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Journal articles on the topic 'Quark gluon plasma phase transition'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Ghenam, L., A. Ait El Djoudi, and K. Mezouar. "Deconfining phase transition in a finite volume with massive particles: finite size and finite mass effects." Canadian Journal of Physics 94, no. 2 (February 2016): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2015-0484.

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We study the deconfining phase transition from a hadronic gas phase consisting of massive pions to a quark–gluon plasma (QGP) phase containing gluons, massless up and down quarks, and massive strange quarks. The two phases are supposed to coexist in a finite volume, and the finite size effects are studied, in the two cases of thermally driven and density driven deconfining phase transitions. Finite-mass effects are also examined, then the color-singletness condition for the QGP is taken into account and finite size effects are investigated in this case also.

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2

ATAZADEH, K., A. M. GHEZELBASH, and H. R. SEPANGI. "QCD PHASE TRANSITION IN DGP BRANE COSMOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 21, no. 08 (August 2012): 1250069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271812500691.

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In the standard picture of cosmology it is predicted that a phase transition, associated with chiral symmetry breaking after the electroweak transition, has occurred at approximately 10μ seconds after the Big Bang to convert a plasma of free quarks and gluons into hadrons. We consider the quark-hadron phase transition in a Dvali, Gabadadze and Porrati (DGP) brane world scenario within an effective model of QCD. We study the evolution of the physical quantities useful for the study of the early universe, namely, the energy density, temperature and the scale factor before, during and after the phase transition. Also, due to the high energy density in the early universe, we consider the quadratic energy density term that appears in the Friedmann equation. In DGP brane models such a term corresponds to the negative branch (ϵ = -1) of the Friedmann equation when the Hubble radius is much smaller than the crossover length in 4D and 5D regimes. We show that for different values of the cosmological constant on a brane, λ, phase transition occurs and results in decreasing the effective temperature of the quark-gluon plasma and of the hadronic fluid. We then consider the quark-hadron transition in the smooth crossover regime at high and low temperatures and show that such a transition occurs along with decreasing the effective temperature of the quark-gluon plasma during the process of the phase transition.

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3

GEIST, W. M. "ULTRARELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR PHYSICS: FROM BECOMING TO BEING." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 15 (September 1989): 3717–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001497.

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Basic theoretical ideas on a phase transition in heavy ion collisions to a thermalized plasma of free quarks and gluons are outlined. Major experiments are then described which made use of oxygen and sulphur beams with moderate (BNL) or high (CERN) momenta. Representative results pertaining to both average event features and quark-gluon plasma properties are discussed in some detail. This review addresses also interested non-specialists.

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4

Mohanty, A. K., and S. K. Kataria. "Hadronization during quark-gluon plasma phase transition." Physical Review C 53, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.53.887.

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5

Mohanty, A. K., and S. K. Kataria. "Intermittency in Quark-Gluon-Plasma Phase Transition." Physical Review Letters 73, no. 20 (November 14, 1994): 2672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.73.2672.

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6

JACOBSEN, RAFAEL B., GUILHERME F. MARRANGHELLO, CÉSAR A. Z. VASCONCELLOS, and ALEXANDRE MESQUITA. "QUARK–GLUON PLASMA IN A BAG MODEL WITH A SOFT SURFACE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, no. 07 (August 2004): 1431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827180400564x.

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We analyze the implications of quantum hadrodynamics (QHD) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) to model, respectively, two distinct phases of nuclear matter, a baryon–meson phase and a quark–gluon phase. We develop an equation of state (EoS) in the framework of a quark–meson coupling model for the hadron–meson phase using a new version of the fuzzy bag model with scalar–isoscalar, vector–isoscalar and vector–isovector meson–quark couplings and leptonic degrees of freedom as well as the constrains from chemical equilibrium, baryon number and electric charge conservation. We model the EoS for the QGP phase for asymptotically free massless quarks and gluons using the MIT approach and a temperature and baryon chemical potential dependent bag constant, B(T,μ), which allows an isentropic equilibrium phase transition from a QGP to a hadron gas as determined by thermodynamics. Our predictions yield the EoS and static global properties of neutron stars and protoneutron stars at low and moderate values of temperature. Our results are slightly modified in comparison to predictions based on the standard MIT bag model with a constant bag pressure B.

