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Journal articles on the topic 'Quark intrinsic transverse momentum'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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1

SCHWEITZER, P., M. STRIKMAN, and C. WEISS. "SEA QUARK TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTIONS AND DYNAMICAL CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 25 (January 2014): 1460010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600106.

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Recent theoretical studies have provided new insight into the intrinsic transverse momentum distributions of valence and sea quarks in the nucleon at a low scale. The valence quark transverse momentum distributions ([Formula: see text]) are governed by the nucleon's inverse hadronic size R-1 ~ 0.2 GeV and drop steeply at large pT. The sea quark distributions ([Formula: see text]) are in large part generated by non–perturbative chiral–symmetry breaking interactions and extend up to the scale ρ-1 ~ 0.6 GeV. These findings have many implications for modeling the initial conditions of perturbative QCD evolution of TMD distributions (starting scale, shape of pT distributions, coordinate–space correlation functions). The qualitative difference between valence and sea quark intrinsic pT distributions could be observed experimentally, by comparing the transverse momentum distributions of selected hadrons in semi–inclusive deep–inelastic scattering, or those of dileptons produced in pp and [Formula: see text] scattering.
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2

Hägler, Ph, B. U. Musch, J. W. Negele, and A. Schäfer. "Intrinsic quark transverse momentum in the nucleon from lattice QCD." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 88, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 61001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/88/61001.

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3

Vogt, R. "The A-Dependence of Open Charm and Bottom Production." International Journal of Modern Physics E 12, no. 02 (April 2003): 211–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301303001272.

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We study inclusive heavy quark and exclusive heavy quark pair production in pp and pA interactions. Intrinsic transverse momentum is introduced in pp interactions. Nuclear effects are introduced in pA interactions, including kT broadening and nuclear shadowing. The nuclear dependence is studied over a range of energies, both in fixed target and collider setups.
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4

Bozzi, Giuseppe, and Andrea Signori. "Nonperturbative Uncertainties on the Transverse Momentum Distribution of Electroweak Bosons and on the Determination of the W Boson Mass at the LHC." Advances in High Energy Physics 2019 (March 17, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2526897.

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In this contribution we present an overview of recent results concerning the impact of a possible flavour dependence of the intrinsic quark transverse momentum on electroweak observables. In particular, we focus on the qT spectrum of electroweak gauge bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at the LHC and on the direct determination of the W boson mass. We show that these effects are comparable in size to other nonperturbative effects commonly included in phenomenological analyses and should thus be included in precise theoretical predictions for present and future hadron colliders.
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5

Burkert, Volker D. "Jefferson Lab at 12 GeV: The Science Program." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 68, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021129.

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Jefferson Lab's upgrade of its Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) has recently been completed. The project involved an upgrade of the accelerator to achieve a maximum beam energy of 12 GeV and the construction of a fourth end station, Experimental Hall D, as well as new detector equipment for two of the three existing halls (A, B, and C). A broad experimental program has been developed to map the nucleon's intrinsic quark distributions in transverse space and in longitudinal momentum through measurements of deeply exclusive and semi-inclusive processes, and to probe color confinement by studying the spectrum of hadrons with active gluon degrees of freedom in the wave function. Other programs include the forward parton distribution function at large quark momentum fraction x, the quark and gluon polarized distribution functions, measurements of electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon ground state and of nucleon resonance transitions at short distances, and the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model in high-precision parity-violating processes and in the search for signals of dark matter. The higher beam energy is also suitable for exploration of quark hadronization properties using the nucleus as a laboratory. This review highlights major areas of hadron and nuclear science that will be the focus of the first 5 years of operation.
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6

Boer, Daniël. "Intrinsic transverse momentum and transverse spin asymmetries." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 79, no. 1-3 (October 1999): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)00807-5.

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7

Yang, Pei-Pin, Fu-Hu Liu, and Raghunath Sahoo. "A New Description of Transverse Momentum Spectra of Identified Particles Produced in Proton-Proton Collisions at High Energies." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (October 29, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6742578.

