Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quantitative and logical reasoning'
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1
Videla, Santiago. "Reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks with answer set programming." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7189/.
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Deciphering the functioning of biological networks is one of the central tasks in systems biology. In particular, signal transduction networks are crucial for the understanding of the cellular response to external and internal perturbations. Importantly, in order to cope with the complexity of these networks, mathematical and computational modeling is required. We propose a computational modeling framework in order to achieve more robust discoveries in the context of logical signaling networks. More precisely, we focus on modeling the response of logical signaling networks by means of automated reasoning using Answer Set Programming (ASP). ASP provides a declarative language for modeling various knowledge representation and reasoning problems. Moreover, available ASP solvers provide several reasoning modes for assessing the multitude of answer sets. Therefore, leveraging its rich modeling language and its highly efficient solving capacities, we use ASP to address three challenging problems in the context of logical signaling networks: learning of (Boolean) logical networks, experimental design, and identification of intervention strategies. Overall, the contribution of this thesis is three-fold. Firstly, we introduce a mathematical framework for characterizing and reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks. Secondly, we contribute to a growing list of successful applications of ASP in systems biology. Thirdly, we present a software providing a complete pipeline for automated reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks.Deciphering the functioning of biological networks is one of the central tasks in systems biology. In particular, signal transduction networks are crucial for the understanding of the cellular response to external and internal perturbations. Importantly, in order to cope with the complexity of these networks, mathematical and computational modeling is required. We propose a computational modeling framework in order to achieve more robust discoveries in the context of logical signaling networks. More precisely, we focus on modeling the response of logical signaling networks by means of automated reasoning using Answer Set Programming (ASP). ASP provides a declarative language for modeling various knowledge representation and reasoning problems. Moreover, available ASP solvers provide several reasoning modes for assessing the multitude of answer sets. Therefore, leveraging its rich modeling language and its highly efficient solving capacities, we use ASP to address three challenging problems in the context of logical signaling networks: learning of (Boolean) logical networks, experimental design, and identification of intervention strategies. Overall, the contribution of this thesis is three-fold. Firstly, we introduce a mathematical framework for characterizing and reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks. Secondly, we contribute to a growing list of successful applications of ASP in systems biology. Thirdly, we present a software providing a complete pipeline for automated reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks.
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Dias, M. G. "Logical reasoning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233533.
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Andersson, Robin. "Implementation av ett kunskapsbas system för rough set theory med kvantitativa mätningar." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1756.
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This thesis presents the implementation of a knowledge base system for rough sets [Paw92]within the logic programming framework. The combination of rough set theory with logic programming is a novel approach. The presented implementation serves as a prototype system for the ideas presented in [VDM03a, VDM03b]. The system is available at "http://www.ida.liu.se/rkbs".
The presented language for describing knowledge in the rough knowledge base caters for implicit definition of rough sets by combining different regions (e.g. upper approximation, lower approximation, boundary) of other defined rough sets. The rough knowledge base system also provides methods for querying the knowledge base and methods for computing quantitative measures.
We test the implemented system on a medium sized application example to illustrate the usefulness of the system and the incorporated language. We also provide performance measurements of the system.
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Leevers, Hilary Janet. "Children's logical reasoning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362050.
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Kouri, Teresa. "Logical Instrumentalism." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1472751856.
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Carbin, Michael (Michael James). "Logical reasoning for approximate and unreliable computation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99813.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 343-350).
Improving program performance and resilience are long-standing goals. Traditional approaches include a variety of transformation, compilation, and runtime techniques that share the common property that the resulting program has the same semantics as the original program. However, researchers have recently proposed a variety of new techniques that set aside this traditional restriction and instead exploit opportunities to change the semantics of programs to improve performance and resilience. Techniques include skipping portions of a program's computation, selecting different implementations of program's subcomputations, executing programs on unreliable hardware, and synthesizing values to enable programs to skip or execute through otherwise fatal errors. A major barrier to the acceptance these techniques in both the broader research community and in industrial practice is the challenge that the resulting programs may exhibit behaviors that differ from that of the original program, potentially jeopardizing the program's resilience, safety, and accuracy. This thesis presents the first general programming systems for precisely verifying and reasoning about the programs that result from these techniques. This thesis presents a programming language and program logic for verifying worst-case properties of a transformed program. Specifically the framework, enables verifying that a transformed program satisfies important assertions about its safety (e.g., that it does not access invalid memory) and accuracy (e.g., that it returns a result within a bounded distance of that of the original program). This thesis also presents a programming language and automated analysis for verifying a program's quantitative reliability - the probability the transformed program returns the same result as the original program - when executed on unreliable hardware. The results of this thesis, which include programming languages, program logics, program analysis, and applications thereof, present the first steps toward reaping the benefits of changing the semantics of programs in a beneficial yet principled way.
by Michael James Carbin.
Ph. D.
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Romo, Maria Susanna 1968. "Cultural differences in memory and logical reasoning." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291706.
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The focus of this study was to manipulate factors to determine whether mental representations of logical problems differed by culture. The cultural differences hypothesis suggests that Anglo students would be more likely to have a linear representation (e.g. arranging objects that differ in a "line" mentally) whereas Hispanic and Native American students would have a nonlinear (pivot) organization. The results indicated that Hispanic children solved questions better if they appeared in a pivotal format, whereas, Native American and Anglo children performed better if the stimuli were presented in a linear method. With grade level, Hispanic children shifted to the linear format and Anglo and Native American children improved upon the pivot presentation. This suggests that there may be differences in mental representations of objects for Hispanic children that is influenced by acculturation.
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Rajaratnam, David Computer Science & Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Logical approximation and compilation for resource-bounded reasoning." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Computer Science & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41296.
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Providing a logical characterisation of rational agent reasoning has been a long standing challenge in artificial intelligence (AI) research. It is a challenge that is not only of interest for the construction of AI agents, but is of equal importance in the modelling of agent behaviour. The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the formalisation of agent reasoning by showing that the computational limitations of agents is a vital component of modelling rational behaviour. To achieve this aim, both motivational and formal aspects of resource-bounded agents are examined. It is a central argument of this thesis that accounting for computational limitations is critical to the success of agent reasoning, yet has received only limited attention from the broader research community. Consequently, an important contribution of this thesis is in its advancing of motivational arguments in support of the need to account for computational limitations in agent reasoning research. As a natural progression from the motivational arguments, the majority of this thesis is devoted to an examination of propositional approximate logics. These logics represent a step towards the development of resource-bounded agents, but are also applicable to other areas of automated reasoning. This thesis makes a number of contributions in mapping the space of approximate logics. In particular, it draws a connection between approximate logics and knowledge compilation, by developing an approximate knowledge compilation method based on Cadoli and Schaerf??s S-3 family of approximate logics. This method allows for the incremental compilation of a knowledge base, thus reducing the need for a costly recompilation process. Furthermore, each approximate compilation has well-defined logical properties due to its correspondence to a particular S-3 logic. Important contributions are also made in the examination of approximate logics for clausal reasoning. Clausal reasoning is of particular interest due to the efficiency of modern clausal satisfiability solvers and the related research into problem hardness. In particular, Finger's Logics of Limited Bivalence are shown to be applicable to clausal reasoning. This is subsequently shown to logically characterise the behaviour of the well-known DPLL algorithm for determining boolean satisfiability, when subjected to restricted branching.
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Bennett, Brandon. "Logical representations for automated reasoning about spatial relationships." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1271/.
