, February 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11370-022-00411-z.

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AbstractThe role of a human assistant, such as receptionist, is to provide specific information to the public. Questions asked by the public are often context dependent and related to the environment where the assistant is situated. Should similar behaviour and questions be expected when a social robot offers the same assistant service to visitors? Would it be sufficient for the robot to answer only service-specific questions, or is it necessary to design the robot to answer more general questions? This paper aims to answer these research questions by investigating the question-asking behaviour of the public when interacting with a question-answering social robot. We conducted the study at a university event that was open to the public. Results demonstrate that almost no participants asked context-specific questions to the robot. Rather, unrelated questions were common and included queries about the robot’s personal preferences, opinions, thoughts and emotional state. This finding contradicts popular belief and common sense expectations from what is otherwise observed during similar human–human interactions. In addition, we found that incorporating non-context-specific questions in a robot’s database increases the success rate of its question-answering system.

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Schultz-Jones, Barbara, Cynthia Ledbetter, and John Bishop. "Investigating Differences Between Male and Female Students' Perceptions of School Library Learning Environments." IASL Annual Conference Proceedings, February 20, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/iasl7867.

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Gender as a context within the learning environment is examined through the results of four studies in the past three years where learning environment instruments were used to evaluate the school library. Previous research indicates that male and female students have physiological differences in terms of brainbased learning and cognitive development. Research has also applied an examination of gender differences to reading preferences. The current research extends an examination of gender by asking the question: To what extent do differences between male and female student perceptions of the same school library learning environment occur, and how can these differences be addressed? The results indicate that females generally have higher expectations of their learning environments than do males, and experience less satisfaction with their actual learning environment than males.

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Choi, Yun Deok. "Validity of score interpretations on an online English placement writing test." Language Testing in Asia 12, no. 1 (September 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40468-022-00187-0.

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AbstractA much-debated question in the L2 assessment field is if computer familiarity should be considered a potential source of construct-irrelevant variance in computer-based writing (CBW) tests. This study aims to make a partial validity argument for an online source-based writing test (OSWT) designed for English placement testing (EPT), focusing on the explanation inference. Score interpretations on the OWST are proposed and supporting evidence is sought in terms of test-takers’ self-confidence in and preferences for CBW tests (two interrelated aspects of computer familiarity) and L2 writing ability. Ninety-seven ESL students demonstrating two different levels (higher and lower levels) of L2 writing ability studying at a US university completed the OSWT and an online questionnaire asking about their attitudes towards CBW tests. A series of statistical and thematic analyses revealed that most of the test-takers held self-confidence in and preferences for CBW tests for reasons related to previous CBW experience (e.g., familiarity with CBW, useful tools/functions available on computers) regardless of L2 writing ability. The higher-level test-takers obtained significantly higher scores on the OSWT than their lower-level counterparts. Test-takers’ preferences were a significant predictor of the OSWT scores only in the higher-level group. The findings largely support the validity of proposed score interpretations on the OSWT. Implications are discussed in terms of test fairness and the construct of CBW tests.

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Hall, Jennifer Anne, Geraldine Barrett, Judith M. Stephenson, Natalie Lois Edelman, and Corinne Rocca. "Desire to Avoid Pregnancy scale: clinical considerations and comparison with other questions about pregnancy preferences." BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, January 30, 2023, bmjsrh—2022–201750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2022-201750.

