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Journal articles on the topic 'Quenching'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Behrem, Šefik, and Bahrudin Hrnjica. "Kinematics of steam film wetting while quenching cylindrical samples in thermal oils." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1208, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1208/1/012010.

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Abstract The paper presents the determination of the velocity of the vapor front along the outer wall of a cylindrical specimen in the process of two-dimensional axisymmetric quenching of the samples in thermal oils. One thermal oil is Isorapid 277 HM heated to 40°C and the other thermal oil is Marquench 722 heated to 90°C. The experimental setup of the work consists of heating to a temperature of 850°C, then quenching three dimensionally different cylindrical probes. The dimensions of the probe were: ϕ25x100 ϕ50x150 and ϕ75x225 mm. All quenchings were done in strictly controlled conditions of the flow rate of the quenchant around the cylinder as well as maintaining the temperature of the quenchant within the maximum 40±2.5°C or 90d3°C, during the quenching of the samples. The velocity of movement of the steam front on the outer surface of the cylinder was determined from the time-measured values of temperatures at the marked points of each sample. The analysis of the steam front movement velocity along the cylinder wall starts from the moment the lower base of the probe touches the quenchant. During the process of immersing the test probe in the quenchant, in addition to measuring the temperatures in time, the time of lowering the probe to contact with the quenchant sample was also measured. The approximate average velocity of the vapor front was determined based on the indications of the lower and middle thermocouples located 1.5 mm below the outer surface of the cylinder wall. Based on the distance of one half the height of each probe and time, the velocity of the steam film movement or the kinematics of the steam film wetting was obtained. The obtained results were compared with the results of quenching in water and aqueous solutions of the same probes under the same strictly controlled conditions.

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2

Przyłęcka, Małgorzata, and Wojciech Gęstwa. "The Possibility of Correlation of Hardening Power for Oils and Polymers of Quenching Mediums." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/843281.

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There are many literature references comparing the use of aqueous polymer quenching solutions with petroleum oil quenchants for a wide range of steels of varying hardenability and the relating parameters of describing properties of the quenching mediums. There are relatively little similar relating correlations between parameters of describing properties of the different quenching mediums. The quenchants used included: conventional quenching oil, martempering oil, and 5% and 25% aqueous polymer quenchant solutions (APQSs) of a polymer quenchant. These quenching media were selected to represent a broad range of quench severities as quantified by cooling curve analysis (ASTM D 6482) using a standard Inconel 600 probe and the Tensi Agitation Device. The test of correlation conducted between the Hardening Power parameters according to examples of oils and polymers. The enable work results in applying the Hardening Power independently from equation calculated for different quenching mediums and their work parameters.

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3

Petre, Marin, Raluca Efrem, Nicuşor Constantin Drăghici, and Alexandra Valerica Achim. "Mathematical modelling of the quenching process of 6061 aluminium alloy plates." ITM Web of Conferences 34 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20203402008.

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In recent decades, due to the increase in computing power, mathematical modelling has experienced a fulminant development in almost all areas. The aluminium industry is one of these areas. One of the main processes for improving the properties of certain aluminium alloys is the solution heat treatment and quenching process. The most common quenchant used for aluminium alloys is water. The main advantage of using a water quenchant is that water can provide the rapid quenching. By considering the temperature dependence of the thermo-physical properties, the non-linear thermo-mechanical direct coupled analysis of the quenching process for a 6061 aluminium alloy plate was achieved. The structural stress due to solid thermal eﬀects were studied by using ANSYS ﬁnite element software. The quenching rate, which determines the plate deformation after quenching, was estimated and validated on independent equipment for the research of aluminium alloy quenching process. The developed mathematical model serves as a tool by simulation of various scenarios that may occur in the industrial process.

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4

Hasan, Hala S., Reham H. Khaleefah, Nasser A. Al haboubi, and Raad D. Salman. "Effect of Agitation, Temperature, and Quenching Medium on Cooling Curve and cooling rate for Steels." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 21, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.21040473.

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The control of quenching process has been investigated in this study by developing a quench system design to simulate the quenching process and measure the time – temperature history inside the sample during the cooling stage. The main purpose of this quench system is to evaluate the quench power of different quenchant at different conditions (type, temperature and agitation).A stainless steel sample was used with a suitable measurement as a probe in designing this quench system.The performance of two of quenchants (water and brine) with different conditions was investigated, and the designed probe was used to illustrate the effect of quenching parameters (quenchant type, temperature and its agitation) on cooling curves and cooling rate.The quenching system has proven its ability to work effectively and the results showed that heat transfer properties were significantly affected by quenchant parameters.

