Journal articles: 'Quarkons'

1

Drapier, O. "Heavy quarks and quarkonia." Nuclear Physics A 774 (August 2006): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.06.052.

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Simone, James N. "Standard Model Physics from Quarkonia and Lattice QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 12, no. 22 (September 10, 1997): 4029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x97002188.

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Quarkonia is studied in lattice QCD using Wilson heavy quarks improved to O(a) in the lattice spacing a. The quarkonia spectrum is compared to experiment and provides a check on lattice spacing errors. Careful attention to systematic errors in quarkonia permits determinations of the QCD coupling αs and the heavy quark masses.

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CİFTCİ, HAKAN, and SALEH SULTANSOY. "NEW HADRONS FORMED BY THE FOURTH SM FAMILY AND ISO-SINGLET QUARKS." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 12 (April 20, 2003): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303009423.

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The properties of new heavy mesons containing new heavy quarks have been investigated. As an example, the fourth SM family quarks and weak iso-singlet quarks predicted by E6GUT are considered. Production of these hadrons at TeV energy lepton colliders due to resonant formation of corresponding quarkonia have been analyzed.

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Schuler, Gerhard A. "Production of heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 71, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002880050177.

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Schuler, Gerhard A. "Production of heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia." Zeitschrift für Physik C: Particles and Fields 71, no. 2 (June 1996): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02906990.

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Zhao, Jiaxing, Shile Chen, and Pengfei Zhuang. "Charmonium in electromagnetic and vortical fields." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 12005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225912005.

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Due to their large mass and early production, heavy quarks (quarkonia) can be sensitive probes to investigate the fast-decaying electromagnetic and vortical fields produced in heavy-ion collisions. The non-relativistic Schrödinger-like equation for heavy quarks under strong electromagnetic fields in the rotating frame is deduced and used to construct the two-body equation for the charmonium system. The effective potential between charm and anti-charm quarks becomes anisotropic in electromagnetic and vortical fields, especially along the direction of the Lorentz force. The vorticity will affect this asymmetry and catalyze the transition from a strong interaction dominant bound state to an electromagnetic and vortical interaction controlled anisotropic bound state.

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Krenz, Nadja, Hendrik van Hees, and Carsten Greiner. "Quarkonia Production and Dissociation in a Langevin Approach." Proceedings 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019010030.

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We aim to describe the process of dissociation and recombination of quarkonia in the quark-gluon plasma. Therefore we developed a model which allows to observe the time evolution of a system with various numbers of charm-anticharm-quark pairs at different temperatures. The motion of the heavy quarks is realized within a Langevin approach. We use a simplified version of a formalism developed by Blaizot et al. in which an Abelian plasma is considered where the heavy quarks interact over a Coulomb like potential. We have demonstrated, that the system reaches the expected thermal distribution in the equilibrium limit.

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Nagle, J. L. "Heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia as tests of thermalization." European Physical Journal A 29, no. 1 (July 2006): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2005-10288-6.

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SHI, X. H., G. L. MA, Y. G. MA, X. Z. CAI, and J. H. CHEN. "“TEMPERATURE” FLUCTUATION AND HEAT CAPACITIES OF QUARKS AND π MESON." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 1912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007222.

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Specific heat capacities of π meson and different quarks after parton cascade AMPT model in Au + Au collisions at [Formula: see text] have been tentatively extracted from the event-by-event temperature fluctuations in the region of low transverse mass. The specific heat capacity of π meson shows a slight dropping trend with increasing impact parameter. The specific heat capacities of different quarks increase with the mass of quark, and the sum of up and down quark's specific heat capacities was found to be approximately equal to that of π meson.

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10

Kosarzewski, Leszek. "Open and hidden heavy flavor measurements at RHIC." EPJ Web of Conferences 274 (2022): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227405007.

