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Journal articles on the topic 'Quantum Confinement Effect (QCE)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

RATH, S., A. K. DASH, S. N. SAHU, and S. NOZAKI. "QUANTUM CONFINEMENT EFFECT IN HgTe NANOCRYSTALS AND VISIBLE LUMINESCENCE." International Journal of Nanoscience 03, no. 03 (June 2004): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x04002176.

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Mercury Telluride ( HgTe ) nanocrystals with a mean size of 5.35 nm have been synthesized by an electrochemical technique. Structural analysis by transmission electron microscopy and glancing angle X-ray diffraction studies indicate the presence of cubic phase HgTe nanocrystals in the deposit. Optical absorption measurements reveal two well resolved excitonic peaks around 578.5 nm and 550 nm attributed to heavy hole valence band (HVB)–conduction band (CB) and light hole valence band (LVB)–CB transitions, respectively, and suggest a band opening of bulk inverted narrow band gap HgTe as a result of strong quantum confinement effect (QCE). Visible photoluminescence (PL) of HgTe nanocrystals indicates free exciton transition around 579.5 nm as observed from the PL measurement at 300 K along with a bound exciton dominated band around 588 nm. Micro-Raman measurements at 300 K indicate the 1LO vibrational mode at 142.6 cm-1 shifted by 6 cm-1 from its standard bulk value and confirm the QCE.

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Liao, Lianxing, Kunhua Quan, Xiangshi Bin, Ruosheng Zeng, and Tao Lin. "Bandgap and Carrier Dynamic Controls in CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals Encapsulated in Polydimethylsiloxane." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091132.

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Bandgap tunability through ion substitution is a key feature of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP-NCs). However, the low stability and low luminescent performance of CsPbCl3 hinder their full-color applications. In this work, quantum confinement effect (QCE) was utilized to control the bandgap of CsPbBr3 NCs instead of using unstable CsPbCl3, which possess much higher emission efficiency in blue spectra region. Studies of microstructures, optical spectra and carrier dynamics revealed that tuning the reaction temperature was an effective way of controlling the NC sizes as well as QCE. Furthermore, the obtained CsPbBr3 NCs were encapsulated in a PDMS matrix while maintaining their size distribution and quantum-confined optoelectronic properties. The encapsulated samples showed long-term air and water stability. These results provide valuable guidance for both applications of LHP-NCs and principal investigation related to the carrier transition in LHP-NCs.

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Fan, Libo, Hongwei Song, Haifeng Zhao, Guohui Pan, Lina Liu, Biao Dong, Fang Wang, et al. "CdS/Cyclohexylamine Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Semiconductor Nanofibers with Strong Quantum Confinement Effect." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 3914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18345.

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Inorganic–organic hybrid semiconductor nanofibers of CdS/CHA (CHA = cyclohexylamine) were successfully synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. The fibers obtained had average diameter of 20 nm and length of several micrometers. In these fibers, periodic layer-like sub-nanometer structures with thickness of ∼3 nm were identified by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The absorption of the hybrids exhibited a large blue-shift in contrast to the bulk, which was attributed to strong quantum confinement effect (QCE) induced by internal sub-nanometer structures. Pure hexagonal wurtzite CdS (H-CdS) nanorods were also obtained by extracting the CdS/CHA hybrids with dimethyl formamide (DMF). The rods obtained had average diameter of 20 nm and length of 200 nm. A CdS/CHA/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite film emitting white light was prepared by spin coating.

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Iqbal, Anwar, Usman Saidu, Farook Adam, Srimala Sreekantan, Normawati Jasni, and Mohammad Norazmi Ahmad. "The Effects of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Quantum Dots (QDs) Embedment on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles." Journal of Physical Science 32, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2021.32.2.6.

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In this study, a detailed investigation on the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dots (QDs) embedment on the physicochemical properties of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) was conducted. The highly porous nanocomposite labelled as ZQT was prepared via the sol-gel assisted hydrothermal method. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the average crystallite size of the ZnO QDs, anatase TiO2 (TiO2 NPs) and ZQT were 4.45 nm, 9.22 nm and 11.38 nm, respectively. Photoluminescent (PL) analysis detected the presence of defects related to TiO2, oxygen vacancies and quantum confinement effect (QCE) of the ZnO QDs in ZQT. These features enhanced the photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) under 48 watt of fluorescent light irradiation when ZQT (98.0%) was used compared to TiO2NPs (32.4%) and ZnO QDs (68.8%). The photodegradation activity was driven by O2●− followed by ●OH and h+.

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Shim, Jae Hyun, and Nam Hee Cho. "Photo- and Electroluminescence of Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Si Prepared by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.958.

