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Journal articles on the topic 'Quaternary climate change'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Adams, Jonathan, Mark Maslin, and Ellen Thomas. "Sudden climate transitions during the Quaternary." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 23, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300101.

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The time span of the past few million years has been punctuated by many rapid climate transitions, most of them on timescales of centuries to decades. The most detailed information is available for the Younger Dryas-to-Holocene stepwise change around 11 500 years ago, which seems to have occurred over a few decades. The speed of this change is probably representative of similar but less well studied climate transitions during the last few hundred thousand years. These include sudden cold events (Heinrich events/stadials), warm events (interstadials) and the beginning and ending of long warm phases, such as the Eemian interglacial. Detailed analysis of terrestrial and marine records of climate change will, however, be necessary before we can say confidently on what timescale these events occurred; they almost certainly did not take longer than a few centuries. Various mechanisms, involving changes in ocean circulation and biotic productivity, changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and haze particles, and changes in snow and ice cover, have been invoked to explain sudden regional and global transitions. We do not know whether such changes could occur in the near future as a result of human effects on climate. Phenomena such as the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events might only occur in a ‘glacial’ world with much larger ice sheets and more extensive sea-ice cover. A major sudden cold event, however, did probably occur under global climate conditions similar to those of the present, during the Eemian interglacial around 122 000 years ago. Less intensive, but significant rapid climate changes also occurred during the present (Holocene) interglacial, with cold and dry phases occurring on a 1500-year cycle, and with climate transitions on a decade-to-century timescale. In the past few centuries, smaller transitions (such as the ending of the Little Ice Age at about AD 1650) probably occurred over only a few decades at most. All evidence indicates that long-term climate change occurs in sudden jumps rather than incremental changes.

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2

Preusser, Frank, and Dirk Radies. "Quaternary climate change in south-eastern Arabia." PAGES news 14, no. 1 (April 2006): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.14.1.38.

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3

Ogola, Christine A. "Eastern African Quaternary Climate change and variability." Past Global Changes Magazine 22, no. 1 (April 2014): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.22.1.53.

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4

Olson, Carolyn. "The Soil Record of Quaternary Climate Change." Quaternary International 162-163 (March 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.11.010.

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5

Weigelt, Patrick, Manuel Jonas Steinbauer, Juliano Sarmento Cabral, and Holger Kreft. "Late Quaternary climate change shapes island biodiversity." Nature 532, no. 7597 (March 30, 2016): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17443.

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6

Darling, W. G. "The isotope hydrology of quaternary climate change☆." Journal of Human Evolution 60, no. 4 (April 2011): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.05.006.

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7

Claussen, M. "Late Quaternary vegetation – climate feedbacks*." Climate of the Past Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 24, 2009): 635–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-5-635-2009.

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Abstract. Feedbacks between vegetation and other components of the climate system are discussed with respect to their influence on climate dynamics during the late Quaternary, i.e., the last glacial – interglacial cycles. When weighting current understanding based on interpretation of palaeobotanic and palaeoclimatic evidence by numerical climate system models, a number of arguments speak in favour of vegetation dynamics being an amplifier of orbital forcing. (a) The vegetation – snow albedo feedback in synergy with the sea ice – albedo feedback tends to amplify Northern Hemisphere and global mean temperature changes. (b) Variations in the extent of the largest desert on Earth, the Sahara, appear to be amplified by biogeophysical feedback. (c) Biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system in relation to vegetation migration are supposed to be negative on time scales of glacial cycles. However, with respect to changes in global mean temperature, they are presumably weaker than the positive biogeophysical feedbacks.

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8

Claussen*, M. "Late Quaternary vegetation-climate feedbacks." Climate of the Past 5, no. 2 (June 3, 2009): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-203-2009.

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Abstract. Feedbacks between vegetation and other components of the climate system are discussed with respect to their influence on climate dynamics during the late Quaternary, i.e., the last glacial-interglacial cycles. When weighting current understanding based on interpretation of palaeobotanic and palaeoclimatic evidence by numerical climate system models, a number of arguments speak in favour of vegetation dynamics being an amplifier of orbital forcing. (a) The vegetation-snow albedo feedback in synergy with the sea-ice albedo feedback tends to amplify Northern Hemisphere and global mean temperature changes. (b) Variations in the extent of the largest desert on Earth, the Sahara, appear to be amplified by biogeophysical feedback. (c) Biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system in relation to vegetation migration are supposed to be negative on time scales of glacial cycles. However, with respect to changes in global mean temperature, they are presumably weaker than the positive biogeophysical feedbacks.

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9

Webb III, Thompson, Katherine H. Anderson, Patrick J. Bartlein, and Robert S. Webb. "Late quaternary climate change in eastern North America." Quaternary Science Reviews 17, no. 6-7 (April 1998): 587–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00013-4.

