Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quantification of emerging pollutants'
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Ojemaye, Cecilia Yejide. "Identification and quantification of chemicals of emerging concern (persistent organic and inorganic pollutants) in some selected marine environments of cape town, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7877.
The increasing evidence of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in water bodies is causing major concern around the world because of their toxicological effects upon humans and aquatic organisms. The release of wastewater to the aquatic environment is most likely to introduce some trace levels of organic contaminants, some of which may be toxic, carcinogenic, or endocrine disruptors, as well as, persistent in the environment. These compounds are often persistent but not regularly monitored because they are mostly still excluded from environmental legislation. Their fate and persistence in the environment are not well understood.
2022-02-24
Ojemaye, Cecilia Yejide. "Identification and quantification of chemicals of emerging concern (persistence organic and inorganic pollutants) in some selected marine environments of Cape Town, South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7697.
The increasing evidence of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in water bodies is causing major concern around the world because of their toxicological effects upon humans and aquatic organisms. The release of wastewater to the aquatic environment is most likely to introduce some trace levels of organic contaminants, some of which may be toxic, carcinogenic, or endocrine disruptors, as well as, persistent in the environment. These compounds are often persistent but not regularly monitored because they are mostly still excluded from environmental legislation. Their fate and persistence in the environment are not well understood
Meziani, Amel. "Développement de méthodes d'extraction et de quantification de résidus de polluants et substances émergentes substances dans les eaux naturelles résiduaires par GCxμGC et GCxGC/HRMS." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMR036.
Water pollution is a major problem that affects both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, the prevention and the control of the dissemination of contaminants in the environment has become a priority. To achieve that, the use of miniaturized analytical systems to control pollution in real-time on-site appears necessary. The evaluation of µ-columns with radially elongated pillars was performed using different stationary phases. Then the performances of the prepared µ-columns were evaluated on conventional GC and in a comprehensive two-dimensional system « GC×µGC » with a microfluidic modulator as a second columns. Afterwards, a stir bar sportive extraction (SBSE) method and a non-targeted analysis one using GC coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were developed. In order to overcome the limitations of SBSE and improve the extraction yields, new SBSE phases were used for the coating of the stir bar. Finally, SBSE extractions of contaminants were performed on naturel waters collected from Algeria and France followed by a non-target analysis using TD-GC-HRMS OrbitrapTM. Information on the quality of surface waters and the level of pollution were collected for both countries and the annotation of the identified compounds were then classified according to levels of confidence
Diamantini, Elena. "Catchment scale modelling of micro and emerging pollutants." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368591.
Diamantini, Elena. "Catchment scale modelling of micro and emerging pollutants." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/2870/1/Tesi_PhD_Diamantini_definitiva.pdf.
Ricart, Viladomat Marta. "Effects of priority and emerging pollutants on river biofilms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7881.
Human activity is responsible for the entrance of many substances to the aquatic environment. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of organic toxicants on fluvial biofilms. The river Llobregat has been submitted to urban, industrial and agricultural pressures, and as such is a highly contaminated river. The diatom community was influenced by the presence of pesticides. Effects on both biofilm function and structure were attributed to the pesticides. Laboratory experiments with experimental channels have shown that the herbicide diuron and the bactericide triclosan may cause a chain of effects on biofilms, which include direct effects and indirect effects on the relationship between biofilm components. Experiments with algal cultures have shown that these toxicants, applied in mixtures, can have higher toxicity than the toxicity predicted by models, resulting in synergistic effects.
Grover, Darren. "Emerging pollutants : their analysis, occurrence and removal in aquatic environments." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42968/.
MAGRI', DAVIDE. "Emerging pollutants in water: innovative approaches of study and treatment." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/939888.
Hibberd, Andrew Peter. "Sampling, Analysis and Behaviour of Emerging Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508966.
Newton, Seth. "Atmospheric Deposition of Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Northern Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-57027.
Buscaroli, Enrico <1988>. "Environmentally Friendly Tools for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants from Natural Matrices." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8151/7/TESI%20FINALE.pdf.
Jiang, Yanan. "Emerging contaminants : environmental fate of artifical sweeteners." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1508.
Wakim, Lara Maria. "Caractérisation environnementale des sols : de nouvelles pistes pour expliquer la variabilité spatiale de la maladie de Crohn ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR089.pdf.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition with an unknown etiology, and environmental factors are among the potential causes. Among these factors, soil contamination has never been studied, although many soil pollutants have been associated with the disease in epidemiological studies. France has the world's largest Crohn's disease registry, EPIMAD, which covers four departments: Nord, Somme, Pas-de-Calais, and Seine-Maritime, where spatial clusters of high- and low-incidence have been identified. These clusters open the door to environmental studies.Therefore, an environmental approach to soil quality has become necessary: do the soils in the clusters differ in terms of quality? Are there variations in pollutant concentrations between high and low-incidence clusters? If so, what are the elements or cocktail of elements involved? The objective of our study is to characterize the soils within these clusters and collect extensive data on potential soil pollutants to compare soil qualities between the clusters.This thesis initially adopted a data reuse approach, characterizing soils on the basis of existing data and refining interpretation using a composite index, the "mean impregnation ratio" (RIM). Given the scarcity of available data, two large-scale soil sampling campaigns were launched in the disease clusters. The first was aimed at screening for the contaminants most frequently found in soils. The second campaign adapted a targeted approach, targeting pollutants showing an association with Crohn's disease in the literature. Thus, 14 molecules belonging to the endocrine disruptors, antibiotics and drugs most commonly used in humans were measured in soils. As the measurement of these molecules within this complex matrix is not yet normalized, an analytical method was developed to detect these pollutants, and sample analyses were carried out in accordance with this established protocol.This approach generated more than 81,000 new data on the soil pollutants sampled. Existing databases were used to characterize the physical landscape of the clusters and identify sources of contamination. They also enabled us to detect a correlation between heavy metals in agricultural soils and the incidence of Crohn's disease. Furthermore, from an ecological point of view, the detection of hormones in forested areas at concentrations higher than those reported in the literature, constitutes a pioneering result of this thesis. To date, based on initial analyses and interpretations, emerging pollutants have shown no significant difference between over- and under-incidence clusters. We recommend more focused studies on pollutants related to agricultural practices and their effects on Crohn's disease, a promising avenue of investigation in our study
Hu, Jiangchuan. "Quantification of Carbonaceous Pollutants from On-Road Vehicles at Selected Inner-City Settings." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1338581858.