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5

Kobasko, Nikolai, Anatolii Moskalenko, Petro Lohvynenko, and Volodymyr Dobryvechir. "RESEARCH ON MAXIMIZING CRITICAL AND REDUCING INITIAL HEAT FLUX DENSITIES TO ELIMINATE ANY FILM BOILING AND MINIMIZE DISTORTION DURING QUENCHING." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 31, 2017): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2017.00366.

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In the paper the results of testing three types of FUCHS oils: Thermisol QH 120, Thermisol QH 10 and Thermisol QB 46 are discussed. The main attention is paid to critical heat flux densities evaluation because they create a basis for optimizing cooling intensity of any liquid quenchant. In the paper is underlined that any film boiling during quenching is undesirable since it is a reason for big distortion and non-uniform surface harness. It is shown that intensive quenching decreases distortion of steel parts during quenching. To eliminate film boiling during quenching in mineral oils, optimal temperature of oil should be chosen which maximize the first critical heat flux density and special additives should be used to decrease initial heat flux by creating surface micro-coating. Along with the evaluation of heat transfer coefficients, critical heat flux densities inherent to liquid quenchant must be measured first to optimize quenching processes. International DATABASE on cooling characteristics of liquid quenchants must include critical heat flux densities, initial heat flux densities, and heat transfer coefficients allowing optimizing and governing quenching processes.

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6

Rodríguez Montero, Francisco, Romeel Davé, Vivienne Wild, Daniel Anglés-Alcázar, and Desika Narayanan. "Mergers, starbursts, and quenching in the simba simulation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 2139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2580.

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ABSTRACT We use the simba cosmological galaxy formation simulation to investigate the relationship between major mergers ($\lesssim$4:1), starbursts, and galaxy quenching. Mergers are identified via sudden jumps in stellar mass M* well above that expected from in situ star formation, while quenching is defined as going from specific star formation rate (sSFR) $\gt t_{\rm H}^{-1}$ to $\lt 0.2t_{\rm H}^{-1}$, where tH is the Hubble time. At z ≈ 0–3, mergers show ∼2–3× higher SFR than a mass-matched sample of star-forming galaxies, but globally represent $\lesssim 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the cosmic SF budget. At low masses, the increase in SFR in mergers is mostly attributed to an increase in the H2 content, but for $M_*\gtrsim 10^{10.5} \,\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ mergers also show an elevated star formation efficiency suggesting denser gas within merging galaxies. The merger rate for star-forming galaxies shows a rapid increase with redshift, ∝(1 + z)3.5, but the quenching rate evolves much more slowly, ∝(1 + z)0.9; there are insufficient mergers to explain the quenching rate at $z\lesssim 1.5$. simba first quenches galaxies at $z\gtrsim 3$, with a number density in good agreement with observations. The quenching time-scales τq are strongly bimodal, with ‘slow’ quenchings (τq ∼ 0.1tH) dominating overall, but ‘fast’ quenchings (τq ∼ 0.01tH) dominating in M* ∼ 1010–1010.5 M$\odot$ galaxies, likely induced by simba’s jet-mode black hole feedback. The delay time distribution between mergers and quenching events suggests no physical connection to either fast or slow quenching. Hence, simba predicts that major mergers induce starbursts, but are unrelated to quenching in either fast or slow mode.

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7

Sarker, Pratik, and Uttam K. Chakravarty. "A fluid–structure interaction approach to investigate the quenching characteristics of a steel tube with temperature dependent properties." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 05, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2047684116500184.

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Quenching is commonly used for improving material properties of steel tubes because of their numerous applications. However, quenching generates some residual stress and deformation in the material due to rapid temperature fluctuations. The properties of the steel are strong functions of these variable temperatures and therefore, the estimated stress and deformation by constant property or static quenching analysis are not very realistic. This study describes the first extensive study of the quenching process of a steel tube including temperature dependent properties by three liquid quenchants using the dynamic fluid–structure interaction quench model. The cooling characteristics of the three liquid quenchants are compared to each other along with the transient temperature distributions in the steel tube. The time-varying nodal, axial, and radial residual stress and deformation of the tube are studied. It is found that, the effectiveness of quenching does not depend only on a particular quenchant, but also on the temperature-varying properties of the steel and the uniformity of the cooling which ultimately determine the criteria for selecting a suitable quenchant for a specific purpose.

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8

Zhang, Wei, Zhou De Qu, Xiao Hu Deng, and Xing Wang Duan. "Numerical Simulation of Cr12MoV Steel during Quenching Process." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.751.

