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DECRAENE, JAMES, CHRISTOPHER MONTEROLA, GARY KEE KHOON LEE, and TERENCE GIH GUANG HUNG. "A QUANTITATIVE PROCEDURE FOR THE SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF URBAN LAND USE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 24, no. 01 (January 2013): 1250092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183112500921.
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We have developed a procedure that characterizes the land use pattern of an urban system using: (a) Spatial entropy that measures the extent of spread of residential, business and industrial sectors; and (b) Index of dissimilarity that quantifies the degree of mixing in space of different sectors. The approach is illustrated by using the land use zoning maps of the city state of Singapore and a selection of North American cities. We show that a common feature of most cities is for the industrial areas to be highly clustered while at the same time segregated from the residential or business districts. We also demonstrate that the combination of entropy of residential and dissimilarity index between residential and business areas provides a quantitative and potentially useful means of differentiating the land use pattern of different cities.
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Farina, Almo. "Ecoacoustics: A Quantitative Approach to Investigate the Ecological Role of Environmental Sounds." Mathematics 7, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7010021.
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Ecoacoustics is a recent ecological discipline focusing on the ecological role of sounds. Sounds from the geophysical, biological, and anthropic environment represent important cues used by animals to navigate, communicate, and transform unknown environments in well-known habitats. Sounds are utilized to evaluate relevant ecological parameters adopted as proxies for biodiversity, environmental health, and human wellbeing assessment due to the availability of autonomous audio recorders and of quantitative metrics. Ecoacoustics is an important ecological tool to establish an innovative biosemiotic narrative to ensure a strategic connection between nature and humanity, to help in-situ field and remote-sensing surveys, and to develop long-term monitoring programs. Acoustic entropy, acoustic richness, acoustic dissimilarity index, acoustic complexity indices (ACItf and ACIft and their evenness), normalized difference soundscape index, ecoacoustic event detection and identification routine, and their fractal structure are some of the most popular indices successfully applied in ecoacoustics. Ecoacoustics offers great opportunities to investigate ecological complexity across a full range of operational scales (from individual species to landscapes), but requires an implementation of its foundations and of quantitative metrics to ameliorate its competency on physical, biological, and anthropic sonic contexts.
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Sawicki, Karol, Michał M. Placek, Tomasz Łysoń, Zenon Mariak, Robert Chrzanowski, and Marek Czosnyka. "Change in Blood Flow Velocity Pulse Waveform during Plateau Waves of Intracranial Pressure." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081000.
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A reliable method for non-invasive detection of dangerous intracranial pressure (ICP) elevations is still unavailable. In this preliminary study, we investigate quantitatively our observation that superimposing waveforms of transcranial Doppler blood flow velocity (FV) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) may help in non-invasive identification of ICP plateau waves. Recordings of FV, ABP and ICP in 160 patients with severe head injury (treated in the Neurocritical Care Unit at Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK) were reviewed retrospectively. From that cohort, we identified 18 plateau waves registered in eight patients. A “measure of dissimilarity” (Dissimilarity/Difference Index, DI) between ABP and FV waveforms was calculated in three following steps: 1. fragmentation of ABP and FV signal according to cardiac cycle; 2. obtaining the normalised representative ABP and FV cycles; and finally; 3. assessing their difference, represented by the area between both curves. DI appeared to discriminate ICP plateau waves from baseline episodes slightly better than conventional pulsatility index did: area under ROC curve 0.92 vs. 0.90, sensitivity 0.81 vs. 0.69, accuracy 0.88 vs. 0.84, respectively. The concept of DI, if further tested and improved, might be used for non-invasive detection of ICP plateau waves.
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Bilal, Mahmood Y. "Similarity Index–Probabilistic Confidence Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Strain Relatedness in Localized Outbreaks." Epidemiologia 3, no. 2 (May 6, 2022): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia3020019.
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Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 can be attributed to expanding small-scale localized infection subclusters that eventually propagate into regional and global outspread. These infections are driven by spatial as well as temporal mutational dynamics wherein virions diverge genetically as transmission occurs. Mutational similarity or dissimilarity of viral strains, stemming from shared spatiotemporal fields, thence serves as a gauge of relatedness. In our clinical laboratory, molecular epidemiological analyses of strain association are performed qualitatively from genomic sequencing data. These methods however carry a degree of uncertainty when the samples are not qualitatively, with reasonable confidence, deemed identical or dissimilar. We propose a theoretical mathematical model for probability derivation of outbreak-sample similarity as a function of spatial dynamics, shared and different mutations, and total number of samples involved. This Similarity Index utilizes an Essen-Möller ratio of similar and dissimilar mutations between the strains in question. The indices are compared to each strain within an outbreak, and then the final Similarity Index of the outbreak group is calculated to determine quantitative confidence of group relatedness. We anticipate that this model will be useful in evaluating strain associations in SARS-CoV-2 and other viral outbreaks utilizing molecular data.
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Morales, Danielle Xiaodan. "Residential segregation of same-sex partnered households in the US." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 11/12 (October 8, 2018): 973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2018-0054.
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Purpose Quantitative research on the segregation of same-sex partners in the USA is new, and limited by challenges related to the accurate measurement of segregation and data errors. The purpose of this paper is to provide a novel approach to re-examine residential segregation between same-sex partners and different-sex partners in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Two versions of the dissimilarity index and corrected same-sex partners data from the 2010 decennial census were used. Effects of different geographic scales were examined. Findings Results reveal that the levels of segregation of both male and female same-sex partners were higher at metropolitan- vs state-levels; the levels of segregation was lower when measured using the unbiased as compared to the conventional version of the D-index; and male same-sex partnered households were more segregated from different-sex partnered households than were female same-sex partnered households. Research limitations/implications Future studies should be attuned to geographic scale effects and should not ignore the bias of the D-index. Originality/value This study provides a better test of the differences between the two versions of the D-index and contributes to the literature by examining the segregation of both male same-sex partners and female same-sex partners across different geographic scales.
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Almeida, VLS, ÊW Dantas, M. Melo-Júnior, MC Bittencourt-Oliveira, and AN Moura. "Zooplanktonic community of six reservoirs in northeast Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 1 (February 2009): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000100007.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the zooplankton community at six reservoirs in the state of Pernambuco (Brazil). Zooplankton assemblages were identified using current literature and quantitatively analysed under a microscope and stereomicroscope. Concurrently to the sampling of zooplanktonic and phytoplanktonic communities, in situ measurements of abiotic variables, such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH, were determined using field probes and transparency was determined with a Secchi disk. Total phosphorus concentrations were used for the determination of the Trophic State Index. The reservoirs were classified between eutrophic and hypertrophic, oxygenated, with pH varying from slightly acid to alkaline, high temperatures and low water transparency. A total of 27 zooplankton taxa were identified. Phytoplankton was represented by Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Baccilariophyta and phytoflagellates. The highest richness of species was observed for Rotifera (17), followed by Crustacea (8), Protozoa (1) and Insecta (1). Rotifers shared quantitative importance with Crustacea, which were mainly represented by juvenile forms. Jazigo Reservoir presented the highest diversity and equitability. Lowest diversity and equitability were recorded at the Poço da Cruz and Mundaú reservoirs, respectively. Dissimilarity was detected between the environments studied regarding zooplankton composition and structure.