Chiaramonte, Gaetano. "Optimisation of titanium dioxide utilization in the process of photocatalysis of emerging pollutants." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Law, Cheuk Fung Japhet. "Catalytic advanced oxidation processes for degradation of environmental emerging contaminants." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/610.
Lladó, Valero Jordi. "Adsorption of organic and emerging pollutants on carbon materials in aqueous media : environmental implications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387438.
En les darreres dues dècades s’ha detectat un increment de la presència de substàncies orgàniques com els fàrmacs, els pesticides,... en l’aigua que poden afectar la salut dels éssers vius i del medi ambient. Algun d'aquests contaminants romanen en les aigües després d’haver passat pels tractaments habituals en les plantes depuradores de tractament. Aquest fet fa evident la necessitat de la implantació de tractament terciaris que permetin la seva completa eliminació. La present Tesi doctoral estudia l’eliminació de diferents compostos orgànics i emergents presents en aigua mitjançant la tecnologia d’adsorció amb nous carbons activats. Concretament, s'han produït i caracteritzat nous materials carbonosos procedents de residus, carbó mineral, materials sintètics, ... que permeten adsorbir diferents compostos orgànics d'ampli us en la nostra societat. S'han estudiat les característiques dels adsorbents (composició química, grups funcionals, porositat) i dels adsorbats (dimensions, hidrofobicitat, pKa, grups funcionals...) que influeixen en el procés d’adsorció. A més a més, en aquest treball, s'han proposat dos nous models, un d'anàlisi i un altre cinètic. El model analític permet, mitjançant la quimiometria, millorar la quantificació de dos o més compostos orgànics presents en una mescla per espectroscòpia UV-vis. El model cinètic proposat proporciona una millor comprensió i interpretació, així com una millor predicció dels diferents paràmetres del procés d'adsorció. En aquest sentit, en la següent Tesi es presenten cinc treballs que han permès una millor comprensió del procés d’adsorció mitjançant materials carbonosos de diferents procedències. En el primer treball, “Highly microporous activated carbons from biocollagenic wastes as adsorbents or aromatic pollutants in water originating from industrial activities”, s'ha estudiat com afecta la textura i la composició química de carbons activats procedents de residus de pells en l'adsorció de compostos aromàtics monosubtituits. A més a més s’estudia com afecten diferents variables com temperatura i agent activant en el procés de fabricació dels carbons activats. El segon treball, “Removal of pharmaceutical and Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) compounds on carbon xerogels and activated carbons. NOM and textural properties influences”, posa de manifest el rellevant paper que juga la distribució de porus d’un carbó activat en l’adsorció de diferents fàrmacs (àcid salicílic, paracetamol, diclofenac, ...) i agents de contrast (iohexol, iodixanol, iomeprol,...) de diferent mida. També, s’ha estudiat la influència de la matèria orgànica present en l’aigua en l’adsorció de tots els contaminants. L’estudi de l’adsorció de paracetamol, fenol i àcid salicílic en diferents carbons activats procedents de carbó mineral es reflexa en el treball “Removal of pharmaceutical pollutants im water using coal-based activated carbons”. En aquest treball s'estudia la influència de les característiques químiques de la superfície dels carbons activats en l’adsorció dels diferents compostos orgànics, així com la influència del pH de les aigües. Els resultats van mostrar un augment de l’adsorció de salicilats degut a la presència de sofre en l'adsorbent. El quart treball, “Multicomponent adsorption on coal-based activated carbons on aqueous media: new cross-correlation analysis method”, és una continuació del treball anterior. En aquest cas, es presenta un nova tècnica quimiomètrica que permet analitzar correctament mescles binàries i ternàries per espectroscòpia UV-vis. A més s’estudia l’efecte competitiu entre dues o tres molècules en el procés d'adsorció. El cinquè i últim treball, "Role of activated carbon properties in atrazine and paracetamol adsorption equilibrium and kinetics", planteja un nou model cinètic per a l’adsorció de paracetamol i atrazina mitjançant carbó activat procedent de fangs de depuradora i dos carbons comercials.
Fei, Yingheng, and 费颖恒. "Adsorption of emerging environmental pollutants by marine sediment in relation to sediment organic diagensis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48329782.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
Yu, Ke, and 余珂. "Exploring biodegradation of emerging pollutants using next generation sequencing and UPLC-MS-MS techniques." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/210615.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
BASAGLIA, Giulia. "Development of advanced analytical methods for the determination of emerging pollutants in environmental waters." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388815.
Dawson, Amanda. "Uptake dynamics and effects of traditional and emerging persistent environmental pollutants to the Antarctic keystone species, Antarctic krill." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/373031.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
Venegas, Julianna Marie Cebollero. "Photochemistry studies in snow and ice quantification of hydroxyl radicals and degradation of persistent organic pollutants /." Click here for download, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1827193651&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Sable, Shailesh Subhashrao. "Development of novel catalytic materials for removal of emerging organic pollutants by advanced oxidation processes (AOPS)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284945.