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The excessive residual stress induced by quenching in steels will easily result in distortion and failure of parts. In order to obtain the more suitable quenchant, quenching process of Cr12MoV steel with different mediums involving water and oil are simulated, respectively. In present paper, the influence of nonlinear surface heat transfer coefficient, thermodynamic parameters and latent heat are considered comprehensively. The distribution of temperature, microstructure, hardness and residual stress after quenching for Cr12MoV steel are simulated by DEFORM finite element software. According to the results mentioned above, the variations of each field of the steel are analyzed.

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9

Manabe, Yuki, Hiromichi Nishida, Toshiki Hirogaki, and Eiichi Aoyama. "Influence of Grooved Plate Cross-Sectional Shape on Bending Phenomena in Laser-Quenching Forming Process." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0592.

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This research proposes a method to achieve laser quenching and laser forming simultaneously. This technique uses a diode laser to produce thin steel sheet-assuming parts, such as springs and hinges. Energy and time are saved by combining the advantages of laser quenching, which has high input heat efficiency, and laser forming, which, unlike press molding, does not require metal molds. In this study, laser-quenching molding was performed for an entire thin steel plate, and the influence on warping was investigated. Furthermore, the proposed method was evaluated under repeated quenchings for different cross-sections of a workpiece. The results indicated that the technique prevented bending deformation during the next laser scan and reduced warping by increasing the second moment of area of the entire workpiece.

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10

Schreiber, Ulrich, and Christian Neubauer. "The Polyphasic Rise of Chlorophyll Fluorescence upon Onset of Strong Continuous Illumination: II. Partial Control by the Photosystem II Donor Side and Possible Ways of Interpretation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1987): 1255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-11-1218.

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The fluorescence rise kinetics in saturating light display two well separated components with largely different properties. The rapid rise from F0 to a first intermediate level, I1 is photochemically controlled, while the following phases leading to a secondary intermediate level, I2 and to a peak level, P, are limited by thermal reactions. Treatments which primarily affect components at the photosystem II donor side are shown to increase quenching at I1 and/or to suppress the secondary fluorescence rise to I2. Preillumination by single turnover saturating flashes causes I1- quenching oscillating with period-4 in dependence of flash number. It is suggested that this quenching correlates with (S2 + S3) states of the watersplitting enzyme system. Suppression of the secondary, I1 - I2 rise component is invariably found with treatments which lower electron donation rate by the watersplitting system and are known to favor the low potential form of cyt b 559. Three different mechanisms are discussed on the basis of which donor-side dependent quenching could be interpreted: 1) Non-photochemical quenching by accumulation of the P 680+ radical cation. 2) Dissipative photochemical quenching at a special population of PS II centers (β- or non- B centers) displaying low donor capacity and high rates of charge recombination. 3) Dissipative photochemical quenching via cyclic electron flow around PS II, involving alternate donors to P 680+ (like cyt b 559 or carotenoid in their low potential forms), which can compete when donation rate from the water splitting system is slowed down. The possibility of donor-side limitation also being involved in “energy dependent” quenching is discussed.

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11

Zhuang, Shu Jun, and Yun Wang Ge. "Based on Specific CNC Realize Automatic Integrated Controlling on All-Purpose Induction Quenching Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.492.

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In the design of the automatic Integrated control system on the all-purpose induction quenching equipment, In order to applicable for automation controlling in the flexible production line, the economied numerical control system for the core integration control was employed, and integrated control unit was obtained including the induction quenching installment, the induction heating power source, the energy monitoring control, the quenchant and the softened cycle water cooling system.

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12

Weiss, Susan R. B., Xiu-Li Li, Jeffrey B. Rosen, He Li, Terri Heynen, and Robert M. Post. "Quenching." NeuroReport 6, no. 16 (November 1995): 2171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199511000-00018.

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13

Andrés, C., N. Armesto, Carlos A. Salgado, and Yan Zhu. "Modelling jet quenching with Quenching Weights." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 612 (May 19, 2015): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/612/1/012001.

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14

Kobasko, Nikolai, Anatolii Moskalenko, Petro Lohvynenko, Larisa Karsim, and Sergii Riabov. "AN EFFECT OF PIB ADDITIVES TO MINERAL OIL RESULTING IN ELIMINATION OF FILM BOILING DURING STEEL PARTS QUENCHING." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (May 31, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00076.