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We studied photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) properties of hydrogenated nanocystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) thin films prepared by applying the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) techniques. . A prototype of ITO/nc-Si:H/P-type Si wafer/Al EL devices was illustrated with its fundamental electrical and optical features. The nc-Si:H films exhibited PL spectra in a wavelength range of 350 ~ 700 nm with the maximum intensity at ~ 530 nm, which is attributed to quantum confinement effects (QCE) owing to the presence of nanocrystalline Si. The EL device produced EL spectra with their maximum intensity at ~ 525 nm which are similar to the PL spectra. The light emission is attributed to radiative recombination related to nanocrystalline Si contained in the hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H).

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6

Cao, Yunqing, Ping Zhu, Dongke Li, Xianghua Zeng, and Dan Shan. "Size-Dependent and Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of Solar Cells Based on Si Quantum Dots." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 4845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184845.

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Recently, extensive studies have focused on exploring a variety of silicon (Si) nanostructures among which Si quantum dots (Si QDs) may be applied in all Si tandem solar cells (TSCs) for the time to come. By virtue of its size tunability, the optical bandgap of Si QDs is capable of matching solar spectra in a broad range and thus improving spectral response. In the present work, size-controllable Si QDs are successfully obtained through the formation of Si QDs/SiC multilayers (MLs). According to the optical absorption measurement, the bandgap of Si QDs/SiC MLs shows a red shift to the region of long wavelength when the size of dots increases, well conforming to quantum confinement effect (QCE). Additionally, heterojunction solar cells (HSCs) based on Si QDs/SiC MLs of various sizes are presented and studied, which demonstrates the strong dependence of photovoltaic performance on the size of Si QDs. The measurement of external quantum efficiency (EQE) reveals the contribution of Si QDs to the response and absorption in the ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) light range. Furthermore, Si QDs/SiC MLs-based solar cell shows the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.15% by using nano-patterned Si light trapping substrates.

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Fariborz, Amir H., and Renata Jora. "Examining a possible cascade effect in chiral symmetry breaking." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 02 (December 29, 2016): 1750008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317500080.

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We examine a toy model and a cascade effect for confinement and chiral symmetry breaking which consists in several phase transitions corresponding to the formation of bound states and chiral condensates with different number of fermions for a strong group. We analyze two examples: regular quantum chromodynamics (QCD) where we calculate the “four quark” vacuum condensate and a preon composite model based on QCD at higher scales. In this context, we also determine the number of flavors at which the second chiral and confinement phase transitions occur and discuss the consequences.

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Kuvshinov, V. I., and E. G. Bagashov. "Evolution of Colour in QCD and Informational Approach to Quantum Measurement." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 22, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2019-22-4-330-335.

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Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) introduces the quantum characteristic of colour in order to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle and symmetric considerations for wavefunctions of hadrons. However, the particles that possess colour charge (quarks and gluons) are not directly observed in experiment – the effect which is often referred to as confinement. Confinement of quarks and gluons represents a theoretical challenge, as the dynamics of underlying fields is non-perturbative and therefore is problematic to be described analytically. One possible way is to use non-perturbative approaches and derive analogies with other well-established branches of physics. In this work we describe the use of the method of vacuum correlators – to analyze the confinement and other non-perturbative dynamics of quarks. The discussion of the acquired results is then given on the basis of quantum information and measurement description. It is shown that the confinement of quarks might be associated with the decoherence of colour state due to the interaction of colour charges with the environment of colour fields (QCD stochastic vacuum).

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Mir, Feroz A., Owais I. Mir, and Rayees A. Zargar. "Structural, Morphological, Vibrational, Thermal and Optical Properties of ZnS Quantum Dots in the Polymer Matrix." Current Alternative Energy 3, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405463103666190704160914.

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<P>Background: Nanotechnology is believed to be a future for new human generations. Among different emerging materials, the Nanocomposites (NCs) would be on front line. The aim of the current study is provide a way to synthesis the ZnS-polyacrylamide NCs with emphasizes on the effect of aging in polymer on its various physical properties. </P><P> Objectives: To prepare and study the properties of ZnS-Polymer NCs with drying time in polymer matrix. </P><P> Methods: ZnS-polyacrylamide NCs samples were synthesized by adding aqueous suspension of ZnS Nanoparticles (NPs) in Sol of acrylamide: bisacrylamide copolymer. These samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-Vis, and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. </P><P> Results: From XRD data analysis, nano phase and zinc blend structure of the material is confirmed. From SEM images, the pristine ZnS NPs show spherical morphology, and this texture is still preserved in the polymer composites. FT-IR confirms that there is strong interaction between polymer chain and ZnS NPs. The TGA results indicate that the incorporation of the NPs impacts the thermal properties of the ZnS-polymer NCs and displaying higher thermal stability than the pure polymer matrix. The optical data predicts the band gap and Quantum Confinement Effect (QCE) and reduction of ZnS NPs within the polymer matrix. These NCs show emission in blue region with decreases in intensity with drying time. </P><P> Conclusion: ZnS NPs incorporated in polyacrylamide ware prepared by copolymer technique. Structural analysis confirms zinc blend structure. The vibration spectra of composites samples predicts an interaction between different functional groups of polymer with the metal sulfide. These NCs show an enhanced thermally stability. The observed optical band show a red shift and quantum confinement effect. Size calculated by XRD and optical data shows good correlation with each other. The PL spectra of the NCs exhibits a broad blue emission with excitation (λex = 320 nm). The visible region emission could be originating from the radiative recombination involving defect states within the ZnS nanocrystals energy band.</P>

