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Journal articles on the topic 'Quarantine'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Murdianto, Deny, and Hadi Santoso. "PEMODELAN PROSEDUR KARANTINA PENDATANG DALAM RANGKA PENCEGAHAN COVID-19 DI KOTA TARAKAN MENGGUNAKAN PETRI NET." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol14iss4pp587-596.

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In ordered to prevent the transmission of Covid-19, the government of Tarakan city quarantines immigrants who entered Tarakan city. The government of Tarakan city have created a procedure for implementing the quarantine. Based on these procedures, this article aims to model the quarantine procedure using a Petri net. The Petri net model of the quarantine procedure for immigrants in the context of preventing Covid-19 in Tarakan City consists of eighteen transitions and sixteen places. The evolution of circumstances indicated by the matrix analyzed against the quarantine procedure for domestic immigrants with the final destination of Tarakan city. The determination of marking must be determined seriously so that this quarantine procedure can run smoothly according to purpose. The number of officers must be carefully taken into account so that there is no accumulation of queues of immigrants who was carry out the inspection. The capacity of quarantine places and hospitals must also be well prepared so that they are always available and ready to accept immigrants who was be quarantined.
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Dutra, Paulo. "Quarantine and the Quarantined Man." Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas 54, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905762.2021.1904687.

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Joisten, Christine, Annelene Kossow, Julian Book, Lukas Broichhaus, Monika Daum, Nina Eisenburger, Alisa Fabrice, et al. "How to manage quarantine—adherence, psychosocial consequences, coping strategies and lifestyle of patients with COVID-19 and their confirmed contacts: study protocol of the CoCo-Fakt surveillance study, Cologne, Germany." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e048001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048001.

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IntroductionThe current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has placed unprecedented restrictions on people’s lives and routines. To counteract the exponential spread of this virus, a lockdown was implemented in Germany in March 2020. Infected persons and their contacts were also quarantined. Compliance with quarantine measures is essential for containing the spread of the virus and avoiding incalculable consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, prolonged homestays, particularly quarantining, may lead to fear, panic, anxiety and depression. Hence, determining the psychological response in people during quarantine and their coping strategies is relevant for the counselling and support of affected persons by healthcare workers.Methods and analysisThe CoCo-Fakt-Survey (Cologne-Corona-Beratung und Unterstützung Für Index- und KontAKt-Personen während der Quarantäne-ZeiT; Cologne-Corona counselling and support for index and contacts during the quarantine period—author’s translation) will examine a cohort of persons in Cologne quarantined since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak during March 2020. The questionnaire will include demographic data, transmission route, health status, knowledge of and adherence to quarantine measurements, psychological impact on individuals and their family members including children, mental health status, and lifestyle (physical activity/sedentary behaviour, relaxation techniques, nutrition, smoking). All Cologne residents who needed to be quarantined due to a coronavirus infection and the individuals with whom they had contact will be surveyed.Ethics and disseminationNo risks have been identified and no complications are expected. Ethics approval was obtained from the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen Human Ethics Research Committee (351/20), and the research will be conducted in accordance with the approved protocol. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and social medicine conferences.
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Yen, Yung-Feng, Yi-Fan Tsai, Vincent Yi-Fong Su, Shang-Yih Chan, Wen-Ruey Yu, Hsuan Ho, Chun-Mei Hou, Chu-Chieh Chen, Lin-Chung Woung, and Sheng-Jean Huang. "Use and Cost-Effectiveness of a Telehealth Service at a Centralized COVID-19 Quarantine Center in Taiwan: Cohort Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e22703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22703.

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Background Telehealth is a recommended method for monitoring the progression of nonsevere infections in patients with COVID-19. However, telehealth has not been widely implemented to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in quarantined individuals. Moreover, studies on the cost-effectiveness of quarantine measures during the COVID-19 pandemic are scarce. Objective In this cohort study, we aimed to use telehealth to monitor COVID-19 infections in 217 quarantined Taiwanese travelers and to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the quarantine program. Methods Travelers were quarantined for 14 days at the Taiwan Yangmingshan quarantine center and monitored until they were discharged. The travelers’ clinical symptoms were evaluated twice daily. A multidisciplinary medical team used the telehealth system to provide timely assistance for ill travelers. The cost of the mandatory quarantine was calculated according to data from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan. Results All 217 quarantined travelers tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 upon admission to the quarantine center. During the quarantine, 28/217 travelers (12.9%) became ill and were evaluated via telehealth. Three travelers with fever were hospitalized after telehealth assessment, and subsequent tests for COVID-19 were negative for all three patients. The total cost incurred during the quarantine was US $193,938, which equated to US $894 per individual. Conclusions Telehealth is an effective instrument for monitoring COVID-19 infection in quarantined travelers and could help provide timely disease management for people who are ill. It is imperative to screen and quarantine international travelers for SARS-CoV-2 infection to reduce the nationwide spread of COVID-19.
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Olani, Ararso Baru, Nega Degefa, Zeleke Aschalew, Mekdim Kassa, Tesfaye Feleke, Girma Gura, and Sarah Namee Wambete. "Exploring experiences of quarantined people during the early phase of COVID-19 outbreak in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region of Ethiopia: A qualitative study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): e0275248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275248.