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To control the process of film boiling during quenching in oils, quench oil makers as a rule manipulate physical properties such as a surface tension and viscosity. However, there is much experimental data showing that special additives can eliminate film boiling in oils without changing their physical properties and which is counterintuitive. Authors explain such phenomenon by showing that the addition of a special additive, for example PIB (polyisobutylene polymer), will create an insulating layer on the surface of steel parts during quenching in oils that will eliminate film boiling without affecting physical properties of the oil. Insulating layer decreases initial heat flux density which becomes less than critical one and of the oil will not begin film boiling during quenching with the PIB additive. Authors believe that such approach will allow engineers to solve effectively the problem of part distortion after quenching. The new oil quenchant containing special additive PIB is patented in Ukraine and is manufactured by Barkor Ltd for needs of the heat treating industry.

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15

Choi, Hundong, Subin Jeong, and Kwon-Yeong Lee. "Experimental Study on the Quenching Behavior of a Copper Cube in the Cellulose Nanofiber Solution." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12061033.

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This study investigates the quenching behavior and heat transfer characteristics of a copper cube immersed in cellulose nanofiber (CNF) solutions. The heat transfer performance of CNF solutions during boiling has been examined in several studies, but the quenching behavior of CNF solutions, which is an important heat transfer method, has not been evaluated. In this study, four copper cubes with the same dimensions and four different quenchants (deionized water and 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5% CNF solutions) were prepared. A copper cube heated to greater than 600 °C was submerged three times in the quenchant. This was repeated with different copper cubes in each of the quenchants. The time at which the heated copper cube convectively transferred heat to the surroundings was recorded. The cooling time was shortest when the cube was immersed in a 0.5% CNF solution for the first time. The average cooling time for quenching in the 0.5% CNF solution was 30.3% shorter than that in DI water. In this study, film boiling during quenching was thoroughly observed and analyzed to explain the cause of enhancement in heat transfer efficiency.

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16

Deo, Leonardo Pratavieira, and Artur Mariano de Sousa Malafaia. "Canola oil as an alternative quenchant for the AISI 8640 steel." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 25 (March 22, 2021): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117055350.

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AISI 8640 is one of the most used steel in the manufacturing industry due its wide range of applicability and properties. The quenching process is commonly applied in parts made of this steel in order to enhance some properties, such as strength and hardness. Petroleum derived oils are the most common quenchants, however this kind of quenchant is considered to be non-biodegradable, toxic to the health and environment, as well as, not renewable. In the present study, canola oil presented the same efficiency than a conventional petroleum derived oil in the quenching process of AISI 8640 steel billets with diameter of 25.4mm.

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17

Colás, Rafael, Oscar Zapata-Hernández, Luis A. Reyes, Carlos Camurri, Claudia Carrasco, and Nelson F. Garza-Montes-de-Oca. "Quenching simulation of steel grinding balls." Revista de Metalurgia 51, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): e049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.049.

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18

Hrnjica, B., and S. Behrem. "A new multi-objective optimization approach for process parameters optimization during numerical simulation of quenching steel parts." Advances in Production Engineering & Management 17, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14743/apem2022.1.418.

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The paper presents the numerical simulation of quenching cylindrical steel sample immersed in three different quenchants: water, 5 % aquatensid solution, and isorapid oil. The quenching process starts from the initial temperature of the cylinder at 850 °C and moves through the air until it reaches the quenching bath. The quenchant is held at constant temperature of 40 °C. The cylinder is made of carefully selected steel which does not change its structure during quenching and heating. Cylindrical samples were manufactured in three different dimensions (R, H), (mm): (12.5 × 100), (25 × 150) and (37.5 × 225), so that four measuring points were installed in each sample. Each measuring point consists of thermocouple installed beneath the cylinder surface, capable of measuring the temperature every half second. Based on the experiment, the numerical simulation is recognized as transient and nonlinear two-dimensional heat conduction problem consisting of the two main tasks: direct heat transfer problem (DHTP) and inverse heat transfer problem (IHTP). The paper proposes a new multi-objective optimization approach for the estimation of heat transfer coefficients during the numerical simulation of quenching cylindrical steel sample. The proposed approach gained better results and less convergence time compared to the results from the literature. The paper includes methods, algorithms and the source code for the calculation of the temperature fields in time and heat transfer coefficient estimation of the IHTP. The simulation software has been implemented in C# programming language and can be found at http://github.com/bhrnjica/quenching_simulation.

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19

Maniruzzaman, M., and R. D. Sisson. "Heat transfer coefficients for quenching process simulation." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120060.