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10

Ogola, Christine, Asfawossen Asrat, Stephen Rucina, and Elgidius B. Ichumbaki. "Equatorial eastern Africa: Quaternary climate change and variability." Quaternary International 369 (May 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.012.

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11

Lamy, Klump, Hebbeln, and Wefer. "Late Quaternary rapid climate change in northern Chile." Terra Nova 12, no. 1 (February 2000): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00265.x.

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12

Su, Tao, Jonathan M. Adams, Torsten Wappler, Yong-Jiang Huang, Frédéric M. B. Jacques, Yu-Sheng (Christopher) Liu, and Zhe-Kun Zhou. "Resilience of plant-insect interactions in an oak lineage through Quaternary climate change." Paleobiology 41, no. 1 (January 2015): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2014.11.

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AbstractPlant-insect interactions are vital for structuring terrestrial ecosystems. It is still unclear how climate change in geological time might have shaped plant-insect interactions leading to modern ecosystems. We investigated the effect of Quaternary climate change on plant-insect interactions by observing insect herbivory on leaves of an evergreen sclerophyllous oak lineage (QuercussectionHeterobalanus, HET) from a late Pliocene flora and eight living forests in southwestern China. Among the modern HET populations investigated, the damage diversity tends to be higher in warmer and wetter climates. Even though the climate of the fossil flora was warmer and wetter than modern sample sites, the damage diversity is lower in the fossil flora than in modern HET populations. Eleven out of 18 damage types in modern HET populations are observed in the fossil flora. All damage types in the fossil flora, except for one distinctive gall type, are found in modern HET populations. These results indicate that Quaternary climate change did not cause extensive extinction of insect herbivores in HET forests. The accumulation of a more diverse herbivore fauna over time supports the view of plant species as evolutionary “islands” for colonization and turnover of insect species.

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13

Kehl, Martin. "Quaternary climate change in Iran – the state of knowledge." ERDKUNDE 63, no. 1 (2009): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2009.01.01.

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14

Davies, Purvis, and Gittleman. "Quaternary Climate Change and the Geographic Ranges of Mammals." American Naturalist 174, no. 3 (2009): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40306059.

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15

McCarroll, Danny. "Future climate change and the British Quaternary research community." Quaternary Science Reviews 29, no. 13-14 (June 2010): 1661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.003.

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16

Davies, T. Jonathan, Andy Purvis, and John L. Gittleman. "Quaternary Climate Change and the Geographic Ranges of Mammals." American Naturalist 174, no. 3 (September 2009): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/603614.

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17

Davis, M. B. "Range Shifts and Adaptive Responses to Quaternary Climate Change." Science 292, no. 5517 (April 27, 2001): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.292.5517.673.

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18

Prost, Stefan, Johannes Klietmann, Thijs van Kolfschoten, Robert P. Guralnick, Eric Waltari, Klaas Vrieling, Mathias Stiller, et al. "Effects of late quaternary climate change on Palearctic shrews." Global Change Biology 19, no. 6 (March 9, 2013): 1865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12153.

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19

Berger, Wolfgang H., Michael Schulz, and Gerold Wefer. "Quaternary oceans and climate change: lessons for the future?" International Journal of Earth Sciences 99, S1 (May 16, 2010): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0553-y.

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20

Lioubimtseva, Elena. "Climate change in arid environments: revisiting the past to understand the future." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 28, no. 4 (December 2004): 502–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133304pp422oa.

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Arid regions are expected to undergo significant changes under a scenario of climate warming, but there is considerable variability and uncertainty in these estimates between different scenarios. The complexities of precipitation changes, vegetation-climate feedbacks and direct physiological effects of CO2 on vegetation present particular challenges for climate change modelling of arid regions. Great uncertainties exist in the prediction of arid ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and global warming. Palaeodata provide important information about the past frequency, intensity and subregional patterns of change in the world’s deserts that cannot always be captured by the climatic models. However, it is important to bear in mind that the global mechanisms of Quaternary climatic variability were different from present-day trends, and any direct analogies between the past and present should be treated with great caution. Although palaeodata provide valuable information about possible past changes in the vegetation-climate system, it is unlikely that the history of the world’s deserts is a key for their future.

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21

Colinvaux, P. A. "Quaternary forcing of diversity in neotropical forests." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006250.