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Inčiūraitė, R., R. Gedgaudas, R. Lukosevicius, K. Plingyte, T. Muskieta, S. Juzenas, J. Kupcinskas, and J. Skieceviciene. "P085 Gut microbiota profile changes in patients with Ulcerative Colitis." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 17, Supplement_1 (January 30, 2023): i248—i249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac190.0215.
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Abstract Background Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disease of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The frequency of UC is increasing worldwide, however, existing methods for both diagnostics and treatment of this disease are not efficient enough. It is known that besides comprised immune response, environmental and genetic factors, gut microbiota play a major role in the onset and course of UC. Therefore, efforts are currently being made to find and develop new gut microbiome-based tools to improve the management of UC. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the gut microbiome during active and quiescent UC. Methods Study included 72 subjects, who were divided into three age- and sex-matched groups: control (n=25), active UC (n=27) and quiescent UC (n=20). Total DNA was extracted from faeces, which was further subjected to the next generation sequencing of 16S rRNA-coding gene V1-V2 hypervariable region on MiSeq (Illumina) platform. Further, bioinformatics and statistical analysis were performed. Results Bacterial α-diversity, as assessed by Richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes, revealed that control patients had highest α-diversity compared to patients with active UC or quiescent UC (p<0.05), but there were no differences between UC disease states (p>0.05). Significant microbial community clusters (β-diversity), as assessed by the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, were identified between control subjects and patients with active or quiescent UC (p=0.02, p<0.01, respectively). However, no significant clusters were found between different disease states (p=0.22). In-between samples dissimilarity assessed by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index showed that samples from control subjects had higher in-between sample similarity (mean 0.542 ± 0.117) than patients with active (mean 0.638 ± 0.161) and quiescent (0.6 ± 0.145) UC. In addition, 16, 13 and 27 core taxa were identified in active, quiescent UC and control group, respectively. Differential abundance of Cuneatibacter, Faecalibacterium and Prevotellamassilia genera was detected when comparing control vs UC (both active and quiescent), Paraprevotella and Cuneatibacter genera – control vs active UC, Faecalibacterium, Prevotellamassilia, Mediterraneibacter and Cuneatibacter genera – control vs quiescent UC. Conclusion In conclusion, this study revealed both qualitative and quantitative gut microbiota changes in active and quiescent UC. Study was funded by the Research Council of Lithuania (Grant No. S-MIP-20-56).
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Blackburn, Robert M., Jennifer Jarman, and Janet Siltanen. "The Analysis of Occupational Gender Segregation Over Time and Place: Considerations of Measurement and Some New Evidence." Work, Employment and Society 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709373001.
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Despite the importance of occupational segregation as an area of investigation concerned with understanding women's employment status, pay levels, and promotional prospects during the last 20 years, there has been relatively little attention paid to the problems of trying to measure segregation levels in quantitative data. This paper argues that there are serious measurement problems which it illustrates by showing that two of the principal indices, the widely-used Index of Dissimilarity and the OECD's WE Index are highly flawed and produce unreliable results. It demonstrates the importance of these deficiencies using cross-national data from 9 countries for the period 1970-1982. The paper introduces a new way of analysing the form of these indices in the Basic Segregation Table, which is a 2 x 2 table of gendered occupations by sex. The paper suggests a new approach to measuring occupational segregation which provides more consistent and valid results. This is called Marginal Matching. The paper ends with an analysis of occupational gender segregation in England and Wales from 1951 to 1981. It concludes that, in contrast to research claims to date, the trend in segregation over this period is one of overall stability.
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Gouvêa, Lígia Regina Lima, Alisson Fernando Chiorato, and Paulo de Souza Gonçalves. "Divergence and genetic variability among superior rubber tree genotypes." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 45, no. 2 (February 2010): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2010000200007.
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The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic variability and divergence among 22 superior rubber tree (Hevea sp.) genotypes of the IAC 400 series. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using eight quantitative traits (descriptors), including yield. In the univariate analyses, the estimated parameters were: genetic and environmental variances; genetic and environmental coefficients of variation; and the variation index. The Mahalanobis generalized distance, the Tocher agglomerative method and canonical variables were used for the multivariate analyses. In the univariate analyses, variability was verified among the genotypes for all the variables evaluated. The Tocher method grouped the genotypes into 11 clusters of dissimilarity. The first four canonical variables explained 87.93% of the cumulative variation. The highest genetic variability was found in rubber yield-related traits, which contributed the most to the genetic divergence. The most divergent pairs of genotypes are suggested for crossbreeding. The genotypes evaluated are suitable for breeding and may be used to continue the IAC rubber tree breeding program.
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Kavelenova, Lyudmila Mikhailovna, Anna Borisovna Petrova, Kristina Andreevna Savitskaya, Nikolay Viktorovich Yankov, Maria Ivanovna Antipenko, Lyubov Georgievna Demenina, and Anatoly Alexandrovich Kuznetsov. "Results of quantitative parameters evaluation of leaves of some fruit and berry Rosaceae cultivars and hybrids." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874107.
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The leaves of higher plants reveal a wide range of structural and ecofunctional differences expressed for taxa of various ranks, for representatives of ecological groups, as well as associated with adaptation to a complex of biotopic conditions. Among the quantitative indicators determined in the study of leaf phytomass samples there are some detected by direct measurement and others detected by calculating. The second group of indicators includes, in particular, the leaf mass per area (LMA) parameter. In nature, this indicator reveals differences within two orders for plants of various life forms (from the minimum in freshwater hydrophytes to the maximum in desert inhabitants). Functional groups of plants are characterized by unequal level of LMA plasticity in the gradient of abiotic conditions (such as light, temperature, moisture, edaphic regime). Evaluation of leaf apparatus parameters is widely demanded in various actual directions (plant ecology, forestry, environmental protection, cultivars study, etc.). In this paper we present some generalized data related to the results of the study of the leaf structure for some fruit and berry Rosaceae cultivars and hybrids (25 varieties of pears, 15 - apple, 13 - garden strawberries, 7 - clone rootstocks for stone fruit crops), for which the Scientific Research Institute Zhigulevskiye Sady specialists carry out cultivars study. We performed a row ranking procedure and constructed distribution histograms for the integrated data blocks for each group of objects, using the Excel. We turned to the percentage of the proportion of variables corresponding to different levels of LMA. The distribution analysis of generalized data on the LMA index showed perspectivity for comparing groups of objects of different systematic (varietal) accessories and for detection of dissimilarity trends between them.
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Agustina, Aulia, and Hasanuddin Hasanuddin. "HUBUNGAN KEKERABATAN FENETIK 7 SPESIES JERUK DI DATARAN TINGGI BENER MERIAH." Jurnal Jeumpa 8, no. 2 (November 7, 2021): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jj.v8i2.4398.