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Quenching heat treatment in a liquid medium is a very complex heat transfer process. Heat extraction from the part surface occurs through several different heat transfer mechanisms in distinct temperature ranges, namely, film boiling, partial film boiling (i.e. transition), nucleate boiling and convection. The maximum heat transfer occurs during the nucleate boiling stage. Experimental study shows that, the effective surface heat transfer coefficient varies more than two orders of magnitude with the temperature during the quenching. For quenching process simulation, accurate prediction of the time-temperature history and microstructure evolution within the part largely depends on the accuracy of the boundary condition supplied. The heat transfer coefficient is the most important boundary condition for process simulation. This study focuses on creating a database of heat transfer coefficients for various liquid quenchant-metallic alloy combinations through experimentation using three different quench probes. This database is a web-based tool for use in quench process simulation. It provides at-a-glance information for quick and easy analysis and sets the stage for a Decision Support System (DSS) and Data Mining for heat-treating process.

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20

Maniruzzaman, M., and R. D. Sisson. "Heat transfer coefficients for quenching process simulation." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120031.

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Quenching heat treatment in a liquid medium is a very complex heat transfer process. Heat extraction from the part surface occurs through several different heat transfer mechanisms in distinct temperature ranges, namely, film boiling, partial film boiling (i.e. transition), nucleate boiling and convection. The maximum heat transfer occurs during the nucleate boiling stage. Experimental study shows that, the effective surface heat transfer coefficient varies more than two orders of magnitude with the temperature during the quenching. For quenching process simulation, accurate prediction of the time-temperature history and microstructure evolution within the part largely depends on the accuracy of the boundary condition supplied. The heat transfer coefficient is the most important boundary condition for process simulation. This study focuses on creating a database of heat transfer coefficients for various liquid quenchant-metallic alloy combinations through experimentation using three different quench probes. This database is a web-based tool for use in quench process simulation. It provides at-a-glance information for quick and easy analysis and sets the stage for a Decision Support System (DSS) and Data Mining for heat-treating process.

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21

Nelson, Ralph, and K. O. Pasemehmetoglu. "QUENCHING PHENOMENA." Multiphase Science and Technology 7, no. 1-4 (1993): 39–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/multscientechn.v7.i1-4.30.

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22

Mitchell, Alison. "Quorum quenching." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, no. 7 (July 2001): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35080025.

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23

Baier, R. "Jet quenching." Nuclear Physics A 715 (March 2003): 209c—218c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(02)01429-x.

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24

de Pablo, A., F. Quirós, and J. D. Rossi. "Nonsimultaneous quenching." Applied Mathematics Letters 15, no. 3 (April 2002): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0893-9659(01)00128-8.

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25

Pile, David. "Kondo quenching." Nature Photonics 5, no. 9 (August 30, 2011): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2011.228.

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26

Ferreira, Raúl, Arturo de Pablo, Fernando Quirós, and Julio D. Rossi. "Superfast quenching." Journal of Differential Equations 199, no. 1 (May 2004): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2003.11.001.

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27

Dove, Alan. "Quenching biosensor." Nature Biotechnology 17, no. 12 (December 1999): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/70669.

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28

Lian, Jianhui, Renbin Yan, Kai Zhang, and Xu Kong. "THE QUENCHING TIMESCALE AND QUENCHING RATE OF GALAXIES." Astrophysical Journal 832, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/0004-637x/832/1/29.

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29

Mugadlimath, Anand B., Mandar Ramchandra Sane, Kailash U. Zine, and Rekha M. Hiremath. "Quenching tank: Accidental drowning in hot quenching oil." Medico-Legal Journal 85, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817216671108.

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We describe an unusual case of drowning in fluid other than water in an industrial setting. A 26-year-old man was working in an industry which performs surface treatment of mechanical steel parts with quenching oil. He fell into the quenching oil (which was hot due to immersion of red hot metal parts), and as he was working alone in the particular section, there was a fatal outcome. A medico-legal autopsy was performed. The causes of death were found to be multiple, with the association of drowning, extensive superficial burns and asphyxia due to laryngeal oedema. To our knowledge, it is the first report of drowning in hot quenching oil, and only nine previous observations of drowning in industrial environments have been reported in the international literature. Even though rare, these kinds of accidental deaths can be prevented in dangerous industries with proper precautions and strict adherence to standard operating procedures.