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This thesis investigates logical representations for describing and reasoning about spatial situations. Previously proposed theories of spatial regions are investigated in some detail - especially the 1st-order theory of Randell, Cui and Cohn (1992). The difficulty of achieving effective automated reasoning with these systems is observed. A new approach is presented, based on encoding spatial relations in formulae of 0-order ('propositional') logics. It is proved that entailment, which is valid according to the standard semantics for these logics, is also valid with respect to the spatial interpretation. Consequently, well-known mechanisms for propositional reasoning can be applied to spatial reasoning. Specific encodings of topological relations into both the modal logic S4 and the intuitionistic propositional calculus are given. The complexity of reasoning using the intuitionistic representation is examined and a procedure is presented with is shown to be of O(n3) complexity in the number of relations involved. In order to make this kind of representation sufficiently expressive the concepts of model constraint and entailment constraint are introduced. By means of this distinction a 0-order formula may be used either to assert or to deny that a certain spatial constraint holds of some situation. It is shown how the proof theory of a 0-order logical language can be extended by a simple meta-level generalisation to accommodate a representation involving these two types of formula. A number of other topics are dealt with: a decision procedure based on quantifier elimination is given for a large class of formulae within a 1st-order topological language; reasoning mechanisms based on the composition of spatial relations are studied; the non-topological property of convexity is examined both from the point of view of its 1st-order characterisation and its incorporation into a 0-order spatial logic. It is suggested that 0-order representations could be employed in a similar manner to encode other spatial concepts.
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Caruso, Matteo. "On logical quantitative methods in politics." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2021. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/337/1/Caruso_phdthesis.pdf.
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The first chapter introduces the methodology of logical quantitative
models and its applications to political sciences. The second chapter
explains the conversion of votes to seats. I use the law of minority
attrition, expanding its form into a final model which is applicable from
single member district to several electoral systems. The third chapter
introduces the estimation of party seats from the previous elections using
a weighted regression with independent variables jointly: 1) the product
of the assembly size and the district magnitude, 2) the past values of the
biggest party shares, and 3) the number of Effective parties and simply
considered. Chapter four develops a probability density function with
five inflection points which describes any party system. It better catches
the asymmetries among the party seats distribution at nationwide level.
Chapter five implements the Downsian (or positional) competition
model that describes the left-right space occupied by each party through
Beta functions that I have tested on the Italian elections from 1992 to 2018.
Chapter six presents an in-depth qualitative analysis of the hypothesis
that the more proportional an electoral system, the more the parties tend
to centripetal competition, thus connecting ideological terms, effective
number of parties and electoral system. In chapter seven, I suggest an
alternative logical method to aggregate electoral flows, which resolves
Goodman’s problematics and provides a simpler solution than that of G.
King. Chapter eight provides tools to more accurately calculate the
optimal value of S (Taagepera and Shugart, 1989, p. 175), and
unprecedently, the optimal value of other institutional variables such as:
the district magnitude, the Gallagher’s index of dis-representation, and
the dis-representation index attributable to an electoral system (De), originally developed in this thesis. Chapter nine wants to determine an
equilibrium between parties’ and voters’ “electoral utility”, which is the
quantity of dis-representation which benefits a group of parties and
voters in the system, producing disutility for the others; this chapter
enriches the law of minority attrition including thresholds and majority
premiums (MJPs) and strategic vote, using a primary game theory
approach and the "Maximin" Rawlsian theory (1971) as a benchmark for
equality. Chapter ten provides an overview of links among the new tools
and knowledge developed in this thesis, with the final aim of the
normative building of an optimal electoral system, which can warrant
both logical coherence and social equity as categorized by Arrow (1951).
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Pardi, Beth Ann. "Logical reasoning: an examination of age, schooling, and gender differences." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407486118.
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Grimaud, Christel. "Logical modelling of reasoning and learning : a bio-inspired approach." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30026/document.
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Dans ce mémoire, on s’inspire des sciences cognitives pour aborder la question de la modélisation logique du raisonnement et de l’apprentissage. Notre principale conviction est qu’il faudrait, pour traiter ce problème, prendre modèle sur la manière dont les agents naturels (c’est à dire les humains et les animaux) procèdent lorsqu’ils raisonnent ou apprennent. Considérant que le raisonnement fait appel à un grand nombre de facultés cognitives distinctes, et qu’il ne serait donc pas raisonnable d’espérer modéliser d’un seul coup l’ensemble du raisonnement humain, on se concentre ici sur un type d’inférences très simples dont on soutient qu’elles constituent le coeur du raisonnement chez tous les animaux à cerveau. On identifie un processus sous-jacent plausible pour ces inférences, d’abord au niveau mental de description, puis au niveau neuronal, et on développe une famille de modèles logiques permettant de le simuler. On s’attache ensuite à produire un ensemble de règles d’inférence caractérisant les relations d’inférence induites par ces modèles. Ces règles résultent du processus suggéré, et doivent donc être vues comme des règles qui, d’après le modèle, émergent fonctionnement des cerveaux. Enfin, on analyse les processus d’apprentissage attachés aux inférences considérées, et on montre comment le formalisme proposé permet de les modéliser. Pour conclure on évoque brièvement les possibles développements futurs du modèle, et notamment on donne quelques indications quant à la manière dont la modélisation d’un certain nombre de facultés additionnelles pourrait être envisagéeIn this dissertation, we take inspiration in cognitive sciences to address the issue of the logical modelling of reasoning and learning. Our main thrust is that to address these issues one should take inspiration in the way natural agents (i.e., humans and animals) actually proceed when they draw inferences and learn. Considering that reasoning incorporates a wide range of cognitive abilities, and that it would thus be unreasonable to hope to model the whole of human’s reasoning all at once, we focus here on a very basic kind of inferences that, we argue, can be considered as the primary core of reasoning in all brained animals. We identify a plausible underlying process for these inferences, first at the mental level of description and then at the neural level, and we develop a family of logical models that allow to simulate it. Then we tackle the issue of providing sets of rules to characterise the inference relations induced by these models. These rules are a by-product of the posited process, and should thus be seen as rules that, according to the model, result from the very functioning of brains. Finally we examine the learning processes attached to the considered inferences, and we show how to they can be modelled within our framework. To conclude we briefly discuss possible further developments of the framework, and in particular we give indications about how the modelling of some other cognitive abilities might be envisioned
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Shet, Vinay Damodar. "Bilattice based logical reasoning for automated visual surveillance and other applications." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6715.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Computer Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Nelson, Mark J. "Representing and reasoning about videogame mechanics for automated design support." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53875.
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Videogame designers hope to sculpt gameplay, but actually work in the concrete medium of computation. What they create is code, artwork, dialogue---everything that goes inside a videogame cartridge. In other materially constrained design domains, design-support tools help bridge this gap by automating portions of a design in some cases, and helping a designer understand the implications of their design decisions in others. I investigate AI-based videogame-design support, and do so from the perspective of putting knowledge-representation and reasoning (KRR) at the front. The KRR-centric approach starts by asking whether we can formalize an aspect of the game-design space in a way suitable for automated or semi-automated analysis, and if so, what can be done with the results. It begins with the question, "what could a computer possibly do here?", attempts to show that the computer actually can do so, and then looks at the implications of the computer doing so for design support.
To organize the space of game-design knowledge, I factor the broad notion of game mechanics mechanics into four categories: abstract mechanics, concrete audiovisual representations, thematic mappings, and input mappings. Concretely, I investigate KRR-centric formalizations in three domains, which probe into different portions of the four quadrants of game-design knowledge: 1. using story graphs and story-quality functions for writing interactive stories, 2. automatic game design focused on the "aboutness" of games, which auto-reskins videogames by formalizing generalized spaces of thematic references, and 3. enhancing mechanics-oriented videogame prototypes by encoding the game mechanics in temporal logic, so that they can be both played and queried.
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Ryan, Patrice M. (Patrice Marie). "Revision of the Logical Reasoning Subtest of the California Test of Mental Maturity." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501061/.
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The purpose of the study was to develop a revision of the logical reasoning section of the California Test of Mental Maturity which increases its discriminative ability while maintaining an acceptable measure of reliability. Subjects were 102 students of general psychology classes at North Texas State University. All were administered the Logical Reasoning section of the California Test of Mental Maturity in its original form and an experimental revision of it (LRTR). The Wesman Personnel Classification Test was administered at the same time to demonstrate the tests' construct validity. Pearson product-moment correlations, item and homogeneity analyses were run. Results indicated that the revised test correlated significantly with the original test and the WPCT. Internal validity of the revised test was satisfactory, showing an improvement over the original test in terms of clarity, reliability and homogeneity.