El objetivo principal de nuestro trabajo es el desarrollo de nuevos materiales catalíticos y métodos prometedores, eficientes y respetuosos con el medio ambiente para la degradación y la mineralización de contaminantes orgánicos por medio de Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada (POA) para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Con este propósito, varias familias de catalizadores han sido sintetizados por diferentes métodos y se ha evaluado su actividad catalítica en los procesos de oxidación avanzada de ozonización catalítica y el proceso Fenton heterogéneo, tanto para la eliminación de compuestos farmacéuticos emergentes como el ácido clofíbrico (CFA), como compuestos recalcitrantes de origen industrial, como fenol, en condiciones ambientales. Entre todos los catalizadores estudiados en el proceso de ozonización catalítica, el catalizador de óxido de Cu-Al preparado por un método de co-precipitación, ha mostrado una excelente actividad y estabilidad en la ozonización catalítica de CFA, alcanzando un 82% y 96% de mineralización en 2 y 6 h, respectivamente. En cuanto al proceso Fenton, catalizadores de óxido de Fe conteniendo fases de hematita y maghemita y a los que se le ha añadido pequeñas cantidades de Pd (Pd/FeOOH) han mostrado muy buenos resultados en la eliminación de CFA mediante un proceso Fenton heterogéneo. En el proceso combinado de adsorción+oxidación, la zeolita ZSM5 conteniendo Fe y Pd (Pd/Fe-ZSM5) ha presentado un buen desempeño en la eliminación de fenol mediante adsorción y oxidación por un proceso Fenton heterogéneo.
The main aim of our work is to develop new catalytic materials and promising, efficient and environmental-friendly methods for the degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants by means of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment. For this purpose various families of catalysts were synthesized by different methods and their potential catalytic activity have been evaluated in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) such as ozonation and Fenton-like process for treating emerging pharmaceutical compounds like clofibric acid (CFA) and recalcitrant compounds like phenol at ambient conditions. Among all the catalysts screened, the Cu-Al oxide catalyst prepared by a co-precipitation method, showed an excellent activity and stability in catalytic ozonation of CFA, achieving 82% and 96% mineralization in 2 and 6h, respectively. As for the Fenton process, catalysts containing Fe oxides presenting hematite and maghemite phases, and to which small amounts of Pd were added (Pd/FeOOH) have shown very good results in the removal of CFA by means of heterogeneous Fenton process. In the combined process of adsorption+oxidation, ZSM5 zeolite containing Fe and Pd (Pd/Fe-ZSM5) has presented good performance in the removal of phenol by adsorption and oxidation by heterogeneous Fenton-like process.
Newton, Seth. "Legacy persistent organic pollutants and chemicals of emerging concern in Sweden : from indoor environments to remote areas." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad miljövetenskap (ITM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97094.
Parladé, Molist Eloi. "Microbial communities driving emerging contaminant removal. Impact of treated wastewater on the ecosystem." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/650400.
Rising awareness of pollutants not previously detected or monitored (emerging contaminants) has brought new challenges to the scientific community focused in environmental remediation. This thesis aimed to assess the microbial communities responsible of emerging contaminant removal in a variety of human-engineered systems as well as to evaluate the impact of the resulting effluents when they are used as reclaimed water. Molecular microbiology methods were used along with bioinformatic tools to assess the development of enrichment cultures and bioreactors driven by bacteria, algae and fungi, capable of pollutant removal. The bacterial genera Dehalogenimonas and Dehalobacterium were identified as the responsible of organohalide degradation in two enrichment cultures and their concomitant microbiota was assessed to denote putative synergies. The specialized community developed in a pilot-scale photobioreactor was also elucidated during urban wastewater treatment, with efficient removal of pollutants and pharmaceuticals. Efficiency of enrichment cultures, obtained from natural environments, over algal pure cultures was demonstrated in the removal of estrogenic compounds. Moreover, filamentous cyanobacteria were linked to a fast and efficient recovery of photosynthetic biomass. The dynamics of indigenous bacteria, fungi, and the inoculated strain of Trametes versicolor were assessed in continuous bioreactors and fungal biopiles treating hospital wastewater and sewage sludge, respectively. Both the inoculated fungus and some bacterial communities were correlated to the removal of pharmaceutical families. Finally, the effect of effluents obtained from fungal treatment over soil ecosystems were compared to conventionally-treated wastewater in laboratory model systems (microcosms), showing up a similar behavior to the negative controls that did not contain pharmaceuticals.
Xu, Jing. "Mechanisms of sorption and transformation of pollutants in the presence of iron species." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S121.
Iron is an abundant metal in the environment. The occurrence of iron species in the environment can affect a wide range of processes. Contaminants can be widely found in the aqueous and solid phase environment. Their species are complex and diverse, including inorganic pollutants and organic pollutants. The studying on the mobility and redox transformation of these contaminants in the presence of iron spices and thereby the treatment methods have important environmental implications. This thesis includes 4 chapters. In the first chapter, we presented the bibliography on the current contamination situation of arsenic and several emerging contaminants, occurrence of iron species (dissolved iron and iron oxides) in the environment, and the interactions between contaminations and iron species. The second chapter is a study of the sorption of As(III) on colloidal ferric hydroxide and the transformation of As(III) under the visible light induced iron(III)/sulfite system. In this work, the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in an iron(III)/sulfite system under visible light using sunlight or a light-emitting diode lamp (λ = 404 nm) were investigated. Several kinds of free radical quenchers, nitrogen and complexation competing agent were used for mechanism study. Comparing to a) iron(III) system with irradiation of light and b) iron(III)/sulfite system without irradiation light, our results show a significant enhancement of As(III) oxidation efficiency at pH 6 in iron(III)/sulfite-visible light (LED) system, corresponding to an initial rate constant of 0.196 min−1. Mechanism investigation revealed that the pathways of As(III) oxidation at circumneutral pH is complicated that involved free radicals (mainly HO•, SO4−• and SO5−•) and ligand-to-metal charge transfer between As(III) and colloidal ferric hydroxide (CFH) particles. The third chapter is a study of cooperative adsorption of nalidixic acid (NA) and niflumic acid (NFA) on nano-size goethite. In this work, the adsorption of NA and NFA in single and binary component systems was conducted by kinetic adsorption experiments and batch experiments for macroscopic study. Results show that qe of NA is 8 times of NFA in the single component system. In the binary component system, qe of NA was slightly larger than for the single system, whereas NFA adsorption was about 4 times larger than for the single system, suggesting that cooperative adsorption or co-binding occurred between NA and NFA. Desorption experiment confirmed no transformation of NA and NFA occurred in the presence of goethite. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and multi-site complexation (MUSIC) modeling was used for the microscopy study. The adsorption of NA and NFA in both single and binary component systems can be described by MUSIC modeling well. Afterwards, the fourth chapter is a study of the cooperative adsorption of NA and NFA onto goethite coated sand (GCS) under batch and flow through conditions. Batch experiments, including kinetic study, pH edges and isotherms, confirmed the co-binding effect of NA and NFA on GCS surface. The breakthrough behavior of NA and NFA in the column study showed significant difference in single component system due to the difference in adsorption ability and mechanisms. In binary component system, the breakthrough behavior of one substance can be affected by the presence of the other substance, while the effect on NFA is much pronounced than NA. Surface complexation modeling was used to predict the breakthrough behavior, however a disagreement was observed between modeling and experimental data in breakthrough point and adsorption amount, which might due to the chemical sorption kinetic limitation
Nordström, Amelie. "Method Development for Quantification of Different Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) from the Baltic Sea." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47426.