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30

Budhi Susetyo, Ferry, Imam Basori, and Dwi Maryanto. "PENGARUH DIRECT DAN IN-DIRECT QUENCHING DENGAN MEDIA AIR TERHADAP KEKERASAN HASIL HARDFACING BAJA KARBON." Jurnal ASIIMETRIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa & Inovasi 2, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/asiimetrik.v2i2.1445.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh direct-quenching dan furnace-quenching dengan media air terhadap nilai kekerasan dan struktur makro hasil hardfacing menggunakan elektroda HV 600. Proses direct quenching satu dilakukan hardfacing dua lapis dengan satu kali quenching menggunakan air, pada proses direct quenching dua dilakukan hardfacing dua lapis dengan dua kali quenching menggunakan air. Selanjutnya pada spesimen furnace quenching dilakukan proses hardfacing dua lapis, kemudian dilanjutkan proses heat treatment dengan variasi holding time (10, 20 dan 30 menit) lalu dilakukan quenching menggunakan air. Kekerasan furnace quenching lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan direct quenching. Pada spesimen furnace quenching semakin lama holding time dalam furnace maka nilai kekerasannya akan menurun. Penggunaan direct quenching sangat menjanjikan, karena dapat meningkatkan nilai kekerasan tanpa mengeluarkan biaya untuk pemanasan ulang dalam tungku (furnace heat treatment).

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31

Sivriu, Ana Maria, Olga Valerica Sapunaru, Ancaelena Eliza Sterpu, Doinita-Roxana Cioroiu Tirpan, Timur Vasile Chis, and Tanase Dobre. "Thermal Treatment under Vacuum for Obtaining a Quenchant from Rapeseed Oil." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 4, 2021): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122189.

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The aim of this study was to improve the quality of a vegetable oil, having in view its use as a quenchant for metallic parts in aircrafts. A process of pyrolysis under vacuum was applied to obtain a bio-oil with reduced viscosity and good quenching properties. Preliminarily, the rapeseed oil was fast pyrolyzed at temperature in the range of 300–375 °C and absolute pressure of 1 μbar. Some results such as viscosity and yields of bio-oil were obtained with a narrowing of the temperature range between 300–320 °C, for further processing. Quenching tests with bio-oils on stainless steel 25CD4 showed cooling curves closer to those of the standard mineral oil (Castrol IloquenchTM 1), by comparing them with unprocessed vegetable oil. The hardness of the steel after treatment rose from 29–30 HRC to 43–45 HRC, in accordance with requirements (35–45 HRC). Therefore, the conclusion is that bio-oils obtained by pyrolysis under vacuum are good quenchant proceeds from this study.

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Sun, Hui. "Numerical Simulation of Quenchant Flow Characteristics in Large Quench Tank." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 1372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.1372.

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The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is employed to predict the flow of quenchant in a large quench tank. The characteristics of flow field in the existing quench tank are investigated, and the major deficiency occurred in the tank structure design is analyzed. Two different schemes for improving the tank structure design are brought forward, and further numerical simulations are carried out. Results show that the non-uniform flow field is generated throughout the quenching zone in the existing large quench tank. There is clear difference in flow rate in the regions near the inner surface of workpiece and the outer, which may cause the workpiece distortion and even cracking. Reduction in ring pipe intermediate diameter can not obviously enhance the uniformity of flow field in the quench tank. By adding an inner core in the center zone of the tank, the flow rate in the region near the inner surface of workpiece can be increased effectively, and the flow rate difference found in the quenching zone reduced significantly, which are beneficial to guarantee the quenching quality of workpiece.

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Balasubramanian, S., K. Manonmani, and R. M. Hemalatha. "Lasers in Green Manufacturing Processes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.473.

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A safe and healthy work piece is important for sustainable manufacturing process. Green laser surface hardening is a heat treatment process on a part of its application does not use water or oil as quenching media, because it is self-quenching and less detrimental to the environment. Since it is an energy saving process it is fast being adopted by manufacturing industries. Quenching media used in conventional heat treatment process for a sudden cooling of the heated work piece to get hard structure transformation. Unfortunately the reactions of quenchant with hot working also have several negative health, production cost, and environmental impact.This paper focuses the experimental investigation into the roller of green surface hardening on energy saving, the production cost of the industrial components. A comparative study of surface hardening under conventional and laser sources was conducted using similar components. The results show that the quality of hardening improved in laser hardening but the process time increased marginally at one stage and reduced at other shapes of manufacturing. In analyzing the process cost laser hardening show cast saving notably.

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Shizuka, Haruo, Manabu Serizawa, Tsutomu Shimo, Isao Saito, and Teruo Matsuura. "Fluorescence-quenching mechanism of tryptophan. Remarkably efficient internal proton-induced quenching and charge-transfer quenching." Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, no. 6 (March 1988): 1930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00214a044.