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Kish, David A. "Developing a Quantitative Reasoning Course for College Consumption." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492730019199161.
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Ho, Ngoc Duc. "Resource-Bounded Reasoning about Knowledge." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-36935.
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Der Begriff ``Agent'' hat sich als eine sehr nützliche Abstraktion erwiesen, um verschiedene Problembereiche auf eine intuitive und natürliche Art und Weise zu konzeptualisieren. Intelligente Agenten haben daher Anwendung gefunden in verschiedenen Teilbereichen der Informatik. Zur Modellierung werden intelligente Agenten meist als intentionale Systeme aufgefaßt und mit Hilfe von mentalistischen Begriffen wie Wissen, Glauben (oder Überzeugung), Wunsch, Pflicht, Intention usw. beschrieben. Unter diesen mentalen Begriffen gehören die epistemischen Begriffe (d.h., Wissen und Glauben) zu den wichtigsten und wurden auch am intensivsten untersucht. Zur Modellierung von Wissen und Glauben werden in der Regel modale epistemische Logiken verwendet. Solche Systeme sind aber nicht geeignet, um ressourcenbeschränkte Agenten zu beschreiben, weil sie zu starke Annahmen bezüglich der Rationalität von Agenten machen. Zum Beispiel wird angenommen, daß Agenten alle logischen Wahrheiten sowie alle Konsequenzen seines Wissens kennen. Dieses Problem ist bekannt als das Problem der logischen Allwissenheit (``logical omniscience problem''). Da alle Agenten grundsätzlich nur über begrenzte Ressourcen (wie z.B. Zeit, Information, Speicherplatz) verfügen, können sie nur eine begrenzte Menge von Informationen verarbeiten. Daher müssen alternative Modelle entwickelt werden, um Agenten realistisch modellieren zu können (siehe Kapitel 2). Daß modale epistemische Logik für die Formalisierung des ressourcenbeschränkten Schließens (``resource-bounded reasoning'') nicht geeignet ist, wird als ein offenes Problem der Agententheorien anerkannt. Es gibt bisher aber keine brauchbaren Alternativen zur Modallogik. Die meisten Ansätze zur Lösung des logischen Allwissenheitsproblems versuchen, Wissen und Glauben mit Hilfe schwacher Modallogiken zu beschreiben. Solche Versuche sind nicht befriedigend, da sie eine willkürliche Einschränkung der Rationalität der Agenten zur Folge haben (siehe Kapitel 3). Mein Ziel ist es, einen Rahmen für das ressourcenbeschränktes Schließen über Wissen und Glauben zu entwickeln. Damit soll eine solide Grundlage für Theorien intelligenter Agenten geschaffen werden. Als Nebenergebnis wird das logische Allwissenheitsproblem auf eine sehr intuitive Art und Weise gelöst: obwohl Agenten rational sind und alle logischen Schlußregeln anwenden können, sind sie nicht logisch allwissend, weil ihnen nicht genügend Ressourcen zu Verfügung stehen, um alle logischen Konsequenzen ihres Wissens zu ziehen. Im Kapitel 4 wird eine Reihe von Logiken vorgestellt, die den Begriff des expliziten Wissens formalisieren. Es wird eine Lösung des Problems der logischen Allwissenheit der epistemischen Logik vorgeschlagen, die die Rationalität der Agenten nicht willkürlich einschränkt. Der Grundgedanke dabei ist der folgende. Ein Agent kennt die logischen Konsequenzen seines Wissens nur dann, wenn er sie tatsächlich hergeleitet hat. Wenn ein Agent alle Prämissen einer gültigen Schlußregel kennt, kennt er nicht notwendigerweise die Konklusion: er kennt sie nur nach der Anwendung der Regel. Wenn er den Schluß nicht ziehen kann, z.B. weil er nicht die notwendigen Ressourcen dazu hat, wird sein Wissen nicht um diese herleitbare Information erweitert. Die Herleitung neuer Informationen wird als die Ausführung mentaler Handlungen aufgefaßt. Mit Hilfe einer Variante der dynamischen Logik können diese Handlungen beschrieben werden. Im Kapitel 5 werden Systeme für das ressourcenbeschränkte Schließen über Wissen und Glauben entwickelt, die auch quantitative Bedingungen über die Verfügbarkeit von Ressourcen modellieren können. Mit Hilfe dieser Logiken können Situationen beschrieben werden, wo Agenten innerhalb einer bestimmten Zeitspanne entscheiden müssen, welche Handlungen sie ausführen sollen. Der Ansatz besteht darin, epistemische Logik mit Komplexitätstheorie zu verbinden. Mit Hilfe einer Komplexitätsanalyse kann ein Agent feststellen, ob ein bestimmtes Problem innerhalb vorgegebener Zeit lösbar ist. Auf der Grundlage dieses Wissens kann er dann die für die Situation geeignete Entscheidung treffen. Damit ist es gelungen, eine direkte Verbindung zwischen dem Wissen eines Agenten und der Verfügbarkeit seiner Ressourcen herzustellenOne of the principal goals of agent theories is to describe realistic, implementable agents, that is, those which have actually been constructed or are at least in principle implementable. That goal cannot be reached if the inherent resource-boundedness of agents is not treated correctly. Since the modal approach to epistemic logic is not suited to formalize resource-bounded reasoning, the issue of resource-boundedness remains one of the main foundational problems of any agent theory that is developed on the basis of modal epistemic logic. My work is an attempt to provide theories of agency with a more adequate epistemic foundation. It aims at developing theories of mental concepts that make much more realistic assumptions about agents than other theories. The guiding principle of my theory is that the capacities attributed to agents must be empirically verifiable, that is, it must be possible to construct artificial agents which satisfy the specifications determined by the theory. As a consequence, the unrealistic assumption that agents have unlimited reasoning capacities must be rejected. To achieve the goal of describing resource-bounded agents accurately, the cost of reasoning must be taken seriously. In the thesis I have developed a framework for modeling the relationship between knowledge, reasoning, and the availability of resources. I have argued that the correct form of an axiom for epistemic logic should be: if an agent knows all premises of a valid inference rule and if he performs the right reasoning, then he will know the conclusion as well. Because reasoning requires resources, it cannot be safely assumed that the agent can compute his knowledge if he does not have enough resources to perform the required reasoning. I have demonstrated that on the basis of that idea, the problems of traditional approaches can be avoided and rich epistemic logics can be developed which can account adequately for our intuitions about knowledge
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Martín, Salguero Ana María. "Behavioral and neural correlates of logical inferences." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671350.
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The aim of the dissertation is to explore behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of elementary
deductive processes in infants and adults. To this purpose, we introduce a novel non-verbal task
presenting scenes containing an ambiguity which could be resolved by the application of an
elementary logical rule (A or B, not A, therefore B). In a series of studies we identified oculomotor
responses associated with logical inference processing, substantially stable across development,
indicating that some logical rules may be at the core of human cognition and occur independently of
language. Second, to further address the nature of this process, we conducted imaging studies to
describe the brain networks involved in elementary nonverbal deduction.In adults, an fMRI study
revealed activity in the prefrontal and occipital cortices associated to a logical representation, and a
left fronto-parietal activity associated to a logical inference, indicating that also non-verbal
reasoning is made by a cascade of process of different nature. A fNIRS study in 12-month-olds
revealed a more extended and bilateral activation with respect to adults, with oculomotor data
indicating the cost associated to both logical components. Our results show that non-verbal
reasoning is a multiple component process substantially similar across development, perhaps
undergoing a neural reorganization from infancy to adulthood.El objetivo de esta tesis es el de explorar correlatos conductuales y neuropsicológicos de procesos deductivos básicos en bebés y adultos. Para ello diseñamos un tarea no verbal novedosa que consiste en la presentación de escenas que contienen una ambigüedad y puede ser resulta mediante la aplicación de una regla lógica básica (A o B, no A, entonces B). A través de varios estudios, identificamos respuestas oculomotoras asociadas a la realización de una inferencia lógica sustancialmente estables a lo largo del desarrollo, esto indica que algunas reglas lógicas pueden ser parte del núcleo de la cognición humana y ocurrir independientemente del lenguaje. Segundo, para aclarar la naturaleza de este proceso, realizamos estudios de imagen funcional para describir las areas cerebrales implicadas en procesos elementales de deducción no verbal. En adultos, un estudio basado en fMRI, mostró actividad en áreas prefrontales and occipitales asociada a los procesos de representación lógica, y actividad fronto-parietal asociada a la realización de inferencias lógicas, indicando que incluso el razonamiento no verbal está compuesto por una cascada de procesos de naturaleza diferente. Un estudio de fNIRS en bebés de 12 meses reveló un perfil de activación bilateral y más extendido en relación a los adultos, con respuestas oculomotoras que señalan el coste asociado a los dos componentes lógicos. Nuestros resultados muestran que el razonamiento no verbal es un proceso con múltiples componentes en gran medida similar a lo largo del desarrollo, quizá sometido a una reorganización neuronal desde la infancia a la edad adulta.