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The climate of the Amazon during the last northern glaciation may be taken to represent the normal climate of the basin throughout the Quaternary, since boundary conditions for Amazon and neotropical environments had not otherwise changed since the Andean orogeny and emplacment of the Isthmus of Panama late in the Teritary.The few radiocarbon dated data describing the climate of the ice age Amazon suggest that the principal climatic forcing was cooling in excess of 6 o C, associated with modest reductions in precipitation. Unlike Africa, the New World tropics were not noticeably arid. The evidence for cooling comes from paleoecological data at the foot of the Equatorial Andes, where temperature sensitive taxa had descended 1500 m into elevations that now support rain forest. Pollen data from all elevations of the Andes show that climates continued moist throughout glacial cycles, thus making appropriate the application of moist air lapse rates to substantial evidence for cooling in the high Andes also. Evidence that reductions in precipitation were modest in the lowlands come from new pollen records from 2-300 m elevation in the central Amazon of Brazil.A long record of lake sediments from lowland Panama possibly represents a complete glacial cycle. Pollen, phytolith, and other paleoecological data show both cooling and modest reductions in precipitation, in parallel with the Amazon records.At all stages in glacial cycles, neotropical forests have been subjected to intermediate disturbance tending to prevent competitive exclusion. But the forests have never been fragmented or displaced into “refugia”. Vicariance has always been provided by the scales of geography and local disturbance. The forests are dynamic systems of species whose adaptive norms are appropriate to climates of the ice age earth, but which are able to form temporary accomodations in response to climatic change.The modern Amazon rain forest was formed as an ephemeral response to the short-lived warm episode of the Holocene. Local concentrations of species, like those noted on elevated regions surrounding the Amazon basin by refugial theorists, can best be explained because occupying regions of greatest environmental change, with the consequent pattern of invasion and reinvasion necessary with each climatic shift.

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22

MacDonald, G. M., K. D. Bennett, S. T. Jackson, L. Parducci, F. A. Smith, J. P. Smol, and K. J. Willis. "Impacts of climate change on species, populations and communities: palaeobiogeographical insights and frontiers." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 32, no. 2 (April 2008): 139–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133308094081.

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Understanding climate change and its potential impact on species, populations and communities is one of the most pressing questions of twenty-first-century conservation planning. Palaeobiogeographers working on Cenozoic fossil records and other lines of evidence are producing important insights into the dynamic nature of climate and the equally dynamic response of species, populations and communities. Climatic variations ranging in length from multimillennia to decades run throughout the palaeo-records of the Quaternary and earlier Cenozoic and have been shown to have had impacts ranging from changes in the genetic structure and morphology of individual species, population sizes and distributions, community composition to large-scale bio-diversity gradients. The biogeographical impacts of climate change may be due directly to the effects of alterations in temperature and moisture on species, or they may arise due to changes in factors such as disturbance regimes. Much of the recent progress in the application of palaeobiogegraphy to issues of climate change and its impacts can be attributed to developments along a number of still advancing methodological frontiers. These include increasingly finely resolved chronological resolution, more refined atmosphere-biosphere modelling, new biological and chemical techniques in reconstructing past species distributions and past climates, the development of large and readily accessible geo-referenced databases of biogeographical and climatic information, and new approaches in fossil morphological analysis and new molecular DNA techniques.

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23

Han, Yongming, Zhisheng An, Jennifer R. Marlon, Raymond S. Bradley, Changlin Zhan, Richard Arimoto, Youbin Sun, et al. "Asian inland wildfires driven by glacial–interglacial climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 10 (February 24, 2020): 5184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1822035117.

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Wildfire can influence climate directly and indirectly, but little is known about the relationships between wildfire and climate during the Quaternary, especially how wildfire patterns varied over glacial–interglacial cycles. Here, we present a high-resolution soot record from the Chinese Loess Plateau; this is a record of large-scale, high-intensity fires over the past 2.6 My. We observed a unique and distinct glacial–interglacial cyclicity of soot over the entire Quaternary Period synchronous with marine δ18O and dust records, which suggests that ice-volume-modulated aridity controlled wildfire occurrences, soot production, and dust fluxes in central Asia. The high-intensity fires were also found to be anticorrelated with global atmospheric CO2 records over the past eight glacial–interglacial cycles, implying a possible connection between the fires, dust, and climate mediated through the iron cycle. The significance of this hypothetical connection remains to be determined, but the relationships revealed in this study hint at the potential importance of wildfire for the global climate system.

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24

Hodell, David A., and James E. T. Channell. "Mode transitions in Northern Hemisphere glaciation: co-evolution of millennial and orbital variability in Quaternary climate." Climate of the Past 12, no. 9 (September 7, 2016): 1805–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1805-2016.

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Abstract. We present a 3.2 Myr record of stable isotopes and physical properties at IODP Site U1308 (reoccupation of DSDP Site 609) located within the ice-rafted detritus (IRD) belt of the North Atlantic. We compare the isotope and lithological proxies at Site U1308 with other North Atlantic records (e.g., sites 982, 607/U1313, and U1304) to reconstruct the history of orbital and millennial-scale climate variability during the Quaternary. The Site U1308 record documents a progressive increase in the intensity of Northern Hemisphere glacial–interglacial cycles during the late Pliocene and Quaternary, with mode transitions at ∼ 2.7, 1.5, 0.9, and 0.65 Ma. These transitions mark times of change in the growth and stability of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. They also coincide with increases in vertical carbon isotope gradients between the intermediate and deep ocean, suggesting changes in deep carbon storage and atmospheric CO2. Orbital and millennial climate variability co-evolved during the Quaternary such that the trend towards larger and thicker ice sheets was accompanied by changes in the style, frequency, and intensity of millennial-scale variability. This co-evolution may be important for explaining the observed patterns of Quaternary climate change.