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Cetinel, A., N. Artunç, G. Sahin, and E. Tarhan. "Influence of applied current density on the nanostructural and light emitting properties of n-type porous silicon." International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, no. 15 (May 25, 2015): 1550093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215500939.

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Effects of current density on nanostructure and light emitting properties of porous silicon (PS) samples were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), gravimetric method, Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. FE-SEM images have shown that below 60 mA/cm 2, macropore and mesopore arrays, exhibiting rough morphology, are formed together, whose pore diameter, pore depth and porosity are about 265–760 nm, 58–63 μ m and 44–61%, respectively. However, PS samples prepared above 60 mA/cm 2 display smooth and straight macropore arrays, with pore diameter ranging from 900–1250 nm, porosity of 61–80% and pore depth between 63–69 μ m . Raman analyses have shown that when the current density is increased from 10 mA/cm 2 to 100 mA/cm 2, Raman peaks of PS samples shift to lower wavenumbers by comparison to crystalline silicon (c-Si). The highest Raman peak shift is found to be 3.2 cm -1 for PS sample, prepared at 90 mA/cm 2, which has the smallest nanocrystallite size, about 5.2 nm. This sample also shows a pronounced PL, with the highest blue shifting, of about 12 nm. Nanocrystalline silicon, with the smallest nanocrystallite size, confirmed by our Raman analyses using microcrystal model (MCM), should be responsible for both the highest Raman peak shift and PL blue shift due to quantum confinement effect (QCE).

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Iqbal, Anwar, Usman Saidu, Srimala Sreekantan, Mohammad Norazmi Ahmad, Marzaini Rashid, Naser M. Ahmed, Wan Hazman Danial, and Lee D. Wilson. "Mesoporous TiO2 Implanted ZnO QDs for the Photodegradation of Tetracycline: Material Design, Structural Characterization and Photodegradation Mechanism." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101205.

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A sol-gel method was used to prepare a mesoporous TiO2 implanted with a ZnO quantum dot photocatalyst (TZQ) for the photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) under fluorescent light irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the presence of cavities on the photocatalyst surface due to the use of starch as a synthetic template, where the nitrogen sorption results indicate that TZQ contains mesopores with reduced size (ca. 4.3 nm) versus the pore size of the parent meso-TiO2 (ca. 7.5 nm). The addition of ZnO quantum dots (QDs) resulted in spherically-shaped binary composite particles in layers onto the surface of TiO2. The coexistence of the ZnO QDs and TiO2 phase was observed using high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The photodegradation of TC was carried out in a homemade reactor equipped with two fluorescent lights (24 W each) and within 90 min of irradiation, 94.6% of TC (40 mg L−1) was photodegraded using 250 mg L−1 of TZQ at pH 9. The major reactive oxygen species identified from the scavenging tests were O2●− followed by HO●. The deconvolution of the photoluminescence spectrum of TZQ indicates the presence of a strong quantum confinement effect (QCE) of the ZnO QDs, a defect related to Ti-species and oxygen. The analysis of the intermediates detected by LC-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) suggest two photodegradation pathways. The pathways were validated using the Fukui function approach and the Wheland localisation approach. This simple and efficient photocatalytic technology is anticipated to benefit small-scale animal husbandries and aquaculture operators that have limited access to sustainable water treatment technology.

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12

Alrajhi, Adnan H., Naser M. Ahmed, Mohd Mahadi Halim, Abeer S. Altowyan, Mohamad Nurul Azmi, and Munirah A. Almessiere. "Distinct Optical and Structural (Nanoyarn and Nanomat-like Structure) Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Nanofilm Derived by Using Salvia officinalis Leaves Extract Made without and with PEO Polymer." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 21, 2023): 4510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134510.