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Cockerton-Turner, Tracey. "Child-computer interaction and the value of help facilities in promoting logical reasoning performance." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292509.
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Esterhuizen, H. L. "Linguistics + Mathematics = twins." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 7, Issue 1 :Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/379.
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Published ArticleLanguage and Mathematics are both so-called "tools" that are used by other disciplines to explain / describe phenomena in those disciplines, but they are scientific disciplines in their own right. Language is a system of symbols, but so is Mathematics. These symbols carry meaning or value. Both originate in the human mind and are then translated into messages of logic. What is important are the relationships between units that are inherent to both disciplines. In practicing the two disciplines, there are elements that correspond. These are a vocabulary, grammar, a community and meaning. Psycholinguists and psychologists are interested in the role that language might have in enabling other functions in the human cognitive repertoire. Some argue that language is a prerequisite for a whole range of intellectual activities, including mathematics. They claim that mathematical structures are, in a way, parasitic on the human linguistic faculty. Some evidence for the language: maths connection comes from neurology. Functional imaging studies of the brain show increased activation of the language areas as certain mathematical tasks / challenges are performed. Lesions to a certain part of the brain impair both the linguistic as well as the mathematical ability. We are looking at a fundamentally shared enterprise, a deeply interwoven development of numerical and linguistic aspects. This co-evolution of number concepts and number words suggests that it is no accident that the same species that possesses the language faculty as a unique trait, should also be the one that developed a systematic concept of number.
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El-Shafei, Nayel S. "Quantitative discovery and qualitative reasoning about failure mechanisms in pavement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44656.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING
Includes index.
Bibliography: leaves 101-109.
by Nayel S. el-Shafei.
M.S.
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Loch-Dehbi, Sandra [Verfasser]. "Algebraic, logical and stochastic reasoning for the automatic prediction of 3d building structures / Sandra Loch-Dehbi." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1227990502/34.
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Edwards, Marion. "A semi-quantitative approach to representation and reasoning for expert systems." Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359145.
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Roddis, W. M. Kim. "Heuristic, qualitative, and quantitative reasoning about steel bridge fatigue and fracture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69700.
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McCoy, Stephen Alexander. "Combining qualitative and quantitative reasoning to support hazard identification by computer." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25406.
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This thesis investigates the proposition that use must be made of quantitative information to control the reporting of hazard scenarios in automatically generated HAZOP reports. HAZOP is a successful and widely accepted technique for identification of process hazards. However, it requires an expensive commitment of time and personnel near the end of a project. Use of a HAZOP emulation tool before conventional HAZOP could speed up the examination of routine hazards, or identify deficiencies I in the design of a plant. Qualitative models of process equipment can efficiently model fault propagation in chemical plants. However, purely qualitative models lack the representational power to model many constraints in real plants, resulting in indiscriminate reporting of failure scenarios. In the AutoHAZID computer program, qualitative reasoning is used to emulate HAZOP. Signed-directed graph (SDG) models of equipment are used to build a graph model of the plant. This graph is searched to find links between faults and consequences, which are reported as hazardous scenarios associated with process variable deviations. However, factors not represented in the SDG, such as the fluids in the plant, often affect the feasibility of scenarios. Support for the qualitative model system, in the form of quantitative judgements to assess the feasibility of certain hazards, was investigated and is reported here. This thesis also describes the novel "Fluid Modelling System" (FMS) which now provides this quantitative support mechanism in AutoHAZID. The FMS allows the attachment of conditions to SDG arcs. Fault paths are validated by testing the conditions along their arcs. Infeasible scenarios are removed. In the FMS, numerical limits on process variable deviations have been used to assess the sufficiency of a given fault to cause any linked consequence. In a number of case studies, use of the FMS in AutoHAZID has improved the focus of the automatically generated HAZOP results. This thesis describes qualitative model-based methods for identifying process hazards by computer, in particular AutoHAZID. It identifies a range of problems where the purely qualitative approach is inadequate and demonstrates how such problems can be tackled by selective use of quantitative information about the plant or the fluids in it. The conclusion is that quantitative knowledge is' required to support the qualitative reasoning in hazard identification by computer.
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Videla, Santiago [Verfasser], and Torsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Schaub. "Reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks with answer set programming / Santiago Videla. Betreuer: Torsten Schaub." Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058253263/34.
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Rosa, Leandro Viana da. "Jogos lógicos no Ensino Fundamental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/157534.
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Esta pesquisa se dedicou à introdução dos jogos lógicos na sala de aula, em específico, ela busca a investigação das dificuldades encontradas pelos alunos com os diferentes estilos de jogos apresentados e quais são os raciocínios lógicos utilizados para a resolução dos problemas propostos. Buscamos os benefícios que estes jogos podem trazer para o ensino e a aprendizagem na sala de aula. Aliado a isso também trabalhamos a parte geométrica dos tabuleiros, e com isso os alunos utilizaram como ferramentas a régua e o compasso para a construção dos tabuleiros apresentados.. Para tanto, a metodologia de pesquisa escolhida foi o Estudo de Caso, de acordo com Fiorentini e Lorenzato (2006), Ventura (2007) e Gil (2002). O referencial teórico é baseado nos trabalhos de Macedo (2007), Grando (2011), Skovsmose (2000), Huizinga (2000), Kishimoto (2006), Zuin (2001), bem como os PCNs e outros artigos/livros relacionados aos jogos lógicos e as construções geométricas com a régua e o compasso. As atividades foram desenvolvidas com uma turma do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de em uma Escola Municipal de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2015. Em especial sugerimos que é possível a inserção desses materiais a fim de serem usados como ferramentas de auxílio no ensino aprendizagem de matemática contribuindo positivamente para a formação dos alunos. Os registros coletados no estudo de caso possibilitaram a validação da proposta.The present research has focused on the introduction of the logical games in the class. It aims to pin point difficulties presented by the students on the different styles of games proposed and a logical ratiocination is required to solve the tasks proposed. The benefits of the games along with the teaching and learning in the classroom was the goal. Additionally, the geometric segment of board games have been investigated and students used tools as ruler and compass to the construction of the boards presented. Therefore, the chosen researching methodology was the Case Study, according to Fiorentini e Lorenzato (2006), Ventura (2007) e Gil (2002). The theoretical referential is based on Works from Macedo (2007), Grando (2011), Skovsmose (2000), Huizinga (2000), Kishimoto (2006), Zuin (2001), along with the PCNs and others articles/books related to logical games and geometric constructions with a ruler and a compass. The activities were performed by a 9th grade group of the Elementary School in a Municipal School in Porto Alegre, in 2015. We showed in particular that is possible the insertion of these materials in order to be used as a sustenance tool on Mathematics Learning contributing positively to students formation. The data collected in the case study enabled the authentication of the proposal.
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Straube, Christian. "A Process Model for the Integrated Reasoning about Quantitative IT Infrastructure Attributes." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-180942.