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The transverse momentum spectra of identified particles produced in high energy proton-proton p + p collisions are empirically described by a new method with the framework of the participant quark model or the multisource model at the quark level, in which the source itself is exactly the participant quark. Each participant (constituent) quark contributes to the transverse momentum spectrum, which is described by the TP-like function, a revised Tsallis–Pareto-type function. The transverse momentum spectrum of the hadron is the convolution of two or more TP-like functions. For a lepton, the transverse momentum spectrum is the convolution of two TP-like functions due to two participant quarks, e.g., projectile and target quarks, taking part in the collisions. A discussed theoretical approach seems to describe the p + p collisions data at center-of-mass energy s = 200 GeV , 2.76 TeV, and 13 TeV very well.
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8

Catani, Stefano, Massimiliano Grazzini, and Alessandro Torre. "Transverse-momentum resummation for heavy-quark hadroproduction." Nuclear Physics B 890 (January 2015): 518–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2014.11.019.

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9

Berger, Edmond L., and Ruibin Meng. "Transverse momentum distributions for heavy quark pairs." Physical Review D 49, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 3248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.49.3248.

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10

KAWAMURA, HIROYUKI, JIRO KODAIRA, CONG-FENG QIAO, and KAZUHIRO TANAKA. "TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE B MESONS IN THE HEAVY-QUARK LIMIT: THE WANDZURA–WILCZEK PART." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 11 (April 10, 2003): 799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230300985x.

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In the heavy-quark limit, the valence Fock-state components in the B mesons are described by a set of two light-cone wave functions. We show that these two wave functions obey simple coupled differential equations, which are based on the equations of motion in the Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET), and the analytic solutions for them are obtained. The results generalize the recently obtained longitudinal-momentum distribution in the Wandzura–Wilczek approximation by including the transverse momenta. We find that the transverse momentum distribution depends on the longitudinal momentum of the constituents, and that the wave functions damp very slowly for large transverse separation between quark and antiquark.
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11

YAN, LI, PENGFEI ZHUANG, and NU XU. "CHARM QUARK THERMALIZATION IN QUARK-GLUON PLASMA." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007441.

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The charm quark thermalization in quark-gluon plasma is described by a transport model in relaxation time approximation. Combining the transport equation for charm quarks with the hydrodynamic description for the medium, we calculated the charm quark transverse momentum distribution and discussed its dependence on the relaxation time.
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12

PASQUINI, B., S. BOFFI, and P. SCHWEITZER. "THE SPIN STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEON IN LIGHT-CONE QUARK MODELS." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 35n37 (December 7, 2009): 2903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230900111x.

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The quark spin densities related to generalized parton distributions in impact-parameter space and to transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions are reviewed within a light-cone quark model, with focus on the role of the different spin-spin and spin-orbit correlations of quarks. Results for azimuthal spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering due to T -even transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions are also discussed.
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13

Abdel-Aziz, Mohamed, and Sean Gavin. "Probing Quark Gluon Liquid Using Transverse Momentum Fluctuations." Nuclear Physics A 774 (August 2006): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.06.100.

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14

Tai, Yang-Ming, Pei-Pin Yang, and Fu-Hu Liu. "An Analysis of Transverse Momentum Spectra of Various Jets Produced in High Energy Collisions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2021 (January 9, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8832892.

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With the framework of the multisource thermal model, we analyze the experimental transverse momentum spectra of various jets produced in different collisions at high energies. Two energy sources, a projectile participant quark and a target participant quark, are considered. Each energy source (each participant quark) is assumed to contribute to the transverse momentum distribution to be the TP-like function, i.e., a revised Tsallis–Pareto-type function. The contribution of the two participant quarks to the transverse momentum distribution is then the convolution of two TP-like functions. The model distribution can be used to fit the experimental spectra measured by different collaborations. The related parameters such as the entropy index-related, effective temperature, and revised index are then obtained. The trends of these parameters are useful to understand the characteristic of high energy collisions.
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15

Mukherjee, Asmita, Sreeraj Nair, and Vikash Kumar Ojha. "Wigner Distributions of Quark." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 40 (January 2016): 1660055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516600557.

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Wigner distribution functions are the quantum analogue of the classical phase space distribution and being quantum implies that they are not genuine phase space distribution and thus lack any probabilistic interpretation. Nevertheless, Wigner distributions are still interesting since they can be related to both generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs) under some limit. We study the Wigner distribution of quarks and also the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of quarks in the dressed quark model.
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16

LORCÉ, CÉDRIC, and BARBARA PASQUINI. "WIGNER DISTRIBUTIONS AND QUARK ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 20 (January 2012): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512009129.