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This paper reports the optical properties of zinc oxide nanofilm fabricated by using organic natural products from Salvia officinalis leaves (SOL) extract and discusses the effect of the nanocrystal (NC) structure (nanoyarn and nanomat-like structure) on nanofilm optical properties. The surface-active layer of the nanofilm of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was passivated with natural organic SOL leaves hydrothermally, then accumulated on zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs). The nanofilms were fabricated (with and without PEO) on glass substrate (at 85 °C for 16 h) via chemical solution deposition (CSD). The samples were characterized by UV-vis, PL, FESEM, XRD, and TEM measurements. TEM micrographs confirmed the nucleation of ZnO NPs around 4 nm and the size distribution at 1.2 nm of ZnO QDs as an influence of the quantum confinement effect (QCE). The nanofilms fabricated with SOL surfactant (which works as a capping agent for ZnO NPs) represent distinct optoelectronic properties when compared to bulk ZnO. FESEM images of the nanofilms revealed nanoyarn and nanomat-like structures resembling morphologies. The XRD patterns of the samples exhibited the existence of ZnO nanocrystallites (ZnO NCs) with (100), (002), and (101) growth planes. The nanofilms fabricated represented a distinct optical property through absorption and broad emission, as the optical energy band gap reduced as the nanofilms annealed (at 120 ℃). Based on the obtained results, it was established that phytochemicals extracted from organic natural SOL leaves have a distinct influence on zoic oxide nanofilm fabrication, which may be useful for visible light spectrum trapping. The nanofilms can be used in photovoltaic solar cell applications.

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ARNOLD, PETER. "QUARK-GLUON PLASMA AND THERMALIZATION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 09 (October 2007): 2555–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830130700832x.

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In these lectures, I will attempt a pedagogical and qualitative introduction to the theory of equilibrium and thermalization of quark-gluon plasmas. I assume only that the reader is familiar with quantum field theory at zero temperature and with QCD as the theory of the strong interactions. I focus on the limit of small αs, which in principle should be relevant at extremely high temperature because of asymptotic freedom, and in any case provides a clean theoretical context in which to discuss a variety of phenomena. Topics discussed include the basic equilibrium formalism for finite-temperature quantum field theory, Debye screening, electric deconfinement, magnetic confinement, dimensional reduction, plasma waves, kinetic theory, hydrodynamic properties such as viscosity, the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect, thermalization in (arbitrarily high energy) heavy ion collisions, and QCD plasma instabilities.

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CHANDOLA, H. C., and H. C. PANDEY. "DYONIC FLUX TUBE STRUCTURE OF NONPERTURBATIVE QCD VACUUM." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 09 (April 10, 2003): 1623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03014083.

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We study the flux tube structure of the nonperturbative QCD vacuum in terms of its dyonic excitations by using an infrared effective Lagrangian and show that the dyonic condensation of QCD vacuum has a close connection with the process of color confinement. Using the fiber bundle formulation of QCD, the magnetic symmetry condition is presented in a gauge covariant form and the gauge potential has been constructed in terms of the magnetic vectors on global sections. The dynamical breaking of the magnetic symmetry has been shown to lead the dyonic condensation of QCD vacuum in the infrared energy sector. Deriving the asymptotic solutions of the field equations in the dynamically broken phase, the dyonic flux tube structure of QCD vacuum is explored which has been shown to lead the confinement parameters in terms of the vector and scalar mass modes of the condensed vacuum. Evaluating the charge quantum numbers and energy associated with the dyonic flux tube solutions, the effect of electric excitation of monopole is analyzed using the Regge slope parameter (as an input parameter) and an enhancement in the dyonic pair correlations and the confining properties of QCD vacuum in its dyonically condensed mode has been demonstrated.

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Diamantini, Maria Cristina, and Carlo A. Trugenberger. "Superinsulators: An Emergent Realisation of Confinement." Universe 7, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7060201.

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Superinsulators (SI) are a new topological state of matter, predicted by our collaboration and experimentally observed in the critical vicinity of the superconductor-insulator transition (SIT). SI are dual to superconductors and realise electric-magnetic (S)-duality. The effective field theory that describes this topological phase of matter is governed by a compact Chern-Simons in (2+1) dimensions and a compact BF term in (3+1) dimensions. While in a superconductor the condensate of Cooper pairs generates the Meissner effect, which constricts the magnetic field lines penetrating a type II superconductor into Abrikosov vortices, in superinsulators Cooper pairs are linearly bound by electric fields squeezed into strings (dual Meissner effect) by a monopole condensate. Magnetic monopoles, while elusive as elementary particles, exist in certain materials in the form of emergent quasiparticle excitations. We demonstrate that at low temperatures magnetic monopoles can form a quantum Bose condensate (plasma in (2+1) dimensions) dual to the charge condensate in superconductors. The monopole Bose condensate manifests as a superinsulating state with infinite resistance, dual to superconductivity. The monopole supercurrents result in the electric analogue of the Meissner effect and lead to linear confinement of the Cooper pairs by Polyakov electric strings in analogy to quarks in hadrons. Superinsulators realise thus one of the mechanism proposed to explain confinement in QCD. Moreover, the string mechanism of confinement implies asymptotic freedom at the IR fixed point. We predict thus for superinsulators a metallic-like low temperature behaviour when samples are smaller than the string scale. This has been experimentally confirmed. We predict that an oblique version of SI is realised as the pseudogap state of high-TC superconductors.