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Quarks of heavy flavors are useful tool to study quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions. Due to their high mass and early production time, heavy quarks experience the entire evolution of the system created in these collisions. Open heavy flavor meson measurements are sensitive to the energy loss in the QGP, while quarkonia are sensitive to the temperature of the QGP as they dissociate because of Debye-like screening of color charges. This presentation is a summary of the latest heavy flavor studies performed at RHIC. Results from both STAR and PHENIX experiments are presented, compared to theoretical calculations and the implications discussed.

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da Silva, Cesar L. "Experimental Overview on Heavy Flavor Production in Heavy Ion Collisions." EPJ Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817204004.

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The use of probes containing heavy quarks is one of the pillars for the study of medium formed in high energy nuclear collisions. The conceptual ideas formulated more than two decades ago, such as quark mass hierarchy of the energy that the probe lose in the media and color screening of bound heavy quarkonia states, have being challenged by the measurements performed at RHIC and LHC. A summary of the most recent experimental observations involving charm and bottom quarks in pp, pA, and AA collisions from collisions energies extending from √sNN =200 GeV to 8 TeV is presented. This manuscript also discuss possibilities of new measurements which can be at reach with increased statistics and detector upgrades.

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SROCZYNSKI, ZBIGNIEW. "AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FERMILAB APPROACH TO HEAVY QUARKS ON THE LATTICE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 1231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01009399.

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We use a space-time asymmetric O(a) improved fermion action and fix the asymmetry non-perturbatively to restore the relativistic dispersion relation. We compute spectra and matrix elements of quarkonia and heavy-light mesons and compare with results obtained using a symmetric action with the Fermilab interpretation i.e. that the physics of heavy lattice quarks depends solely on their kinetic mass. We provide additional evidence to support this.

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Dubla, Andrea. "Overview of open heavy-flavour and quarkonia measurements with ALICE." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225901003.

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Heavy-flavour hadrons, i.e. hadrons containing charm or beauty quarks, are effective probes to test perturbative-QCD (pQCD) calculations, to investigate the different hadronisation mechanisms, and to study the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. Measurements performed in pp and p–Pb collisions have recently revealed unexpected features not in line with the expectations based on previous measurements from e+e− and ep collisions, showing that charm fragmentation fractions are not universal. The investigation of initial-state effects such as shadowing in the collision of a proton with a heavy nucleus is also performed. Measurements of open heavy-flavour and quarkonia production in Pb–Pb collisions allow for testing the mechanisms of heavy-quark transport, energy loss, and coalescence effects during the hadronisation in the presence of a QCD medium. In this contribution, the most recent results on open heavy-flavour and quarkonia production in pp, p–Pb, and Pb–Pb collisions obtained by the ALICE Collaboration are discussed.

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14

Wolschin, Georg. "Aspects of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions." Universe 6, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6050061.

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The rapid thermalization of quarks and gluons in the initial stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is treated using analytic solutions of a nonlinear diffusion equation with schematic initial conditions, and for gluons with boundary conditions at the singularity. On a similarly short time scale of t ≤ 1 fm/c, the stopping of baryons is accounted for through a QCD-inspired approach based on the parton distribution functions of valence quarks, and gluons. Charged-hadron production is considered phenomenologically using a linear relativistic diffusion model with two fragmentation sources, and a central gluonic source that rises with ln 3 ( s N N ) . The limiting-fragmentation conjecture that agrees with data at energies reached at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) is found to be consistent with Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data for Pb-Pb at s N N = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV. Quarkonia are used as hard probes for the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) through a comparison of theoretical predictions with recent CMS, ALICE and LHCb data for Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions.

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Smith, Krista L. "Recent Quarkonia Measurements in Small Systems at RHIC and LHC Energies." Universe 9, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9040174.