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We discuss the quark phase-space or Wigner distributions of the nucleon which combine in a single picture all the information contained in the generalized parton distributions and the transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions. In particular, we present results for the distribution of unpolarized quarks in a longitudinally polarized nucleon obtained in a light-front constituent quark model. We show how the quark orbital angular momentum can be extracted from the Wigner distributions and compare it with alternative definitions.
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17

BUFFING, M. G. A., P. J. MULDERS, and A. MUKHERJEE. "UNIVERSALITY OF QUARK AND GLUON TMD CORRELATORS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 25 (January 2014): 1460003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600039.

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Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) parton distribution functions (PDFs), in short referred to as TMDs, also take into account the transverse momentum (pT) of the partons. Just as the pT-integrated analogues we want to link them to quark and gluon matrix elements using Operator Product Expansion methods in QCD, involving operators of definite twist. The TMDs also involve operators of higher twist, which are not suppressed by powers of the hard scale, however. Using the expression for TMDs involving nonlocal matrix elements of quark and gluon fields there is a gauge link dependence, which also introduces an inherent process dependence. Using transverse moments, which are specific pT-weightings, we can establish the link with quark and gluon fields including the higher twist ones. We introduce (a finite number of) universal TMDs of definite rank and show how the process dependent TMDs can be written as combinations of these universal functions.
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18

Xing, Hongxi, Zhong-Bo Kang, Enke Wang, and Xin-Nian Wang. "QCD Evolution of Nuclear Quark-Gluon Correlation Function." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 37 (January 2015): 1560061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194515600617.

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We summarize the results on the next-to-leading order (NLO) calculations of transverse momentum broadening in semi-inclusive deeply inelastic e + A scattering (SIDIS) and Drell-Yan dilepton production (DY) in p + A collisions. The corresponding transverse momentum weighted differential cross sections are shown to factorize at NLO. Our calculations identify the QCD evolution equation for the quark-gluon correlation function, and also confirm the universality of the associated quark-gluon correlation function in SIDIS and DY. The evolution equation can be further applied to determine the QCD factorization scale and the energy dependence of the jet transport parameter [Formula: see text].
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19

Lorcé, Cédric. "Quark Spin-Orbit Correlations." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 37 (January 2015): 1560036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194515600368.

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The proton spin puzzle issue focused the attention on the parton spin and orbital angular momentum contributions to the proton spin. However, a complete characterization of the proton spin structure requires also the knowledge of the parton spin-orbit correlation. We showed that this quantity can be expressed in terms of moments of measurable parton distributions. Using the available phenomenological information about the valence quarks, we concluded that this correlation is negative, meaning that the valence quark spin and kinetic orbital angular momentum are, in average, opposite. The quark spin-orbit correlation can also be expressed more intuitively in terms of relativistic phase-space distributions, which can be seen as the mother distributions of the standard generalized and transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions. We present here for the first time some examples of the general multipole decomposition of these phase-space distributions.
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20

Kaur, Satvir, and Harleen Dahiya. "Study of Spin–Spin Correlations between Quark and a Spin-1/2 Composite System." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (January 27, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9429631.

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We study the correlation between the fermion composite system and quark spins by using the light-cone quark–diquark model. We do the calculations for u-quark and d-quark in the fermion system by considering different polarization configurations of both. The contribution from scalar and axial-vector diquarks is taken into account. The overlap representation of light-front wavefunctions is used for the calculations. The spin–spin correlations for u and d quarks are presented in transverse impact-parameter plane and transverse momentum plane as well.
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21

Fai, George, Gábor Papp, and Péter Lévai. "Di-hadron correlations and parton intrinsic transverse momentum." Nuclear Physics A 774 (August 2006): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.06.086.

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22

LIU, WEI, CHE MING KO, and BEN-WEI ZHANG. "JET CONVERSIONS IN QGP AND SUPPRESSION OF IDENTIFIED HADRONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 1930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830130700726x.