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The study about “Phenetic Relationship of 7 Species of Orange Plants in BenerMeriah Highlands” was inducted back in August until September 2017. The aim of this study is to describe the morphological characterization of 7 species of orange plants in BenerMeriah highlands and to understand the phenetic relationship of 7 species of oranges plant in BenerMeriah highlands. The method used in this study was observation with the type of mixture between qualitative and quantitative. The subjects of this study are 7 species of orange plants, namely: a) Citrus reticulata; b) Citrus amblycarpa; c) Citrus hystrix; d) Citrus nobilis; e) Citrus maxima; f) Citrus sinensis; and g) Citrus aurantifolia. The parameters of this study were the morphological characteristic of stems, leaves, fruits and flowers. The collected data were analyzed descriptively, where the similarities were measured using Similarity Index (SI) and the dissimilarities were measured using Dissimilarity Index (DI) to classify the total of 7 species of orange plants using cluster analysis. According to the morphological characteristics, it could be concluded that there are several differences and similarities among the 7 species of orange plants found in BenerMeriah Regency. The combination of Citrus hystrix with Citrus aurantifolia have the closest phenetic relationship, which have 66 of SI. The other combinations that also have close phenetic relationship are Citrus hystrix with Citrus maxima and Citrus nobilis with Citrus sinensis. The pheneticrelationship that have the highest DI is the combination of Citrus amblycarpa with Citrus maxima, which have 88 of DI
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Cutright, Phillips, and Robert M. Fernquist. "The Age Structure of Female Suicide Rates: Measurement and Analysis of 20 Developed Countries, 1955–1994." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 47, no. 2 (October 2003): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/yr5v-bkgv-x3rh-kben.
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Although age-specific female suicide rates have been available for over a century, sociologists have focused on comparing the levels of the rates across age groups, and in studying change overtime. Girard's (1993) article is the first systematic effort to compare the age structure of female suicide rates among national populations. From his study of 1976–1980 suicide rates in 49 less developed and more developed populations, Girard concluded that the age structure of female suicide rates was a function of the level of economic development. Our partial test of this theory found that the age structure of female suicide in mid-19th-century European populations was not at all like the structures of less developed countries in 1976–80. We also replaced Girard's qualitative typology with the index of dissimilarity, allowing quantitative assessment of differences between the age structure of suicide in the United States and the other 19 countries in this study. Age structures in 14 countries were significantly different from the U.S. structure. Tests for significant changes in age structures from 1955–64 to 1985–94 found 17 of the 20 populations had significant change in this period, with younger persons tending to increase their share, while persons 45 to 74 were losing their share.
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Wani, Ishfaq Ahmad, Susheel Verma, Renu Gupta, Masood Majaz Ganaie, Gaurav Nigam, Hesham M. Shafik, and Fahad A. Al-Misned. "Nutrient Analysis and Species Diversity of Alpine Grasslands: A Comparative Analysis of Less Studied Biodiversity Hotspots." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020887.
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The alpine grasslands of Kashmir Himalaya act as a treasure house of floristic biodiversity. They have remained largely unstudied because of their remoteness and inaccessibility. It is imperative to have quantitative studies of these areas to allow the long-term monitoring of flora in these fragile ecosystems. During the present study, nutrient analysis and species diversity of some alpine grasslands were investigated. Electroconductivity (EC) of the soils ranged between 0.12 and 0.33 (dSm−1). With an increase in altitude and precipitation and a decrease in temperature, soil pH and available macro-nutrients (OC, N, P, K) show a considerable decrease. Sixty-six plant species belonging to twenty-nine families and fifty-one genera were reported with members predominantly from the Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Plantaginaceae families. Seven species were common to all study areas and Renyi diversity profiles showed that Kongwattan was the most diverse followed by Poshpathri and Yousmarg. The results of the Sorensen β diversity index showed a relatively lower dissimilarity index among the three studied alpine sites. In the majority of the growth forms, growth initiation was recorded in April, whereas senescence occurred in September. The highest bloom was seen in June-July. The plant species exhibited a greater variability in their phenophases under different environmental conditions and altitudinal gradients. Plants were more vigorous at lower altitudes and showed rapid response to the prevailing conditions. Stoloniferous forbs and tussock forming graminoids such as Sibbaldia cuneata, Trifolium repens, Plantago major, Trifolium pratense, Poa compressa, Poa angustifolia, and Plantago lanceolata showed a greater importance value index (IVI). The sedentary system of livestock rearing at Yousmarg resulted in the decreased density of the palatable species. This study allowed us to conclude that direct knowledge of soil nutrient composition and species diversity in alpine ecosystems can enhance conservation and ensure better management practices over a period of time.
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Yoo, C. K., S. W. Choi, and I. Lee. "Disturbance detection and isolation in the activated sludge process." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2002): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0591.
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This paper proposes a new fault detection and isolation (FDI) method. This method monitors the distribution of process data and detects changes in this distribution, which reflect changes in the corresponding operating condition. A modified dissimilarity index and a FDI technique are defined to quantitatively evaluate the difference between data sets. This technique considers the importance of each transformed variable in the multivariate system. The FDI technique is applied to a benchmark simulation and to data from a real wastewater treatment plant. Simulation results show that it immediately detects disturbances and automatically distinguishes between serious and minor anomalies for various types of fault. The method not only detects the disturbances, but also isolates the scale of the disturbance, facilitating the interpretation of the disturbance source. The proposed monitoring technique is found to be appropriate for analyzing the biological wastewater treatment process, which is characterized by a variety of fault and disturbance sources and non-stationary characteristics.
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Hami, Mustapha El, and Ahmed Hefnaoui. "Analysis of Herding Behavior in Moroccan Stock Market." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 11, no. 1(J) (March 10, 2019): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i1(j).2758.
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Frontier markets, particularly the Moroccan financial market, are characterized by a narrowness of market, inability to absorb erratic price fluctuations and the low liquidity of securities that encourage investors to herd and imitate those who have all the information about the market. A quantitative research approach was used to analyze the existence of herding n Moroccan stock market. The daily data used in this study concerns the period from 04/01/2010 to 29/12/2017 and contains the daily returns of the MASI and a total of 43 traded stocks. Statistical and econometric methods such as multidimensional scaling and Cross-sectional absolute deviation were used. Subsequently, after the regression models were examined, findings indicated that the first stocks with the highest similarity to the index return are BMCE, BCP, IAM, ATW and CMSR, and the first stocks with the highest dissimilarity are PAP, IBC and SNP, This will have to allow investors to choose profitable alternatives and avoid those that present a possible risk. The results did also show the existence of herding in the Moroccan stock market both upward and downward. This finding was supported by the clear existence of a non-linearity between market performance and CSAD measurement, which confirms the prediction of a non-linear inversion relationship between CSAD and ð‘…ð‘š. This could be due to the low level of transparency that prevails in frontier stock exchanges and reduces the quality of their information environment, which leads investors not to react rationally and to draw information from the transactions of their peers.
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Ryabushko, Larisa I., Daria S. Balycheva, and Vitaly I. Ryabushko. "MICROPHYTOBENTHOS DIATOMS OF THE BLACK SEA: BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY." Ecologica Montenegrina 14 (October 30, 2017): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2017.14.6.