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Heavy-ion research at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) during the first decade of data collection, approximately during the years 2000–2010, was primarily focused on the study of Au+Au collisions. The search for evidence of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a state of matter where quarks and gluons become unbound within a high energy density environment, which was at the forefront of research efforts. However, studies of the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 in p/d+Pb collisions from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) yielded results consistent with the hydrodynamic flow, one of the signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation in heavy-ion collisions. Since the publication of these findings, the field of heavy-ion physics has made subsequent measurements in small system collisions to study cold nuclear matter effects as well as look for additional evidence of hot nuclear matter effects. Quarkonia, a bound state of a cc¯ or bb¯ pair, has often been used to probe a wide range of nuclear effects in both large and small collision systems. Here we will review recent quarkonia measurements in small system collisions at RHIC and LHC energies and summarize the experimental conclusions.

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Tarrús Castellà, Jaume. "Heavy hybrids and tetraquarks in effective field theory." EPJ Web of Conferences 202 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920201005.

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We report on an effective field theory (EFT) description of exotic quarkonia as bound states on the spectrum of hybrid and tetraquarks static energies. We provide expressions for hybrid and tetraquarks static energies in terms of Wilson loops. The former have been computed in quenched lattice calculations but the latter are yet unavailable. From the few simulations with dynamical light-quarks we argue that the overall picture from hybrid static energies does not change but additional states, such as heavy meson pairs, need to be considered for a full description. In this EFT framework for quarkonium hybrids, we report on recent results for mixing with standard quarkonium, spin-dependent contributions, and semi-inclusive decays.

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Nouicer, Rachid. "Highlights from PHENIX at RHIC." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817101003.

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Hadrons conveying strange quarks or heavy quarks are essential probes of the hot and dense medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. With hidden strangeness, ϕ meson production and its transport in the nuclear medium have attracted high interest since its discovery. Heavy quark-antiquark pairs, like charmonium and bottomonium mesons, are mainly produced in initial hard scattering processes of partons. While some of the produced pairs form bound quarkonia, the vast majority hadronize into particles carrying open heavy flavor. In this context, the PHENIX collaboration carries out a comprehensive physics program which studies the ϕ meson production, and heavy flavor production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. In recent years, the PHENIX experiment upgraded the detector in installing silicon vertex tracker (VTX) at mid-rapidity region and forward silicon vertex tracker (FVTX) at the forward rapidity region. With these new upgrades, the experiment has collected large data samples, and enhanced the capability of heavy flavor measurements via precision tracking. This paper summarizes the latest PHENIX results concerning ϕ meson, open and closed charm and beauty heavy quark production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. These results are presented as a function of rapidity, energy and system size, and their interpretation with respect to the current theoretical understanding.

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18

IKHDAIR, SAMEER M., and RAMAZAN SEVER. "NONRELATIVISTIC QUARK–ANTIQUARK POTENTIAL: SPECTROSCOPY OF HEAVY-QUARKONIA AND EXOTIC SUSY QUARKONIA." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 28n29 (November 20, 2009): 5341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09045868.

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The experiments at LHC have shown that the SUSY (exotic) bound states are likely to form bound states in an entirely similar fashion as ordinary quarks form bound states, i.e. quarkonium. Also, the interaction between two squarks is due to gluon exchange which is found to be very similar to that interaction between two ordinary quarks. This motivates us to solve the Schrödinger equation with a strictly phenomenological static quark–antiquark potential: [Formula: see text] using the shifted large N-expansion method to calculate the low-lying spectrum of a heavy quark with antisbottom [Formula: see text] and sbottom with antisbottom [Formula: see text] bound states with [Formula: see text] is set free. To have a full knowledge on spectrum, we also give the result for a heavier as well as for lighter sbottom masses. As a test for the reliability of these calculations, we fix the parameters of this potential by fitting the spin-triplet (n3S1) and center-of-gravity l≠0 experimental spectrum of the ordinary heavy quarkonia [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to few MeV. Our results are compared with other models to gauge the reliability of these predictions and point out differences.

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19

Bai, Xiaozhi. "Measurements of quarkonium production and polarization in Pb–Pb collisions with ALICE." EPJ Web of Conferences 276 (2023): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327602015.