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25

Willis, Katherine J., and Karl J. Niklas. "The role of Quaternary environmental change in plant macroevolution: the exception or the rule?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1442 (February 29, 2004): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1387.

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The Quaternary has been described as an important time for genetic diversification and speciation. This is based on the premise that Quaternary climatic conditions fostered the isolation of populations and, in some instances, allopatric speciation. However, the ‘Quaternary Ice–Age speciation model’ rests on two key assumptions: (i) that biotic responses to climate change during the Quaternary were significantly different from those of other periods in Earth's history; and (ii) that the mechanisms of isolation during the Quaternary were sufficient in time and space for genetic diversification to foster speciation. These assumptions are addressed by examining the plant fossil record for the Quaternary (in detail) and for the past 410 Myr, which encompasses previous intervals of icehouse Earth. Our examination of the Quaternary record indicates that floristic responses to climate changes during the past 1.8 Myr were complex and that a distinction has to be made between those plants that were able to withstand the extremes of glacial conditions and those that could not. Generation times are also important as are different growth forms (e.g. herbaceous annuals and arborescent perennials), resulting in different responses in terms of genetic divergence rates during isolation. Because of these variations in the duration of isolation of populations and genomic diversification rates, no canonical statement about the predominant floristic response to climatic changes during the Quaternary (i.e. elevated rates of speciation or extinction, or stasis) is currently possible. This is especially true because of a sampling bias in terms of the fossil record of tree species over that of species with non–arborescent growth forms. Nevertheless, based on the available information, it appears that the dominant response of arborescent species during the Quaternary was extinction rather than speciation or stasis. By contrast, our examination of the fossil record of vascular plants for the past 410 Myr indicates that speciation rates often increased during long intervals of icehouse Earth (spanning up to 50 Myr). Therefore, longer periods of icehouse Earth than those occurring during the Quaternary may have isolated plant populations for sufficiently long periods of time to foster genomic diversification and allopatric speciation. Our results highlight the need for more detailed study of the fossil record in terms of finer temporal and spatial resolution than is currently available to examine the significance of intervals of icehouse Earth. It is equally clear that additional and detailed molecular studies of extant populations of Quaternary species are required in order to determine the extent to which these ‘relic’ species have genomically diversified across their current populations.

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26

Guiot, Joël. "Late Quaternary Climatic Change in France Estimated from Multivariate Pollen Time Series." Quaternary Research 28, no. 1 (July 1987): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90036-6.

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AbstractIn regions like southern France, where usual analytical techniques are unsatisfactory due to the heavy influence of human activity and the existence of a complex climate, the quantitative reconstruction of climate from pollen is particularly difficult. That is why an original method has been performed. The first step of the method, based on best analogs estimation and multiple regression, is to calculate a relationship between climate (monthly temperature and precipitation) and modern pollen spectra for data from 182 sites. The result is called the “analog climate.” The second step of the method, an original combination of canonical correlation and principal components analyses, extracts the common information from several fossil pollen sequences to produce a so-called “paleobioclimate.” This step removes the effects of local differences in the vegetation among nearby sites and also reduces the effects of human disturbance. In the third step, the signals obtained from the first two steps are merged, by Kalman filter, into a final reconstruction where the noise is reduced by around 37%. The results, presented with a 95% confidence level, suggest that the Pleni-Würm was 7° to 13°C colder than present and had 20 to 60% less precipitation than today (this large confidence takes into account the climatic diversity of the region). At 13,000 yr B.P., the climate reached the modern level of precipitation but the temperature was just less than present. The subsequent decrease of precipitation is less important than that of temperature. This fact may explain the advance of alpine glaciers during the Younger Dryas. Preboreal warming was abrupt (3° to 4°C per 500 yr) and precipitation increased more slowly.

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27

Schlütz, Frank. "Climate change in the central Himalaya during the late Quaternary." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1418.

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28

Anonymous. "Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change: The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 83, no. 45 (2002): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002eo000359.

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29

Schmidt, Daniela N., Sabrina Renaud, and Jörg Bollmann. "Response of planktic foraminiferal size to late Quaternary climate change." Paleoceanography 18, no. 2 (May 22, 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002pa000831.