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7

Tuan Anh, Nguyen. "Thermodynamic Hadron-Quark Phase Transition of Chiral Nuclear Matter to Quark-Gluon Plasma." Communications in Physics 27, no. 1 (March 9, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/27/1/9221.

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After receiving very interesting results from investigations of chiral nuclear matter based on the extended Nambu-Jona--Lasinio model (ENJL) included the scalar-vector eight-point interaction, a fundamental question of nuclear physics is what happens to chiral nuclear matter as it is compressed or heated. At very high density and temperature, quarks and gluons come into play and a transition is expected to happen from a phase of nuclear matter consisting of confined hadrons and mesons to a state of `liberated' quarks and gluons. In this paper, we investigate the hadron-quark (HQ) phase transition occurs beyond the chiral phase transition in the nuclear matter. The results show that there exits a quarkyonic-like phase, appeared just before deconfinement, when the chiral symmetry is restored but the elementary excitation modes are still nucleonic.

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8

Spieles, C., H. Stöcker, and C. Greiner. "Phase transition of a finite quark-gluon plasma." Physical Review C 57, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.57.908.

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9

Topilskaya, Nataliya, and Alexey Kurepin. "Some proposed fixed target experiments with the LHC beams." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920403002.

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The physics opportunities offered by using the multi-TeV LHC beams for a fixed target experiment have been widely discussed in recent years. This mode is convenient to investigate rare processes of particle production and polarization phenomena because the expected luminosity exceeds the luminosity of the collider. The main physical goals of these experiments are: i) investigations of the large-x gluon, antiquark and heavy quark content in the nucleon and nucleus; ii) investigations of the dynamics and spin of quarks and gluons inside nucleus; iii) studies of the ion-ion collisions between SPS and RHIC energies towards large rapidities. With the LHC lead beam energy scan on a fixed target it would be possible to investigate the energy range up to 72 GeV to search for the critical point for the phase transition to the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP).

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10

Andrew, Keith, Eric V. Steinfelds, and Kristopher A. Andrew. "Cold Quark–Gluon Plasma EOS Applied to a Magnetically Deformed Quark Star with an Anomalous Magnetic Moment." Universe 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8070353.

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We consider a QCD cold-plasma-motivated Equation of State (EOS) to examine the impact of an Anomalous Magnetic Moment (AMM) coupling and small shape deformations on the static oblate and prolate core shapes of quark stars. Using the Fogaça QCD-motivated EOS, which shifts from the high-temperature, low-chemical-potential quark–gluon plasma environment to the low-temperature, high-chemical-potential quark stellar core environment, we consider the impact of an AMM coupling with a metric-induced shape deformation parameter in the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkov (TOV) equations. The AMM coupling includes a phenomenological scaling that accounts for the weak and strong field characteristics in dense matter. The EOS is developed using a hard gluon and soft gluon decomposition of the gluon field tensor and using a mean-field effective mass for the gluons. The AMM is considered using the Dirac spin tensor coupled to the EM field tensor with quark-flavor-based magnetic moments. The shape parameter is introduced in a metric ansatz that represents oblate and prolate static stellar cores for modified TOV equations. These equations are numerically solved for the final mass and radius states, representing the core collapse of a massive star with a phase transition leading to an unbound quark–gluon plasma. We find that the combined shape parameter and AMM effects can alter the coupled EOS–TOV equations, resulting in an increase in the final mass and a decrease in the final equatorial radius without collapsing the core into a black hole and without violating causality constraints; we find maximum mass values in the range 1.6 Mʘ < M < 2.5 Mʘ. These states are consistent with some astrophysical, high-mass magnetar/pulsar and gravity wave systems and may provide evidence for a core that has undergone a quark–gluon phase transition such as PSR 0943 + 10 and the secondary from the GW 190814 event.