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IT infrastructures can be quantitatively described by attributes, like performance or energy efficiency. Ever-changing user demands and economic attempts require varying short-term and long-term decisions regarding the alignment of an IT infrastructure and particularly its attributes to this dynamic surrounding. Potentially conflicting attribute goals and the central role of IT infrastructures presuppose decision making based upon reasoning, the process of forming inferences from facts or premises. The focus on specific IT infrastructure parts or a fixed (small) attribute set disqualify existing reasoning approaches for this intent, as they neither cover the (complex) interplay of all IT infrastructure components simultaneously, nor do they address inter- and intra-attribute correlations sufficiently.
This thesis presents a process model for the integrated reasoning about quantitative IT infrastructure attributes. The process model’s main idea is to formalize the compilation of an individual reasoning function, a mathematical mapping of parametric influencing factors and modifications on an attribute vector. Compilation bases upon model integration to benefit from the multitude of existing specialized, elaborated, and well-established attribute models. The achieved reasoning function consumes an individual tuple of IT infrastructure components, attributes, and external influencing factors to expose a broad applicability. The process model formalizes a reasoning intent in three phases. First, reasoning goals and parameters are collected in a reasoning suite, and formalized in a reasoning function skeleton. Second, the skeleton is iteratively refined, guided by the reasoning suite. Third, the achieved reasoning function is employed for What-if analyses, optimization, or descriptive statistics to conduct the concrete reasoning. The process model provides five template classes that collectively formalize all phases in order to foster reproducibility and to reduce error-proneness.
Process model validation is threefold. A controlled experiment reasons about a Raspberry Pi cluster’s performance and energy efficiency to illustrate feasibility. Besides, a requirements analysis on a world-class supercomputer and on the European-wide execution of hydro meteorology simulations as well as a related work examination disclose the process model’s level of innovation. Potential future work employs prepared automation capabilities, integrates human factors, and uses reasoning results for the automatic generation of modification recommendations.IT-Infrastrukturen können mit Attributen, wie Leistung und Energieeffizienz, quantitativ beschrieben werden. Nutzungsbedarfsänderungen und ökonomische Bestrebungen erfordern Kurz- und Langfristentscheidungen zur Anpassung einer IT-Infrastruktur und insbesondere ihre Attribute an dieses dynamische Umfeld. Potentielle Attribut-Zielkonflikte sowie die zentrale Rolle von IT-Infrastrukturen erfordern eine Entscheidungsfindung mittels Reasoning, einem Prozess, der Rückschlüsse (rein) aus Fakten und Prämissen zieht. Die Fokussierung auf spezifische Teile einer IT-Infrastruktur sowie die Beschränkung auf (sehr) wenige Attribute disqualifizieren bestehende Reasoning-Ansätze für dieses Vorhaben, da sie weder das komplexe Zusammenspiel von IT-Infrastruktur-Komponenten, noch Abhängigkeiten zwischen und innerhalb einzelner Attribute ausreichend berücksichtigen können. Diese Arbeit präsentiert ein Prozessmodell für das integrierte Reasoning über quantitative IT-Infrastruktur-Attribute. Die grundlegende Idee des Prozessmodells ist die Herleitung einer individuellen Reasoning-Funktion, einer mathematischen Abbildung von Einfluss- und Modifikationsparametern auf einen Attributvektor. Die Herleitung basiert auf der Integration bestehender (Attribut-)Modelle, um von deren Spezialisierung, Reife und Verbreitung profitieren zu können. Die erzielte Reasoning-Funktion verarbeitet ein individuelles Tupel aus IT-Infrastruktur-Komponenten, Attributen und externen Einflussfaktoren, um eine breite Anwendbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Prozessmodell formalisiert ein Reasoning-Vorhaben in drei Phasen. Zunächst werden die Reasoning-Ziele und -Parameter in einer Reasoning-Suite gesammelt und in einem Reasoning-Funktions-Gerüst formalisiert. Anschließend wird das Gerüst entsprechend den Vorgaben der Reasoning-Suite iterativ verfeinert. Abschließend wird die hergeleitete Reasoning-Funktion verwendet, um mittels “What-if”–Analysen, Optimierungsverfahren oder deskriptiver Statistik das Reasoning durchzuführen. Das Prozessmodell enthält fünf Template-Klassen, die den Prozess formalisieren, um Reproduzierbarkeit zu gewährleisten und Fehleranfälligkeit zu reduzieren. Das Prozessmodell wird auf drei Arten validiert. Ein kontrolliertes Experiment zeigt die Durchführbarkeit des Prozessmodells anhand des Reasonings zur Leistung und Energieeffizienz eines Raspberry Pi Clusters. Eine Anforderungsanalyse an einem Superrechner und an der europaweiten Ausführung von Hydro-Meteorologie-Modellen erläutert gemeinsam mit der Betrachtung verwandter Arbeiten den Innovationsgrad des Prozessmodells. Potentielle Erweiterungen nutzen die vorbereiteten Automatisierungsansätze, integrieren menschliche Faktoren, und generieren Modifikationsempfehlungen basierend auf Reasoning-Ergebnissen.
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Skuzenski, Derek. "Emergency Responder Causal Reasoning Impact." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3007.
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This ethnographic and phenomenological study examined the relationship between the benefits and compensation afforded to emergency responders; their perceptions of work equity, equality, justice, and risk management; and the effect of perceived equity, equality, justice, and risk management on the execution of an emergency responder's duties. The data was collected through interviews with members of the culture group, including law enforcement officers, firefighters, and emergency medical responder's (n = 24). The interviews were audio recorded, then manually transcribed by the researcher. The raw data was coded for reoccurring themes and commonalities. The reoccurring themes were organized and displayed in tables based on subcategory of the culture group. The results of the study indicate that the benefits and compensation afforded to professionals working in this field have an impact on their perception of work equity, justice, and risk management. It was further found that these benefits do not have an impact on the perception of work equality among members of this culture group. Understanding how to effectively motivate these professionals can have many positive effects regarding social change. These effects could be seen at the local and individual level for these responder's, at the community level for those that they serve, and at the policy level.
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Vander, Wood Melissa Ann. "Actual and self-assessed performance on a logical reasoning task after a night of total or partial sleep deprivation." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1211388594/.
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Nguyen, Vinh Thi Kim. "Semantic Web Foundations for Representing, Reasoning, and Traversing Contextualized Knowledge Graphs." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1516147861789615.
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Orton, Judy. "Ecology-Centered Experiences Among Children and Adolescents: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/epse_diss/88.
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The present research involved two studies that considered ecology-centered experiences (i.e., experiences with living things) as a factor in children’s environmental attitudes and behaviors and adolescents’ ecological understanding. The first study (Study 1) examined how a community garden provides children in an urban setting the opportunity to learn about ecology through ecology-centered experiences. To do this, I carried out a yearlong ethnographic study at an urban community garden located in a large city in the Southeastern United States. Through participant observations and informal interviews of community garden staff and participants, I found children had opportunities to learn about ecology through ecology-centered experiences (e.g., interaction with animals) along with other experiences (e.g., playing games, reading books). In light of previous research that shows urban children have diminished ecological thought—a pattern of thought that privileges the relationship between living things—because of their lack of ecology-centered experiences (Coley, 2012), the present study may have implications for urban children to learn about ecology.
As an extension of Study 1, I carried out a second study (Study 2) to investigate how ecology-centered experiences contribute to adolescents’ environmental attitudes and behaviors in light of other contextual factors, namely environmental responsibility support, ecological thought, age and gender. Study 2 addressed three research questions. First, does ecological thought—a pattern of thought that privileges the relationship between living things—predict environmental attitudes and behaviors (EAB)? Results showed ecological thought did not predict EAB, an important finding considering the latent assumptions of previous research about the relationship between these two factors (e.g., Brugger, Kaiser, & Roczen, 2011). Second, do two types of contextual support, ecology-centered experiences (i.e., experiences with living things) and environmental responsibility support (i.e., support through the availability of environmentally responsible models) predict EAB? As predicted, results showed that ecology-centered experiences predicted EAB; yet, when environmental responsibility support was taken into consideration, ecology-centered experiences no longer predicted EAB. These findings suggested environmental responsibility support was a stronger predictor than ecology-centered experiences. Finally, do age and gender predict EAB? Consistent with previous research (e.g., Alp, Ertepiner, Tekkaya, & Yilmaz, 2006), age and gender significantly predicted EAB.