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30

Hocknull, Scott A., Jian-xin Zhao, Yue-xing Feng, and Gregory E. Webb. "Responses of Quaternary rainforest vertebrates to climate change in Australia." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 264, no. 1-2 (December 2007): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.004.

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31

Erb, Michael P., Charles S. Jackson, and Anthony J. Broccoli. "Using Single-Forcing GCM Simulations to Reconstruct and Interpret Quaternary Climate Change." Journal of Climate 28, no. 24 (December 15, 2015): 9746–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0329.1.

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Abstract The long-term climate variations of the Quaternary were primarily influenced by concurrent changes in Earth’s orbit, greenhouse gases, and ice sheets. However, because climate changes over the coming century will largely be driven by changes in greenhouse gases alone, it is important to better understand the separate contributions of each of these forcings in the past. To investigate this, idealized equilibrium simulations are conducted in which the climate is driven by separate changes in obliquity, precession, CO2, and ice sheets. To test the linearity of past climate change, anomalies from these single-forcing experiments are scaled and summed to compute linear reconstructions of past climate, which are then compared to mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum (LGM) snapshot simulations, where all forcings are applied together, as well as proxy climate records. This comparison shows that much of the climate response may be approximated as a linear response to forcings, while some features, such as modeled changes in sea ice and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), appear to be heavily influenced by nonlinearities. In regions where the linear reconstructions replicate the full-forcing experiments well, this analysis can help identify how each forcing contributes to the climate response. Monsoons at the mid-Holocene respond strongly to precession, while LGM monsoons are heavily influenced by the altered greenhouse gases and ice sheets. Contrary to previous studies, ice sheets produce pronounced tropical cooling at the LGM. Compared to proxy temperature records, the linear reconstructions replicate long-term changes well and also show which climate variations are not easily explained as direct responses to long-term forcings.

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Ghodrati, Alireza, Payam Alemi Safaval, and Mir Ahmad Lashteh Neshaei. "Climate Change Impact of the Caspian Sea Level Changes in the Quaternary Sediment." Frontiers in Environmental Engineering 5 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/fiee.2016.05.001.

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Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Mattia Falaschi, Anna Bonardi, Emilio Padoa-Schioppa, and Roberto Sindaco. "Biogeographical structure and endemism pattern in reptiles of the Western Palearctic." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 42, no. 2 (April 2018): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133318765084.

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The analysis of biogeographical structure and patterns of endemism are central topics of biogeography, but require exhaustive distribution data. A lack of accurate broad-scale information on the distribution of reptiles has so far limited the analyses of biogeographical structure. Here we analysed the distribution of reptiles within the broad-sense Western Palearctic to assess biogeographical regionalization using phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic approaches, identified areas of endemism and evaluated the environmental factors promoting community uniqueness and endemism. We gathered distributional records from the literature and from the field, mapping the distribution of all the Western Palearctic reptiles on a 1-degree resolution grid. βsim dissimilarity and hierarchical clustering was used to identify bioregions, analysing data both at the species and at the genus level, and considering phylogenetic dissimilarity. Consensus areas of endemism were identified on the basis of the optimality criterion. We then assessed whether biogeographical structure is related to present-day climate, insularity, orography and velocity of climate change during the Late Quaternary. The genus-level analysis identified five main biogeographical regions within the Western Palearctic, in partial agreement with previous proposals, while the species-level analysis identified more bioregions, largely by dividing the ones identified by genera. Phylogenetic bioregions were generally consistent with the non-phylogenetic ones. The strongest community uniqueness was observed in subtropical warm climates with seasonal precipitation and low productivity. We found nine consensus areas of endemism, mostly in regions with limited velocity of Quaternary climate change and warm subtropical climates. The biogeographical structure of Western Palearctic reptiles is comparable to what has been observed in other vertebrates, with a clear distinction between the Saharo-Arabian-Sindian and Euro-Mediterranean herpetofaunas. Unlike other vertebrates, in reptiles the highest uniqueness and endemism is observed in dry climates, but the velocity of climate change during the Quaternary remains a major driver of endemism across all the vertebrates.

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Seppä, Heikki, and K. D. Bennett. "Quaternary pollen analysis: recent progress in palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27, no. 4 (December 2003): 548–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp394oa.