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UMNIKOV, A. YU, and F. C. KHANNA. "THE SPECTRUM AND CONFINEMENT FOR THE BETHE-SALPETER EQUATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, no. 21 (August 20, 1996): 3935–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x9600184x.

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The problem of calculating the mass spectrum of the two-body Bethe-Salpeter equation is studied with no reduction to the three-dimensional (“quasipotential”) equation. The method to find the ground state and excited states for a channel with any quantum numbers is presented. The problem of the confining interaction for the Bethe-Salpeter equation is discussed from the point of view of formal properties of the bound state spectrum, but with only inspiration from QCD. We study the kernel that is nonvanishing at large Euclidean intervals, i.e. RE→∞, which is constructed as a special limiting case of the sum of the covariant one-boson-exchange kernels. In the coordinate space this kernel is just a positive constant and corresponds to the kernel ∝ δ(kE) in the momentum space. When the usual attractive interaction is added, it is found that this kernel is similar in its effect to the nonrelativistic potential in coordinate space, V(r), with V(r→∞)→V∞. The positive real constant V∞ gives the scale that defines the limit of the bound state spectrum compared to the sum of the constituent masses, M < 2m+V∞. At the same time, the self-energy corrections remove the singularities from the propagators of the constituents, i.e. constituents do not propagate as free particles. The combination of these features of the solutions allows an interpretation of this type of interaction as a confining one. The illustrative analytical and numerical calculations are presented for a model of massive scalar particles with scalar interaction, i.e. the “massive Wick model.”

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Ladrem, Madjid Lakhdar Hamou, Mohammed Abdulmalek Abdulraheem Ahmed, Salah Cherif, Zainab Zaki Mohammed Alfull, and Mosleh M. Almarashi. "Detailed study of the QCD Equation of State of a colorless partonic plasma in finite volume." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 09 (March 30, 2019): 1950051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19500519.

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The color confinement in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) remains an interesting and intriguing phenomenon. It is considered as a very important nonperturbative effect to be taken into account in all models intended to describe the QCD many-parton system. During the deconfinement phase transition, the non-Abelian character of the partonic plasma manifests itself in an important manner. A direct consequence of color confinement is that all states of any partonic system must be colorless and the requirement of the colorlessness condition is more than necessary. Indeed, the colorless state is a result of the multiparton interactions, from which collective phenomena can emerge, inducing strong correlations and giving rise to a long-range order of liquid-like phase, a behavior fundamentally different from that of a conformal ideal gas. Within our Colorless QCD MIT-Bag Model and using the [Formula: see text]-method, three Thermal Response Functions, related to the Equation of State, like pressure [Formula: see text], sound velocity [Formula: see text] and energy density [Formula: see text] are calculated and studied as functions of temperature [Formula: see text] and volume [Formula: see text]. Also and in the same context, two relevant correlation forms [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are calculated and studied intensively as functions of [Formula: see text] at different volumes. A detailed comparative study between our results and those obtained from lattice QCD simulation, hot QCD and other phenomenological models is carried out. We find that the Liquid Partonic Plasma Model is the model which fits our Equation of State very well, in which the Bag constant term is revealed very important. Our Colorless Partonic Plasma, just beyond the finite volume transition point, is found in a state where the different partons interact strongly showing a liquid behavior in agreement with the estimate of the plasma parameter [Formula: see text] and supporting the result obtained from the fitting work. This allows us to understand experimental observations in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions and to interpret lattice QCD results.

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Gibilisco, Marina. "The Influence of Quarks and Gluons Jets Coming from Primordial Black Holes on the Reionization of the Universe." International Journal of Modern Physics A 12, no. 23 (September 20, 1997): 4167–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x97002280.

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In a previous work, I discussed the effect of the primordial black holes (PBH's) quantum evaporation on the reionization of the Universe at small redshifts (z ≤ 60): in principle, the photons emitted during the evaporation of such objects could drive a new ionization for the Universe after the recombination epoch; this reionization process should happen during the last stages of the PBH's life, when they totally evaporate and emit a lot of massive and massless particles. The critical mass of a black hole whose lifetime is equal to the present age of the Universe is ~ 4.4 × 1014 h-0.3 g: thus, PBH's having a mass M ~ 1014 g are the ideal candidates to induce a reionization at small redshifts. While in my previous study, I considered an exact blackbody photon emission spectrum, here I will adopt a more realistic one, taking into account the quarks and gluons jets emission through the contribution of a known fragmentation function. When the BH temperature rises above the QCD confinement scale, ΛQCD, one should expect an important contribution from quarks and gluons emission in the form of jets. In this paper I also improved my analysis by considering without any approximation the cooling effects in the plasma temperature evolution; as a result, I obtained a satisfactory "late and sudden" reionization process, characterized by a very well controlled rise of the plasma temperature: the plasma heating is not so high to induce a strong distortion of the CBR spectrum, in agreement with the recent FIRAS upper limit on the comptonization parameter, yc < 2.5 × 10-5.