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Howarth, Elizabeth. "New rationality principles in pure inductive logic." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/new-rationality-principles-in-pure-inductive-logic(e23d028f-c3e9-47b1-a5a0-289027f4d97f).html.
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We propose and investigate several new principles of rational reasoning within the framework of Pure Inductive Logic, PIL, where probability functions defined on the sentences of a first-order language are used to model an agent's beliefs. The Elephant Principle is concerned with how learning, modelled by conditioning, may be uniquely `remembered'. The Perspective Principle requires that, from a given prior, conditioning on statistically similar experiences should result in similar assignments, and is found to be a necessary condition for Reichenbach's Axiom to hold. The Abductive Inference Principle and some variations are proposed as possible formulations of a restriction of C.S. Peirce's notion of hypothesis in the context of PIL, though characterization results obtained for these principles suggest that they may be too strong. The Finite Values Property holds when a probability function takes only finitely many values when restricted to sentences containing only constant symbols from some fixed finite set. This is shown to entail a certain systematic method of assigning probabilities in terms of possible worlds, and it is considered in this light as a possible principle of inductive reasoning. Classification results are given, stating which members of certain established families of probability functions satisfy each of these new principles. Additionally, we define the theory of a principle P of PIL to be the set of those sentences which are assigned probability 1 by every probability function which satisfies P. We investigate the theory of the established principle of Spectrum Exchangeability by finding separately the theories of heterogeneous and homogeneous functions. The theory of Spectrum Exchangeability is found to be equal to the theory of finite structures. The theory of Johnson's Sufficientness Postulate is also found. Consequently, we find that Spectrum Exchangeability, Johnson's Sufficientness Postulate and the Finite Values Property are all inconsistent with the principle of Super-Regularity: that any consistent sentence should be assigned non-zero probability.
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Straube, Christian [Verfasser]. "A Process Model for the Integrated Reasoning about Quantitative IT Infrastructure Attributes / Christian Straube." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069019925/34.
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Robinson, Kelly Denise. "A Case Study of Integrative Agricultural Education: Integrating Mathematics to Develop Students Quantitative Reasoning." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85861.
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Preparing students to be life-long learners that are career and college ready is a goal of agricultural education. Changing expectations of education have pointed to agriculture educators as potential leaders in the STEM education movement. Literature related to STEM education in agricultural education is lacking in guidance for teachers, administrators, and curriculum developers in integrating academic content related to STEM content areas. A review of STEM education literature coupled with the framework of quantitative reasoning, lead to a conceptualization of a framework for integrative agricultural education. This framework was implemented through a case study to investigate collaborative efforts in curriculum development in agricultural education with a specific focus on integrating mathematics to develop students' quantitative reasoning skills. Teacher characteristics were identified that seemed to support the implementation of integrative agricultural education practices. Teaching and planning strategies were also identified in the case study. Recommendations suggest support of collaboration between agriculture and mathematics teachers would best support curriculum design and aid in the quality of instruction that follows.Ph. D.
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Schreiner, Martin. "Managing purchasing efficacy through reasoning : an action research on the impact of the TOC logical thinking processes to increase purchasing efficacy." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/849842/.
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This action research thesis was conducted at a Philippine based entity of a multinational semiconductor corporation. It was motivated by a strong interest in developing a method to increase the human component in purchasing efficacy to facilitate the integration of the purchasing function with other areas of the corporation as well as to gain strategic influence in this business-critical area. Recent research findings have reinforced the importance of uncovering the full strategic potential of the purchasing function within corporations. Literature widely acknowledges that the degree of purchasing efficacy to drive integration is seen as a major success factor in establishing cross functional alignment between the purchasing functions and their related interfaces. This in turn represents the internal dimension of purchasing strategy. Consequently, there is an ongoing practical need, as well as strong research interest, to provide a tool to assist in this integration process. Transformative learning theory argues that learning mainly occurs at the moment when meaning perspectives and meaning schemes change. It further postulates that transformation of meaning is initiated by reinterpreting past experiences and reframing them based on new experiences. Such a learning process is often activated by a "distorting dilemma" where previous meanings are suddenly no longer valid. The theory of constraints provides a framework for problem solving which includes methods to facilitate logical thinking processes and contains a tool named the current reality tree. This tool facilitates interpreting reality through a guided and rules based reasoning process which is based on methods of validity testing to prove assumptions of reality. This thesis is concerned with the increase of purchasing efficacy through a transformative learning process facilitated by the application of the logical thinking processes. Ultimately, the study presents a methodology to increase purchasing efficacy by transforming mind-sets and to increase the level of consciousness by utilizing a logical thinking process framework. However, some limitations, such as a regional and cultural focus on the Philippines, as well as the specific context in which this research was carried out, should be considered. These shortcomings are mentioned to motivate scholars to enter future research avenues in purchasing and supply management, in organizational change processes and in the application of the logical thinking process framework.
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Hall, Mark. "Modelling and reasoning with quantitative representations of vague spatial language used in photographic image captions." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617675.
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Ahn, Ki Yung. "The Nax Language: Unifying Functional Programming and Logical Reasoning in a Language based on Mendler-style Recursion Schemes and Term-indexed Types." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2088.
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Two major applications of lambda calculi in computer science are functional programming languages and mechanized reasoning systems (or, proof assistants). According to the Curry--Howard correspondence, it is possible, in principle, to design a unified language based on a typed lambda calculus for both logical reasoning and programming. However, the different requirements of programming languages and reasoning systems make it difficult to design such a unified language that provides both. Programming languages usually extend lambda calculi with programming-friendly features (e.g., recursive datatypes, general recursion) for supporting the flexibility to model various computations, while sacrificing logical consistency. Logical reasoning systems usually extend lambda calculi with logic-friendly features (e.g., induction principles, dependent types) for paradox-free inference over fine-grained properties, while being more restrictive in modeling computations.
In this dissertation, we design and implement a language called Nax that embraces benefits of both. Nax accepts all recursive datatypes, thus, allowing the same flexibility of defining recursive datatypes as in functional languages. Nax supports a number of Mendler-style recursion schemes that can express various kinds of recursive computations and also guarantee termination. Nax supports term-indexed types to support specifications of fine-grained properties. In addition, Nax supports a conservative extension of Hindley--Milner type inference.
The theoretical contributions of this dissertation include theories for Mendler-style recursion schemes and term-indexed types, which we developed to establish strong normalization and logical consistency of Nax.
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Gottardis, L. "Deaf primary school children's achievement in mathematics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:13f90aa3-c27e-46e2-a6b6-3db04de3712f.
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The present research aims to evaluate the extent of deaf children’s delay in mathematics, identifying the moderators of this delay and determine the longitudinal predictors of their mathematical achievement. For five decades, studies have reported that deaf children lag behind their hearing peers in mathematics (Gottardis, Nunes and Lunt, 2011). Background factors such as age, degree of hearing loss, presence of cochlear implant and types of educational provision were previously hypothesised to be moderators of the extent of this delay but, up to now, they have not been tested. Pagliaro (2010) argued that number knowledge, working memory and degree of hearing loss could be possible causes of deaf children’s difficulties in mathematics but no clear conclusions were reached. The present investigation aims to provide insight into the causes of deaf children’s delay in mathematics. The survey study addressed the first aim of the present study. The maths test of the Performance Indicators for Primary School (PIPS) was used as outcome measure. Factors related to deaf children (degree of hearing loss, age, years in education, presence of cochlear implant, gender, causes of deafness) and background factors (highest maternal education, language used at home, type of educational provision) were assessed as possible predictors and moderators of the extent of deaf children’s delay in mathematics. The overall extent of deaf children’s delay in mathematics was of -1.76 SDs. The older the children get and the more years they spend in special schools for the deaf or in units for hearing impaired, the wider is their gap in mathematics achievement compared with their hearing peers. It is, therefore, necessary to intervene in their mathematical learning in the early years of schooling in order to create pathways for improvement. The second aim of the present study was addressed through a longitudinal design. Logical-mathematical reasoning, working memory and counting ability were chosen as predictors of deaf children’s mathematical attainment on the basis of theoretical framework, evidence from longitudinal studies and from the analysis of the difficulties that deaf children have in these factors compared with hearing peers. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess the independence of the contributions of logical-mathematical reasoning, working memory and counting ability to the prediction of deaf children’s mathematical achievement measured through the PIPS. Age, years in education, type of educational provision and non-verbal intelligence were used as controls. Counting ability and working memory did make independent contributions to the prediction of deaf children’s mathematical success but logical mathematical reasoning was by far the strongest predictor. When the predictors were entered in the model, none of the control variables predicted significantly deaf children’s mathematical achievement. This study makes several empirical contributions. First, it established age, years in education and types of educational provision as moderators of the extent of deaf children’s delay in mathematics. Second, it determined the plausibility of a causal link between logical-mathematical reasoning, counting ability, working memory and deaf children’s mathematical achievement. The implication is that schools must explicitly plan to improve deaf children’s mathematical reasoning, counting ability and working memory when they are in kindergarten and in the first years of school in order to help the children’s mathematical development.