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Quarkonia are excellent probes of deconfinement in heavy-ion collisions. For J/ψ, a bound state of cc¯ quarks, the (re-)generation is found to be the dominant production mechanism at the LHC energies. Production measurements of non-prompt J/ψ, originating from beauty-hadron decays, allow one to access the interaction of beauty-quarks with the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Polarization and spin alignment measurements can be used to investigate the characteristics of the formed medium. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that quarkonium states can be polarized by the strong magnetic field generated in the initial state of the collision and by the large angular momentum of the medium in non-central heavy-ion collisions. In these proceedings, the measurements of the inclusive, prompt, and non-prompt J/ψ nuclear modification factor RAA in Pb–Pb collisions at √SNN = 5.02 TeV are shown. The measured non-prompt J/ψ fraction extends down to very low pT with a significantly improved precision compared to previous publications. The results from the first publication on the J/ψ polarization with respect to the event-plane in Pb–Pb collisions at √SNN = 5.02 TeV at forward rapidity are presented as well. The results are compared with available calculations.

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20

Beraudo, A., A. De Pace, W. M. Alberico, and A. Molinari. "Transport properties and Langevin dynamics of heavy quarks and quarkonia in the Quark Gluon Plasma." Nuclear Physics A 831, no. 1-2 (December 2009): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2009.09.002.

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21

Rothstein, Ira Z. "Hadro-Production of Quarkonia in Fixed Target Experiments." International Journal of Modern Physics A 12, no. 22 (September 10, 1997): 3857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x97002012.

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In this talk I review the recent progress made in the calculations of quarkonia production in fixed target experiments. NRQCD organizes the calculations in a systematic expansion in αs and v, the relative velocity between the heavy quarks. Within this formalism there are octet contributions which are not included in the color singlet model. These contributions depend upon unknown matrix elements of local operators which are fit to the data. Using these fits, there are several predictions which do indeed improve agreement with the data. However, the prediction for the polarization of the produced states as well as the ratio of the χ1 to χ2 cross sections differ substantially from the data for the case of pion beams. Possible large corrections from higher twist effects are discussed as is the issue of the the proper choice of masses.

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22

KÖNIGSMANN, KAY. "Heavy Quarkonia." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 535, no. 1 International (July 1988): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb51504.x.

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23

Barnes, T., F. E. Close, P. R. Page, and E. S. Swanson. "Higher quarkonia." Physical Review D 55, no. 7 (April 1, 1997): 4157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.55.4157.

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24

Zalewski, Kacper. "Heavy quarkonia." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 54, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(97)00045-5.

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25

Lipatov, A. V. "Investigation of the dynamics of gluon distributions in the production of heavy quarks and quarkonia at the LEP2 collider." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 69, no. 9 (September 2006): 1573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778806090146.

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26

KARLINER, MAREK. "DOUBLY HEAVY EXOTICS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 35 (January 2014): 1460432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514604323.

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During the last three years strong experimental evidence from B and charm factories has been accumulating for the existence of exotic hadronic quarkonia, narrow resonances which cannot be made from a quark and an antiquark. Their masses and decay modes show that they contain a heavy quark-antiquark pair, but their quantum numbers are such that they must also contain a light quark-antiquark pair. The main theoretical challenge has been to determine the nature of these resonances. The main possibilities are that they are either "genuine tetraquarks", i.e. two quarks and two antiquarks within one confinement volume, or "hadronic molecules" of two heavy-light mesons. In the last few months there is more and more evidence in favor of the latter. I discuss the experimental data and its interpretation and provide fairly precise predictions for masses and quantum numbers of the additional exotic states which are naturally expected in the molecular picture but have yet to be observed. I also provide arguments in favor of the existence of an even more exotic state – a hypothetical deuteron-like bound state of two heavy baryons.

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Negash, Hluf, and Shashank Bhatnagar. "Radiative Decay Widths of Ground and Excited States of Vector Charmonium and Bottomonium." Advances in High Energy Physics 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7306825.