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Tyulenev, Denis, Vladimir Sholom, Aleksey Abramov, and Dmitry Puzyrkov. "THE INFLUENCE OF COOLING PROPERTIES OF QUENCHING LIQUIDS AND HEAT TREATMENT MODES ON 40C2 STEEL HARDNESS." Transport engineering 2024, no. 1 (January 14, 2024): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2024-1-4-12.

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The paper objective is to develop a domestic quenching oil for hardening spring clips. The study results of the effect of quenching liquid cooling properties on 40C2 steel hardness are presented. Domestic quenching oil Rosoil-277, an analog of the imported oil Isorapid 277 (PETROFER Germany) is made - for quenching rail clips. The tests were carried out at the installation to determine the cooling characteristics of technological and quenching media. A water-polymer quenching liquid is selected as a substitute for quenching oil. The results of hardness measurements on 40C2 steel workpieces showed that quenching in Rosoil-52 water-polymer quenching liquid gives higher hardness values compared with quenching in Rosoil-277 oil.

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Felde, Imre. "Liquid quenchant database: determination of heat transfer coefficient during quenching." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 11, no. 3/4 (2016): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2016.079154.

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Chen, Xiongfei, Liuyan Zhang, Xiaohua Jie, Ying Li, and Xiaoye Huang. "Quenching characteristics of glycerol solution as a potential new quenchant." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 109 (June 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.02.013.

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KOREMATSU, Koji, Takashi SAIKA, Tatsuo AMITANI, Masashi GABE, and Sanyo TAKAHASHI. "On quenching distance estimated by the quenching peclet number." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 65, no. 8 (1986): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.65.8_690.

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Hong-Mei, LI, CHEN Ya-Dong, YAN Zheng-Yu, and HU Yu-Zhu. "Fluorescence Self-quenching and the Quenching Mechanism of Magnolol." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 23, no. 09 (2007): 1454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20070928.

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Wei, Liuchuang, and Ping Wei. "New Type of Quenching Medium—Aerosol Quenching Research Summary." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1639 (October 2020): 012101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1639/1/012101.

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Wang, Chao, Zhao-dong Wang, Guo Yuan, Dao-yuan Wang, Jun-ping Wu, and Guo-dong Wang. "Heat Transfer During Quenching by Plate Roller Quenching Machine." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 20, no. 5 (May 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(13)60088-6.

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Li, Zijian, Jufeng Wang, Xin Zhou, Shangshi Huang, and Zhijian Xia. "Study on impulse quenching based multichamber arc quenching structure." AIP Advances 9, no. 8 (August 2019): 085104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5113853.

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Rose, A., O. Kessler, Fabian Hoffmann, H. W. Zoch, and P. Krug. "Age Hardening of Forged Aluminium Components – Mechanical Properties and Distortion Behaviour after Gas Quenching." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.383.

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For quenching of age hardenable aluminum alloys today predominantly aqueous quenching media are used, which can lead due to the Leidenfrost phenomenon to a non-uniform cooling of the parts and thus to distortion. In relation to the conventional quenching procedures in aqueous media, gas quenching exhibits a number of technological, ecological, and economical advantages. The quenching intensity can be adjusted by the variable parameters gas pressure, gas velocity as well as the kind of gas and thus can be adapted to the requirements of the component. By the higher uniformity and the better reproducibility, gas quenching offers a high potential to reduce distortion. Cost savings would be possible, because of reduced distortion and therefore less reworking. High-pressure gas quenching with nitrogen or helium, as well as air quenching at ambient pressure in a gas nozzle field was applied to the spray formed aluminum alloy Al-17Si-4Fe-3Cu-0.5Mg-0.4Zr (DISPAL S232). Hardness and tensile tests have been carried out to determine the mechanical properties after gas quenching and aging compared to water quenching. The distortion behavior of a forged aluminum component of the spray formed alloy was examined after gas quenching and after water quenching. Gas quenching showed remarkable advantages regarding distortion.

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Park, Jong-Kyu, Yang-Su Kim, Chang Hee Suh, and Young-Suk Kim. "Hybrid quenching method of hot stamping for automotive tubular beams." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 9 (September 3, 2015): 1599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415600387.

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Recently, tubular-type coupled torsion beam axle, which is a component of the automotive rear suspension systems, has been developed by using ultra-high strength steel. It is manufactured by hot stamping process to enhance the strength and reduce springback. The hot stamping process is classified as a direct method and an indirect method according to forming sequence and quenching method, so-called die quenching or water quenching. Each of these methods has limitations in the aspect of dimensional accuracy and strength. Hybrid quenching is a new quenching method which sprays water to the tube directly in addition to die quenching. In this study, direct hot stamping with hybrid quenching was applied to produce an automotive tubular coupled torsion beam axle of ultra-high strength steel. This study proposes a simulation method of hybrid quenching for tubular beam and the hybrid quenching method was evaluated experimentally. Finally, the proposed hybrid quenching method has been found very effective in reducing the cooling time and thermal deformation.