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During the last decade Quaternary pollen analysis has developed towards improved pollen-taxonomical precision, automated pollen identification and more rigorous definition of pollen assemblage zones. There have been significant efforts to model the spatial representation of pollen records in lake sediments which is important for more precise interpretation of the pollen records in terms of past vegetation patterns. We review the difficulties in matching modelled post-glacial plant migration patterns with pollen-based palaeorecords and discuss the potential of DNA analysis of pollen to investigate the ancestry and past migration pathways of the plants. In population ecology there has been an acceleration of the widely advocated conceptual advance of pollen-analytical research from vaguely defined ‘environmental reconstructions’ towards investigating more precisely defined ecological problems aligned with the current ecological theories. Examples of such research have included an increasing number of investigations about the ecological impacts of past disturbances, often integrating pollen records with other palaeoecological data. Such an approach has also been applied to incorporate a time perspective to the questions of ecosystem restoration, nature conservation and forest management. New lines of research are the use of pollen analysis to study long-term patterns of vegetation diversity, such as the role of glacial-age vegetation fragmentation as a cause of Amazonian rain forest diversity, and to investigate links between pollen richness and past plant diversity. Palaeoclimatological use of pollen records has become more quantitative and has included more precise and rigorous testing of pollen-climate calibration models with modern climate data. These tests show the approximate nature of the models and warn against a too straightforward climatic interpretation of the small-scale variation in reconstructions. Pollen-based climate reconstructions over the Late Glacial-early Holocene boundary have indicated that pollen-stratigraphical changes have been rapid with no evidence for response lags. This does not rule out the possibility of migrational disequilibrium, however, as the rapid changes may be mostly due to nonmigrational responses of existing vegetation. It is therefore difficult to assess whether the amplitude of reconstructed climate change reflects real climate change. Other outstanding problems remain the obscure relationship of pollen production and climate, the role of human impact and other nonclimatic factors, and nonanalogue situations.

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Rother, H., and J. Shulmeister. "Synoptic climate change as a driver of late Quaternary glaciations in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere." Climate of the Past 2, no. 1 (May 12, 2006): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-2-11-2006.

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Abstract. The relative timing of late Quaternary glacial advances in mid-latitude (40-55° S) mountain belts of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) has become a critical focus in the debate on global climate teleconnections. On the basis of glacial data from New Zealand (NZ) and southern South America it has been argued that interhemispheric synchrony or asynchrony of Quaternary glacial events is due to Northern Hemisphere (NH) forcing of SH climate through either the ocean or atmosphere systems. Here we present a glacial snow-mass balance model that demonstrates that large scale glaciation in the temperate and hyperhumid Southern Alps of New Zealand can be generated with moderate cooling. This is because the rapid conversion of precipitation from rainfall to snowfall drives massive ice accumulation at small thermal changes (1-4°C). Our model is consistent with recent paleo-environmental reconstructions showing that glacial advances in New Zealand during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Last Glacial Interglacial Transition (LGIT) occurred under very moderate cooling. We suggest that such moderate cooling could be generated by changes in synoptic climatology, specifically through enhanced regional flow of moist westerly air masses. Our results imply that NH climate forcing may not have been the exclusive driver of Quaternary glaciations in New Zealand and that synoptic style climate variations are a better explanation for at least some late Quaternary glacial events, in particular during the LGIT (e.g. Younger Dryas and/or Antarctic Cold Reversal).

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Rother, H., and J. Shulmeister. "Synoptic climate change as a driver of late Quaternary glaciations in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere." Climate of the Past Discussions 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2005): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-1-231-2005.

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Abstract. The relative timing of late Quaternary glacial advances in mid-latitude (40–55° S) mountain belts of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) has become a critical focus in the debate on global climate teleconnections. On the basis of glacial data from New Zealand and southern South America it has been argued that interhemispheric synchrony or asynchrony of Quaternary glacial events is due to Northern Hemisphere (NH) forcing of SH climate through either the ocean or atmosphere systems. Here we present a glacial snow-mass balance model that demonstrates that large scale glacial advances in the temperate and hyperhumid Southern Alps of New Zealand can be generated with very little thermal forcing. This is because the rapid conversion of precipitation from rainfall to snowfall drives massive ice accumulation at small thermal changes (1–4°C). Our model is consistent with recent paleo-environmental reconstructions showing that glacial advances in New Zealand during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Last Glacial Interglacial Transition (LGIT) occurred under very moderate cooling. We suggest that such moderate cooling could be generated by changes in synoptic climatology, specifically through enhanced regional flow of moist westerly air masses. Our results imply that NH climate forcing may not have been the exclusive driver of Quaternary glaciations in New Zealand and that synoptic style climate variations are a better explanation for at least some Late Quaternary glacial events, in particular during the LGIT (e.g. Younger Dryas and/or Antarctic Cold Reversal).

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Sandom, Christopher, Søren Faurby, Brody Sandel, and Jens-Christian Svenning. "Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1787 (July 22, 2014): 20133254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3254.