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Background Ethiopia enforced extremely rigorous contact tracing and mandatory quarantine for all suspected contact and travelers entering the country for a period of 14-days duration during the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Several studies investigated the experience of quarantined people because of COVID-19 or previous outbreaks. However, quarantine is often perceived differently in different cultures because of its historical association with class, gender, ethnicity, politics, and prejudices. To our knowledge, there is limited literature on quarantine experience in Ethiopia related to either COVID-19 or other infectious diseases. Therefore, this study was aimed to explore quarantine experience of people in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia during early phase of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The study implemented an exploratory qualitative research design using a phenomenological approach. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with purposively recruited 29 respondents. Digitally recorded audio files have been listened to several times and verbatim transcriptions were done. The transcribed narratives were examined independently and content analysis was carried out through reading and re-reading the verbatim several times, open coding, grouping, categorizing, and abstracting the final themes. Results Three broad themes were identified and characterized the experiences of quarantined people due to COVID-19. These themes were a) handling of the suspected person, b) adverse effects of quarantine and c) coping strategies. In addition, quarantine refusals; injustice in quarantine; quarantine errors; psychological distress; physiological changes; social effects; financial losses; personal and social coping strategies were the emerged sub-themes. Conclusions This study explored a range of complex experiences of quarantined people because of the COVID-19 outbreak in SNNPR. The quarantined people included in this study were adversely affected psychologically, physiologically, socially, and economically. They also experienced quarantine errors and injustice. There is a need to gather clear justification for close contact before forcing the suspect for mandatory quarantine. In addition, there is a need to develop risk communication strategy to approach suspected contacts for quarantine. Moreover, assessing psychological, physiological, social, and economic impacts of quarantine on the individuals while they are in quarantine and after release could be important. The use of personal and social coping strategies including psychosocial support may lessen the adverse impacts of the quarantine.
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Peng, Bo, Wen Zhou, Rowland W. Pettit, Patrick Yu, Peter G. Matos, Alexander L. Greninger, Julie McCashin, and Christopher I. Amos. "Reducing COVID-19 quarantine with SARS-CoV-2 testing: a simulation study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e050473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050473.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing on shortening the duration of quarantines for COVID-19 and to identify the most effective choices of testing schedules.DesignWe performed extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of quarantine strategies when one or more SARS-CoV-2 tests were administered during the quarantine. Simulations were based on statistical models for the transmissibility and viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the sensitivities of available testing methods. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of perturbations in model assumptions on the outcomes of optimal strategies.ResultsWe found that SARS-CoV-2 testing can effectively reduce the length of a quarantine without compromising safety. A single reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test performed before the end of quarantine can reduce quarantine duration to 10 days. Two tests can reduce the duration to 8 days, and three highly sensitive RT-PCR tests can justify a 6-day quarantine. More strategic testing schedules and longer quarantines are needed if tests are administered with less-sensitive RT-PCR tests or antigen tests. Shorter quarantines can be used for applications that tolerate a residual postquarantine transmission risk comparable to a 10-day quarantine.ConclusionsTesting could substantially reduce the length of isolation, reducing the physical and mental stress caused by lengthy quarantines. With increasing capacity and lowered costs of SARS-CoV-2 tests, test-assisted quarantines could be safer and more cost-effective than 14-day quarantines and warrant more widespread use.
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Collier, Travis, and Nicholas Manoukis. "Evaluation of predicted Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) quarantine length in the United States utilizing degree-day and agent-based models." F1000Research 6 (October 20, 2017): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12817.1.

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Invasions by pest insects pose a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. In the case of Ceratitis capitata incursions on the US mainland, where it is not officially established, repeated detections are followed by quarantines and treatments to eliminate the invading population. However, it is difficult to accurately set quarantine duration because non-detection may not mean the pest is eliminated. Most programs extend quarantine lengths past the last fly detection by calculating the amount of time required for 3 generations to elapse under a thermal unit accumulation development model (“degree day”). A newer approach is to use an Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) to explicitly simulate population demographics and elimination. Here, predicted quarantine lengths for 11 sites in the continental United States are evaluated using both approaches. Results indicate a strong seasonality in quarantine length, with longer predictions in the second half of the year compared with the first; this pattern is more extreme in degree day predictions compared with ABS. Geographically, quarantine lengths increased with latitude, though this was less pronounced under the ABS. Variation in quarantine lengths for particular times and places was dramatically larger for degree day than ABS, generally spiking in the middle of the year for degree day and peaking in second half of the year for ABS. Analysis of 34 C. capitata quarantines from 1975 to 2017 in California shows that, for all but two, quarantines were started in the second half of the year, when degree day quarantine lengths are longest and have the highest uncertainty. For a set of hypothetical outbreaks based on these historical quarantines, the ABS produced significantly shorter quarantines than degree day calculations. Overall, ABS quarantine lengths were more consistent than degree day predictions, avoided unrealistically long values, and captured effects of rare events such as cold snaps.
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Collier, Travis, and Nicholas Manoukis. "Evaluation of predicted Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) quarantine length in the United States utilizing degree-day and agent-based models." F1000Research 6 (March 6, 2018): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12817.2.