Wluka, Ann-Kathrin [Verfasser], Jan [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwarzbauer, and Sven [Akademischer Betreuer] Sindern. "Screening analyses and selective quantification of organic pollutants in various matrices / Ann-Kathrin Wluka ; Jan Schwarzbauer, Sven Sindern." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1162499133/34.
Peng, Chiung-Yu. "Identification and quantification of volatile organic compound emissions from buildings and heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems." Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Michigan, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=yxIvAAAAMAAJ.
Giansiracusa, Sara. "Bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging contaminants in tuna species." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18305/.
Qian, Jiajie. "Nanofiber-enabled multi-target passive sampling device for legacy and emerging organic contaminants." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6487.
AraÃjo, Sarah de Abreu Moreira. "Desenvolvimento e validaÃÃo de um mÃtodo analÃtico (SPEâHPLC) para determinaÃÃo de compostos emergentes em Ãguas superficiais." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11447.
Poluentes orgÃnicos emergentes (POEs) ou simplesmente contaminantes emergentes referem-se a qualquer composto quÃmico presente numa variedade de produtos comerciais como medicamentos, produtos de uso veterinÃrio, embalagens de alimentos, produtos de higiene, agrotÃxicos, ou alguns microrganismo. Os POEs podem ser encontrados em matrizes ambientais e biolÃgicas, nÃo sÃo usualmente monitorados ou ainda nÃo possuem legislaÃÃo regulatÃria correspondente, e apresentam risco potencial à saÃde humana e ao meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido e validado um mÃtodo para a determinaÃÃo de cafeÃna, ciprofloxacina, 17β-estradiol, 17α-etinilestradiol e dietilestilbestrol, considerados interferentes endÃcrinos. O mÃtodo desenvolvido utilizou extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (SPE) e cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia acoplada a um detector de arranjo de diodos. Foram estabelecidas condiÃÃes cromatogrÃficas com eluiÃÃo por gradiente utilizando acetonitrila e Ãgua ultrapura pH 2,0. O planejamento fatorial realizado por SPE indicou que melhores respostas sÃo alcanÃadas quando utiliza-se o cartucho C18, 500 mL de volume de amostra, pH 3,0 e volume de eluiÃÃo igual a 2,0 mL de metanol 100%. As figuras de mÃrito de validaÃÃo do mÃtodo indicaram seletividade, sensibilidade, linearidade, precisÃo, exatidÃo e robustez satisfatÃrias para a maioria dos compostos estudados. Os limites de detecÃÃo (LD) variaram entre 0,283 e 1,543 μg/L (ppb) e os limites de quantificaÃÃo (LQ) variaram entre 0,944 e 5,142 μg/L (ppb). Foi proposta uma nova estratÃgia de controle de qualidade utilizando padrÃo surrogate, e estabelecido um fator de relaÃÃo (FR) a fim de corrigir as concentraÃÃes dos compostos de interesse em amostras reais. O mÃtodo validado foi aplicado nas anÃlises de Ãgua superficial dos aÃudes que fazem parte do abastecimento de Ãgua da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza/CE. Os compostos 17β-estradiol, 17α-etinilestradiol foram detectados numa concentraÃÃo mÃxima de 989 e 980 ng/L, respectivamente.
Emerging organic pollutants (EOP), or Emerging Contaminants, is a term that is used to refer any chemical compound insert in variety of comercial products such as medicines, veterinary products, food packaging, pesticides, or any microorganism. The EOP can be found in environmental and ecological arrays not usually monitore or government unregulated, and poses risks to human health na environment. The methodological approach of this thesis included a developed and validated method to determine caffeine, ciprofloxacin, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol, considered endocrine disruptors. The method uses a Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid cromatography coupled to a diode array detector. Chromatografic conditions were established by gradiente elution using acetonitrile and ultrapure water (pH = 2). The experimental design performed by SPE showed that better responses are achieved when it is used the cartridge C18, 500 mL sample volume, pH 3,0 and 2,0 mL 100% methanol elution volume. The method validation parameters indicated satisfatory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Detection limits (DL) ranged from 0,283 to 1,543 μg/L (ppb) and quantification limits (QL) ranged from 0,944 e 5,142 μg/L (ppb). A new quality control strategy using surrogate standard was proposed, and a relation factors (RF) was established to correct of concentrations of compounds of interest in real samples. The validated method was applied to the analysis of surface waters reservoirs from water supply system in metropolitan region of Fortaleza. The compounds 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol was detected in a maximum concentration of 989 to 980 ng / L, respectively.
Zhou, Shangbo [Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Identification and confirmation of the environmental risks of emerging pollutants in surface waters and sediments / Shangbo Zhou ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211345939/34.
Zhou, Shangbo Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Identification and confirmation of the environmental risks of emerging pollutants in surface waters and sediments / Shangbo Zhou ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211345939/34.