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The results of original studies (1987–2016) of the floristic composition of diatoms of natural and anthropogenic substrates in different regions of the Black Sea at depths of 0–53 m are summarized. 350 taxa of Bacillariophyta were identified, 77% from them are benthic, 57% – marine, 29% – boreal and 25% – boreal-tropical. In the epilithon, 140 taxa were found, in the epiphyton of macrophytes – 254, the epizoon of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. – 154, on the skin of dolphins – 10 and in the periphyton of anthropogenic substrates – 194. The Сzekonowsky-Sörensen coefficient of species similarity depending on the ecotope varied from 54 to 64%. In both ecotopes of epizoon and periphyton 28 species were common. The maximum values of abundance (N), biomass (B) and the Shannon index of species diversity (H) of diatoms in all ecotopes were observed in the winter-spring season: epilithon – N =416•103 cells•cm-2, B=0.4 mg•cm-2,Н = 1,89; epiphyton – N=366.3•103 cells•cm-2,B=0.82 mg•cm-2, Н=3.03; epizoon – N=179.3•103 cells•cm-2, B=0,54 mg•cm-2, Н=3.81; periphyton at exposure of experimental plates from 1 to 13 months – N =2180.8•103 cells•cm-2, B=0.543 mg•cm-2, H=0.97–3.67 and with monthly exposure – N=1229•103 cells•cm-2, B=0.35 mg•cm-2, H=1.1–3.5. The questions of similarity and dissimilarity of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of microphytobenthos diatoms in different ecotopes and areas of the Black Sea are discussed.
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Tesfai, Rebbeca, and Kevin J. A. Thomas. "Dimensions of Inequality: Black Immigrants’ Occupational Segregation in the United States." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649219844799.
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The U.S. labor market is increasingly made up of immigrant workers, and considerable research has focused on occupational segregation as an indicator of their labor market incorporation. However, most studies focus on Hispanic populations, excluding one of the fastest growing immigrant groups: foreign-born blacks. Because of their shared race, African and Caribbean immigrants may experience the same structural barriers as U.S.-born blacks. However, researchers hypothesize that black immigrants are advantaged in the labor market relative to U.S.-born blacks because of social network hiring and less discrimination by employers. Using 2011–2015 pooled American Community Survey data, this study is among the first quantitative studies to examine black immigrants’ occupational segregation in the United States. The authors use the Duncan and Duncan Dissimilarity Index to estimate black immigrants’ segregation from U.S.-born whites and blacks and regression analyses to identify predictors of occupational segregation. Consistent with previous work focusing on Hispanic immigrants, foreign-born blacks are highly overrepresented in a few occupations. African and Caribbean immigrants experience more occupational segregation from whites than the U.S.-born, with African immigrants most segregated. Africans are also more segregated from U.S.-born blacks than Caribbean immigrants. Results of the regression analyses suggest that African immigrants are penalized rather than rewarded for educational attainment. The authors find that the size of the coethnic population and the share of coethnics who are self-employed are associated with a decline in occupational segregation. Future research is needed to determine the impact of lower occupational segregation on the income of self-employed black immigrants.
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Lampi Dique, José Eulário, César Pedro, Custódio Jorge José Fernando, Maria Da Luz Quinhentos, Ivan De Paiva Barbosa, Leonel Tarcísio da Cristina Bungala, Domingos Dias, António Arlindo Mendes, and José Eustáquio de Souza Carneiro. "Genetic Divergence and Selection of Genitors Aiming to Generate Variability in Common Bean Lines." East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (October 27, 2022): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.912.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence between common bean strains from the breeding program of the Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique (IIAM)-Zonal Centre (CZC) and to identify potential genitors to generate segregating populations with high average and wide genetic variability. Five common bean lines were evaluated in a randomized block design with three repetitions. The quantitative traits evaluated were leaf area index, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, several pods per plant, 100 seed weight, and yield, while the qualitative traits were growth habit, epicotyl colour, leaf colour intensity, leaf roughness, fresh pod colour, grain colour, grain size, and flower colour. The data obtained were submitted to variance analysis and grouping of means by the Scott-Knott test. The relative importance of characters was evaluated by the Singh. Clustering was performed by the Tocher optimization method and distance projection in the 2D plane, using the generalized Mahalanobis distance as a measure of dissimilarity. The degree of preservation of genetic distances in the 2D plane was assessed by the Cohenetic Correlation Coefficient, distortion, and stress. The LPA54 and Bonus lines were highlighted by direct selection based on the performance per se of their characteristics. Genetic variability was checked for the trait’s days to 50% flowering several of pods per plant, and 100-seed weight and the strains were separated into two groups. The crosses between (G19833, LPA54, Manteiga, and Bonus) with the strain DOR364 there is the potential for obtaining hybrids with higher heterotic effect and segregating populations with high variability. The traits of 100-seed weight, pods per plant, epicotyl colour, and grain size were the most important in the discrimination of the strains
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Balssan Moura, Natã, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Danieli Jacoboski Hutra, Robison Davi Patias Furlan, Guilherme Mallmann, Guilherme Stasiak, Dassaiévis Gonzatto Maciel, Wilson Leonardo Farias Melo, Pedro Felipe Lopes, and Francine Lautenchleger. "QUALI-QUANTITATIVE GENETIC DISSIMILARITY OF SOYBEAN." Functional Plant Breeding Journal 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35418/2526-4117/v3n1a6.
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Holliday, John D., and Peter Willett. "Definitions of "Dissimilarity" for Dissimilarity-Based Compound Selection." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 1, no. 3 (April 1996): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108705719600100308.
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Dissimilarity-based compound selection involves identifying a database subset in which the constituent compounds are as dissimilar to each other as possible, thus ensuring coverage of the full range of structural diversity in the original database. This paper provides a quantitative comparison of four different definitions of dissimilarity. Experiments with three different measures of diversity demonstrate that the effectiveness of the selected subset is affected by the definition of dissimilarity that is used, but that it is not possible to identify one such definition as being consistently superior to any other.
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Cunha, M. R., C. F. Rodrigues, L. Génio, A. Hilário, A. Ravara, and O. Pfannkuche. "Macrofaunal assemblages from mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz: abundance, biodiversity and diversity partitioning across spatial scales." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2012): 18331–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-18331-2012.