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Invasions by pest insects pose a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. In the case of Ceratitis capitata incursions on the US mainland, where it is not officially established, repeated detections are followed by quarantines and treatments to eliminate the invading population. However, it is difficult to accurately set quarantine duration because non-detection may not mean the pest is eliminated. Most programs extend quarantine lengths past the last fly detection by calculating the amount of time required for 3 generations to elapse under a thermal unit accumulation development model (“degree day”). A newer approach is to use an Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) to explicitly simulate population demographics and elimination. Here, predicted quarantine lengths for 11 sites in the continental United States are evaluated using both approaches. Results indicate a strong seasonality in quarantine length, with longer predictions in the second half of the year compared with the first; this pattern is more extreme in degree day predictions compared with ABS. Geographically, quarantine lengths increased with latitude, though this was less pronounced under the ABS. Variation in quarantine lengths for particular times and places was dramatically larger for degree day than ABS, generally spiking in the middle of the year for degree day and peaking in second half of the year for ABS. Analysis of 34 C. capitata quarantines from 1975 to 2017 in California shows that, for all but two, quarantines were started in the second half of the year, when degree day quarantine lengths are longest and have the highest uncertainty. For a set of hypothetical outbreaks based on these historical quarantines, the ABS produced significantly shorter quarantines than degree day calculations. Overall, ABS quarantine lengths were more consistent than degree day predictions, avoided unrealistically long values, and captured effects of rare events such as cold snaps.
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Kalyan, Geetanjli, Nitasha Sharma, Sukhpal Kaur, Sushma Kumari Saini, Ruchi Saini, Bandna Kumari, Richa Mehta, Sandeep Grover, Karobi Das, and Ashish Bhalla. "Lived Experiences of Nurses During Quarantine: A Qualitative Study from North India." Nursing & Midwifery Research Journal 18, no. 2 (March 27, 2022): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974150x221085316.

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Introduction: The literature related to quarantined nurses’ lived experiences working in nondesignated COVID settings is scarce. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of quarantined nurses after accidental exposure in nondesignated COVID areas in a tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: It was a qualitative phenomenological study. Snowball sampling technique was used to interview 11 nurses. The in-depth interviews were conducted telephonically using a prevalidated interview guide during October 2020 to February 2021. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and translated to English. Thematic analysis was done using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. The findings depicting similar codes were grouped into subthemes and themes. The findings are presented thematically with corresponding participant quotes. Results: Out of 11, six (55%) participants were quarantined in home and five (45%) in the institutional facilities. The major themes that emerged were: “psychological reactions,” “quarantine: the positive aspect,” and “support system” among the home quarantined nurses. The major themes in the institutional facility quarantined nurses were: “psychological reactions,” “poor quality of institutional quarantine facility,” “quarantine: the positive aspect,” “support system,” and “quarantine: a learning experience.” The nurses experienced various negative emotions during quarantine. Conclusion: To safeguard the physical and mental health of nurses, comprehensive support should be provided by the authorities in terms of availability of basic amenities and quality services during quarantine. Regular training and constant motivation are needed to promote their mental preparedness for crisis management.
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B. C., Udaya Bahadur, Sunil Pokharel, Sabika Munikar, Chetan Nidhi Wagle, Pratik Adhikary, Brish Bahadur Shahi, Chandra Thapa, Ram Prasad Bhandari, Bipin Adhikari, and Kanchan Thapa. "Anxiety and depression among people living in quarantine centers during COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed method study from western Nepal." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): e0254126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254126.

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Background In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, incoming travelers were quarantined at specific centers in Nepal and major checkpoints in Nepal-India border. Nepal adopted a generic public health approaches to control and quarantine returnee migrants, with little attention towards the quality of quarantine facilities and its aftermath, such as the poor mental health of the returnee migrants. The main objective of this study was to explore the status of anxiety and depression, and factors affecting them among returnee migrants living in institutional quarantine centers of western Nepal. Methods A mixed method approach in this study included a quantitative survey and in-depth interviews (IDIs) among respondents in quarantine centers of Karnali province between 21st April and 15th May 2020. Survey questionnaire utilized Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) tools, which were administered among 441 quarantined returnee migrants. IDIs were conducted among 12 participants which included a mix of six quarantined migrants and healthcare workers each from the quarantine centres. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted on quantitative data; and thematic analysis was utilized for qualitative data. Results Mild depression (9.1%; 40/441) and anxiety (16.1%; 71/441) was common among respondents followed by moderate depression and anxiety {depression (3.4%; 15/441), anxiety (4.1%; 18/441)} and severe depression and anxiety {depression (1.1%; 5/441), anxiety (0.7%; 3/441)}. Anxiety and depression were independent of their socio-demographic characteristics. Perceived fear of contracting COVID-19, severity and death were prominent among the respondents. Respondents experienced stigma and discrimination in addition to being at the risk of disease and possible loss of employment and financial responsibilities. In addition, poor (quality and access to) health services, and poor living condition at the quarantine centres adversely affected respondents’ mental health. Conclusion Depression and anxiety were high among quarantined population and warrants more research. Institutional quarantine centers of Karnali province of Nepal were in poor conditions which adversely impacted mental health of the respondents. Poor resource allocation for health, hygiene and living conditions can be counterproductive to the population quarantined.
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Salinas, Dino G., M. Leonor Bustamante, and Mauricio O. Gallardo. "Modelling quarantine effects on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological dynamics in Chilean communes and their relationship with the Social Priority Index." PeerJ 11 (March 10, 2023): e14892. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14892.