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Creutz, Michael. "QCD beyond diagrams." International Journal of Modern Physics A 36, no. 21 (July 30, 2021): 2130012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x2130012x.

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Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong interactions, involves quarks interacting with non-Abelian gluon fields. This theory has many features that are difficult to impossible to see in conventional diagrammatic perturbation theory. This includes quark confinement, mass generation and chiral symmetry breaking. This paper is a colloquium level overview of the framework for understanding how these effects come about.

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Kuvshinov, Viatcheslav, Valery Shaparau, and Eugene Bagashov. "Interaction of quantum systems with environment in QCD." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920401002.

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It is shown that the interaction of quark with the stochastic vacuum of QCD (considered as an environment) leads to the decoherence of quark colour state, associated with the loss of information on the initial quark colour. We propose to consider this process as a reason of the confinement of the quark colour. Asymptotically this leads to confined quarks (fully mixed colourless quark states) in the limit of large distances and time intervals (confinement region) and free coloured quarks in the limit of small distances and time intervals (asymptotic freedom). We propose quantitative characteristics that allow to describe the process of interaction: purity, fidelity, von Neumann entropy, quantum information measure. The cases of two and arbitrary number of quarks are considered, and it is shown that the entanglement in such system disappears in the limit of large distances and time intervals. The process is in good agreement with the known theorems in quantum information theory (no-cloning and no-hiding). We study non-perturbative evolution of the gluon colour states during short time. Fluctuations of gluons are less than those for coherent states. This fact suggests that there gluon squeezed states can arise. Theoretical justification for the occurrence both singe- and two-mode gluon squeezing effects in QCD is given. We show that gluon entangled states which are closely related with two-mode squeezed states of gluon fields can appear at short time non-perturbative evolution by analogy with corresponding photon states in quantum optics.

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Xia, Jian-Bai, and K. W. Cheah. "Quantum confinement effect in thin quantum wires." Physical Review B 55, no. 23 (June 15, 1997): 15688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.15688.

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22

Chakravorty, D., S. Banerjee, and T. K. Kundu. "Quantum confinement effect in nanocomposites." Applied Surface Science 182, no. 3-4 (October 2001): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(01)00441-x.

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23

Brodsky, Stanley J., and Robert Shrock. "Condensates in quantum chromodynamics and the cosmological constant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 1 (December 15, 2010): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010113107.

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Casher and Susskind [Casher A, Susskind L (1974) Phys Rev 9:436–460] have noted that in the light-front description, spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is a property of hadronic wavefunctions and not of the vacuum. Here we show from several physical perspectives that, because of color confinement, quark and gluon condensates in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are associated with the internal dynamics of hadrons. We discuss condensates using condensed matter analogues, the Anti de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, and the Bethe–Salpeter–Dyson–Schwinger approach for bound states. Our analysis is in agreement with the Casher and Susskind model and the explicit demonstration of “in-hadron” condensates by Roberts and coworkers [Maris P, Roberts CD, Tandy PC (1998) Phys Lett B 420:267–273], using the Bethe–Salpeter–Dyson–Schwinger formalism for QCD-bound states. These results imply that QCD condensates give zero contribution to the cosmological constant, because all of the gravitational effects of the in-hadron condensates are already included in the normal contribution from hadron masses.

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24

Xia, Jian-Bai, and K. W. Cheah. "Quantum confinement effect in silicon quantum-well layers." Physical Review B 56, no. 23 (December 15, 1997): 14925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.56.14925.

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25

Je, Koo-Chul, and Chang-Ho Cho. "Quantum Confinement Effect of Thermoelectric Properties." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 54, no. 1 (January 15, 2009): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.54.105.

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26

Mercier, B., G. Ledoux, C. Dujardin, D. Nicolas, B. Masenelli, P. Mélinon, and G. Bergeret. "Quantum confinement effect on Gd2O3 clusters." Journal of Chemical Physics 126, no. 4 (January 28, 2007): 044507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431366.

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27

Chellammal, S., and S. Manivannan. "Determination of Quantum Confinement Effect of Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.17.

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The energetic, structural and electronic properties of CdS with different nanometer sizes were prepared by the precipitation method by changing the refluxing time of the reactants. The grain sizes were determined by X-ray diffraction method. By impedance analyses method, the band gap value of nanoparticles were calculated and compared with the bulk material. The nanocrystalline CdS was characterized by Impedance spectroscopy and corresponding measurements are discussed briefly in this paper.