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A gluon or quark jet traversing through a quark-gluon plasma can be converted into a quark or gluon jet through scatterings with thermal partons. Their conversion rates due to two-body elastic and inelastic scattering as well as scatterings involving gluon radiation are evaluated in the lowest order in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Including both energy loss and conversions of quark and gluon jets in the expanding quark-gluon plasma produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions, we find a net conversion of quark jets to gluon jets. This reduces the difference between the nuclear modification factors for quark and gluon jets in central heavy ion collisions and thus enhances the p/π+ and [Formula: see text] ratios at high transverse momentum. Using the larger QCD coupling constant from lattice QCD calculations than that given by the perturbative QCD further enhances the net quark to gluon jet conversion rate, leading to a closer similarity between these ratios at high transverse momentum in central Au + Au collisions at [Formula: see text] and in p + p collisions at same energy as observed in experiments.
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23

BURKARDT, MATTHIAS. "GPDs AND TMDs." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 20 (January 2012): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512009117.

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For transversely polarized nucleons the distribution of quarks in the transverse plane is transversely shifted and that shift can be described in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). This observation provides a 'partonic' derivation of the Ji-relation for the quark angular momentum in terms of GPDs. Wigner distributions are used to show that the difference between the Jaffe-Manohar definiton of quark orbital angular momentum and that of Ji is equal to the change of orbital angular momentum due to the final state interactions as the struck quark leaves the target in a DIS experiment.
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24

BURKARDT, MATTHIAS. "QUARK ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 25 (January 2014): 1460029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600295.

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Definitions of orbital angular momentum based on Wigner distributions are used to discuss the connection between the Ji definition of the quark orbital angular momentum and that of Jaffe and Manohar. The difference between these two definitions can be interpreted as the change in the quark orbital angular momentum as it leaves the target in a DIS experiment. The mechanism responsible for that change is similar to the mechanism that causes transverse single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering.
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25

Burkardt, Matthias. "Quark Orbital Angular Momentum and Final State Interactions." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 37 (January 2015): 1560035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194515600356.

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Definitions of orbital angular momentum based on Wigner distributions are used to discuss the connection between the Ji definition of the quark orbital angular momentum and that of Jaffe and Manohar. The difference between these two definitions can be interpreted as the change in the quark orbital angular momentum as it leaves the target in a DIS experiment. The mechanism responsible for that change is similar to the mechanism that causes transverse single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering.
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26

Sharma, Shubham, Narinder Kumar, and Harleen Dahiya. "Examination of subleading twist proton TMD gTν in the light-front quark-diquark model." EPJ Web of Conferences 274 (2022): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227406004.

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We have examined the subleading twist T-even transverse momentum dependent parton distribution (TMD) gνT (x, p⊥2) for proton in the light-front quark-diquark model (LFQDM). For semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS), we have decrypted the unintegrated quark-quark correlator and derived the explicit expression of the TMD gνT (x, p2⊥) by considering the both scalar and vector diquarks. The 2-D and 3-D plots of this TMD for both up and down quarks have been examined. Expression of TMD gνT (x, p2⊥) in the form of available results leading twist TMDs g⊥q1T (x, p⊥) and hq1(x, p⊥) has been provided. Plot of transverse momentum-dependent parton distribution function (TMDPDF) gνT (x) have also been provided.
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27

Mukherjee, Asmita, Sreeraj Nair, and Vikash Kumar Ojha. "Wigner Distributions and Orbital Angular Momentum of Quarks." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 37 (January 2015): 1560040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451560040x.

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We present a recent model calculation of the Wigner distributions for the quarks and the orbital angular momentum carried by the quarks. These Wigner distributions contain combined position and momentum space information of the quark distributions and are related to both generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs).
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28

Nematollahi, H., and M. M. Yazdanpanah. "Transverse momentum dependent quark and gluon distributions of light nuclei." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 44, no. 7 (May 31, 2017): 075005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/aa6cb8.

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29

Gao, Jian-Hua. "Azimuthal Asymmetries of the Drell-Yan Process in pA Collisions." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 40 (January 2016): 1660059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516600594.

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We discuss the azimuthal asymmetries of the Drell-Yan process in nucleon-nucleus collisions at the low transverse momentum of the lepton pair. Within the transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) factorization formalism, the nuclear effects of these azimuthal asymmetries can be from the gauge link of the TMD quark distribution. We estimate all these nuclear effects within the assumption that all the TMD parton distributions or correlations are in Gaussian forms.
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30

Zhao, Hong, and Fu-Hu Liu. "On Extraction of Chemical Potentials of Quarks from Particle Transverse Momentum Spectra in High Energy Collisions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/137058.