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We study the radiative decay widths of vector quarkonia for the process of J/ψ(nS)→ηc(nS)γ and Υ(nS)→ηb(nS)γ (for principal quantum numbers n=1,2,3) in the framework of Bethe-Salpeter equation under the covariant instantaneous ansatz using a 4×4 form of BSE. The parameters of the framework were determined by a fit to the mass spectrum of ground states of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, such as ηc, ηb, J/ψ, and Υ. These input parameters so fixed were found to give good agreements with data on mass spectra of ground and excited states of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, leptonic decay constants of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, two-photon decays, and two-gluon decays of pseudoscalar quarkonia in our recent paper. With these input parameters so fixed, the radiative decay widths of ground (1S) and excited (2S,3S) states of heavy vector quarkonia (J/Ψ and Υ) are calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with data.

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Inyang, E. P. "THE EFFECT OF TOPOLOGICAL DEFECT ON THE MASS SPECTRA OF HEAVY AND HEAVY-LIGHT QUARKONIA." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 19, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022no4/78-87.

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In this present study, the effect of Topological Defect on the mass spectra of heavy and heavy-light mesons such as charmonium, bottomonium, and charm-strange ,bottom-charm respectively are studied with the Hulthen plus Yukawa potential. The Schrödinger equation is solved analytically using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method. The approximate solutions of the energy spectrum and un-normalized wave function were obtained. We applied the present results to predict the mass spectra of heavy and heavy-light mesons in the presence and absence of a topological defect for different quantum states. We noticed that when the topological defect increases the mass spectra are shifted and move closer to the experimental data. However, when compared to the work of other researchers, the results established an improvement.

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MITRA, A. N., and ANJU SHARMA. "TOTAL WIDTHS OF LIGHT HADRONS: AN INCLUSIVE VIEW." International Journal of Modern Physics A 10, no. 19 (July 30, 1995): 2799–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x95001327.

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The total width of a [Formula: see text] hadron is modeled by the rate at which it dissociates into a pair of quasifree quarks brought about by “soft” and “hard” gluon exchanges, under the ansatz of a short time zone for the existence of such a state. A crucial ingredient in this regard is the quark’s mass function for which a nonperturbative formula is obtained via dynamical breaking of the chiral symmetry of an input vector-exchange-like four-fermion Lagrangian, facilitated by the knowledge that for a chirally invariant Lagrangian this quantity is also equal to the pion-quark vertex function in the chiral limit (Mπ⇒0). The mass function so employed is based on a Bethe-Salpeter (BS) model with a vectorexchange-like kernel (chirally invariant) which is precalibrated to the spectroscopy of [Formula: see text] and qqq hadrons, and also predicts a value of [Formula: see text] fully consistent with QCD sum rules. The predicted widths show a good overlap with available data from L>1 to J=5, while limitations of phase space resist applicability of the said mechanism due to the onset of hadronic selection rules for certain L≤1 states.

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Manzoor, R., J. Ahmed, and A. Raya. "A new variational approach and its application toheavy quarkonia." Revista Mexicana de Física 67, no. 1 Jan-Feb (January 7, 2021): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.67.33.

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By combining the variational principle with Heisenberg uncertaintyprinciple in an effective Hamiltonian for heavy flavored mesons, we in-troduce a framework to estimate masses and radii of these states froman analytical constraint. In a novel manner, a model for quark velocityand a model for quark momentum width are introduced. These kinemat-ical model parameters are obtained as analytical functions of inter quarkseparation in heavy quarkonia. The values of such quark parameters arethen used in the calculation of S-wave annihilation decay rates of \bar{c}c and\bar{b} b. To test the accuracy of our technique we first calculate the spin averaged masses, scalar radii and annihilation decay rates of charmoniumand bottomonium without and with relativistic corrections by solving theSchrödinger wave equation with the appropriate parametrization of the Song-Lin potential. The Schrödinger wave equation is solved numericallywith the matrix Numerov method and we observe a good agreement withthe experimental measurements and other theoretical calculations and extract strong running coupling constant for \bar{c}c and \bar{b}b systems. In non rel-ativistic settings, heavy meson spectra have been obtained and extended to rather higher excited states within our framework by using bare masses of c and b quarks which we have extracted from analysis of experimentaldata

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Manzoor, R., J. Ahmed, and A. Raya. "A new variational approach and its application toheavy quarkonia." Revista Mexicana de Física 67, no. 1 Jan-Feb (January 7, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.67.33.