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11

WANG, XIN-NIAN. "HEAVY ION THEORY: QCD AND MATTER IN EXTREMIS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 30 (December 10, 2007): 5474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07038736.

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Nuclear matter is predicted to undergo a phase transition and become a plasma of quarks and gluons (QGP) at high temperature and density. Recent experimental results from high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-ion Collider (RHIC) indicate the production of a strongly interacting quark-gluon matter with fluid-like properties. I will discuss some expected features of QCD at high temperature and density, theoretical interpretations of experimental observations and challenges in unraveling some of the basic properties of dense matter in the strongly interacting regime.

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12

Chernavskaya, Ol'ga D., and Dmitrii S. Chernavskii. "Phase transition in quark-gluon plasma and hydrodynamic theory." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 154, no. 3 (1988): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0154.198803e.0497.

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13

NEFEDIEV, A. V., YU A. SIMONOV, and M. A. TRUSOV. "DECONFINEMENT AND QUARK–GLUON PLASMA." International Journal of Modern Physics E 18, no. 03 (March 2009): 549–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301309012768.

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The theory of confinement and deconfinement is discussed as based on the properties of the QCD vacuum. The latter are described by field correlators of color-electric and color-magnetic fields in the vacuum, which can be calculated analytically and on the lattice. As a result one obtains a self-consistent theory of the confined region in the (μ, T) plane with realistic hadron properties. At the boundary of the confining region, the color-electric confining correlator vanishes, and the remaining correlators describe strong nonperturbative dynamics in the deconfined region with (weakly) bound states. Resulting equation of state for μ = 0, p(T), [Formula: see text] are in good agreement with lattice data. Phase transition occurs due to evaporation of a part of the color-electric gluon condensate, and the resulting critical temperatures Tc(μ) for different nf are in good correspondence with available data.

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14

Chernavskaya, Ol'ga D., and Dmitrii S. Chernavskiĭ. "Phase transition in quark-gluon plasma and hydrodynamic theory." Soviet Physics Uspekhi 31, no. 3 (March 31, 1988): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/pu1988v031n03abeh005721.

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15

Syam Kumar, A. M., J. P. Prasanth, and Vishnu M. Bannur. "Quark-gluon plasma phase transition using cluster expansion method." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 432 (August 2015): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.03.015.

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16

Nayak, B. K., and Zafar Ahmed. "Comment on “Intermittency in Quark-Gluon-Plasma Phase Transition”." Physical Review Letters 75, no. 12 (September 18, 1995): 2448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.75.2448.

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17

VESELSKY, MARTIN. "PHASE TRANSITIONS IN ISOLATED NUCLEAR SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 09 (October 2008): 1883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010866.

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Thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter at sub-saturation densities were investigated using a simple van der Waals-like equation of state with an additional term representing the symmetry energy. First-order isospin-asymmetric liquid-gas phase transition appears restricted to isolated isospin-asymmetric systems while the symmetric systems will undergo fragmentation decay resembling the second-order phase transition. The density dependence of the symmetry energy scaling with the Fermi energy satisfactorily describes the symmetry energy at sub-saturation nuclear densities. The deconfinement-confinement phase transition from the quark-gluon plasma to the confined quark matter appears in the isolated systems continuous in energy density while discontinuous in quark density. A transitional state of the confined quark matter has a negative pressure and after hadronization an explosion scenario can take place which can offer explanation for the HBT puzzle as a signature of the phase transition.

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18

Rusak, Yu A., and L. F. Babichev. "Monte-Carlo simulation of the 1^st order hadron-QGP phase transition in heavy ion collisions using a parton model." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 56, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2020-56-1-84-91.