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BackgroundClinicians and women of reproductive age would benefit from a reliable way to identify who is likely to become pregnant in the next year, in order to direct health advice. The 14-item Desire to Avoid Pregnancy (DAP) scale is predictive of pregnancy; this paper compares it with other ways of assessing pregnancy preferences to shortlist options for clinical implementation.MethodsA cohort of 994 UK women of reproductive age completed the DAP and other questions about pregnancy preferences, including the Attitude towards Potential Pregnancy Scale (APPS), at baseline and reported on pregnancies quarterly for a year. For each question, DAP item and combinations of DAP items, we examined the predictive ability, sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC), and positive and negative predictive values.ResultsThe AUROCs and predictive ability of the APPS and DAP single items were weaker than the full DAP, though all except one had acceptable AUROCs (>0.7). The most predictive individual DAP item was ‘It would be a good thing for me if I became pregnant in the next 3 months’, where women who strongly agreed had a 66.7% chance of pregnancy within 12 months and the AUROC was acceptable (0.77).ConclusionWe recommend exploring the acceptability to women and healthcare professionals of asking a single DAP item (‘It would be a good thing for me if I became pregnant in the next 3 months’), possibly in combination with additional DAP items. This will help to guide service provision to support reproductive preferences.

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Schrum, Lynne, and Sunjoo Hong. "DIMENSIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR ONLINE SUCCESS: VOICES FROM EXPERIENCED EDUCATORS." Online Learning 6, no. 1 (March 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.24059/olj.v6i1.1872.

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Online learning has become a popular method of education. Faculty members may know little about how to assist students in succeeding in a new learning environment, and students may be ill-prepared to tackle the new demands put upon them. Therefore, this research seeks to identify dimensions of successful online learners by examining primary screening documents and then mapping them to the literature base. Next, experienced online educators are asked to review the dimensions and to provide strategies that they use to ensure student success. Seven dimensions are identified and confirmed as significant, each dimension with slightly different importance— including access to tools; technology experience; learning preferences; study habits and skills; goals or purposes; lifestyle factors; and personal traits and characteristics. In addition, several online teaching strategies (including students’ posting biographies; frequent interaction; collaboration; requiring participation; question-asking forums; topical flexibility; and minimizing technology requirements) have been recommended.

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Massouh, A., R. Itani, J. Hanna, D. Farhoud, and G. Honein Abou Haidar. "Asking questions can help: development and preliminary evaluation of a question prompt list for patients living with Heart Failure." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 21, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvac060.016.

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Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Discussing disease trajectories with patients living with chronic illnesses is recommended in guidelines worldwide and Heart Failure [HF] is no different. Discussions are centered around day-to-day disease management and less on illness trajectory including prognosis, symptoms, treatment options, preferences, and advanced care planning. Lack of open communication is common leading to prolonged suffering and unnecessary admissions [1] and can be improved when patients are able to initiate discussions, ask questions that are of concern to them, and engage in healthcare decision making [2,3]. A range of approaches have been employed to promote patient participation and empowerment. One such approach is the use of Question Prompt Lists [QPL]. Studies show that QPLs are linked to more questions asked, increased satisfaction, and reduced unmet information needs [3,4]. Despite this, they are less commonly used in non-oncology contexts and not available in Lebanon. Health system differences and cultural factors may influence content and impact of QPLs and as such cross-cultural adaptation is essential [5]. As the need for disclosure can vary among cultures, examining QPLs through an anthropological lens is imperative. Purpose To develop a culturally sensitive QPL designed to improve communication about HF illness trajectory. Methods A review of literature on HF QPLs was done. To address cultural and country specific needs, studies on HF from Lebanon and the Middle East were reviewed. This comprised the initial draft of a QPL that included context specific challenges and concerns. A Delphi survey inviting an interdisciplinary team of healthcare providers caring for HF patients was used to seek expert consensus regarding the draft. Sixteen experts rated each question for relevance, using a Likert scale from 0 to 4, clarity, and need to rephrase and suggested additional questions. Ratings were analyzed to determine the level of consensus. Questions that received less than 80% favorable answers [Very Relevant/Relevant and/or more than 20% indicated lack of clarity or the need to rephrase] were discussed in the second round of Delphi. Experts met and reviewed the comments provided on some questions and questions that were rated unfavorably, suggested for deletion, as well as those added by the panelists. Clarity of questions and suggestions for wording improvements was ensured. Results During the second round of Delphi, 12 questions were rephrased, one was dropped, and one was added. A final QPL of 42 questions and 6 categories was reached. Conclusion This is the first step of more research work that will aim at developing Arabic QPLs in the Middle East. The immediate next step would be repeating the Survey with patients, caregivers, and HF providers. Data will be analyzed using central tendency and levels of dispersion to assess consensus. The final QPLs will be translated to Arabic, culturally validated, and pilot tested in Lebanon.