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Abstract. The Gulf of Cadiz is an extensive seepage area in the South Iberian Margin (NE Atlantic) encompassing over 40 mud volcanoes (MVs) at depths ranging from 200 to 4000 m. The area has a long geologic history and a central biogeographic location with a complex circulation assuring oceanographic connectivity with the Mediterranean Sea, Equatorial and Northern Atlantic regions. The geodynamics of the region promotes a notorious diversity in the seep regime despite the relatively low fluxes of hydrocarbon-rich gases. We analyse quantitative samples taken during the cruises TTR14, TTR15 and MSM01-03 in seven mud volcanoes grouped into Shallow MVs (Mercator: 350 m, Kidd: 500 m, Meknès: 700 m) and Deep MVs (Captain Arutyunov: 1300 m, Carlos Ribeiro: 2200 m, Bonjardim: 3000 m, Porto: 3900 m) and two additional reference sites (ca. 550 m). Macrofauna (retained by a 500 μm sieve) was identified to species level whenever possible. The samples yielded modest abundances (70–1567 ind. per 0.25 m2) but a number of species among the highest ever reported for cold seeps. Among the 366 recorded species, 22 were symbiont-hosting bivalves (Thyasiridae, Vesicomyidae, Solemyidae) and tubeworms (Siboglinidae). The multivariate analyses indicated significant differences between Shallow and Deep MVs: The environmental conditions at the Shallow MVs makes them highly permeable to the penetration of background fauna leading to high diversity of the attendant assemblages (H': 2.92–3.94; ES(100): 28.3–45.0; J': 0.685–0.881). The Deep MVs showed, in general, contrasting features but were more heterogeneous (H': 1.41–3.06; ES(100): 10.5–30.5; J': 0.340–0.852) and often dominated by one or more siboglinid species. The rarefaction curves confirmed the differences in biodiversity of Deep and Shallow MVs as well as the approximation of the latter to the reference sites. The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity demonstrated the high β-diversity of the assemblages, especially in pairwise comparisons involving samples from the deeper MVs. Diversity partitioning assessed for species richness, Hurlbert's expected number of species and Shannon–Wiener index confirmed the high β-diversity across different spatial scales (within MVs, between MVs, between Deep and Shallow MVs). We suggest that historical and contemporary factors with differential synergies at different depths contribute to the high α-, β- and γ-diversity of the mud volcano faunal assemblages in the Gulf of Cadiz.
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Cunha, M. R., C. F. Rodrigues, L. Génio, A. Hilário, A. Ravara, and O. Pfannkuche. "Macrofaunal assemblages from mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz: abundance, biodiversity and diversity partitioning across spatial scales." Biogeosciences 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2013): 2553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2553-2013.
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Abstract. The Gulf of Cadiz is an extensive seepage area in the south Iberian margin (NE Atlantic) encompassing over 40 mud volcanoes (MVs) at depths ranging from 200 to 4000 m. The area has a long geologic history and a central biogeographic location with a complex circulation ensuring oceanographic connectivity with the Mediterranean Sea, equatorial and North Atlantic regions. The geodynamics of the region promotes a notorious diversity in the seep regime despite the relatively low fluxes of hydrocarbon-rich gases. We analyse quantitative samples taken during the cruises TTR14, TTR15 and MSM01-03 in seven mud volcanoes grouped into Shallow MVs (Mercator: 350 m, Kidd: 500 m, Meknès: 700 m) and Deep MVs (Captain Arutyunov: 1300 m, Carlos Ribeiro: 2200 m, Bonjardim: 3000 m, Porto: 3900 m) and two additional Reference sites (ca. 550 m). Macrofauna (retained by a 500 μm sieve) was identified to species level whenever possible. The samples yielded modest abundances (70–1567 individuals per 0.25 m2), but the local and regional number of species is among the highest ever reported for cold seeps. Among the 366 recorded species, 22 were symbiont-hosting bivalves (Thyasiridae, Vesicomyidae, Solemyidae) and tubeworms (Siboglinidae). The multivariate analyses supported the significant differences between Shallow and Deep MVs: The environmental conditions at the Shallow MVs make them highly permeable to the penetration of background fauna leading to high diversity of the attendant assemblages (H′: 2.92–3.94; ES(100): 28.3–45.0; J′: 0.685–0.881). The Deep MV assemblages showed, in general, contrasting features but were more heterogeneous (H′: 1.41–3.06; ES(100): 10.5–30.5; J′: 0.340–0.852) and often dominated by one or more siboglinid species. The rarefaction curves confirmed the differences in biodiversity of Deep and Shallow MVs as well as the convergence of the latter to the Reference sites. The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity demonstrated the high β-diversity of the assemblages, especially in pairwise comparisons involving samples from the Deep MVs. Diversity partitioning assessed for species richness, Hurlbert's expected number of species and Shannon–Wiener index confirmed the high β-diversity across different spatial scales (within MVs, between MVs, between Deep and Shallow MVs). We suggest that historical and contemporary factors with differential synergies at different depths contribute to the high α-, β- and γ-diversity of the mud volcano faunal assemblages in the Gulf of Cadiz.
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Choi, Soyoung, Sharon H. O'Neil, Anand A. Joshi, Xin Miao, Jian Li, Justin P. Haldar, Thomas Coates, Richard M. Leahy, and John C. Wood. "Exploring Anemia's Impact on Brain Microstructure, Volume, Functional Connectivity, Iron and Cognitive Performance." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-129544.
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Introduction: We used MR imaging techniques to investigate the neurological consequences of chronic anemia in human patients with sickle cell disease, non-sickle anemic syndromes (called anemic-controls) and non-anemic controls. We previously demonstrated that hemoglobin level is an independent predictor of white matter volume (WMV) in brain as well as cognitive performance. Importantly, WMV was independent of genotype (sickle vs non-sickle), treatment type, HgB S%, fetal HgB level, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and presence of silent strokes. We also demonstrated that low hemoglobin is associated with abnormal brain functional connectivity and iron levels in select brain regions. In the present study, we examine the effects of anemia on brain integrity using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) calculated from diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). ADC measures the magnitude of the motion of water in tissue and can be used to imply tissue damage, making it highly sensitive to neuropathology as altered tissue integrity and loss of cellular structures can change the diffusivity of water. We then explore the associations between ADC, local brain volume, functional connectivity, iron and cognitive performance. Methods: MRI data, CBC and neuropsychological testing results were obtained from 26 sickle cell disease (age = 20.9 ± 11.3, F:M = 13:13, HgB = 9.7 ± 2.1), 20 anemic-control (age = 25.9 ± 11.3, F:M = 10:10, HgB = 10.9 ± 0.5) and 25 control subjects (age = 23.1 ± 8.4, F:M = 16:9, HgB = 13.2 ± 1.2). (Recruited with informed consent or assent; IRB: CHLA CCI#11-00083). DWI (TE = 86ms; TR = 6700ms; resolution=2.5mm3; 30 directions; bvalue=1000m/s2; reverse-gradient b=0) were acquired on a 3T Philips Achieva (v.3.2.1) using an 8-channel head coil. Images were corrected for motion and distortion then voxel-wise calculations of ADC were computed then transferred to a common atlas space. (brainsuite.org, v18). 3D T1 weighted, quantitative susceptibility mapping, and functional MRI (fMRI) images were collected using our previously published protocols. After regressing out age and sex, we determined the effect of hemoglobin level at each voxel of the brain on ADC then corrected for multiple comparison (BH FDR α=0.1). Significant regions were retained, (p<0.05), and a mean ADC was computed for each subject from those regions. Pearson's correlations were used to determine the effects of hemoglobin level on the following measures: (1) mean ADC, (2) WMV, (3) Connectivity Dissimilarity Index (CDI), a measure quantifying the dissimilarity of functional connectivity pattern between each subject and a reference fMRI atlas (4) Iron measured in the substantia nigra of the brain's basal ganglia through R2* and susceptibility images and (5) Matrix Reasoning, a nonverbal measure of novel problems (fluid reasoning). Results: Hemoglobin level significantly correlated with ADC throughout the brain, but most strongly in deep white matter and subcortex, followed by the occipital lobe and cerebellum (Figure 1). The scatterplot between mean ADC and hemoglobin showed no discernable differentiation between anemia subtypes (Figure 2). Mean ADC and our previously developed markers of disease correlated well with each other showing that the severity of anemia correlates with higher ADC, lower white matter volume (WMV), abnormal functional connectivity (CDI), higher brain iron and lower Matrix Reasoning scores (males only; Table 1). Conclusion: Increased ADC, correlating with anemia severity, was observed in subcortical structures of an anemic population at risk for white matter shrinkage and cognitive dysfunction. ADC (but not WMV) correlated with brain iron which is known to accumulate in the presence of cerebral hypoxia. ADC and WMV changes were comparable in males and females but only males showed lower fluid reasoning. This data shows that anemia and brain iron are associated with brain tissue disruption and function. Disclosures Coates: vifor: Consultancy, Honoraria; celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: steering committee of clinical study; agios pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; apo pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Wood:BiomedInformatics: Consultancy; Imago Biosciences: Consultancy; National Institutes of Health: Research Funding; Apopharma: Consultancy; WorldcareClinical: Consultancy; Philips Healthcare: Research Funding; BluebirdBio: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy.