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Quark gluon plasma (QGP) is a special state of nuclear matter where quarks and gluons behave like free particles. Recently, a number of investigations of this state with high temperature and/or density have been conducted using collisions of relativistic and ultra-relativistic heavy nuclei. It is accepted that depending on the temperature and density, 1st or the 2nd order phase transitions take place in hadron matter during the formation of QGP. Herein, we have modeled heavy ion collisions using a HIJING Monte-Carlo generator, taking into account the description of the 1st order phase transition as a probabilistic process. We analyzed the behavior of the fluctuations of the total (N = N+ – N–) and resultant (Q = N+ – N–) electric charges of the system. Different phases were introduced using the BDMPS (Baier – Dokshitzer – Mueller – Piegne – Schiff) model of parton energy loss during crossing through a dense nuclear medium.

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19

Kumar, Yogesh. "Stable droplet formation of quark-gluon plasma in quark-hadron phase transition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 668 (January 18, 2016): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/668/1/012110.

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20

SIMJI, P., and VISHNU M. BANNUR. "PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS OF GLUON PLASMA IN THE LARGE TEMPERATURE RANGE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 25 (October 8, 2013): 1350121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501212.

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Quasiparticle quark–gluon plasma (qQGP) model and strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma (SCQGP) are two different phenomenological models of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) that try to explain the nonideal behavior seen in lattice simulation of QCD and in relativistic heavy ion collisions. These models almost successfully explain the existing lattice data up to 5Tc. Here, we investigate how better these models fit the recent lattice data results of precision SU(3) thermodynamics for a large temperature range (up to 1000Tc) by studying the statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of gluon plasma and hence we have a complete phenomenological description of the equation of state of QGP from the phase transition through the perturbative region up to Stefan–Boltzmann limit. We also study the effect of orders of running coupling constants on the models and used the equation of state obtained using these models in predicting behavior of quantity like velocity of sound in high temperature, which has no lattice QCD results for such high temperatures.

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21

Vento, Vicente. "Skyrmions at high density." International Journal of Modern Physics E 26, no. 01n02 (January 2017): 1740029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301317400298.

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The phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics is conjectured to have a rich structure containing at least three forms of matter: hadronic nuclear matter, quarkyonic matter and quark–gluon plasma. We justify the origin of the quarkyonic phase transition in a chiral-quark model and describe its formulation in terms of Skyrme crystals.

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22

Kumar, Yogesh, and S. Somorendro Singh. "Dilepton production in finite baryonic quark–gluon plasma." Canadian Journal of Physics 90, no. 10 (October 2012): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p2012-089.

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We study the evolution of hot plasma through a statistical model in the hadronic medium. Evolution of the plasma can be expressed by the free energy at finite temperature and quark chemical potential of the constituent particles in the system. In this study, the dynamical quark mass is dependent on momentum and temperature. The evolution is explained through thermodynamic variables like free energy and entropy curve. These variables show the behaviour of the system for the different chemical potentials, μ, at these transition temperatures T = 150–170 MeV. Moreover, the study of the dilepton production at these finite temperatures and quark chemical potentials from the fireball of quark–gluon plasma shows a specific structure of dilepton spectrum in the intermediate mass region of 1.0–4.0 GeV and its production rate is observed to be a strong increasing function of quark chemical potential for quark and antiquark annihilation. We further observe lepton spectra coming from the hadronic phase in the low mass M = 0–1.2 GeV region.

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23

Cugnon, J., and P. B. Gossiaux. "J/? evolution and quark-gluon plasma to hadron phase transition." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 58, no. 1 (March 1993): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01554082.

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24

Blaizot, J. P., and J. Y. Ollitrault. "Hydrodynamics of a quark-gluon plasma undergoing a phase transition." Nuclear Physics A 458, no. 4 (October 1986): 745–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(86)90198-3.