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Background An epidemiological model (susceptible, un-quarantined infected, quarantined infected, confirmed infected (SUQC)) was previously developed and applied to incorporate quarantine measures and calculate COVID-19 contagion dynamics and pandemic control in some Chinese regions. Here, we generalized this model to incorporate the disease recovery rate and applied our model to records of the total number of confirmed cases of people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in some Chilean communes. Methods In each commune, two consecutive stages were considered: a stage without quarantine and an immediately subsequent quarantine stage imposed by the Ministry of Health. To adjust the model, typical epidemiological parameters were determined, such as the confirmation rate and the quarantine rate. The latter allowed us to calculate the reproduction number. Results The mathematical model adequately reproduced the data, indicating a higher quarantine rate when quarantine was imposed by the health authority, with a corresponding decrease in the reproduction number of the virus down to values that prevent or decrease its exponential spread. In general, during this second stage, the communes with the lowest social priority indices had the highest quarantine rates, and therefore, the lowest effective viral reproduction numbers. This study provides useful evidence to address the health inequity of pandemics. The mathematical model applied here can be used in other regions or easily modified for other cases of infectious disease control by quarantine.
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Kang, Kyung Im, Chanhee Kim, and Min Hye Lee. "Stress and Coping of Self-Quarantined People Focusing on Negative Cases of the Coronavirus Disease: A Qualitative Study." STRESS 32, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2024.32.2.74.

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Background: In South Korea, many people have experienced self-quarantine due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This study explored stress, coping, and post-quarantine changes among people who were self-quarantined because of close contact but tested negative for COVID-19 in the early days of the pandemic.Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with four focus groups, each comprising five people. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.Results: Three categories of stress and coping during self-quarantine and post-quarantine changes emerged. First, the category of content related to stress comprised “problems that are difficult to handle alone.” The subcategories were “painful body and mind,” “the experience of being in a jail without bars,” and “repeated internal and external conflicts.” Second, the category for various stress-coping methods was labeled “struggling my way,” and the subcategories were “coping methods that helped me overcome” and “coping methods that added difficulty.” Finally, the category for changes after self-quarantine was labeled “more mature me.” The subcategories involved “thorough observation of infection prevention measures in daily life,” “living together,” and “a new realization of life.”Conclusions: Our findings contribute toward developing online or offline health programs to help individuals who self-quarantined but tested negative for infectious diseases, allowing them to feel confident to self-quarantine in good health.
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Sahli, Seham, and Sharafaldeen Bin Nafisah. "Sleep Disturbance During Quarantine in the Era of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic." Journal of Medicine, Law & Public Health 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52609/jmlph.v1i1.5.

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ABSTRACT Background Quarantine has been shown to affect sleep quality in previous analyses. However, a thorough investigation of the association between sleep disturbance and COVID-19 infection during quarantine is still lacking. Aim We aim to determine the impact of quarantine on sleep quality and such impact to anxiety. We also aim to investigate the use of medication and its impact on sleep quality during quarantine. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia during September 2020. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) were used. Results The number of participants was 327, with an infection rate of 53.6% (n= 175). 60.8% (n=189) were quarantined. The mean PSQI score was 5.69 (SD=3.17), those who were quarantined had a higher score (M=6.33, SD=2.99) than those who were not (M=4.57, SD=3.23). After we control for the confounding of anxiety, the PSQI score was also higher in those quarantined (M=0.59, SD=0.26) than in those who were not (M=0.48, SD=0.31); t(120)=2.08, p<0.05. Zinc was noted to have a significant positive effect on sleep quality and anxiety level. Conclusion This analysis provides new insight into the effect of quarantine and anxiety levels on sleep quality.
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Belokrylov, I., T. Lineva, Y. Batyrev, A. Bocharnikova, and A. Okuneva. "The prevalence of psychopathological symptoms in population during the COVID-19 pandemic." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.748.

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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant lifestyle changes for the world’s population. The infection poses a threat to mental health due to direct invasion of the central nervous system of SARS-CoV-2, as well as as a source of mental stress associated, in particular, with the deformation of the structure of interpersonal communications under quarantine conditions.ObjectivesThe study was conducted to comparatively study the phenomenology and severity of psychopathological manifestations in quarantined and non-quarantined people during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsFrom April 18 to June 15, 2020, an online questionnaire “Symptom List 90” (SCL-90) was conducted among 837 adults in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and other countries. 426 respondents were in strict home quarantine; 302 observed social distancing, but could go to work; 109 were not socially isolated.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the overall severity index (GSI) between strictly quarantine and non-quarantine groups with GSI values of 0.51 (0.24; 0.99) and 0.33 (0.16; 0.75), respectively (p = 0.001). Indicators of anxiety, depression, somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, phobic anxiety, hostility and psychoticism were also significantly higher in quarantined individuals than in non-quarantined individuals (p <0.05).ConclusionsThe results of the analysis indicate that in a pandemic, the most susceptible to psychopathological disorders are those living in the most severe quarantine, while the contingent whose lifestyle changes little under these conditions shows the best indicators of mental health. These data indicate the need to optimize the system of psychiatric preventive and curative care for the population in a pandemic.Conflict of interestNo significant relationships.
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REYNOLDS, D. L., J. R. GARAY, S. L. DEAMOND, M. K. MORAN, W. GOLD, and R. STYRA. "Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 7 (July 30, 2007): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009156.

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SUMMARYThis study examines a cohort of persons quarantined during the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada and describes their understanding of, difficulties and compliance with, and the psychological impact of the quarantine experience. A mailed questionnaire was administered to 1912 eligible adults and included the Impact of Events Scale – Revised (IES-R) to assess symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Self-reported compliance with all required quarantine measures was low (15·8±2·3%), although significantly higher when the rationale for quarantine was understood (P=0·018). Health-care workers (HCW) experienced greater psychological distress, including symptoms of PTSD (P<0·001). Increasing perceived difficulty with compliance, HCW, longer quarantine and compliance with quarantine requirements were significant contributors to higher IES-R scores. The low compliance with quarantine requirements introduces concerns about the effectiveness of quarantine as a public health measure. Improvements in compliance and reduced psychological distress may be possible by minimizing duration, revising requirements, and providing enhanced education and support.
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Gleisner, Bridgette M., O. Greg Deardorff, Yifei Liu, Megan G. Trout, Joshua R. Wood, Roger W. Sommi, and Niels C. Beck. "Impact of COVID-19 quarantines on clozapine-induced constipation: Experience of utilizing a clozapine-induced constipation protocol at a state forensic psychiatric facility." Mental Health Clinician 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2024.02.068.