Eliasson, Anna. "A study of the performance of biochar as adsorbing agent in o‐DGT devices." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12793.
Nascimento, Altina Lacerda. "Caracterização microbiológica, química e presença de poluentes orgânicos em amostras de lodo de esgoto de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-10052016-183111/.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the agricultural potential of sewage sludge produced in the São Paulo state - Brazil, as well as to verify the possibility of interaction between the chemical composition and sewage sludge bacterial abundance. Samples were collected from 19 wastewater treatment plants in three different periods. On the samples from the three times were determined the presence and concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAs) that are listed as priorities in environmental monitoring by the USEPA (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (ghi) perylene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz (a, h) anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene, naphthalene and pyrene). On the samples of the second collect time, besides HPAs, were determined the concentrations of emerging organic pollutants (hormones, pharmaceuticals and industrial products). It was performed the complete characterization according to CONAMA 375/2006 (moisture, pH, Kjeldahl and inorganic Nitrogen, organic carbon, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and sodium); and characterization of bacterial communities through cultivation-independent methods (Illumina sequencing). Macronutrients in higher concentrations in sewage sludge are: N > Ca > S > P > Mg > K. The inorganic elements Ni and Zn showed up in higher concentration than the maximum allowable for agricultural use by CONAMA Resolution 375/2006, at 1 and 3 samples, respectively. The inorganic element that most limits sewage sludge usage as organic fertilizer (MAPA, 2006) is the Hg. The compounds benzylparaben, bisphenol AF (BPAF), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were not detected. On the other hand, methylparaben, cimetidine, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclocarban were detected in all 19 samples. The compound present in highest concentration is triclocarban. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are low, according to the European standard. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla are present in greatest relative abundance. There is a bacterial core in the sewage sludge treatment plants of the São Paulo State, comprising 81 genera present in all WWTPs evaluated. Those who are at a higher relative abundance are Treponema, Clostridium, Propionibacterium, Syntrophus and Desulfobulbus. The elevation of pH to values close to 12 reduces the microbial diversity. Considering the relative abundance and chemical composition of sewage sludge, the stations can be grouped into three distinct groups, one of which is influenced mainly by Ca, Zn and Cu, the other by Fe and S and the third group that was influenced by the others evaluated factors.
Reverté, Calvet Laia. "Integrating new immunoassays, biosensors and cytotoxicity assays in the detection and quantification of the emerging marine toxins tetrodotoxins and ciguatoxins." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667458.
Considering the food safety risk emerging marine toxins such as tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and ciguatoxins (CTXs) present in seafood may pose to consumers, there is a real need to develop new methods capable of detecting these toxins in food, and thus, ensure consumers protection. To achieve this goal, this thesis has been mainly focused on the development of immunoassays, cytotoxic assays and immunosensors for the detection of emerging marine toxins implicated in seafood safety: TTXs and CTXs. The rapid, cost-effective, sensitive and reliable bioanalytical tools described herein are promising early warning tools alternative to the reference methods for the screening and quantification of TTXs and CTXs in fish, shellfish and microalgae. Chapter 1 consists of a general introduction about the current state of art of the emerging marine toxins TTXs and CTXs. This chapter describes the problematic issues derived from the presence of these toxins in seafood products for human health. It also describes how relevant is the development of methods for their detection. Chapter 2 includes the general and specific objectives of the thesis. Chapter 3 comprises two parts. The first one gives a detailed overview of the chemical properties, mechanisms of action, human health implications of several emerging marine toxins, and the different alternative biochemical methods for their detection. In the second part, the advances that offer the integration of bionanotechnology materials in the development of electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of toxins are described. Chapter 4 includes 5 scientific contributions. In the first work, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the use of self-assembled monolayers for the TTX immobilisation on maleimide plates (mELISA) is developed. The applicability of the mELISA to the analysis of puffer fish samples is evaluated. In the second work, the mELISA is modified in order to decreased the assay in time and cost and adapted to enable the quantification of TTXs in oysters and mussels. In the third work, the SAM-based immobilisation approach employed in the mELISA is used for the development of an electrochemical immunosensor, and the applicability of the later to the analysis of puffer fish is investigated. The fourth work describes the development of an optical planar waveguide immunosensor based on the immobilisation of TTX on nanoarrayed scaffolds. The applicability of the biosensor to the analysis of puffer fish is also studied. Finally, the fifth contribution shows the usefulness of combining the mELISA as screening tool with the LC-MS/MS analysis as confirmatory technique for the quantification of TTXs contents in puffer fish from the Western Mediterranean coast. Chapter 5 includes two scientific contributions. In the first one, a multi-disciplinary approach combining the use of cell-based assays (CBA), the mouse bioassay (MBA) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is described for the identification and quantification of CTXs in a shark implicated in a fatal food poisoning event in Madagascar. The second work demonstrates the suitability of the Neuro-2a CBA to identify and quantify the production of CTXs and maitotoxins (MTXs) in Gambierdiscus australes extracts from the Macaronesian Islands. Finally, Chapter 6 summarises the general conclusions and future work of the thesis.
Silva, Alessandra Eugênio Carli da. "Síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de ZnO obtidas por calcinação de nanofios eletrofiados para possivel aplicação como fotocatalisadores." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3743.
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The presence of medicines in potable water is one of the biggest concernings in public health, once that there is not a lot knownledge about their chronical effects in a long term intake. The potential risk of contamination in the supplied water has motivated new researches aiming the increasing of the efficiency on removing these emerging pollutants. Among these researches the photocathalysis has widelly been studied due its efficiency on decontaminating chemical pollutants, effluents treatment and residual water purification. Photochemical processes presents positive results on the degradation of organic pollutants compounds and the possibility of obtaining photocataliysts in nanometric scales through the electrophase makes it even more efficient. In this work, by electrophase, was obtained a polimeric solution containing PBAT/ZnO, ZnO particlules with reduced scales. The charcterization of the synthetized material was made by X-Ray Difraction (XRD), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. From the obtained results it was possible to conclude that, the reduced distance between the needle and the collector and electric tension used during the electronspinning of ZnO/PBAT nanowires, influency on getting fibres with smaller diameters, from which there is a possibility of obtaining nanoparticles of ZnO, with mean diameter of 46,96 nm, in its crystalline characteristic phase and equivalent to the commercial material by the electrophased process, however, with the smaller particules, which suggests that with the increasing of the contact surface the compound to be oxidized, the phocatalysis process may be favored.