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By combining the variational principle with Heisenberg uncertaintyprinciple in an effective Hamiltonian for heavy flavored mesons, we in-troduce a framework to estimate masses and radii of these states froman analytical constraint. In a novel manner, a model for quark velocityand a model for quark momentum width are introduced. These kinemat-ical model parameters are obtained as analytical functions of inter quarkseparation in heavy quarkonia. The values of such quark parameters arethen used in the calculation of S-wave annihilation decay rates of \bar{c}c and\bar{b} b. To test the accuracy of our technique we first calculate the spin averaged masses, scalar radii and annihilation decay rates of charmoniumand bottomonium without and with relativistic corrections by solving theSchrödinger wave equation with the appropriate parametrization of the Song-Lin potential. The Schrödinger wave equation is solved numericallywith the matrix Numerov method and we observe a good agreement withthe experimental measurements and other theoretical calculations and extract strong running coupling constant for \bar{c}c and \bar{b}b systems. In non rel-ativistic settings, heavy meson spectra have been obtained and extended to rather higher excited states within our framework by using bare masses of c and b quarks which we have extracted from analysis of experimentaldata

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Kharlov, Yuri, Yeghishe Hambardzumyan, and Antony Varlamov. "Probing the Hot QCD Matter via Quarkonia at the Next-Generation Heavy-Ion Experiment at LHC." Particles 6, no. 2 (May 2, 2023): 546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles6020030.

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Quarkonia represent one of the most valuable probes of the deconfined quark–gluon hot medium since the very first experimental studies with ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. A significant step forward in characterizing the QCD matter via systematic studies of quarkonia production will be performed by the next-generation heavy-ion experiment ALICE 3, a successor of the ongoing ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The new advanced detector of ALICE 3 will allow for exploring the production of S- and P-state quarkonia at high statistics, at low and moderate transverse momenta ranges. The performance of ALICE 3 for quarkonia measurements and the requirements for the detectors are discussed.

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33

Lee-Franzini, Juliet. "Physics of quarkonia." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 3 (March 1988): 139–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(88)90186-7.

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Seth, Kamal K. "QUARKONIA AND PENTAQUARKS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 19 (July 30, 2005): 4585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05028247.

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Fayyazuddin and Owaish H. Mobarek. "E1andM1transitions in quarkonia." Physical Review D 48, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 1220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.48.1220.

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LI, DE-MIN, HONG YU, and QI-XING SHEN. "ON THE MASS RELATION OF A MESON NONET." Modern Physics Letters A 17, no. 03 (January 30, 2002): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732302006369.

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It is pointed out that the omission of the effects of the transition between quarkonia or the assumption that the transition between quarkonia is flavor-independent would result in the inconsistent results for the pseudoscalar meson nonet. It is emphasized that the mass relation of the non-ideal mixing meson nonets should incorporate the effects of the flavor-dependent transition between quarkonia. The new mass relations of a meson nonet are presented.

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37

Makkinejad, Babak. "Quarks." Physics Teacher 49, no. 3 (March 2011): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3555491.

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Ozawa, Naohiro. "The Emergence of Quarks/Anti-Quarks." Hyperscience International Journals 2, no. 3 (September 2022): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55672/hij2022pp83-88.