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Harris, Richard, and Dewi Owen. "Implementing a Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity in R with a case study of the changing scales of residential ethnic segregation in England and Wales." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 6 (December 18, 2017): 1003–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317748328.
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This paper introduces the Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity package, which provides tools and functions to fit a Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity in the open source software, R. It extends the conventional Index of Dissimilarity to measure both the amount and geographic scale of segregation, thereby capturing the two principal dimensions of segregation, unevenness and clustering. The statistical basis for the multilevel approach is discussed, making connections to other work in the field and looking especially at the relationships between the Index of Dissimilarity, variance as a measure of segregation, and the partitioning of the variance to identify scale effects. A brief tutorial for the package is provided followed by a case study of the scales of residential segregation for various ethnic groups in England and Wales. Comparing 2001 with 2011 Census data, we find that patterns of segregation are emerging at less localised geographical scales but the Index of Dissimilarity is falling. This is consistent with a process whereby minority groups have spread out into more ethnically mixed neighbourhoods.
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Morain-Nicolier, Frédéric, Jérome Landré, and Su ruan. "Gray Level Local Dissimilarity Map and Global Dissimilarity Index for Quality of Medical Images." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 12 (2009): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090812-3-dk-2006.0073.
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Lyngdoh, N., R. P. Gunaga, Geeta Joshi, R. Vasudeva, G. Ravikanth, and R. Uma Shaanker. "Influence of geographic distance and genetic dissimilarity among clones on flowering synchrony in a Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) clonal seed orchard." Silvae Genetica 61, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2012): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2012-0002.
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Abstract Influence of genetic dissimilarity among teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) clones on flowering synchrony was studied in a Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) of teak in Karnataka, Southern India. Flowering phenology was monitored for all the 24 teak clones of the CSO and flowering synchrony between clones was assessed adopting a novel ‘overlap index’. Genetic dissimilarity among these clones was assessed adopting DNA based ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) analysis. Large variation in the time of ‘flower initiation’ and of ‘peak flowering initiation’ was observed among the clones belonging to diverse sources, suggesting large asynchronous flowering. Cluster analysis based on ISSR marker indicated that the clones originating from a same source clustered together and there was a clear segregation based on their origin. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association between the average Jaccards’s dissimilarity index between pairs of clones and average peak flowering overlap index. Clones from geographically diverse regions had high genetic dissimilarity and also showed high flowering asynchrony within them.
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KHARBACH, Amina, Mouad EL OMARI, Amar MARDANI, Benaissa BELLACH, and Mohammed RAHMOUN. "Medical Images Registration based on Normalized Dissimilarity Index." Journal of Computer Science 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2017.380.392.
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Chouakria, Ahlame Douzal, and Panduranga Naidu Nagabhushan. "Adaptive dissimilarity index for measuring time series proximity." Advances in Data Analysis and Classification 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2007): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11634-006-0004-6.
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Yalonetzky, Gaston. "A dissimilarity index of multidimensional inequality of opportunity." Journal of Economic Inequality 10, no. 3 (December 22, 2010): 343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-010-9162-z.
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Thangjam, Premabati, and Robert Thangjam. "Study of Genetic Diversity among the Seeded Banana Found in the Northeast Region of India by RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) Analysis." Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2017.05.02.03.
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The RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique was used to evaluate the genetic variation among twenty one wild bananas found in the northeastern region. Out of the ten primers used eight give 100% polymorphism. Among the ten primers used UBC-425 gives the highest polymorphic information content, resolving power as well as highest marker index. The highest dissimilarity index was obtained between the sample MZ1 (Changkha from Mizoram) and AR12 (kutikol from Arunachal) scoring the dissimilarity index of 0.85 whilst the lowest/highest dissimilarity/similarity was found between AS13 and AS14 (Athiakol and Bhimkol from Assam) scoring the dissimilarity index of 0.17. This result indicates that AS13 and AS14 were more closely related as compared with all the other accessions studied while MZ1 and AR12 were highly dissimilar. Dendrogram based on Nei’s coefficient reveals two major groups which were again sub-grouped into six minor clusters. The dendrogram was not able to clearly distinguish the different genome groups in the study. The study reveals significant level of diversity among the wild bananas studied and it could be utilized for future conservation and sustainable utilization of the genetic resources.
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Xu, Yanjie, Tao Ren, and Shixiang Sun. "Identifying Influential Edges by Node Influence Distribution and Dissimilarity Strategy." Mathematics 9, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9202531.
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Identifying influential edges in a complex network is a fundamental topic with a variety of applications. Considering the topological structure of networks, we propose an edge ranking algorithm DID (Dissimilarity Influence Distribution), which is based on node influence distribution and dissimilarity strategy. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by the network robustness R and the dynamic size of the giant component and compared with well-known existing metrics such as Edge Betweenness index, Degree Product index, Diffusion Intensity and Topological Overlap index in nine real networks and twelve BA networks. Experimental results show the superiority of DID in identifying influential edges. In addition, it is verified through experimental results that the effectiveness of Degree Product and Diffusion Intensity algorithm combined with node dissimilarity strategy has been effectively improved.
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Gomes, Danilo A., Igor M. Alves, Gabriel M. Maciel, Ana Carolina S. Siquieroli, Joicy Vitória M. Peixoto, Patrícia dos S. Pires, and Iago A. de Medeiros. "Genetic dissimilarity, selection index and correlation estimation in a melon germplasm." Horticultura Brasileira 39, no. 1 (March 2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536-20210107.