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Boonklurb, Ratinan, Tawikan Treeyaprasert, and Aong-art Wanna. "Simultaneous and Non-Simultaneous Quenching for a System of Multi-Dimensional Semi-Linear Heat Equations." Symmetry 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12122075.

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This article deals with finite-time quenching for the system of coupled semi-linear heat equations ut=uxx+f(v) and vt=vxx+g(u), for (x,t)∈(0,1)×(0,T), where f and g are given functions. The system has the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions and the bounded nonnegative initial conditions that are compatible with the boundary conditions. The existence result is established by using the method of upper and lower solutions. We obtain sufficient conditions for finite time quenching of solutions. The quenching set is also provided. From the quenching set, it implies that the quenching solution has asymmetric profile. We prove the blow-up of time-derivatives when quenching occurs. We also find the criteria to identify simultaneous and non-simultaneous quenching of solutions. For non-simultaneous quenching, the corresponding quenching rate of solutions is given.

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Andrews-Wilberforce, Daniel, and Gabor Patonay. "Fluorescence Quenching Studies of Near-Infrared Fluorophores." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 8 (November 1989): 1450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894204443.

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Near-infrared laser dyes were studied with the use of conventional fluorescence quenching. A systematic study of the effects of different quenchers and temperature on the fluorescence of near-infrared fluorophores is presented. Differences in the quenching of near-infrared fluorophores were observed for quenching by ionic quenchers. Quenching with ionic and nonionic quenchers led to nonlinear quenching results.

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Yang, Chun Lin, Qun Liu, Mei Gui Ou, Jia Ze Xiong, and Qian Long. "Influence of Subcritical Quenching on Microstructure and Properties of Steel 22SiMnCrNi2Mo." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.95.

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Effect of subcritical quenching temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 22SiMnCrNi2Mo steel was studied. Conventional quenching was performed for tested steel to compare with subcritical quenching. The results show that morphology and number of ferrite change with the increase of subcritical quenching temperature. The shape of ferrite evolved from block to thin strip, and the number decreased. Ferrite and martensite formed strips spaced parallelly at subcritical quenching temperature 800°C.Steel presented good strength and ductility, while hardness is lower than conventional quenching.

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Li, An Ming, and Meng Juan Hu. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 60Si2Mn Steel after Austenite Inverse Phase Transformation by Sub-Temperature Quenching." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.228.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of 60Si2Mn steel by 870 °C prequenched and second sub-temperature quenching was studied. The results showed that the hardness of the 60Si2Mn steel first increased and then decreased with increasing second sub-temperature quenching temperature, and the highest hardness was obtained when sub-temperature quenching temperature was 800 °C.The sample after second sub-temperature quenching was composed of martensite and a little ferrite phase. The abundance of ferrite phase decreased with the increase in second sub-temperature quenching temperature. Fine martensite was obtained by second sub-temperature quenching, which may be relate to the grain refinement of austenitic phase and austenitic nucleation sites. The mechanical properties of the 60Si2Mn steel after 870 °C prequenching and second sub-temperature quenching are better than that of conventional samples after 870 °C quenching.

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Wang, Li Feng, Bao Dong Shao, He Ming Cheng, and Chong Tian. "Martensite Phase Transform during Nitrogen-Spray Water Jet Quenching." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.442.

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Nitrogen-spray water jet quenching is a new kind of quenching, whose cooling velocity can be controlled. Thus different phase can be achieved according requirement, which can improve the characteristic of material. 9SiCr alloy steel was tested during Nitrogen-spray water jet quenching. The continuous cooling curves of 9SiCr under mixture of Nitrogen-spray water quenching for different pressure and mixture ratio of Nitrogen and spray water are obtained. After quenching, the metallographic structures were investigated, in which the uniform martensite was obtained after quenching.

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Fechte-Heinen, R., and Th Lübben. "Quenching and Distortion*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 76, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 390–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0017.

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Abstract This paper is based on a keynote lecture presented by Prof. Fechte-Heinen during the 2nd International Conference on Quenching and Distortion Engineering in April 2021. Firstly, it presents a short summary of the basics of distortion formation. The mechanisms and the potential for distortion with its carriers are discussed in more detail. Furthermore, the method of Distortion Engineering is explained. Finally, selected examples are presented that illustrate the connections between distortion and the quenching process.

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