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25

SINGH, C. P. "CURRENT STATUS OF PROPERTIES AND SIGNALS OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA." International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, no. 29 (November 20, 1992): 7185–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92003318.

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Heavy ion experiments at the AGS machine of Brookhaven National Laboratory and SPS of CERN are aimed at producing and diagnosing a new state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma. Some important and relevant issues involving the nature and the detection aspects of the phase transition from hadron to quark matter are reviewed in an introductory and pedagogical way.

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26

Zhang, Xiao-Bing, and Qi-Ren Zhang. "Relativistic Finite-Volume Effect of Baryons and Phase Transition to the Quark-Gluon Plasma." International Journal of Modern Physics E 07, no. 05 (October 1998): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301398000312.

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We compare a relativistic and thermodynamically consistent treatment for the finite-volume effect of baryons in the phase transition between hadronic matter and quark-gluon plasma, with the previous non-relativistic treatment. We find that, according to the relativistic theory, this phase transition is possible only when the baryonic spectrum is upper bounded.

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27

Kisslinger, Leonard S. "Review of QCD, cosmological phase transitions, QGP, heavy quark meson production enhancement and suppression." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 15 (April 18, 2017): 1730008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17300083.

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This review of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the early universe cosmological phase transition from the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) to our present universe (QCDPT), relativistic heavy ion collisions (RHIC) which can produce the QGP, the possible detection of the QGP produced by the production of mixed hybrid heavy quark mesons. We also review the recent studies of the production of mixed heavy quark hybrids via RHIC and heavy quark meson suppression in p-Pb and Pb–Pb collisions.

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28

Mustafa, Munshi Golam, Dinesh Kumar Srivastava, and Bikash Sinha. "Effect of colour singletness of quark-gluon plasma in quark-hadron phase transition." European Physical Journal C 5, no. 4 (1998): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100520050314.

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29

Mustafa, Munshi Golam, Dinesh Kumar Srivastava, and Bikash Sinha. "Effect of colour singletness of quark-gluon plasma in quark-hadron phase transition." European Physical Journal C 5, no. 4 (October 1998): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100529800884.

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30

Dzhunushaliev, Vladimir, Vladimir Folomeev, Tlekkabul Ramazanov, and Tolegen Kozhamkulov. "Thermodynamics and statistical physics of quasiparticles within the quark–gluon plasma model." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 23 (June 16, 2020): 2050194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320501941.

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We consider thermodynamic properties of a quark–gluon plasma related to quasiparticles having the internal structure. For this purpose, we employ a possible analogy between quantum chromodynamics and non-Abelian Proca-Dirac-Higgs theory. The influence of characteristic sizes of the quasiparticles on such thermodynamic properties of the quark–gluon plasma like the internal energy and pressure is studied. Sizes of the quasiparticles are taken into account in the spirit of the van der Waals equation but we take into consideration that the quasiparticles have different sizes, and the average value of these sizes depends on temperature. It is shown that this results in a change in the internal energy and pressure of the quark–gluon plasma. Also, we show that, when the temperature increases, the average value of characteristic sizes of the quasiparticles increases as well. This leads to the occurrence of a phase transition at the temperature at which the volume occupied by the quasiparticles is compared with the volume occupied by the plasma.

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31

SEN, SURAJIT, and B. BAGCHI. "CHIRAL AND UA(1) PHASE TRANSITIONS IN π0, η AND η′ MESONS." Modern Physics Letters A 21, no. 19 (June 21, 2006): 1529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306019529.

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We have generalized the Pisarsky–Wilczek model of studying the UA(1) phase transition in π0, η and η′ system by incorporating the chiral phase transition. The mass-squared matrix of the neutral pseudoscalar mesons is revisited explicitly from the chiral effective action which necessitates the mixing among the unmixed states to get the physical states. The derivation of the mass spectra of the neutral pseudoscalar mesons shows that apart from their masses, the mixing angles also become temperature dependent. Based on the dilute instanton gas approximation we show that, the UA(1) phase transition along with the chiral phase transition plays an important role in the process of hadronization of the quark–gluon plasma with the quarks of three flavors.