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Vreeland, Peter Michael. "The Use of Qualitative Representations with Ranking Task Exercises in Physics." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/165038.
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CITE/Mathematics and Science EducationEd.D.
This study examined the use of ranking task exercises in physics as a means to elicit student's quantitative and/or qualitative understanding of four different physics concepts. Each ranking task exercise in physics asked students to examine several different scenarios that contain a number of quantitative features and then arrange the scenarios in an ordered sequence according to some other quantitative feature. In this study, students completed four different ranking task exercises as part of their coursework in their high school physics class. The responses of students to these ranking task exercises were scored, analyzed, and categorized according to the extent to which a student's response was primarily quantitative or primarily qualitative in nature. The results show that while students relied on a combination of both qualitative and quantitative representations as they completed the exercises, the majority of students used qualitative representations in their solutions to the ranking task exercises in physics. While the students' qualitative and quantitative representations supported the students' rankings of the scenarios in each ranking task exercise, the qualitative representations used by the students provided insight into the student's current understanding of the physics concepts being investigated. The findings suggest that regardless of the representation used by the student to complete the ranking task exercise, students had difficulty in correctly ranking the scenarios in all of the ranking task exercises used in this study. While the students used both quantitative and qualitative representations in their solutions to ranking task exercises in physics that contained two quantitative variables, the study found that students relied exclusively on qualitative representations in their solutions to the ranking task exercise in physics that contained four quantitative variables.
Temple University--Theses
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Heyninck, Jesse [Verfasser], Christian [Gutachter] Straßer, and Ofer [Gutachter] Arieli. "Investigations into the logical foundations of defeasible reasoning : an argumentative perspective / Jesse Heyninck ; Gutachter: Christian Straßer, Ofer Arieli ; Fakultät für Philosophie und Erziehungswissenschaft." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187523003/34.
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Liao, Shih-Chieh. "How logical reasoning ability and empirical knowledge interact in the process of solving problems about light and vision among Taiwanese secondary school students." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280194.
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Piagetian scholars argue that the effect of problem content, e.g., empirical knowledge, should decrease with age. Indeed, they believe that the empirical knowledge cannot affect human problem-solving after individuals approach the formal operation stage. In arguing this point, this study uses an A-AR model to address how empirical knowledge affects the problem-solving process among Taiwanese secondary students. The A-AR model is borrowed from mathematics and the symbols, A, A, and R, represent Assumption, Answering, and Reasoning, respectively. Similar to solving mathematics problems, the A-AR model problems require participants to use the given assumptions by logical reasoning in order to respond to the problems. In this situation, the effect of empirical knowledge on problem-solving is easy to detect. There are three results about human problem-solving found in this study. First, the empirical knowledge still affects human problem-solving at the formal operation stage. Not like the Piagetian scholars' assumption: the effect of empirical knowledge is decreasing with age, this study finds that the effect of empirical knowledge is S-shape. The S-shape is a result of academic training. Second, the academic training, major, shapes human problem-solving strategies. For instance, the 12th grade science students' problem-solving strategy is based on logical reasoning ability by the given assumptions and the same grade social science students' strategy is according of their empirical knowledge. Third, the interference of logical reasoning ability and empirical knowledge is a predictor of the empirical knowledge effect on human problem-solving. The relation between the empirical knowledge and interference can be characterized as: the more negative interference the participants have, the more of the empirical knowledge effect they will have in the next year. This study does not agree with the Piagetian theory about human problem-solving: the effect of empirical knowledge should decrease with age. Indeed, this study argues that the problem content still affects human problem-solving after individuals move into the formal operation stage. The different kinds of academic training---science and social science major---shape human problem-solving strategies into either a logical reasoning base or an empirical knowledge stand, respectively.
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Straube, Christian [Verfasser], and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Kranzlmüller. "A Process Model for the Integrated Reasoning about Quantitative IT Infrastructure Attributes / Christian Straube. Betreuer: Dieter Kranzlmüller." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1069743550/34.
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Cornelio, Cristina. "Preference reasoning and aggregation over combinatorial domains in uncertain and multi-agent scenarios." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427129.
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Preferences, intended as user opinions over items, are conspicuously present in our lives and recently became widely studied in Artificial Intelligence. In many contexts of our life, we do not consider items only as entire entities, but we consider a set of features/attributes that characterize them and that interact to each other. Therefore, we are particularly interested in this kind of scenarios representing conditional preferences over combinatorial and multi attribute domains.
The ability of representing preferences in a compact way is essential, especially in the context of multi-attribute preference modelling and reasoning since it causes combinatorial explosion of information and a high computational cost. For this purpose, a number of compact representation languages have been developed in the literature. We initially focus on a recently developed frame- work for representing conditional preferences over a graphical structure: conditional preference networks (CP-nets). We analyse the advantages and the drawbacks of CP-nets focusing on uncertain and multi-agent scenarios.
Real life scenarios are often dynamic and uncertain: a user can change her mind over time and her preferences could be affected by errors or noise. We propose the new PCP-net structure (probabilistic conditional preference networks), as a generalisation of the CP-nets framework, able to respond to change through updates and to support probabilistic informations. PCP-nets can be used also to represent a multi-agent scenario where each agent is represented by a CP-net and probabilities are used to reconcile conflicts between users.
We analyse another compact representation language, similar to CP-nets, namely soft con- straints. Soft constraints are less restrictive, with respect to CP-nets, but the computational complexity remains almost the same for the main tasks. For this reason, we rethink the multi-agent context by using a profile of agents expressing their preferences via soft constraints, instead of via a collection of CP-nets aggregated into a PCP-net.
The CP-nets literature presents also many other generalisations, since CP-nets are restrictive and limited in expressiveness. For example, CP-nets have been extended with constraints, with local inconsistency and incompleteness (GCP-nets), with utility functions (UCP-nets), etc. Therefore, several different frameworks were developed to describe conditional preferences. Each of these formalisms have ad hoc syntax, semantics and specialised algorithms. In this thesis, we specify a new framework with an unification purpose of all these models. The strength of our formulation is the direct expression of the model in the standard first order logic, as constrained Datalog theories. This formulation is rich enough to express CP-nets and all its extensions.