A presença de fármacos em água potável e de abastecimento é uma preocupação de saúde pública, visto que pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos crônicos do consumo ao longo prazo desses contaminantes. O potencial risco de contaminação da água de abastecimento, tem incentivado estudos com o objetivo de aumentar a eficiência na remoção desses poluentes emergentes. Dentre esses estudos, a fotocatálise vem sendo amplamente estudada devido a sua eficiência na descontaminação ambiental, redução, degradação, remediação ou transformação de resíduos químicos poluentes, tratamento de efluentes e purificação de águas residuárias. Os processos fotoquímicos apresentam bons resultados na degradação de compostos poluentes orgânicos e a possibilidade de obter fotocatalisadores em escala nanométrica através da técnica da eletrofiação pode torná-la ainda mais eficiente. Neste trabalho foi obtido através da eletrofiação de uma solução polimérica contendo PBAT/ZnO partículas de ZnO com escala reduzida. A caracterização do material sintetizado foi realizada por Microscopia Optica, Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Análise Térmica Gravimétrica (TGA), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectrofotometria UV-Vis. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que, a diminuição da distância entre a agulha e o coletor e tensão elétrica utilizadas durante a eletrofiação dos nanofios de ZnO/PBAT, influencia na obtenção de fios com diâmetros menores e que a partir destas fibras há possibilidade de obtenção de nanopartículas de ZnO, com diâmetro médio de 46,69 nm, com fase cristalina característica e equivalente ao material comercial, porém com tamanho de partículas menores, o que sugere aumento da superfície de contato do material particulado com o composto a ser oxidado, favorecendo o processo de fotocatálise.
Martins, Diana Filipa Brito. "Efeitos dos fármacos enquanto xenobióticos presentes no ambiente aquático ao nível das alterações tecidulares reportadas em peixes por vários estudos de toxicologia ambiental." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5330.
Atualmente a poluição e contaminação do meio aquático devido à crescente descarga de efluentes domésticos, industriais ou agrícolas, intencionais ou acidentais, é um assunto relevante de Saúde Pública, sendo alvo de vários estudos e debates na comunidade científica e civil. Os fármacos, em função do seu elevado consumo e ineficaz remoção pelas estações de tratamento de águas residuais, são continuamente libertados para o compartimento aquático sob a sua forma original ou de metabolito secundário. Os fármacos utilizados na saúde humana, prática veterinária e aquacultura, possuem características físico-químicas que lhes conferem elevada persistência ambiental exercendo, frequentemente, toxicidade em organismos não-alvo ao nível de vários níveis tróficos. A sua acumulação no ambiente aquático tem demonstrado ser capaz de induzir mudanças patológicas nos peixes, a mais numerosa classe de vertebrados deste compartimento. Assim, o estudo dos efeitos toxicológicos na saúde do ecossistema reveste-se de uma importância primordial, pelo que a caracterização e quantificação deste risco é fundamental. Os peixes são o alvo deste trabalho pois são considerados espécies sentinelas, sendo utilizados como indicadores primários da qualidade da água, permitindo uma avaliação dos efeitos causados pela exposição continuada e concentrações sub-letais de xenobióticos, em particular aos fármacos. A histologia é considerada uma ferramenta sensível e útil para a determinação do estado de saúde dos peixes, registando os efeitos da exposição aguda ou crónica destes organismos aos xenobióticos aquáticos. Neste trabalho fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos histopatológicos de alguns fármacos ao nível dos principais órgãos afetados nos peixes (e.g. fígado, rim e gónadas).
Nowadays, pollution and contamination of the aquatic environment as a consequence of human activities is a major concern in what regards public health, as shown by the increasing number of scientific studies and debate within the scientific community. Several drugs used in human health, in light of their intensive use and deficient treatment, are continuously discharged to the environment, ultimately ending in aquatic compartments, either in their native form or as metabolites. A relevant number of drugs used in human health, veterinarian medicine or aquaculture display physical and chemical characteristics that confer them high environmental persistence, which frequently results in toxicity phenomena in non-target organisms across several trophic levels. Their accumulation in aquatic environments has been increasingly associated with pathological alterations in fish, the most representative class of vertebrates in the aquatic environment. Thus, the toxicological impact of these molecules in aquatic and human health are of pivotal importance, with the characterization and quantification of these risks being essential. In this work the organisms under study will be fish, as they are used as early markers of water quality, hence allowing the evaluation of the effects triggered by xenobiotics, in particular pharmaceuticals. Histopatholoy is a sensitive and useful tool for determining the health status of fish, being used for following the effects of acute or chronic exposition of fish to aquatic xenobiotics. In this work, a literature review focusing on the histopathological effects of some drugs on fish will be presented, with particular emphasis on the most relevant organs affected (e.g. liver, kidney and gonads), with special emphasis on gills.
Binti, Abu Samah Nurlin. "Design and applications of molecularly imprinted polymers for the separation of some pharmaceutical persistent pollutants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461073.