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Abstract Objective Since 2017, Fulton State Hospital (FSH) has implemented a clozapine-induced constipation protocol. In March 2020, FSH initiated unit quarantines to minimize the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of these quarantines on medical referrals for constipation, the Bristol Stool Chart ratings, utilization of as-needed (PRN) laxatives, and adherence rates with scheduled constipation medication regimens. Methods Patients on the clozapine-induced constipation protocol from May 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020, were included, with 10-month pre- and mid-quarantine implementation. Data collected included patient demographics, primary psychiatric diagnosis, and outcome variables. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were performed. Results A total of 31 patients were included. Most were male (93.5%), with a median age of 40 years. The most common primary diagnosis was schizophrenia. Compared with the pre-quarantine implementation period, there were fewer medical referral contacts per person, less use of PRN laxatives, and slightly lower adherence rates to scheduled constipation medication regimens during the mid-quarantine implementation period. Conclusion Compared with the pre-quarantine implementation period, there were fewer medical referrals per person during the mid-quarantine implementation period.
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Bin Helayel, Halah, Anwar Ahmed, Syed Khabir Ahmed, Abeer Ahmad, Ruhi Khan, and Samar A. Al-Swailem. "Quarantine-related traumatic stress, views, and experiences during the first wave of Coronavirus pandemic: A mixed-methods study among adults in Saudi Arabia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): e0261967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261967.

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Purpose Mental health is a significant problem following exposure to a traumatic event. This study aimed to examine quarantine-related experiences, traumatic stress, and coping strategies among adults quarantined in Saudi Arabia due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposure or travel history. Methods Individuals aged ≥ 18 years who were quarantined in Saudi Arabia due to COVID-19 exposure or travel history were included. We used a sequential mixed methods design, using an online survey followed by in-depth individual telephonic interviews. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES–R) was used to measure post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after the quarantine. To identify factors associated with significant symptoms (IES–R score ≥ 33), prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals were computed using Poisson regression with robust error variance. In the next phase, a subset of the participants (n = 26) were interviewed to elicit their quarantine-related experiences and coping responses. Major themes and subthemes were identified. Results Of the 111 adults who completed the survey, 32 (28.8% [95% CI, 21.1–38.0%]) had significant PTSD symptoms (IES–R score ≥ 33) and 27 (24.3% [95% CI, 17.2–33.3%]) had severe symptoms (IES–R score > 37). Marital status was the only variable that was significantly associated with significant PTSD symptoms (P = 0.028). Significant symptoms were twice as prevalent in married adults than among other marital groups (PR 2.00, 95% CI, 1.08–3.72). Participants reported negative emotions such as overwhelming fear, helplessness, anxiety, and disgust. Participants utilized both problem-centered coping (e.g., use of social support) and emotion-centered coping (e.g., use of positive diversionary activities) during the quarantine period. Conclusion PTSD symptoms were present in one out of every four quarantined persons. The quarantine experience is viewed negatively. These findings highlight the need for increased awareness about stress-related disorders among quarantined individuals. Efforts are needed to detect and manage these symptoms early while making the quarantine experience more satisfying for the involved individuals and groups.
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Forslid, Rikard, and Mathias Herzing. "Assessing the consequences of quarantines during a pandemic." European Journal of Health Economics 22, no. 7 (May 6, 2021): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01310-3.

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AbstractThis paper analyzes the epidemiological and economic effects of quarantines. We use a basic epidemiological model, a SEIR-model, that is calibrated to roughly resemble the COVID-19 pandemic, and we assume that individuals that become infected or are isolated on average lose a share of their productivity. An early quarantine postpones but does not alter the course of the pandemic at a cost that increases in the duration and the extent of the quarantine. For quarantines at later stages of the pandemic there is a trade-off between lowering the peak level of infectious people on the one hand and minimizing fatalities and economic losses on the other hand. A longer quarantine dampens the peak level of infectious people and also reduces the total number of infected persons but increases economic losses. Both the peak level of infectious individuals and the total share of the population that will have been infected are U-shaped in relation to the share of the population in quarantine, while economic costs increase in this share. In particular, a quarantine covering a moderate share of the population leads to a lower peak, fewer deaths and lower economic costs, but it implies that the peak of the pandemic occurs earlier.
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Sun, Jie, Yong-Bo Zheng, Lin Liu, Shui-Qing Li, Yi-Miao Zhao, Xi-Mei Zhu, Jian-Yu Que, et al. "The Impact of Quarantine on Pain Sensation among the General Population in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010079.