We conclude this work, studying an application of preferences in a real-life scenario. We analyse how to improve kidney exchanging algorithms increasing the number of transplantations and the expected life duration, providing some encouraging results. Then we provide also some preliminary ideas about how to incorporate preferences in the matching procedure currently used.Le preferenze, intese come opinioni di utenti su un insieme di oggetti, sono ampiamente presenti nelle nostre vite e recentemente sono diventate molto studiate in Intelligenza Artificiale. In molti contesti della nostra vita, non consideriamo gli oggetti come entità atomiche, ma consideriamo un insieme di caratteristiche/attributi che le caratterizzano e che interagiscono tra di loro. Siamo dunque particolarmente interessati in questi tipi di scenario: preferenze condizionali su domini combinatori e multi-attributo. L’abilità di rappresentare le preferenze in maniera compatta è essenziale, in particolare nel contesto di modellazione e ragionamento con preferenze multi-attributo, in presente un esplosione combinatoria di informazione che causa un alto costo computazionale. A questo scopo sono state sviluppate in letteratura una serie di linguaggi di rappresentazione compatta. In questa tesi ci focalizziamo inizialmente su un modello grafico di rappresentazione delle preferenze condizionali: le conditional preference networks (CP-nets). Analizziamo quindi i vantaggi e gli svantaggi delle CP-net concentrandoci su scenari incerti e multi-agente. Gli scenari reali sono spesso dinamici e incerti: un utente può cambiare le sue idee nel tempo e le sue preferenze potrebbero essere affette da errori o rumore. In questa tesi proponiamo una nuova strutture chiamata PCP-net (probabilistic conditional preference networks), generalizzazione delle CP-net, capace di rispondere ai cambiamenti attraverso aggiornamenti e di supportare informazione probabilistica. Le PCP-net possono essere usate anche per rappresentare i contesti multi-agente dove ogni agente è rappresentato da una CP-net e le probabilità vengono usate per riconciliare i conflitti tra gli utenti. In questa tesi analizziamo anche un altro linguaggio di rappresentazione compatta, simile alle CP-net: i vincoli soft. I vincoli soft sono meno restrittivi rispetto alle CP-net, ma le complessità computazionali rimangono le stesse per i task principali. Per questo motivo, ripensiamo lo scenario multi-agente usando un profilo di agenti che esprimono le loro preferenze attraverso vincoli soft, invece che tramite una collezione di CP-net poi aggregate in una PCP-net. La letteratura riguardante le CP-net presenta anche molte altre generalizzazioni, poichè le CP-net sono per certi versi restrittive e limitate nell’espressività. Ad esempio, le CP-net sono state estese con vincoli, con inconsistenza locale e incompletezza (GCP-net), con funzioni di utilità (UCP-net), etc. Sono dunque stati sviluppati molti formalismi differenti per descrivere le preferenze condizionali e ognuno di essi ha una sintassi e una semantica ah hoc e algoritmi specifici. In questa tesi specifichiamo un nuovo framework con lo scopo di unificare tutti questi modelli. La forza della nostra formulazione è la diretta espressione del modello in logica standard al primo ordine, come una teoria Datalog vincolata. Questa formulazione è ricca abbastanza da esprimere le CP-nets e tutte le sue estensioni. Concludiamo la tesi, studiando un applicazione delle preferenze in un scenario reale. Analizziamo come migliorare gli algoritmi di scambi di reni aumentando il numero di trapianti e di durata di vita aspettata, fornendo alcuni risultati incoraggianti. Quindi forniamo anche alcune idee preliminari riguardo a come incorporare le preferenze nelle procedure di matching attualmente utilizzate.
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Vidigal, Mário Fernando Ramalhete. "Os desvios de raciocínio por efeito da forma e do conteúdo e a complementaridade explicativa das teorias cognitivas e sociais." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/1016.
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Battell, Chelsea. "The Logic of Hereditary Harrop Formulas as a Specification Logic for Hybrid." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35264.
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Hybrid is a two-level logical framework that supports higher-order abstract syntax
(HOAS), where a specification logic (SL) extends the class of object logics (OLs) we
can reason about. We develop a new Hybrid SL and formalize its metatheory, proving weakening, contraction, exchange, and cut admissibility; results that greatly simplify reasoning about OLs in systems providing HOAS. The SL is a sequent calculus defined as an inductive type in Coq and we prove properties by structural induction over SL sequents. We also present a generalized SL and metatheory statement, allowing us to prove many cases of such theorems in a general way and understand how to identify and prove the difficult cases. We make a concrete and measurable improvement to Hybrid with the new SL formalization and provide a technique for abstracting such proofs, leading to a condensed presentation, greater understanding, and a generalization that may be instantiated to other logics.
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Silva, Nilton Miguel da, and 21-98715-0469. "Motivação para aprendizagem Matemática: uma experiência inspiradora." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2018. https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6300.
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D'Ambrósio (1996, p.29) points out “that Mathematic programs are often outdated, obsolete and out of context. Due to this more and more students find it difficult to be motivated about this crystallized science.” In the present work, we seek to present proposals for challenging activities, where students are encouraged to think in an autonomous way. To create, to experiment, to establish strategies and to reach solutions. Different from the classroom, where one usually presents ready and finished work, making it only a copy of the method or the technique.
D’Ambrósio (1996, p.29) aponta que “os programas de Matemática consistem em coisas acabadas, mortas e absolutamente fora do contexto e com isso, torna-se casa vez mais difícil motivar alunos para uma ciência tão cristalizada.” No presente trabalho, buscamos apresentar propostas de atividades desafiadoras, em que os alunos são encorajados a pensar de maneira autônoma, a criar, a experimentar, a estabelecer as estratégias para chegar às soluções. Diferente da sala de aula onde, normalmente, se apresenta conhecimentos prontos e acabados, tornando-o apenas reprodutor de métodos e técnicas.
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Escobar, Rozas Freddy. "Leibniz, the Science and the Civil Code." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122768.
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Yhis article addresses the issue about the differences between the old regulatory bodies and the current Civil Codes. t he author analyzes from the Medieval Period until the present to evidence the change and evolution that made the thinkers to apply the geometric method to Law and how to configure the rules in the Civil Law. Furthermore, it recognizes and analyzes the contributions of e uropean writers and thinkers that promoted the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, especially the work of the lawyer Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.El presente artículo aborda la temática sobre las diferencias entre los cuerpos normativos antiguos y los Códigos Civiles actuales. El autor realiza un análisis desde la época Medieval hasta la actualidad para evidenciar el cambio y la evolución que hicieron los pensadores para aplicar el método geométrico al Derecho y la forma de configurar de las normas en el Civil Law. Asimismo, se reconoce y analiza los aportes de los escritores y pensadores europeos, que impulsaron la Revolución Científica del siglo XVII, en especial la obra del abogado Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
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De, Felice Giorgio [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Freksa, and Chris S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Renschler. "Reasoning with Mixed Qualitative-Quantitative Representations of Spatial Knowledge / Giorgio De Felice. Gutachter: Christian Freksa ; Chris S. Renschler. Betreuer: Christian Freksa." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1072156024/34.
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Guimarães, Joelma. "Matemática escolar, raciocínio lógico e a construção do "bom aluno" em matemática." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2009. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/1990.
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A dissertação tem por objetivo problematizar como professoras de uma escola estadual do município de Esteio, situado na região metropolitana da capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, descrevem a aprendizagem da matemática escolar e, em particular, o raciocínio lógico de seus alunos. Os aportes teóricos vinculam-se ao pensamento pós-estruturalista, especialmente a algumas formulações do filósofo Michel Foucault e a ideias presentes na obra Discurso do Método, de René Descartes, principalmente aquelas ligadas à ordenação do pensamento. O material de pesquisa está constituído por documentos avaliativos da escola, em especial por 58 pareceres descritivos elaborados por cinco professoras dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental da instituição estudada, e por entrevistas que com elas foram realizadas. As entrevistas foram gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. A análise do material de pesquisa possibilitou: mostrar as ressonâncias das ideias cartesianas como condutoras das condutas dos sujeitos escolares na contem
This dissertation aims at problematizing how teachers from a state school in Esteio, a town located in the metropolitan region surrounding the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, describe the learning of school mathematics, particularly their students’ logical reasoning. The theoretical bases of this investigation have been linked to the poststructuralist thought, following some formulations of Michel Foucault, and ideas from Discourse on Method, by René Descartes, mainly those linked to thought ordering. Evaluation documents of the school studied, especially 58 descriptive evaluations written by five teachers of elementary school, as well as interviews with these teachers have constituted the research material. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed. The analysis of the research material has allowed for: showing the resonances of Cartesian ideas as conducting the conducts of school subjects in contemporaneity; reflecting upon relationships between Mathematics as a foundation of reasoning and its ma