Since a few decades ago, Emerging Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants (EPPPs) have been introduced as one type of recalcitrant pollutant sources in water. In this study, synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer using selective functional monomer for diclofenac and indomethacin removal in aqueous media via batch mode has been done. Next procedure involved was the characterization of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction using selective functional monomer for removal and recovery of diclofenac and indomethacin from aqueous media. Then the experimental continued with analytical methods for application of molecularly imprinted polymer using selective functional monomer for diclofenac recovery from water and wastewater. From the kinetic study, more than 95% of removal was observed for DCF and IDM, with an initial concentration of 5 mg L-1 of DCF and IDM within 3 min, agitated at 25 oC. From the total adsorption study using a cartridge pre-packed with 10 mg of MIP-IDM and MIP-DCF a high adsorption capacity of 600 mg IDM/g MIP and 200 mg DCF/g MIP respectively, were obtained. Scatchard plots were determined to study the homogeneity properties of MIPs finding that MIP-DCF differs to MIP-IDM. Breakthrough curves have been identified during the saturation study using continuous flow mode. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) has been used in order to study the functional groups in three kinds of different MIP-DCF which were original MIP-DCF, MIP-DCF loaded and MIP- DCF eluting after 10 th times of regeneration. In order to study the morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. Pre-polymerization has been studied using 1H NMR. The shift in the signal observed has been identified with the interactions between amine of AT group with carboxylic acid on DCF. MIP-DCF was chosen for packing into the HPLC column. For the selectivity study, both MIPs were carried out in batch mode. The results show that MIP with AT as the monomer bind to DCF molecules. For application study, there were three methods has been designed in order to achieved the application objectives for this study. First, the continuous flow mode equipped to UV spectrophotometry detection; second, the optimization of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) using real water samples; and thirdly, the MIP packed column equipped to high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for simultaneous determination. MIP enhance the efficiency in removal and recovery of EPPPs when the MIP has been used as packing media in column. As conclusion, the developed MIP works as a good sorbent in DCF and IDM removal. The molecularly imprinted technology has shown to be a promising technology for the removal of EPPPs in water. As conclusion, the developed MIP works as a good sorbent in DCF and IDM removal.
Schwarz, Kerstin [Verfasser]. "Atmogenic pollutants as reactive tracers for identification and quantification of important transport processes in a karst area at the catchment scale / vorgelegt von Kerstin Schwarz." Tübingen : Inst. für Geowiss, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1005113343/34.
Deyerling, Dominik [Verfasser], Karl-Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Schramm, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Letzel. "Development and application of trace analysis for emerging organic pollutants in surface water / Dominik Deyerling. Betreuer: Karl-Werner Schramm. Gutachter: Thomas Letzel ; Karl-Werner Schramm." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080299408/34.
Fernández, Blanco Minerva. "Estudio de las interacciones de tensioactivos en la superficie de TiO2 y su aplicación en adsolubilización y fotocatálisis de compuestos orgánicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/455152.
Water pollutants have caused diseases in animals and people throughout history. Nowadays, various types of pollutants caused by human activity can be found in wastewater. Until now, it was believed current wastewater treatments were able to eliminate or retain all the pollutants. However, new types of contaminants, called emerging pollutants (EP), are able to pass through current water treatments without being confined or disposed. EP come mainly from drugs, pesticides, food and personal care products. Due to their extremely low concentrations, they have been unnoticed for years. They are organic partially water-soluble substances, and usually their environmental quality criteria has not yet been specified [1, 2]. Recently, concern about possible consequences of EP existence has increased, their presence has begun to be controlled and their possible negative effects and means of elimination started to be studied. At present, in wastewater treatment plants, there are no specific treatments to eliminate EP. Nevertheless, some current treatments show some ability to retain EP, as for example tertiary treatments with active carbon [3], chemical oxidation [4] or membrane filtration [5]. Moreover, the use of nanomaterials in wastewater treatments are emerging as a promising technique of depuration [6]. The use of nanoadsorbents, nanofiltration and advance oxidation processes to degrade pharmaceuticals and personal care products are showing very promising results [7]. The following study presents a new technique to improve the elimination of EP in wastewater treatments, based on the combination of adsolubilization and photocatalysis. It consists in incorporate organic compounds in surfactant bilayers, previously adsorbed on a polar surface, in order to be photocatalized later. Different families of surfactants have been studied in order to evaluate their coordination on the adsorbent surface, stability, adsolubilization ability and tolerance against UV treatments. The surface to generate the surfactant bilayer has been TiO2-P25, a nanomaterial with photocatalitic properties and high specific area [8]. Combining adsolubilization and photocatalitic properties of TiO2-P25 has provided promising results in removing partially water-soluble organic compounds as diclofenac, malachite green and 2-naphthol. This technique could be extrapolated to tertiary wastewater treatments in order to improve the elimination of EP. [1] M. Kaštelan-Macan, M. Ahel, A.J.M. Horvat, D. Jabučar, P. Jovančić, Water Policy 9 (2007) 319–343. [2] T. Eggen, M. Moeder, A. Arukwe, Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010) 5147–5157. [3] S. Francisco de Aquino, E. Manfred Freire Brandt, C. Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo, (2013) 187–204. [4] J. Rivera-Utrilla, M. Sánchez-Polo, M.Á. Ferro-García, G. Prados-Joya, R. Ocampo-Pérez, Chemosphere 93 (2013) 1268–1287. [5] I. Muñoz, M.J. Gómez-Ramos, A. Agüera, A.R. Fernández-Alba, J.F. García-Reyes, A. Molina-Díaz, TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 28 (2009) 676–694. [6] A. Cincinelli, T. Martellini, E. Coppini, D. Fibbi, A. Katsoyiannis, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15 (2015) 3333–3347. [7] H. Lu, J. Wang, M. Stoller, T. Wang, Y. Bao, H. Hao, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016 (2016) 1–10. [8] D.C. Hurum, A.G. Agrios, K.A. Gray, T. Rajh, M.C. Thurnauer, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 4545–4549.
Silva, Celyna Káritas Oliveira da. "Método inovador de ativação de oxidantes no tratamento de poluentes prioritários e emergentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-19032018-081406/.