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ABSTRACT The success of breeding programs depends on genetic variability. Individuals selected based on a few traits may be a limitation. One alternative is the use of nonparametric indices. However, there is no information on the use of selection indices in melon germplasms. The present study aimed to estimate genetic dissimilarity in a melon germplasm and select potential parent plants for future breeding programs. The genetic material consisted of 37 melon accessions. The traits assessed were fruit diameter and length, diameter and length of the fruit cavity and total soluble solids. Genetic dissimilarity was assessed by multivariate analyses (UPGMA and Tocher). Selection gain estimates were analyzed by comparing the classic Smith-Hazel and sum of ranks indices. Genetic diversity was observed between accessions. The variable that contributed most to genetic dissimilarity was fruit cavity length. Simultaneous selection for the traits assessed based on the sum of ranks index is better suited to melon germplasm assessment. The best accessions for the five variables simultaneously were UFU07, UFU23, UFU09, UFU21, UFU28 and UFU30.
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Tamvakis, Androniki, Christos-Nikolaos Anagnostopoulos, George Tsirtsis, Antonios D. Niros, and Sofie Spatharis. "Optimized Classification Predictions with a New Index Combining Machine Learning Algorithms." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 27, no. 03 (May 2018): 1850012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213018500124.
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Voting is a commonly used ensemble method aiming to optimize classification predictions by combining results from individual base classifiers. However, the selection of appropriate classifiers to participate in voting algorithm is currently an open issue. In this study we developed a novel Dissimilarity-Performance (DP) index which incorporates two important criteria for the selection of base classifiers to participate in voting: their differential response in classification (dissimilarity) when combined in triads and their individual performance. To develop this empirical index we firstly used a range of different datasets to evaluate the relationship between voting results and measures of dissimilarity among classifiers of different types (rules, trees, lazy classifiers, functions and Bayes). Secondly, we computed the combined effect on voting performance of classifiers with different individual performance and/or diverse results in the voting performance. Our DP index was able to rank the classifier combinations according to their voting performance and thus to suggest the optimal combination. The proposed index is recommended for individual machine learning users as a preliminary tool to identify which classifiers to combine in order to achieve more accurate classification predictions avoiding computer intensive and time-consuming search.
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Allen, Rebecca, Simon Burgess, Russell Davidson, and Frank Windmeijer. "More reliable inference for the dissimilarity index of segregation." Econometrics Journal 18, no. 1 (February 2015): 40–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ectj.12039.
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Jakubs, John F. "A Consistent Conceptual Definition of the Index of Dissimilarity." Geographical Analysis 11, no. 3 (September 3, 2010): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1979.tb00698.x.
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Lijuan Duan, Chunpeng Wu, Jun Miao, and A. C. Bovik. "Visual Conspicuity Index: Spatial Dissimilarity, Distance, and Central Bias." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 18, no. 11 (November 2011): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2011.2167752.
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Fu, Liwei, and Sen Wu. "An Internal Clustering Validation Index for Boolean Data." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2016-0091.
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Abstract Internal clustering validation is recognized as one of the vital issues essential to clustering applications, especially when external information is not available. Existing measures have their limitations in different application circumstances. There are still some deficiencies for Internal Validation of Boolean clustering. This paper proposes a new Clustering Validation index based on Type of Attributes for Boolean data (CVTAB). It evaluates the clustering quality in the light of Dissimilarity of two clusters for Boolean Data (DBD). The attributes in the Boolean Data are categorized into three types: Type A, Type O and Type E representing respectively the attribute values 1,0 and not the same for all the objects in the set. When two clusters are composed into one, DBD applies the numbers of attributes with the types changed and the numbers of objects changed to measure dissimilarity of two clusters. CVTAB evaluates the clustering quality without respect to external information
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Mishra, Prerna, Santosh Kumar, and Mithilesh Kumar Chaube. "Dissimilarity-Based Regularized Learning of Charts." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 17, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3458884.
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Chart images exhibit significant variabilities that make each image different from others even though they belong to the same class or categories. Classification of charts is a major challenge because each chart class has variations in features, structure, and noises. However, due to the lack of affiliation between the dissimilar features and the structure of the chart, it is a challenging task to model these variations for automatic chart recognition. In this article, we present a novel dissimilarity-based learning model for similar structured but diverse chart classification. Our approach jointly learns the features of both dissimilar and similar regions. The model is trained by an improved loss function, which is fused by a structural variation-aware dissimilarity index and incorporated with regularization parameters, making the model more prone toward dissimilar regions. The dissimilarity index enhances the discriminative power of the learned features not only from dissimilar regions but also from similar regions. Extensive comparative evaluations demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms other benchmark methods, including both traditional and deep learning models, over publicly available datasets.
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Yunisvita, Yunisvita, Muhammad Teguh, Rosmiyati Chodijah, Imelda Imelda, and Arika Kurniawan. "Labor Market Structure in Indonesia: Segregation or Integration of Occupations?" Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v22i1.12791.
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This research discusses occupational segregation of workers based on gender in 2015 - 2018 in Indonesia. This study also aims to measure the level of dissimilarity or how much segregation occurs in the labor market in Indonesia. The sample data used were both males and females labor includes residents aged 15 years and over, namely workers aged 35-44 years. Measurement of occupational segregation is based on between occupational groups and provinces which is explained by a dissimilarity index. A dissimilarity index was constructed to measure occupational segregation. First, the percentage of all workers in each province where each occupation group is calculated. This index is then half the absolute value of the difference between the specific locations of the distribution. The occupational structure in Indonesia during the observed period shows that there is no occupational segregation based on gender where the index number D tends to be closer to zero. The occupation of the leadership and management of men and women workers is the most integrated. From the index number D, it means that female workers are less segregated in all types of occupation in the labor market in Indonesia. Integration is showing signs of increasing in Professional occupations, technicians and the like; Administration; Sales Business; and agricultural, forestry, hunting and fishery businesses.
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Van Sickle, John. "An index of compositional dissimilarity between observed and expected assemblages." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27, no. 2 (June 2008): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/07-111.1.
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Charbonnier, S., N. Bouchair, and P. Gayet. "A weighted dissimilarity index to isolate faults during alarm floods." Control Engineering Practice 45 (December 2015): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2015.09.004.
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Agustina, Marisa, Djufri Djufri, and Cut Nurmaliah. "Analysis of Student Learning Experiences: Differences in Abilities and Perceptions towards Research Methodology." Biologi Edukasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Biologi 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jbe.v11i2.17169.
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This study aimed to determine the kinship relationship of Malvaceae species based on morphological characteristics, this study uses a descriptive method that interprets the kinship of the species Malvaceae based on morphological characteristics. The object of the research is the species of Malvaceae namely hibiscus (Hibiscus archeri), waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus), rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa), pulutan (Urena lobata L.), ocra (Abelmoschus esculentus), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L.), kembang tidur (Malvaviscus penduliflorus), lanterns (Abutilon pictum). The parameters used are stem organs, leaves, and flowers. Data analysis was performed by calculating the Similarity Index (IS) and Dissimilarity Index (ID), the data in Cluster Analysis to group Malvaceae species based on the same number of characters. The results of the research show that the closest kinship relation owned by a combination of plants that has the lowest Dissimilarity Index (ID) value in the species of hibiscus (Hibiscus archeri) and kembang tidur (Malvaviscus penduliflorus). The conclusion of this study is there are three categories of relationships of the Malvaceae species, which are the closest kinship relation, close kinship relation, and the kinship relation are not close. The kinship relationship is remarkably close to the lowest Dissimilarity (ID) Index value indicated by the combination of hibiscus (Hibiscus archeri) and kembang tidur (Malvaviscus penduliflorus) with ID value = 25.