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We present two methods to extract the chemical potentials of quarks in high energy collisions. The first method is based on the ratios of negatively/positively charged particles, and the temperatures extracted from the transverse momentum spectra of related hadrons are needed. The second method is based on the chemical potentials of some particles, and we also need the transverse momentum spectra of related hadrons. To extract the quark chemical potentials, we would like to propose experimental collaborations to measure simultaneously not only the transverse momentum spectra ofp-,p,K-,K+,π-, andπ+, but also those ofD-,D+,B-, andB+(even those ofΔ++,Δ-, andΩ-) in high energy nuclear collisions.
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31

MILLER, GERALD A., and JOHN ARRINGTON. "THE INCLUSIVE–EXCLUSIVE CONNECTION AND THE NEUTRON NEGATIVE CENTRAL CHARGE DENSITY." International Journal of Modern Physics E 18, no. 09 (October 2009): 1809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301309013877.

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We find an interpretation of the recent finding that the central charge density of the neutron is negative by using models of generalized parton distributions at zero skewness to relate the behavior of deep inelastic scattering quark distributions, evaluated at high x, to the transverse charge density evaluated at small distances. The key physical input of these models is the Drell–Yan–West relation We find that the d quarks dominate the neutron structure function for large values of Bjorken x, where the large longitudinal momentum of the struck quark has a significant impact on determining the center-of-momentum of the system, and thus the "center" of the nucleon in the transverse position plane.
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32

Barone, Vincenzo, Anna Martin, and Franco Bradamante. "Transverse–Spin Quark Distributions from Asymmetry Data and Symmetry Arguments." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010116.

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The transversity and the Sivers distribution functions of quarks incorporate important information about the transverse-spin and transverse-momentum structure of nucleons. We show how these distributions can be directly determined point by point from leptoproduction asymmetry data collected for various targets and produced hadrons by the COMPASS Collaboration. Only simple symmetry relations are used in the extraction.
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33

BUFFING, M. G. A., and P. J. MULDERS. "GENERALIZED UNIVERSALITY FOR TMD DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 20 (January 2012): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512009105.

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Azimuthal asymmetries in high-energy processes, most pronounced showing up in combination with single or double (transverse) spin asymmetries, can be understood with the help of transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distribution and fragmentation functions. These appear in correlators containing expectation values of quark and gluon operators. TMDs allow access to new operators as compared to collinear (transverse momentum integrated) correlators. These operators include nontrivial process dependent Wilson lines breaking universality for TMDs. Making an angular decomposition in the azimuthal angle, we define a set of universal TMDs of definite rank, which appear with process dependent gluonic pole factors in a way similar to the sign of T-odd parton distribution functions in deep inelastic scattering or the Drell-Yan process. In particular, we show that for a spin 1/2 quark target there are three pretzelocity functions.
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34

PAIVA, S., M. NIELSEN, F. S. NAVARRA, F. O. DURÃES, and L. L. BARZ. "VIRTUAL MESON CLOUD OF THE NUCLEON AND INTRINSIC STRANGENESS AND CHARM." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 34 (November 10, 1998): 2715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002886.

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We have used the Meson Cloud Model (MCM) to calculate the charm and strange antiquark distribution in the nucleon. The resulting curve, in the case of charm, is very similar to the intrinsic charm momentum distribution. This allows us to identify the intrinsic quark distribution with the valence quark distribution in the cloud and, at the same time, explains why other MCM calculations fail in reproducing the low x region data. From the intrinsic strange quark distribution in the nucleon, we have extracted information about the relative importance of various intermediate states that should be considered in a loop calculation.
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35

Kumar, Yogesh, and S. Somorendro Singh. "Free Energy Evolution and Photon Radiation from QGP." ISRN High Energy Physics 2013 (November 5, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/156747.