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28

Sorokin, Pavel B., Pavel V. Avramov, Leonid A. Chernozatonskii, Dmitri G. Fedorov, and Sergey G. Ovchinnikov. "Atypical Quantum Confinement Effect in Silicon Nanowires." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 112, no. 40 (October 9, 2008): 9955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp805069b.

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29

Kurisu, Hiroki, Setsuo Yamamoto, Osamu Sueoka, and Mitsuru Matsuura. "Preparation and quantum confinement effect of superlattices." Solid State Communications 99, no. 8 (August 1996): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(96)00352-3.

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30

Wang, Rongqiu, Jingjian Li, Yong Chen, Ming Tang, Yu Wang, Shengmin Cai, and Zhongfan Liu. "Quantum confinement effect in electroluminescent porous silicon." Science in China Series B: Chemistry 41, no. 4 (August 1998): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02877811.

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31

Thambidurai, M., N. Muthukumarasamy, S. Agilan, N. Murugan, S. Vasantha, R. Balasundaraprabhu, and T. S. Senthil. "Strong quantum confinement effect in nanocrystalline CdS." Journal of Materials Science 45, no. 12 (March 5, 2010): 3254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4333-7.

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32

Qiu, Ying Ning, Wei Sheng Lu, and Stephane Calvez. "Quantum Confinement Stark Effect of Different Gainnas Quantum Well Structures." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.622.

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The quantum confinement Stark effect of three types of GaInNAs quantum wells, namely single square quantum well, stepped quantum wells and coupled quantum wells, is investigated using the band anti-crossing model. The comparison between experimental observation and modeling result validate the modeling process. The effects of the external electric field and localized N states on the quantized energy shifts of these three structures are compared and analyzed. The external electric field applied to the QW not only changes the potential profile but also modulates the localized N states, which causes band gap energy shifts and increase of electron effective mass.

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33

Lo, Ikai, K. H. Lee, Li-Wei Tu, J. K. Tsai, W. C. Mitchel, R. C. Tu, and Y. K. Su. "Thermal effect on quantum confinement in ZnS0.06Se0.94/Zn0.8Cd0.2Se quantum wells." Solid State Communications 120, no. 4 (October 2001): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(01)00369-6.

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34

Keiper, R., W. Wang, and I. P. Zvyagin. "Effect of Quantum confinement on impurity hopping in quantum wells." physica status solidi (b) 193, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221930111.

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35

Ferry, David K., Josef Weinbub, Mihail Nedjalkov, and Siegfried Selberherr. "A review of quantum transport in field-effect transistors." Semiconductor Science and Technology 37, no. 4 (February 23, 2022): 043001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac4405.

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Abstract Confinement in small structures has required quantum mechanics, which has been known for a great many years. This leads to quantum transport. The field-effect transistor has had no need to be described by quantum transport over most of the century for which it has existed. But, this has changed in the past few decades, as modern versions tend to be absolutely controlled by quantum confinement and the resulting modifications to the normal classical descriptions. In addition, correlation and confinement lead to a need for describing the transport by quantum methods as well. In this review, we describe the quantum effects and the methods of treament through various approaches to quantum transport.

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36

Hai-Jun, Wang, and Geng Wen-Tong. "Quark confinement and the fractional quantum Hall effect." Chinese Physics C 32, no. 9 (September 2008): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/32/9/006.

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37

Jun, Shen, Zhu Lei, Wang Jue, Li Yufen, and Wu Xiang. "Quantum Confinement Effect of Fullerenes in Silica Aerogel." Chinese Physics Letters 12, no. 11 (November 1995): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/12/11/014.

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38

Arul, N. Sabari, D. Mangalaraj, Pao Chi Chen, N. Ponpandian, and C. Viswanathan. "Strong quantum confinement effect in nanocrystalline cerium oxide." Materials Letters 65, no. 17-18 (September 2011): 2635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.05.022.

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39

XIAO, YANG, CHAOBIN HE, XUEHONG LU, and XINHAI ZHANG. "ORGANIC–INORGANIC HYBRID NANOPARTICLES WITH QUANTUM CONFINEMENT EFFECT." International Journal of Nanoscience 08, no. 01n02 (February 2009): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x09005980.

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Hybrid light emitting nanoparticles with diameter range from 2 to 4 nm were prepared via grafting organic-conjugated chains directly onto an inorganic rigid cage polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS). The unique properties of these particles show evidence of quantum confinement effect on the conjugated short chains by two barriers of POSS cage and alkyl chains. The confinement effects are revealed in five aspects. First, the UV and PL spectra redshift as increasing the length of conjugated chains. This phenomenon can be considered as size effect. Second, PL spectra of these nanoparticles in solid film blueshift from that in most of organic solvents, which can be considered as limited intra- or inter-molecular interactions existed within the nanoparticles. Third, the Raman bands of the conjugated chains in these nanoparticles are redshifted and broadening with respect to their bulk counterparts. The systematic peak shifting and broadening of the Raman bands provided additional confirmation that the conjugated chains in hybrid nanoparticles at bulk state are isolated without any π–π stacking. Fourth, TEM and SEM images showed the particle size in a range of 2–4 nm and the nanoparticles in bulk state are noncrystalline materials. Lastly, the PL spectrum of the nanoparticle at low temperature was studied and found no change in PL position and intensity as temperature increasing from 4 K to 150 K.