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During the pandemic era, quarantines might potentially have negative effects and disproportionately exacerbate health condition problems. We conducted this cross-sectional, national study to ascertain the prevalence of constant pain symptoms and how quarantines impacted the pain symptoms and identify the factors associated with constant pain to further guide reducing the prevalence of chronic pain for vulnerable people under the pandemic. The sociodemographic data, quarantine conditions, mental health situations and pain symptoms of the general population were collected. After adjusting for potential confounders, long-term quarantine (≥15 days) exposures were associated with an increased risk of constant pain complaints compared to those not under a quarantine (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.26; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.03, 1.54; p = 0.026). Risk factors including unemployment (OR: 1.55), chronic disease history (OR: 2.38) and infection with COVID-19 (OR: 2.15), and any of mental health symptoms including depression, anxiety, insomnia and PTSD (OR: 5.44) were identified by a multivariable logistic regression. Additionally, mediation analysis revealed that the effects of the quarantine duration on pain symptoms were mediated by mental health symptoms (indirect effects: 0.075, p < 0.001). These results advocated that long-term quarantine measures were associated with an increased risk of experiencing pain, especially for vulnerable groups with COVID-19 infection and with mental health symptoms. The findings also suggest that reducing mental distress during the pandemic might contribute to reducing the burden of pain symptoms and prioritizing interventions for those experiencing a long-term quarantine.
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Norman, H. S., W. M. Sischo, P. Pitcher, A. Nesselrodt, and R. L. Day. "Spatial and temporal epidemiology of pseudorabies virus infection." American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.11.1563.

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Abstract Objective To examine the pattern of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in Pennsylvania and identify the area factors associated with herd quarantine status. Sample Population 123 PRV-quarantined commercial swine herds identified between 1986 and 1993 were selected as cases, and 162 uninfected herds were selected as controls. Procedure Herd location, demographics, and temporal vaccination and quarantine data for a case-control study were obtained from producer questionnaires and state records, using a database of swine herds from 2 Pennsylvania counties. Any herd that was on quarantine as of Jan 1, 1991, or quarantined subsequent to this date, was defined as a case. A herd was defined as a control if it had never been quarantined for PRV. Controls were group matched to cases by year. Study herds were centered in a circle, or buffer zone, with a 1.61-km (1-mile), 3.22-km (2-mile), or 6.44-km (4-mile) radius, and densities of operation types, quarantined herds, nonquarantined herds, and vaccinated herds in the buffer zone were compared. The analytical outcome was the probability of a herd being quarantined, conditional on the buffer zone density of herds quarantined, herds not quarantined, and herds in which a PRV vaccine was used. These density variables were categorized into high, medium, and low, or just high and low categories. Confounding by year was assessed in the analysis. Analysis was performed, using unconditional logistic regression. Results Decreased density of PRV-quarantined herds in the study region was associated with reduced risk of a herd becoming quarantined, whereas increased density of nonquarantined, presumably uninfected herds was associated with decreased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. Decreased density of vaccinated herds was associated with increased probability of a herd becoming quarantined. In addition, being a farrow-to-finish study herd was associated with increased probability of becoming quarantined, compared with being a feeder pig producer study herd. Conclusions Associations with quarantine status and area densities of vaccinated, nonquarantined, and quarantined herds indicate the importance of area spread in PRV control. These effects are seen most strongly at a 3.22-km (2-mile) radius, but also are seen at a 6.44-km (4-mile) radius. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1563–1568)
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Nwachukwu, P. T. T. "COVID-19 Lockdown and its Impact on Social–Ethics and Psycho-Social Support for Disability Care." Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.01.6.

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This paper aims to explore the social-ethics dimension and the psychosocial support for persons with disabilities, as well as health and social care practitioners during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond regarding quarantine conditions currently ravaging the world. The COVID-19 outbreak has motivated the enactment of public health control procedures, particularly quarantines. The impacts of quarantines during this COVID-19 outbreak period and the interventions to relieve the strain are discussed through a descriptive analysis pattern and linked with social ethic and psychosocial support for behavioural health and social work practices. The role of the social-ethic perspective is that it is geared towards reducing the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 quarantine for persons with disabilities and for disability care. This paper outlines psychosocial uneasiness, including distress and stressors, as a result of the hazards and anxiety sensitivities, as well as the immense concern for persons with disabilities and their care practitioners during quarantine and beyond. This paper offers new insights on the COVID-19 virus and the quarantine measures that were missed, which could have averted its spread globally; quarantine or lockdown has a secondary effect in lessening the capacity of the virus's transmission and decreases the likelihood of people contracting, and thus infecting others. This paper suggests recommendations for persons with disabilities in quarantine and their families and the management of perceptions of public health risks, threats, and issues about health and social care workers becoming "covitors” (meaning COVID-19 survivors) now and post-COVID-19.
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Ghiasi, Nasrin, Robab Kazempour, Arezoo Haseli, Mohammad Reza Kaffashian, and Shayesteh Jahanfar. "Mental Health in Self-Quarantined Pregnant Women for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Outbreak in Iran." Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 29, no. 2 (2024): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_463_21.

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Abstract Background: Quarantine during COVID-19 disease may be associated with psychological distress and other behavioral problems. This study aimed to investigate depression, anxiety, and stress in self-quarantined pregnant women at home for 14 days during the coronavirus disease outbreak in Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional web survey was carried out on 874 pregnant women in all governmental health centers of two cities in Iran using the census method in 2020-21. Survey data were collected with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical tests (Chi-square, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and logistic regression) at significance level less than 0.05. Results: Approximately 40.04% (N = 350) of the participants were classified as a self-quarantine group. The mean (SD) of the stress score was higher for the quarantine group compared to nonquarantine (8.12 (4.95) vs. 5.96 (4.51)) (F2,874 = 25.180, p < 0.001). But there was no significant difference in the depression and anxiety scores between the quarantine group compared to nonquarantine, respectively. Additionally, the adjusted odds ratio for stress score was associated with an unwanted pregnancy (1.993, 95% CI: 1.108–3.587; p = 0.021), younger age (1.707, 95% CI: 1.082–2.692; p = 0.022) and uninsured coverage (2.240, 95% CI: 1.320–3.801; p = 0.003), and complete quarantine (2.027, 95% CI: 1.548–2.654; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Self-quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic has been related to high-stress levels, specifically, among women of younger age, uninsured, and unwanted pregnancies. Thus, quarantined pregnant women will need more mental health support and medical supplies.
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Daugrois, Jean H., Denis Filloux, Charlotte Julian, Lisa Claude, Romain Ferdinand, Emmanuel Fernandez, Hugo Fontes, Philippe C. Rott, and Philippe Roumagnac. "Comparison of the Virome of Quarantined Sugarcane Varieties and the Virome of Grasses Growing near the Quarantine Station." Viruses 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050922.