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BRAUN, M. A., C. PAJARES, and J. RANFT. "FUSION OF STRINGS VS. PERCOLATION AND THE TRANSITION TO THE QUARK–GLUON PLASMA." International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, no. 17 (July 10, 1999): 2689–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99001354.

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In most of the models of hadronic collisions, the number of exchanged color strings grows with energy and atomic numbers of the projectile and target. At high string densities interaction between them becomes important, which should melt them into the quark–gluon plasma state in the end. It is shown that under certain reasonable assumptions about the string interaction, a phase transition to the quark–gluon plasma indeed takes place in the system of many color strings. It may be of the first or second order, depending on the particular mechanism of the interaction. The critical string density is about unity in both cases. In the latter case the percolation of strings occurs above the critical density. The critical density may have already been reached in central Pb–Pb collisions at 158A GeV.

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Djun, T. P., L. T. Handoko, B. Soegijono, and T. Mart. "Viscosities of gluon dominated QGP model within relativistic non-Abelian hydrodynamics." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 14 (May 14, 2015): 1550077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15500773.

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Based on the first principle calculation, a Lagrangian for the system describing quarks, gluons, and their interactions, is constructed. Ascribed to the existence of dissipative behavior as a consequence of strong interaction within quark–gluon plasma (QGP) matter, auxiliary terms describing viscosities are constituted into the Lagrangian. Through a "kind" of phase transition, gluon field is redefined as a scalar field with four-vector velocity inherently attached. Then, the Lagrangian is elaborated further to produce the energy–momentum tensor of dissipative fluid-like system and the equation of motion (EOM). By imposing the law of energy and momentum conservation, the values of shear and bulk viscosities are analytically calculated. Our result shows that, at the energy level close to hadronization, the bulk viscosity is bigger than shear viscosity. By making use of the conjectured values η/s~1/4π and ζ/s~1, the ratio of bulk to shear viscosity is found to be ζ/η>4π.

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YAN, W. B., C. B. YANG, and X. CAI. "SCALING BEHAVIOR OF MULTIPLICITY DIFFERENCE CORRELATORS IN FIRST-ORDER QGP PHASE TRANSITION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 22 (September 10, 2000): 3577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00001300.

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Within the extended Ginzburg–Landau model, multiplicity difference correlators in first-order quark–gluon plasma phase transition are investigated for two well-separated bins with nonidentical mean multiplicities. For very small bin width, a kind of scaling behavior and a universal exponent index γ, which are independent of the parameters of model, are found.

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Kisslinger, Leonard S., and Debasish Das. "Review of QCD, quark–gluon plasma, heavy quark hybrids, and heavy quark state production in p–p and A–A collisions." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 07 (March 2, 2016): 1630010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16300106.

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This is a review of the Quantum Chromodynamics Cosmological Phase Transitions, the quark–gluon plasma, the production of heavy quark states via [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] collisions and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions (RHIC) using the mixed hybrid theory for the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] states; and the possible detection of the quark–gluon plasma via heavy quark production using RHIC. Recent research on fragmentation for the production of [Formula: see text] mesons is reviewed, as is future theoretical and experimental research on the Collins and Sivers fragmentation functions for pions produced in polarized [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] collisions.

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36

Kumar, Rakesh, SunilKumar Pandey, AnoopSingh Yadav, and G. L. Sawhney. "SOME THEORETICAL ASPECT OF QUARK-HADRONS PHASE TRANSITION IN QUARK-GLUON PLASMA AT RHIC." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2017): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/3869.