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Adisa, Omolola M., Muthoni Masinde, and Joel O. Botai. "Assessment of the Dissimilarities of EDI and SPI Measures for Drought Determination in South Africa." Water 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010082.
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This study examines the (dis)similarity of two commonly used indices Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) computed over accumulation periods 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month (hereafter SPI-1, SPI-3, SPI-6, and SPI-12, respectively) and Effective Drought Index (EDI). The analysis is based on two drought monitoring indicators (derived from SPI and EDI), namely, the Drought Duration (DD) and Drought Severity (DS) across the 93 South African Weather Service’s delineated rainfall districts over South Africa from 1980 to 2019. In the study, the Pearson correlation coefficient dissimilarity and periodogram dissimilarity estimates were used. The results indicate a positive correlation for the Pearson correlation coefficient dissimilarity and a positive value for periodogram of dissimilarity in both the DD and DS. With the Pearson correlation coefficient dissimilarity, the study demonstrates that the values of the SPI-1/EDI pair and the SPI-3/EDI pair exhibit the highest similar values for DD, while the SPI-6/EDI pair shows the highest similar values for DS. Moreover, dissimilarities are more obvious in SPI-12/EDI pair for DD and DS. When a periodogram of dissimilarity is used, the values of the SPI-1/EDI pair and SPI-6/EDI pair exhibit the highest similar values for DD, while SPI-1/EDI displayed the highest similar values for DS. Overall, the two measures show that the highest similarity is obtained in the SPI-1/EDI pair for DS. The results obtainable in this study contribute towards an in-depth knowledge of deviation between the EDI and SPI values for South Africa, depicting that these two drought indices values are replaceable in some rainfall districts of South Africa for drought monitoring and prediction, and this is a step towards the selection of the appropriate drought indices.
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Pendergrass, Robert William. "The Relationship between Urban Diversity and Residential Segregation." Urban Science 6, no. 4 (September 29, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6040066.
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Racial diversity was found to be related to racial residential segregation and strongly related to racial isolation within the nation’s metropolitan and micropolitan areas at the block group level. However, the relationships were both complex and dependent on the racial group. Racial diversity was assessed for all 927 metropolitan and micropolitan areas as opposed to just the largest fifty or the largest one hundred. Racial segregation and isolation were assessed at the block group level (excluding water and zero population block groups), not the census tract level, within each metro/micro area. The eight non-overlapping racial groups as defined by the U.S. Census were used. Racial diversity was measured with the Diversity Index (the Simpson Index). Racial residential segregation was measured with the pairwise Dissimilarity Index (D) and the Multigroup Dissimilarity Index (DG) as it was initially proposed using expected frequencies. Racial isolation was measured with the Isolation Index (P*).
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Teng, Xin Peng, Shun Lin Song, and Yong Zhao Zhan. "Statistical Class Feature in Texture Analysis of Remote Sensing Imagery." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5749.
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This paper we selected 5 typical texture class samples from Quick Bird RGB fused data with 0.61m resolution. We used GLCMs to quantitatively calculate texture features, which parameter values are suitable for the specific texture classifications. Six statistical features for every class sample in four orientations and 1 pixel of pair-wise distance were obtained, including: energy, entropy, contrast, homogeneity, correlation, and dissimilarity respectively. The average values in four directions were computed and compared. The results show that dissimilarity and entropy have biggest value differences among six samples. They are the most important features for classification or recognition of class samples. The statistics of dissimilarity, entropy, homogeneity, contrast have been demonstrated a decrease in classification ability. The results of the research supplied important references for the quantitative interpretation of VHR Quick Bird imagery in the applications of land cover/use classification and mapping.
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Yu, Chun, Tzu-Chien Hsiao, and Chii-Wann Lin. "QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHODS FOR EXCITATION–EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 02 (April 2013): 1250027. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237212500275.
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Multivariable Analysis Methods have been used widely in Spectroscopy Analysis. Partial least square (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA) are the two most popular methods due to their excellent ability in data components analysis and results prediction. This work derived 1D/2D PLS and 1D/2D PCA based on the viewpoint of three-layer artificial neural networks, and uses theoretical proving to figure out the essences of these two methods. Two 2D experimental dataset was used to verify the calibration and prediction ability, furthermore, the similarity and dissimilarity of PLS and PCA. The finding showed that both the 1D/2D PLS and 1D/2D PCA methods use maximum covariance and minimum sum of square error to figure out the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The dissimilarity is that, weight vectors calibration of PLS is cross-correlation, and that of PCA is autocorrelation. The difference causes that the PCA method would keep more principal characters than PLS under insufficient sample among and provides better calibration ability. PLS would provide higher performance in prediction under sufficient sample among. For the needs of system implementation of spectroscopic measurement and analysis, this study designed "Multivariate Analysis Toolkits for LabVIEW" for the convenient implementation in automatic measurement system integration.
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Mazza, Angelo, and Antonio Punzo. "On the Upward Bias of the Dissimilarity Index and Its Corrections." Sociological Methods & Research 44, no. 1 (July 31, 2014): 80–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543242.
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Austin, Andrea M., Donald Q. Carmichael, Julie P. W. Bynum, and Jonathan S. Skinner. "Measuring racial segregation in health system networks using the dissimilarity index." Social Science & Medicine 240 (November 2019): 112570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112570.
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Harmegnies, Bernard. "SDDD: A new dissimilarity index for the comparison of speech spectra." Pattern Recognition Letters 8, no. 3 (October 1988): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(88)90093-1.
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Zhao, Wang, Yu, Zhang, Yao, and Zhang. "Altitudinal Biodiversity Gradient and Ecological Drivers for Different Lifeforms in the Baotianman Nature Reserve of the Eastern Qinling Mountains." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040332.
Full textAbstract:
Variation in species composition between two communities is so-called β diversity, or dissimilarity, and can be separated into two components: turnover and nestedness. However, the mechanisms underlying these two components remain ambiguous, particularly for different lifeforms. In this study, we examined the altitudinal gradient of biodiversity in the Baotianman Nature Reserve of the eastern Qinling Mountains in central China and found that turnover is the predominant process accounting for β diversity, that dispersal limitation is the main factor influencing species diversity, and that its effect on trees is greater than on shrubs, with herbs least affected. Nestedness, in contrast, is less prominent and generally affected by the richness deviation between communities, and the impact of richness deviation is stronger on shrubs than on trees, and in turn, stronger than on herbs. We zoned the altitudinal vegetation communities by pairwise dissimilarity index, and found that the peak value of turnover rather than β diversity indicates the existence of transitional zones; the higher the turnover index, the greater the diversity between communities. Comparatively, nestedness indicates species overlap between communities. The highest nestedness index usually occurs in the interior of vegetation zones. The result of community clustering by pairwise dissimilarity shows that understory species could have been mostly replaced upwards, while the dominant tree species may keep stable, indicating that dispersal limitation works differently for different lifeforms.