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The late Quaternary megafauna extinction was a severe global-scale event. Two factors, climate change and modern humans, have received broad support as the primary drivers, but their absolute and relative importance remains controversial. To date, focus has been on the extinction chronology of individual or small groups of species, specific geographical regions or macroscale studies at very coarse geographical and taxonomic resolution, limiting the possibility of adequately testing the proposed hypotheses. We present, to our knowledge, the first global analysis of this extinction based on comprehensive country-level data on the geographical distribution of all large mammal species (more than or equal to 10 kg) that have gone globally or continentally extinct between the beginning of the Last Interglacial at 132 000 years BP and the late Holocene 1000 years BP, testing the relative roles played by glacial–interglacial climate change and humans. We show that the severity of extinction is strongly tied to hominin palaeobiogeography, with at most a weak, Eurasia-specific link to climate change. This first species-level macroscale analysis at relatively high geographical resolution provides strong support for modern humans as the primary driver of the worldwide megafauna losses during the late Quaternary.

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Beerling, David J., C. Nicholas Hewitt, John A. Pyle, and John A. Raven. "Critical issues in trace gas biogeochemistry and global change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1856 (May 18, 2007): 1629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2037.

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The atmospheric composition of trace gases and aerosols is determined by the emission of compounds from the marine and terrestrial biospheres, anthropogenic sources and their chemistry and deposition processes. Biogenic emissions depend upon physiological processes and climate, and the atmospheric chemistry is governed by climate and feedbacks involving greenhouse gases themselves. Understanding and predicting the biogeochemistry of trace gases in past, present and future climates therefore demands an interdisciplinary approach integrating across physiology, atmospheric chemistry, physics and meteorology. Here, we highlight critical issues raised by recent findings in all of these key areas to provide a framework for better understanding the past and possible future evolution of the atmosphere. Incorporating recent experimental and observational findings, especially the influence of CO 2 on trace gas emissions from marine algae and terrestrial plants, into earth system models remains a major research priority. As we move towards this goal, archives of the concentration and isotopes of N 2 O and CH 4 from polar ice cores extending back over 650 000 years will provide a valuable benchmark for evaluating such models. In the Pre-Quaternary, synthesis of theoretical modelling with geochemical and palaeontological evidence is also uncovering the roles played by trace gases in episodes of abrupt climatic warming and ozone depletion. Finally, observations and palaeorecords across a range of timescales allow assessment of the Earth's climate sensitivity, a metric influencing our ability to decide what constitutes ‘dangerous’ climate change.

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Goldner, A., M. Huber, N. Diffenbaugh, and R. Caballero. "Implications of the permanent El Niño teleconnection "blueprint" for past global and North American hydroclimatology." Climate of the Past 7, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-723-2011.

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Abstract. Substantial evidence exists for wetter-than-modern continental conditions in North America during the pre-Quaternary warm climate intervals. This is in apparent conflict with the robust global prediction for future climate change of a northward expansion of the subtropical dry zones that should drive aridification of many semiarid regions. Indeed, areas of expected future aridification include much of western North America, where extensive paleoenvironmental records are documented to have been much wetter before the onset of Quaternary ice ages. It has also been proposed that climates previous to the Quaternary may have been characterized as being in a state with warmer-than-modern eastern equatorial sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Because equatorial Pacific SSTs exert strong controls on midlatitude atmospheric circulation and the global hydrologic cycle, the teleconnected response from this permanent El Niño-like mean state has been proposed as a useful analogue model, or "blueprint", for understanding global climatological anomalies in the past. The present study quantitatively explores the implications of this blueprint for past climates with a specific focus on the Miocene and Pliocene, using a global climate model (CAM3.0) and a nested high-resolution climate model (RegCM3) to study the hydrologic impacts on global and North American climate of a change in mean SSTs resembling that which occurs during modern El Niño events. We find that the global circulation response to a permanent El Niño resembles a large, long El Niño event. This state also exhibits equatorial super-rotation, which would represent a fundamental change to the tropical circulations. We also find a southward shift in winter storm tracks in the Pacific and Atlantic, which affects precipitation and temperature over the mid-latitudes. In addition, summertime precipitation increases over the majority of the continental United States. These increases in precipitation are controlled by shifts in the subtropical jet and secondary atmospheric feedbacks. Based on these results and the data proxy comparison, we conclude that a permanent El Niño like state is one potential explanation of wetter-than-modern conditions observed in paleoclimate-proxy records, particularly over the western United States.

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Hoek, Wim Z. "The interactions between Quaternary Geology and Archaeology." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 89, no. 1 (July 2010): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000779.