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Habibian, Soheil, Ananth Jonnavittula, and Dylan P. Losey. "Here’s What I’ve Learned: Asking Questions that Reveal Reward Learning." ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction, March 26, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3526107.

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Robots can learn from humans by asking questions. In these questions the robot demonstrates a few different behaviors and asks the human for their favorite. But how should robots choose which questions to ask? Today’s robots optimize for informative questions that actively probe the human’s preferences as efficiently as possible. But while informative questions make sense from the robot’s perspective, human onlookers may find them arbitrary and misleading . For example, consider an assistive robot learning to put away the dishes. Based on your answers to previous questions this robot knows where it should stack each dish; however, the robot is unsure about right height to carry these dishes. A robot optimizing only for informative questions focuses purely on this height: it shows trajectories that carry the plates near or far from the table, regardless of whether or not they stack the dishes correctly. As a result, when we see this question, we mistakenly think that the robot is still confused about where to stack the dishes! In this paper we formalize active preference-based learning from the human’s perspective. We hypothesize that — from the human’s point-of-view — the robot’s questions reveal what the robot has and has not learned. Our insight enables robots to use questions to make their learning process transparent to the human operator. We develop and test a model that robots can leverage to relate the questions they ask to the information these questions reveal. We then introduce a trade-off between informative and revealing questions that considers both human and robot perspectives: a robot that optimizes for this trade-off actively gathers information from the human while simultaneously keeping the human up to date with what it has learned. We evaluate our approach across simulations, online surveys, and in-person user studies. We find that robots which consider the human’s point of view learn just as quickly as state-of-the-art baselines while also communicating what they have learned to the human operator. Videos of our user studies and results are available here: https://youtu.be/tC6y_jHN7Vw.

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Cole, Michele T., Daniel J. Shelley, and Louis B. Swartz. "Online instruction, e-learning, and student satisfaction: A three year study." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 15, no. 6 (October 22, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v15i6.1748.

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<p>This article presents the results of a three-year study of graduate and undergraduate students’ level of satisfaction with online instruction at one university. The study expands on earlier research into student satisfaction with e-learning. Researchers conducted a series of surveys over eight academic terms. Five hundred and fifty-three students participated in the study. Responses were consistent throughout, although there were some differences noted in the level of student satisfaction with their experience. There were no statistically significant differences in the level of satisfaction based on gender, age, or level of study. Overall, students rated their online instruction as moderately satisfactory, with hybrid or partially online courses rated as somewhat more satisfactory than fully online courses. “Convenience” was the most cited reason for satisfaction. “Lack of interaction” was the most cited reason for dissatisfaction. Preferences for hybrid courses surfaced in the responses to an open-ended question asking what made the experience with online or partially online courses satisfactory or unsatisfactory. This study’s findings support the literature to date and reinforce the significance of student satisfaction to student retention.</p>

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Morgan, Holly, Hannah Collins, Sacha Moore, and Catherine Eley. "Written in the stars: did your specialty choose you?" Postgraduate Medical Journal, January 7, 2021, postgradmedj—2020–139058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139058.