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Visacane is a sugarcane quarantine station located in the South of France, far away from sugarcane growing areas. Visacane imports up to 100 sugarcane varieties per year, using safe control and confinement measures of plants and their wastes to prevent any risk of pathogen spread outside of the facilities. Viruses hosted by the imported material are either known or unknown to cause disease in cultivated sugarcane. Poaceae viruses occurring in plants surrounding the quarantine glasshouse are currently unknown. These viruses could be considered as a source of new sugarcane infections and potentially cause new sugarcane diseases in cases of confinement barrier failure. The aim of this study was to compare the plant virome inside and outside of the quarantine station to identify potential confinement failures and risks of cross infections. Leaves from quarantined sugarcane varieties and from wild Poaceae growing near the quarantine were collected and processed by a metagenomics approach based on virion-associated nucleic acids extraction and library preparation for Illumina sequencing. While viruses belonging to the same virus genus or family were identified in the sugarcane quarantine and its surroundings, no virus species was detected in both environments. Based on the data obtained in this study, no virus movement between quarantined sugarcane and nearby grassland has occurred so far, and the confinement procedures of Visacane appear to be properly implemented.
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Schumacher, Jakob, Lisa Kühne, Sophia Brüssermann, Benjamin Geisler, and Sonja Jäckle. "COVID-19 isolation and quarantine orders in Berlin-Reinickendorf (Germany): How many, how long and to whom?" PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 11, 2024): e0271848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271848.

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Isolating COVID-19 cases and quarantining their close contacts can prevent COVID-19 transmissions but also inflict harm. We analysed isolation and quarantine orders by the local public health agency in Berlin-Reinickendorf (Germany) and their dependence on the recommendations by the Robert Koch Institute, the national public health institute. Between 3 March 2020 and 18 December 2021 the local public health agency ordered 24 603 isolations (9.2 per 100 inhabitants) and 45 014 quarantines (17 per 100 inhabitants) in a population of 266 123. The mean contacts per case was 1.9. More days of quarantine per 100 inhabitants were ordered for children than for adults: 4.1 for children aged 0-6, 5.2 for children aged 7-17, 0.9 for adults aged 18-64 and 0.3 for senior citizens aged 65-110. The mean duration for isolation orders was 10.2 and for quarantine orders 8.2 days. We calculated a delay of 4 days between contact and quarantine order. 3484 contact persons were in quarantine when they developed an infection. This represents 8% of all individuals in quarantine and 14% of those in isolation. Our study quantifies isolation and quarantine orders, shows that children had been ordered to quarantine more than adults and that there were fewer school days lost to isolation or quarantine as compared to school closures. Our results indicate that the recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute had an influence on isolation and quarantine duration as well as contact identification and that the local public health agency was not able to provide rigorous contact tracing, as the mean number of contacts was lower than the mean number of contacts per person known from literature. Additionally, a considerable portion of the population underwent isolation or quarantine, with a notable number of cases emerging during the quarantine period.
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Atsawawaranunt, Kamolthip, Theerarat Kochakarn, Amornmas Kongklieng, Pakkaporn Panwijitkul, Rujira Tragoolpua, Kanyarat Jaradilokkul, Prayuth Kaewmalang, et al. "COVID-19 Transmission among Healthcare Workers at a Quarantine Facility in Thailand: Genomic and Outbreak Investigations." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0344.

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ABSTRACT. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Thailand implemented a quarantine program at approved quarantine facilities for every international traveler. Here, we report an epidemiological and genomic investigation of a COVID-19 cluster consisting of seven healthcare workers (HCWs) at a quarantine facility and its partnered hospital in Thailand. Outbreak investigations were implemented to obtain contact tracing data and to establish chains of transmission. Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 with samples within the cohort was performed. Investigations of 951 HCWs and staff with quarantined travelers were implemented to determine the chain of transmission. Genomic and outbreak investigations identified the international travelers infected with the B.1.1.31 SARS-CoV-2 lineage as the source of this outbreak. The genomic data and the investigated timeline revealed a putative transmission chain among HCWs, pointing toward the transmission via the use of common living quarters at the investigated quarantine site. The evaluation of this cohort has led to a policy recommendation on quarantine facility management. International travel quarantine is an important strategy to contain importation of COVID-19 cases. However, a quarantine facility is likely to become a potential hotspot, requiring thorough preventive measures. Reducing the exposure risk by providing private living quarters and scheduling clinical duties at a quarantine site separated from the conventional healthcare workforce have been implemented.
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Barbisch, Donna, Kristi L. Koenig, and Fuh-Yuan Shih. "Is There a Case for Quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 5 (March 23, 2015): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38.