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This special issue focuses on the interactions between Quaternary Geology and Archaeology and results from the INQUA-NL Symposium: ‘Late Quaternary Climate Change: a Human Perspective’ held on April 14th2009, KNAW Trippenhuis, Amsterdam. The symposium was attended by over 125 scientists and students with interest in the fields of Quaternary Geology and Archaeology. The symposium was organized for the INQUA Netherlands commission (INQUA-NL) by Wim Hoek, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University (UU), Henry Hooghiemstra, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam (UvA), and Jos Deeben, National Service for Cultural Heritage (RCE). The INQUA Netherlands commission (INQUA-NL) is the Netherlands' national representation in INQUA, the International Union for Quaternary Research (see furtherwww.geo.uu.nl/inqua-nl).The Netherlands is a country made by humans, but before the large-scale impact of humans that formed the typical Dutch landscape, people inhabited our area and needed to be able to deal with natural disasters like climate change, river floods or sea-level change. In the field of archaeology, there is increasingly more space to include the environmental changes that partly determined the behaviour of prehistoric communities. The interactions between quaternary geology and archaeology are not only restricted to provide stratigraphical information during archaeological prospection or on exposures during excavations. Quaternary geology is increasingly applied to gain insight in the landscape development and environmental setting where people have lived in the past. Above this, predictive models can be improved by the interaction of archaeological and geological/palaeogeographical research (see also Deeben et al., 2010).

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Miller, Charlotte, Jemma Finch, Trevor Hill, Francien Peterse, Marc Humphries, Matthias Zabel, and Enno Schefuß. "Late Quaternary climate variability at Mfabeni peatland, eastern South Africa." Climate of the Past 15, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 1153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1153-2019.

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Abstract. The scarcity of continuous, terrestrial, palaeoenvironmental records in eastern South Africa leaves the evolution of late Quaternary climate and its driving mechanisms uncertain. Here we use a ∼7 m long core from Mfabeni peatland (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) to reconstruct climate variability for the last 32 000 years (cal ka BP). We infer past vegetation and hydrological variability using stable carbon (δ13Cwax) and hydrogen isotopes (δDwax) of plant-wax n-alkanes and use Paq to reconstruct water table changes. Our results indicate that late Quaternary climate in eastern South Africa did not respond directly to orbital forcing or to changes in sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the western Indian Ocean. We attribute the arid conditions evidenced at Mfabeni during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to low SSTs and an equatorward displacement of (i) the Southern Hemisphere westerlies, (ii) the subtropical high-pressure cell, and (iii) the South Indian Ocean Convergence Zone (SIOCZ), which we infer was linked to increased Antarctic sea-ice extent. The northerly location of the high-pressure cell and the SIOCZ inhibited moisture advection inland and pushed the rain-bearing cloud band north of Mfabeni, respectively. The increased humidity at Mfabeni between 19 and 14 cal kyr BP likely resulted from a southward retreat of the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ, consistent with a decrease in Antarctic sea-ice extent. Between 14 and 5 cal kyr BP, when the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ were in their southernmost position, local insolation became the dominant control, leading to stronger atmospheric convection and an enhanced tropical easterly monsoon. Generally drier conditions persisted during the past ca. 5 cal ka BP, probably resulting from an equatorward return of the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ. Higher SSTs and heightened El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity may have played a role in enhancing climatic variability during the past ca. 5 cal ka BP. Our findings highlight the influence of the latitudinal position of the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ in driving climatological and environmental changes in eastern South Africa.

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Claußen, M. "Abrupt African Quaternary climate and vegetation change: concepts, modelling, and data." Quaternary International 404 (June 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.096.

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Cronin, Thomas M., Dawn M. DeMartino, Gary S. Dwyer, and Julio Rodriguez-Lazaro. "Deep-sea ostracode species diversity: response to late Quaternary climate change." Marine Micropaleontology 37, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8398(99)00026-2.

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Thomas, Michael F., Jonathan Nott, Andrew S. Murray, and David M. Price. "Fluvial response to late Quaternary climate change in NE Queensland, Australia." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 251, no. 1 (July 2007): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.021.

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Sugden, David. "Quaternary climate change and South America: a tribute to Chalmers Clapperton." Journal of Quaternary Science 15, no. 4 (2000): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1417(200005)15:4<299::aid-jqs546>3.0.co;2-4.

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Nott, Jonathan. "Tropical cyclones, global climate change and the role of Quaternary studies." Journal of Quaternary Science 26, no. 5 (June 14, 2011): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1524.

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Sandel, B., L. Arge, B. Dalsgaard, R. G. Davies, K. J. Gaston, W. J. Sutherland, and J. C. Svenning. "The Influence of Late Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity on Species Endemism." Science 334, no. 6056 (October 6, 2011): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210173.

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Waters, Michael R., and C. Vance Haynes. "Late Quaternary arroyo formation and climate change in the American Southwest." Geology 29, no. 5 (2001): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0399:lqafac>2.0.co;2.

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Ridgwell, Andy J. "Implications of the glacial CO2“iron hypothesis” for Quaternary climate change." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4, no. 9 (September 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003gc000563.

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Edwards, R. L., D. X. Yuan, Z. S. An, Y. J. Wang, A. S. Auler, H. Cheng, H. Rowe, X. F. Wang, M. J. Kelly, and C. A. Dykoski. "Timing and nature of late Quaternary climate change from cave deposits." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1376.

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