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We investigate a simple statistical model of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation. In the model, we use a phenomenological parameter which enhances the growth of quark droplet formation and also stabilizes the formation of the QGP droplet. Then, we study direct photon radiation through annihilation and Compton processes from these stabilized QGP incorporating the parametrized momentum factor in the quark mass. The production rate of thermal photon is found to be dominated in the low transverse momentum and increases a little in comparison to the recent development of direct photon radiation of other theoretical and experimental works.
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36

Tangerman, R. D., and P. J. Mulders. "Intrinsic transverse momentum and the polarized Drell-Yan process." Physical Review D 51, no. 7 (April 1, 1995): 3357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.51.3357.

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37

KIDONAKIS, NIKOLAOS. "TOP QUARK TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT NNLO AND NNLL." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01a (October 2001): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01006930.

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38

Bandyopadhyay, Aritra, Jinfeng Liao, and Hongxi Xing. "Heavy quark dynamics in a strongly magnetized medium." EPJ Web of Conferences 274 (2022): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227404013.

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We present a calculation of the heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficients in a strongly magnetized medium, within the Lowest Landau Level (LLL) approximation. In particular, we use the Hard Thermal Loop (HTL) resummed effective gluon propagator, generalized for a hot and magnetized medium. Using this effective HTL gluon propagator along with the LLL quark propagator we analytically derive the full results for the longitudinal and transverse momentum diffusion coefficients for charm and bottom quarks beyond the static limit. Going beyond the static limit of the heavy quark, we also show numerical results for these coefficients in two special cases where the heavy quark is moving either parallel or perpendicular to the external magnetic field.
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39

Kidonakis, Nikolaos. "Total and Differential Cross Sections for Higgs and Top-Quark Production." Universe 4, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe4110121.

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I present theoretical calculations for Higgs-boson and top-quark production, including high-order soft-gluon corrections. I discuss charged-Higgs production in association with a top quark or a W boson, as well as single-top and top-antitop production. Total cross sections as well as transverse-momentum and rapidity distributions of the top quark or the Higgs boson are presented for various LHC energies.
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ENGELHARDT, M., B. MUSCH, P. HÄGLER, J. NEGELE, and A. SCHÄFER. "TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM-DEPENDENT PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS FROM LATTICE QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 20 (January 2012): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512009191.

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Starting from a definition of transverse momentum-dependent parton distributions for semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and the Drell-Yan process, given in terms of matrix elements of a quark bilocal operator containing a staple-shaped Wilson connection, a scheme to determine such observables in lattice QCD is developed and explored. Parametrizing the aforementioned matrix elements in terms of invariant amplitudes permits a simple transformation of the problem to a Lorentz frame suited for the lattice calculation. Results for the Sivers and Boer-Mulders transverse momentum shifts are presented, focusing in particular on their dependence on the staple extent and the Collins-Soper evolution parameter.
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D'ERAMO, FRANCESCO, HONG LIU, and KRISHNA RAJAGOPAL. "JET QUENCHING PARAMETER VIA SOFT COLLINEAR EFFECTIVE THEORY (SCET)." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 07 (July 2011): 1610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311019969.

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We analyze the transverse momentum broadening in the absence of radiation of an energetic parton propagating through quark-gluon plasma via Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET). We show that the probability for picking up transverse momentum k⊥ is given by the Fourier transform of the expectation value of two transversely separated light-like path-ordered Wilson lines. The subtleties about the ordering of operators do not change the [Formula: see text] value for the strongly coupled plasma of [Formula: see text] SYM theory.
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CHEN, GANG, and HUI-LING WEI. "COMPARISON OF THE GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERS INSIDE QUARK- AND GLUON-JET PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT FLAVOR QUARKS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 03 (March 2011): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311018150.

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The characters of the angular distributions of quark-jets and gluon-jets with different flavors are carefully studied after introducing the cone-angle of jets. The quark-jets and gluon-jets are identified from the 3-jet events which are produced by Monte Carlo simulation Jetset7.4 in e+e- collisions at [Formula: see text] GeV. It turns out that the ranges of angular distributions of gluon-jets are obviously wider than that of quark-jets at the same energies. The average cone-angles of gluon-jets are much larger than that of quark-jets. As the multiplicity or the transverse momentum increases, the cone-angle distribution without momentum weight of both the quark-jet and gluon-jet all increases, i.e. the positive linear correlation are present, but the cone-angle distribution with momentum weight decreases at first, then increases when n > 4 or pt > 2 GeV. The characters of cone-angular distributions of gluon-jets produced by quarks with different flavors are the same, while there are obvious differences for that of the quark-jets with different flavors.
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KIDONAKIS, NIKOLAOS, and RAMONA VOGT. "THEORETICAL STATUS OF THE TOP QUARK CROSS SECTION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 14 (June 10, 2005): 3171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05026054.