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40

Yang, Leon, Devon Reed, Kofi W. Adu, and Ana Laura Elias Arriaga. "Quantum Confinement Effect in the Absorption Spectra of Graphene Quantum Dots." MRS Advances 4, no. 3-4 (2019): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.18.

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ABSTRACTOur preliminary investigation of the absorption and the photoluminescence response of selectively separated graphene quantum dots using centrifugation indicate that the photoluminescence is more sensitive to the size of the quantum dot than the absorption. We observed ∼143nm blueshift from 623nm to 480nm in the visible region of the photoluminescence with increasing successive centrifugation (decreasing size) and not in the corresponding absorption spectra in the visible region. However, for the first time, we observed a blueshift in the absorption spectra in the UV regions that is tentatively attributed to quantum confinement. Further detailed work is underway to confirm the blueshift in the absorption and correlate with deep UV photoluminescence and morphological quantification of the quantum dots size distribution using high resolution transmission electron microscope.

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41

Kang, Kicheon, and B. I. Min. "Effect of quantum confinement on electron tunneling through a quantum dot." Physical Review B 55, no. 23 (June 15, 1997): 15412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.15412.

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42

Zhong, Guyue, Q. Xie, and Gang Xu. "Confinement Effect Driven Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Monolayer AuTe2Cl." SPIN 09, no. 04 (December 2019): 1940014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010324719400149.

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Based on first-principles calculations, we predict that the monolayer AuTe2Cl is a quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator with a topological band gap about 10 meV. The three-dimensional (3D) AuTe2Cl is a topological semimetal that can be viewed as the monolayer stacking along [Formula: see text] axis. By studying the energy-level distribution of [Formula: see text] orbitals of Te atoms for the bulk and the monolayer, we find that the confinement effect driven [Formula: see text] band inversion is responsible for the topological nontrivial nature of monolayer. Since 3D bulk AuTe2Cl has already been experimentally synthesized, we expect that monolayer AuTe2Cl can be exfoliated from a bulk sample and the predicted QSH effect can be observed.

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43

Lotin, A. A., O. A. Novodvorsky, L. S. Parshina, E. V. Khaydukov, O. D. Khramova, and V. Ya Panchenko. "The quantum confinement effect observed in the multiple quantum wells Mg0.27Zn0.73O/ZnO." Laser Physics 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2011): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054660x11050215.

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44

Ding, S. A., M. Ikeda, M. Fukuda, S. Miyazaki, and M. Hirose. "Quantum confinement effect in self-assembled, nanometer silicon dots." Applied Physics Letters 73, no. 26 (December 28, 1998): 3881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122923.

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45

Jang, Eue-Soon, Jun Young Bae, Jinkyoung Yoo, Won Il Park, Dong-Wook Kim, Gyu-Chul Yi, T. Yatsui, and M. Ohtsu. "Quantum confinement effect in ZnO∕Mg0.2Zn0.8O multishell nanorod heterostructures." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 2 (January 9, 2006): 023102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2162695.

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46

Kumar, V., K. Saxena, and A. K. Shukla. "Size‐dependent photoluminescence in silicon nanostructures: quantum confinement effect." Micro & Nano Letters 8, no. 6 (June 2013): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0910.

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47

Banerjee, S., A. K. Maity, and D. Chakravorty. "Quantum confinement effect in heat treated silver oxide nanoparticles." Journal of Applied Physics 87, no. 12 (June 15, 2000): 8541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373575.

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48

Zhang, Depeng, Zhiyuan Zhang, Wanrun Jiang, Yi Gao, and Zhigang Wang. "Effect of confinement on water rotation via quantum tunnelling." Nanoscale 10, no. 39 (2018): 18622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr05137b.

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49

Feng, Sunqi, Dapeng Yu, Hongzhou Zhang, Zhigang Bai, Yu Ding, Qingling Hang, Yinghua Zou, and Jingjing Wang. "Growth mechanism and quantum confinement effect of silicon nanowires." Science in China Series A: Mathematics 42, no. 12 (December 1999): 1316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02876033.

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50

Rahmani, Meisam, Razali Ismail, M. T. Ahmadi, and M. H. Ghadiry. "Quantum confinement effect on trilayer graphene nanoribbon carrier concentration." Journal of Experimental Nanoscience 9, no. 1 (June 8, 2013): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2013.794309.

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