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37

BAI, X. Z., and C. B. YANG. "INFLUENCE OF LONG-RANGE CORRELATION ON THE SCALING PROPERTIES OF THE NORMALIZED FACTORIAL CORRELATORS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 08 (August 2013): 1350059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313500596.

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The effect of multiplicity correlation between two bins to the dynamical fluctuations is investigated for a second-order phase transition from quark–gluon plasma (QGP) to hadrons, within the Ginzburg–Landau description for the transition. Normalized factorial correlators are used to characterize the dynamical fluctuations. A scaling behavior among the correlators is found, and an approximate universal exponent is obtained with very weak dependence on the details of the phase transition.

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38

Potvin, Jean. "La physique de la matière hadronique à haute température telle que décrite par la chromodynamique quantique sur réseau espace–temps." Canadian Journal of Physics 67, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1228–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-206.

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The numerical simulation of quantum chromodynamics on a space–time lattice allows for the calculation of many properties of hadronic matter at high temperature in a direct and in a nonperturbative fashion. This paper will be a review of the calculation techniques and results published in the past 5 years. Among other things, I will discuss the order of the phase transition, the critical temperature, the force between heavy quarks, as well as the thermodynamics and the spectroscopy of the quark–gluon plasma.

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Francisco, Audrey. "Quarkonium production in Pb-Pb collisions at √SNN = 5.02 TeV with ALICE." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 18013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817118013.

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Ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider provide a unique opportunity to study the properties of matter at extreme energy densities where a phase transition from the hadronic matter to a deconfined medium of quarks and gluons, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is predicted. Among the prominent probes of the QGP, heavy quarks play a crucial role since they are created during the initial stages of the collision, before the QGP formation, and their number is conserved throughout the partonic and hadronic phases of the collision. The azimuthal anisotropy of charmonium production, quantified using the second harmonic Fourier coefficient (referred to as elliptic flow), provides important information on the magnitude and dynamics of charmonium production. Measurements of the quarkonium nuclear modification factor at forward rapidity and J/ψ elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions as a function of centrality, transverse momentum and rapidity will be presented and compared to different collision energy results and available theoretical calculations.

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40

Rust, Felix. "In-Medium Effects in the Holographic Quark-Gluon Plasma." Advances in High Energy Physics 2010 (2010): 1–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/564624.

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We use the gauge/gravity duality to investigate various properties of strongly coupled gauge theories, which we interpret as models for the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). In particular, we use variants of the D3/D7 setup as an implementation of the top-down approach of connecting string theory with phenomenologically relevant gauge theories. We focus on the effects of finite temperature and finite density on fundamental matter in the holographic quark-gluon plasma, which we model as theN=2hypermultiplet in addition to theN=4gauge multiplet of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We use a setup in which we can describe the holographic plasma at finite temperature and either baryon or isospin density and investigate the properties of the system from three different viewpoints. (i) We study meson spectra. Our observations at finite temperature and particle density are in qualitative agreement with phenomenological models and experimental observations. They agree with previous publications in the according limits. (ii) We study the temperature and density dependence of transport properties of fundamental matter in the QGP. In particular, we obtain diffusion coefficients. Furthermore, in a kinetic model we estimate the effects of the coupling strength on meson diffusion and therewith equilibration processes in the QGP. (iii) We observe the effects of finite temperature and density on the phase structure of fundamental matter in the holographic QGP. We trace out the phase transition lines of different phases in the phase diagram.

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CHANDRA, DEEPAK, and ASHOK GOYAL. "EFFECTS OF CURVATURE AND INTERACTIONS ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE DECONFINEMENT PHASE TRANSITION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 30 (December 10, 2004): 5221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04020701.

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We study the dynamics of first-order confinement-deconfinement phase transition through nucleation of hadronic bubbles in an expanding quark–gluon plasma in the context of heavy ion collisions for interacting quark and hadron gas and by incorporating the effects of curvature energy. We find that the interactions reduce the delay in the phase transition whereas the curvature energy has a mixed behavior. In contrast to the case of early Universe phase transition, here lower values of surface tension increase the supercooling and slow down the hadronization process. Higher values of bag pressure tend to speed up the transition. Another interesting feature is the start of the hadronization process as soon as the QGP is created.