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Purpose of the studyEstablished over 2000 years ago, horoscopes remain a regular feature in contemporary society. We aimed to assess whether there could be a link between zodiac sign and medical occupation, asking the question—did your specialty choose you?Study designA questionnaire-based study was distributed using an online survey tool. Questions explored the zodiac sign, specialty preferences and personality features of physicians.Results1923 physicians responded between February and March 2020. Variations in personality types between different medical specialties were observed, introverts being highly represented in oncology (71.4%) and rheumatology (65.4%), and extroverts in sexual health (55%), gastroenterology (44.4%) and obstetrics and gynaecology (44.2%) (p<0.01). Proportions of zodiac signs in each specialty also varied; for example, cardiologists were more likely to be Leo compared with Aries (14.4% vs 3.9%, p=0.047), medical physicians more likely Capricorn than Aquarius (10.4% vs 6.7%, p=0.02) and obstetricians and gynaecologists more likely Pisces than Sagittarius (17.5% vs 0%, p=0.036). Intensive care was the most commonly reported second choice career, but this also varied between zodiac signs and specialties. Fountain pen use was associated with extroversion (p=0.049) and gastroenterology (p<0.01).ConclusionsPersonality types vary in different specialties. There may be links to zodiac signs which warrant further investigation.

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Huber, Robert A., Michael Jankowski, and Carsten Wegscheider. "Explaining Populist Attitudes: The Impact of Policy Discontent and Representation." Politische Vierteljahresschrift, October 6, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11615-022-00422-6.

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AbstractRecently, scholars of populism have increasingly started to theorise and capture susceptibility to populism at the individual level. Most of these studies, however, focus on the consequences of populist attitudes on political behaviour. Less attention has been paid to the question of which citizens have high levels of populist attitudes and why. While some scholars argue that populist attitudes more resemble an unchangeable personality trait, meaning that individuals may be more or less populist, others argue that it is a response to outside grievances or discontent. The latter suggests that levels of populist attitudes are dynamic and may change if grievances are addressed (or remain unaddressed). We contribute to this literature by asking how discontent fuelled by unfulfilled policy preferences affects the level of populist attitudes. Following the conception of populism as a thin-centred ideology, we argue that high levels of populist attitudes are not connected with certain issues per se. Rather, our argument is that people are more populist when they feel poorly represented on policy issues that they care strongly about. This argument provides an explanation for the observation that even voters of non-populist parties sometimes show high levels of populist attitudes. We test the impact of policy discontent on populist attitudes using data from the GLES 2021 Pre-Election Cross Section survey by combining information on citizens’ issue specific discontent with the perceived salience of respective issues. The results are in line with our expectations: Individuals with higher policy discontent are more populist.

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Pander Maat, Henk, Ben Staal, and Bregje Holleman. "The Framing Preference for Large and Increasing Components in Static and Dynamic Descriptions." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (November 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720427.

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Describing sets in terms of a two-valued variable, either value can be chosen: exam results may be referred to by pass rates or fail rates. What determines such framing choices? Building on work by McKenzie and colleagues on reference points in the production and interpretation of framed information, we investigate two determinants of frame choice. One is that speakers tend to focus on the component that has increased vis-à-vis a previous state, the other is the tendency to choose the component larger than 50%. We propose to view reference points as pointing to different kinds of communicative relevance. Hence the use of the previous state and the 50% reference points by speakers is not just a function of the information, but is co-determined by a communicative cue in the context: the question being asked about this information. This line of thought is supported by two experiments containing items offering two-sided distribution information at two points in time. Our first experiment employs a static task, requiring a description of the most recent situation. The second experiment uses a dynamic task, asking participants to describe the development between the two time points. We hypothesize that in static tasks the component size is the strongest frame choice determinant, while in dynamic tasks frame choice is mainly driven by whether a component has increased. The experiments consist of 16 different scenarios, both with symmetrical contrasts (i.e., dogs vs. cats) and with asymmetrical ones (i.e., winning vs. losing). Both experiments support the hypotheses. In the static task, the size effect is the only consistent effect; in the dynamic task, the effect of direction of change is much larger than that of size. This pattern of differences between size and change effects applies across symmetrical and asymmetrical contrasts. Our experiments shed light on cognitive and communicative regularities involved in the production of framed messages: people do tend to prefer larger and increasing components when choosing a frame, but the relative strength of both these preferences depends on the communicative task.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Question-asking preferences'

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