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We discuss the most recent calculations of the top quark total cross section and transverse momentum distributions at the Tevatron and the LHC. These calculations include the soft-gluon corrections at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO). The soft NNLO corrections stabilize the scale dependence of the cross section.
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CAO, FU-GUANG, and TAO HUANG. "TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM DEPENDENCE IN THE PERTURBATIVE CALCULATION OF THE PION FORM FACTOR." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 04 (February 10, 1998): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398000310.

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Transverse momentum dependence in the perturbative calculation of the pion electromagnetic form factor is re-analyzed. It is found that (a) the intrinsic transverse momentum dependence associated with the pion wave function significantly suppresses perturbative prediction for the pion form factor at the energy region of a few GeV, and (b) the transverse momentum dependence in the fermion propagator of the hard scattering leads to a mild reduction of the perturbative calculation. Our formalism is available for both the intermediate energy region (Q~ a few GeV) and the asymptotic energy region (Q→∞).
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Liu, Fu-Hu, Jia-Yu Chen, and Qiang Zhang. "Multisource Thermal Model Describing Transverse Momentum Spectra of Final-State Particles in High-Energy Collisions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2022 (March 3, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7274958.

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In this minireview article, the transverse momentum spectra of final-state particles produced in high-energy hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions described by the multisource thermal model at the quark or parton level are summarized. In the model, the participant or contributor quarks or partons are considered to contribute together to the transverse momentum distribution of final-state particles with different modes of contributions. The concrete mode of contribution is generally determined by the difference of azimuthal angles of contributor partons in their emissions.
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Field, Rick. "Quark elastic scattering as a source of high transverse momentum mesons." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 01 (January 9, 2015): 1530005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15300057.

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Zhu, Ruilin, Peng Sun, and Feng Yuan. "Low transverse momentum heavy quark pair production to probe gluon tomography." Physics Letters B 727, no. 4-5 (December 2013): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2013.11.002.

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Kumar, Yogesh, and Poonam Jain. "Phenomenological modeling of the photon production rate from the QGP at finite quark chemical potential." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 33 (November 26, 2015): 1550196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15501961.

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We show the extended calculation of leading order process for photon production from Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) using a finite quark mass incorporating phenomenological parameter of quarks and gluons with the effect of quark chemical potential. The photon emission rate is observed in the range of low and intermediate transverse momentum. Our modified results of photon production give significant contribution in the range of quark phenomenological parameter, i.e. [Formula: see text] of high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The results obtained are compared with other results.
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PENG, R., and C. B. YANG. "PRODUCTIONS OF HEAVY FLAVORED MESONS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS IN THE RECOMBINATION MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 05 (May 2011): 1213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311018356.

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We find the distributions of shower partons initiated by heavy quarks c and b by studying the fragmentation functions in the framework of the recombination model. The transverse momentum spectra of heavy flavored mesons are predicted with these distributions. We find that the contribution from the recombination of thermal-shower partons is an important part in the total spectrum for the mesons. We predict the heavy flavored meson productions for different centralities with the heavy quark fugacities fitted by the experimental data of J/ψ transverse momentum spectra in Au+Au collisions.
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Bak, Gyeonghwan. "Investigation of in-medium effects of charmonia using azimuthal anisotropy and jet fragmentation function in PbPb collisions at √SNN = 5.02 TeV with the CMS experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 276 (2023): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327602008.

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Quarkonia have been long proposed as the golden probes to study quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions. In this presentation, we present the second- and third-order Fourier coefficients, v2 and v3, for prompt and nonprompt J/ψ mesons in PbPb collisions as functions transverse momentum (pT) and PbPb collision centrality. Also, we report the first measurements of v2 and v3 for the prompt ψ(2S) mesons in PbPb collisions. The results provide v2 and v3 values over the wide studied kinematics regions of transverse momentum and collision centrality.
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