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42

Teweldeberhan, A. M., H. G. Miller, and R. Tegen. "Generalized Statistics and the Formation of a Quark-Gluon Plasma." International Journal of Modern Physics E 12, no. 03 (June 2003): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301303001296.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of a non-extensive form of statistical mechanics proposed by Tsallis on the formation of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). We suggest to account for the effects of the dominant part of the long-range interactions among the constituents in the QGP by a change in the statistics of the system in this phase, and we study the relevance of this statistics for the phase transition. The results show that small deviations (≈ 10%) from Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics in the QGP produce a noticeable change in the phase diagram, which can, in principle, be tested experimentally.

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Baranov, S. P., and L. V. Fil'kov. "Phase transitions of a quark-gluon plasma to hadrons." Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields 44, no. 2 (June 1989): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01557328.

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44

PROROK, DARIUSZ. "J/Ψ SUPPRESSION IN EXPANDING HADRONIC MATTER WITH A PHASE TRANSITION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 01, no. 02 (June 1992): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301392000151.

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J/Ψ propagation in hadronic matter expanding longitudinally and transversely in the central rapidity region of a nucleus-nucleus collision is examined. During the expansion, a first order transition from the quark-gluon plasma to the hadronic state occurs. The J/Ψ suppression in matter is due to the combined effects of the plasma, the mixed phase and hadrons on the resonance. Finally, J/Ψ momentum distributions for the model which assumes a J/Ψ formation time and for the one where J/Ψ dissolution is described on the quantum level are presented.

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Aref’eva, Irina. "Holography for Heavy-Ion Collisions at LHC and NICA. Results of the last two years." EPJ Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819105010.

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In the previous Quarks 2016 conference I have presented a concise review of description of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation in heavy-ion collisions (HIC) within the holographic approach. In particular, I have discussed how to get the total multiplicity and time formation of QGP in HIC that fit the recent experimental data. For this purpose we had to use an anisotropic holographic model. There are also experimental indications that QGP formed in HIC is anisotropic. In this talk I discuss static properties of anisotropic QGP, in particular, phase transition and diffusion coefficients.

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Kumar, Y., R. Sharma, G. Kuksal, P. Jain, V. Kumar, and P. Bangotra. "Quark gluon plasma in the early universe expansion with quasi-particle approach." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2349, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2349/1/012016.

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To understand the behaviour of Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) in the early stages of universe, a precise temporal evolution of different thermodynamic parameters is studied. Out of many indirect signatures used for the detection of QGP, we compute the Equation of State (EoS) by solving the Friedmann equations. A phenomenological model is used with the value of thermal dependent finite quark mass. The variation of temperature, as well as the energy density with respect to time, are provided which predicts a suitable transition temperature for the phase transition. These results can also be used to calculate other thermodynamic observables. The evolution of early universe and its related properties are thus important in the detection of QGP.

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Yang, C. B., and X. Cai. "Analytical investigation for multiplicity difference correlators under quark-gluon plasma phase transition." Physical Review C 57, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 2049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.57.2049.

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48

Wong, C. Y. "Signatures of quark–gluon plasma phase transition in high-energy nuclear collisions." Nuclear Physics A 681, no. 1-4 (January 2001): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(00)00477-2.

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49

Roberts, L. E. "The phase transition from hadrons to quark-gluon plasma for lighter ions." Il Nuovo Cimento A 102, no. 6 (December 1989): 1519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02825154.

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50

Digal, Sanatan, and Ajit M. Srivastava. "Surface Induced Phase Transition in Quark-Gluon Plasma Produced in the Laboratory." Physical Review Letters 80, no. 9 (March 2, 1998): 1841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.1841.

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