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In clarifying the entirety of the universe, the most important processes are the emergence of the universe and the ‎formation of quarks/anti-quarks. The entirety of the universe has emerged in a causal and consecutive manner. ‎According to the Standard Model, from the dawn of the universe, particles such as 3 pairs of neutrinos (v_µ ⁄ v ̅_µ , ‎v_e ⁄ v ̅_e , v_τ ⁄ v ̅_τ ) and 6 pairs of quarks (U/U ̅,d/d ̅ , s/s ̅ , c/c ̅ , b/b ̅ , t/t ̅ ) suddenly emerged with different ‎components not due to causality but due to "vacuum phase transitions" with no space existing in the universe. In ‎this research paper, we must first assume that quarks/anti-quarks are formed inextricably linked with the ‎organization of space-time/anti-space-time and in cooperation with 2 pairs of neutrinos (v_µ ⁄ v ̅_µ , v_e ⁄ v ̅_e ) in ‎the acting of the "strong interaction" and "weak interaction." We must also assume that quarks/anti-quarks are the ‎main body that composes the π- on group ( π^+, π^-, π^±, π^0 ) and the nucleon group ( P, P ̅, n , n ̅ ), and ‎that they play the leading role to compose not only 120 types of atomic nuclei, but also all the ‎particles/antiparticles that exist in the entire universe. In other words, the formed quarks/anti-quarks must clear any ‎and all problems in the above series without any contradictions. This research paper will make clear details such as ‎the fact that only 2 pairs of quarks (U/U ̅ , d ⁄ d ̅ ), were formed; that in the entirety of the universe, only these 2 ‎pairs of quarks were given electrical charges; and that the raw materials of space-time/anti-space-time are the same ‎as quarks/anti-quarks.‎

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39

Zöllner, Rico, and Burkhard Kämpfer. "Quarkonia Formation in a Holographic Gravity–Dilaton Background Describing QCD Thermodynamics." Particles 4, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles4020015.

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A holographic model of probe quarkonia is presented, where the dynamical gravity–dilaton background was adjusted to the thermodynamics of 2 + 1 flavor QCD with physical quark masses. The quarkonia action was modified to account for the systematic study of the heavy-quark mass dependence. We focused on the J/ψ and Υ spectral functions and related our model to heavy quarkonia formation as a special aspect of hadron phenomenology in heavy-ion collisions at LHC.

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MATRASULOV, D. U., F. C. KHANNA, KH T. BUTANOV, and KH YU. RAKHIMOV. "SPECTRA OF QUARKONIA AT FINITE TEMPERATURE." Modern Physics Letters A 21, no. 17 (June 7, 2006): 1383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306020810.

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Finite-temperature spectra of heavy quarkonia are calculated by combining potential model and thermofield dynamics formalisms. The mass spectra of the heavy quarkonia with various quark contents are calculated. It is found that binding mass of the quarkonium decreases as temperature increases.

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41

Cardinale, R. "Heavy Quarkonia at LHCb." EPJ Web of Conferences 96 (2015): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20159601005.

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Leitch, M. J. "Quarkonia production at RHIC." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 32, no. 12 (November 17, 2006): S391—S399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/32/12/s48.

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Lee, Su Houng, and Kenji Morita. "Properties of quarkonia atTc." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 35, no. 10 (September 17, 2008): 104024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/35/10/104024.

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de Cassagnac, Raphael Granier. "Heavy flavours and quarkonia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 509 (May 7, 2014): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/509/1/012006.

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Mócsy, Ágnes. "Potential models for quarkonia." European Physical Journal C 61, no. 4 (January 13, 2009): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0847-4.

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Xu, Zhangbu, and Thomas Ullrich. "Quarkonia measurements with STAR." European Physical Journal C 61, no. 4 (March 27, 2009): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1018-y.

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Manca, G. "Quarkonia production at LHCb." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 11n12 (April 25, 2014): 1430014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14300142.

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Eichten, Estia, Stephen Godfrey, Hanna Mahlke, and Jonathan L. Rosner. "Quarkonia and their transitions." Reviews of Modern Physics 80, no. 3 (September 19, 2008): 1161–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.80.1161.

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Stöck, Holger. "Spectroscopy of Heavy Quarkonia." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 142 (May 2005): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2005.01.043.

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Linden Levy, L. A. "Quarkonia production in collisions." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 214, no. 1 (May 2011): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2011.03.060.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Quarkons'

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