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AbstractQuarantine has been used for centuries in an effort to prevent the introduction, transmission, and spread of communicable diseases. While backed by legal authority, the public and even the health care worker community’s understanding of the term is murky at best and scientific evidence to support the use of quarantine is frequently lacking. The multiple interpretations and references to quarantine, the inconsistent application of public health quarantine laws across jurisdictional boundaries, and reports of ineffectiveness are further complicated by associated infringement of civil liberties and human rights abuses. Given the need to balance public safety with human rights, we must be more precise about the meaning of quarantine and consider the efficacy and negative secondary effects resulting from its implementation. This article explains quarantine terminology and then uses a case study from Taiwan during the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak to illustrate the key principles associated with quarantine measures taken during the 2014 Ebola outbreak and the potential hazards that can arise from quarantines. Finally, we provide a quarantine and isolation decision tree to assist policy makers and public health officials in applying medically defensible, outcomes-based data and legal authorities to optimize management of emerging infectious diseases. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:547–553)
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ERDEM, MUSTAFA, MUNTASER SAFAN, and CARLOS CASTILLO-CHAVEZ. "A DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS MODEL FOR DISEASE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS." Revista de Matemática: Teoría y Aplicaciones 27, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rmta.v27i1.39948.

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A delay differential equations epidemic model of SIQR (SusceptibleInfective-Quarantined-Recovered) type, with arbitrarily distributed periods in the isolation or quarantine class, is proposed. Its essential mathematical features are analyzed. In addition, conditions that support the existence of periodic solutions via Hopf bifurcation are identified. Nonexponential waiting times in the quarantine/isolation class lead not only to oscillations but can also support stability switches.
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James, A., M. J. Plank, S. Hendy, R. Binny, A. Lustig, N. Steyn, A. Nesdale, and A. Verrall. "Successful contact tracing systems for COVID-19 rely on effective quarantine and isolation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e0252499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252499.

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Models of contact tracing often over-simplify the effects of quarantine and isolation on disease transmission. We develop a model that allows us to investigate the importance of these factors in reducing the effective reproduction number. We show that the reduction in onward transmission during quarantine and isolation has a bigger effect than tracing coverage on the reproduction number. We also show that intuitively reasonable contact tracing performance indicators, such as the proportion of contacts quarantined before symptom onset, are often not well correlated with the reproduction number. We conclude that provision of support systems to enable people to quarantine and isolate effectively is crucial to the success of contact tracing.
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Starnes, Sofia M. "Quarantine." Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 21, no. 1 (2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scs.2021.0022.

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Furman, Andrew. "Quarantine." Prairie Schooner 95, no. 2 (2021): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2021.0067.

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Jacobson, Elliot R., Patrick Morris, Terry M. Norton, Kevin Wright, and Robert Nathan. "Quarantine." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 11, no. 4 (January 2001): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.11.4.24.

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32

Dixon, David R. "Quarantine." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 60, no. 5 (June 8, 2020): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167820929201.

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33

Burki, Talha. "Quarantine." Lancet Infectious Diseases 8, no. 12 (December 2008): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70278-0.

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34

Nugent, Connie. "Quarantine." Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles 8, no. 35 (July 23, 2020): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12746/swrccc.v8i35.735.

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35

Coomes, Eric A., Jerome A. Leis, and Wayne L. Gold. "Quarantine." Canadian Medical Association Journal 192, no. 13 (March 20, 2020): E338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200393.

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Ryu, Sukhyun, Youngsik Hwang, Hongbi Yoon, and Byung Chul Chun. "Self-Quarantine Noncompliance During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, October 12, 2020, 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.374.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: In South Korea, many individuals were self-quarantined for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after the quarantine criteria were extended to all overseas travelers. This study was conducted to identify the noncompliance rate of self-quarantine for COVID-19 cases and assess the impact of a 1-strike out policy and an increased amount of penalty for the violating self-quarantine in South Korea. Methods: The self-quarantine noncompliance rate for COVID-19 was examined using publicly available data. We collected the daily number of quarantine and quarantine violation cases from March 22 to June 10, 2020. A Poisson regression analysis was conducted to identify the impact of additional sanctions for the quarantine violation. Results: The median number of individuals quarantined per day was 36,561 (interquartile range, 34,408-41,961). The median number of daily self-quarantine violations was 6 (range, 0-13). The median rate of self-quarantine violations was 1.6 per 10,000 self-quarantined individuals (range, 0.0-8.0 per 10,000 self-quarantined individuals). The additional sanction has no significant impact on the number of violations among quarantine individuals (P = 0.99). Conclusions: The additional sanction for the violation of quarantined individuals did not reduce the self-quarantine violations. Further studies are warranted to strengthen the compliance of self-quarantine for future pandemics.
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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 20, no. 2 (June 1990): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1990.tb01203.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 20, no. 2 (June 1990): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1990.tb01206.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 20, no. 2 (June 1990): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1990.tb01207.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 20, no. 2 (June 1990): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1990.tb01208.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE METHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 21, no. 2 (June 1991): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01232.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE METHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 21, no. 2 (June 1991): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01233.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 21, no. 2 (June 1991): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01234.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE METHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 21, no. 2 (June 1991): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01235.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE METHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 21, no. 2 (June 1991): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01236.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE METHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 21, no. 2 (June 1991): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01237.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE METHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 21, no. 2 (June 1991): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01238.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 22, no. 2 (June 1992): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1992.tb00484.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 22, no. 2 (June 1992): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1992.tb00485.x.

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"QUARANTINE PROCEDURE MÉTHODE DE QUARANTAINE." EPPO Bulletin 22, no. 2 (June 1992): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1992.tb00486.x.

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