The present work deals with the development of a new materials, modified diatomite by iron, as an activator of the oxidants sodium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide to degrade priority pollutants (phenantherene and anthracene), diesel and emerging pollutant perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The aims of this study were to compare this new method with traditional activation method for these oxidants; and to study, statistically, the optimal ratio between the quantity of the material and the concentration of oxidant to the degradation of contaminants. The raw and modified materials were characterized by different techniques. The main characterization results showed that materials are amorphous, and that the iron concentrations were 4,78%, 17,65% and 25% for the raw diatomite, CAT-5 and CAT-20, respectively. The results showed that the modified material showed significant catalytic activity to activate the oxidants and to degrade pollutants, with CAT-5 being the most reactive. Satisfactory results were obtained using 2,5 g of modified diatomite (CAT-%) with sodium persulfate at 45 g L-1, with degradation of 87% and 96% of phenanthrene and anthracene, respectively, in 168 hours of treatment. For the treatment of sandy soil contaminated with diesel, the best result was obtained using 41 g L-1 of sodium persulfate sodium and 1,56 g of CAT-5, resulting in a decrease of 91% of total carbon present in diesel. The PFOA decomposition efficiency for the systems shows that hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations > hydrogen peroxide-activated persulfate > alkaline-activated persulfate, both with CAT-5, achieving 83%, 69% and 48% , respectively, after 6 hours of reaction.
Castro, J?nior Jos? Geraldo Mendes. "Estudo de eletrodegrada??o de poluentes emergentes em c?lulas eletroqu?micas do tipo eletr?lito polim?rico s?lido." UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1589.
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Eletrodos de di?xido de chumbo (PbO2) suportados sobre tecido de carbono e tela de a?o inoxid?vel foram utilizados na degrada??o eletroqu?mica dos f?rmacos paracetamol (PCT) e dipirona (DPN), utilizando-se uma c?lula eletroqu?mica do tipo eletr?lito polim?rico s?lido (EPS) munida de eletrodos perme?veis a fluidos (EPFs). Todos os estudos foram conduzidos na condi??o de batelada empregando-se a ?gua livre de eletr?litos. Os estudos eletroqu?micos de degrada??o dos f?rmacos foram conduzidos em fun??o da densidade de corrente aparente (jap) (ex., 5, 10, 20, 100, 150 e 200 mA cm-2) e da concentra??o inicial (ex., 10, 30 e 50 mg L 1). As amostras tratadas foram analisadas pelas t?cnicas de espectrofotometria na regi?o do UVVis, cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia (CLAE) e demanda qu?mica de oxig?nio (DQO). Verificou-se para os diferentes casos envolvendo as baixas densidades de corrente que a remo??o das bandas de absor??o no UV-Vis, a remo??o da concentra??o dos f?rmacos (CLAE) e a redu??o da DQO (grau de mineraliza??o) n?o foram significativos. Contrariamente, no caso das elevadas densidades de corrente evidenciou-se uma significante melhora na degrada??o dos f?rmacos em decorr?ncia da atua??o do oz?nio gerado eletroquimicamente. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para baixas concentra??es dos f?rmacos. Redu??es superiores a 95 % de DQO para o PCT e superiores a 75 % para a DPN foram obtidas. Eletrodos de PbO2 dopados com n?quel (ex., Ni-PbO2) suportados sobre tecido de carbono e tela de a?o inoxid?vel foram confeccionados e caracterizados. A an?lise de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) revelou o aparecimento de defeitos superficiais, com a varia??o da concentra??o nominal do Ni no banho eletrol?tico utilizado no preparo do eletrodo por eletrodeposi??o. An?lises de difratometria de raios-X (DRX) corroboraram os resultados de MEV revelando, em alguns casos, picos mais alargados e de menor intensidade (ex., redu??o no tamanho m?dio dos cristalitos) com a varia??o da concentra??o nominal do Ni, indicando assim uma interfer?ncia no processo de eletrodeposi??o do PbO2. Curvas de polariza??o em condi??es quaseestacion?rias foram obtidas para o processo eletr?dico da rea??o de desprendimento de oxig?nio (RDO) sendo verificado que n?o houve influ?ncia significativa do dopante sobre esta rea??o, a qual ocorre em paralelo ao processo de degrada??o oxidativa dos f?rmacos. Verificou-se que a produ??o de oz?nio foi ligeiramente favorecida em algumas concentra??es do dopante e em altas densidades de corrente. No entanto, n?o foi verificada influ?ncia significativa sobre o grau de mineraliza??o dos f?rmacos PCT e DPN mediante uso de eletrodos dopados com Ni.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Qu?mica, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
Lead dioxide (PbO2) electrodes supported on carbon cloth and stainless-steel mesh substrates were used in the electrochemical degradation of the drugs paracetamol (PCT) and dipyrone (DPN), using a solid polymer electrolyte electrochemical cell (SPE) having fluid-permeable electrodes (FPEs). All studies were conducted in batch condition using the electrolyte-free water. The electrochemical degradation of the drugs was accomplished as a function of the apparent current density (ex., 5, 10, 20, 100, 150 and 200 mA cm-2) and the initial concentration (ex., 10, 30 and 50 mg L-1). The treated samples were analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry technique, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as well as the chemical oxygen demand (COD). For the different cases involving the application of low current density values, it was not verified significant changes accounting for the removal of the UV-Vis absorption band, the drug concentration (HPLC), and the COD decrease (ex., the degree of mineralization). In contrast, in the case of high current densities, a significant improvement in the degradation of the drugs was evidenced as a result of the influence of the electrochemically generated ozone. The best findings were obtained for low drug concentrations. Reductions of above 95% COD for PCT and above 75% for DPN were obtained. Nickel-doped PbO2 electrodes (ex., Ni-PbO2) supported on carbon cloth and stainlesssteel mesh were fabricated and characterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the appearance of surface defects with a reduction in crystal size with the different Ni concentration in the electrolytic bath used to prepare the electrode by electrodeposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzes corroborated with the SEM results revealing the formation of broader peaks with lower intensity, in some cases, (ex., reduction in the average crystallite size) with the variation of the nominal dopant concentration in the electrolytic bath, thus indicating an interference in the electrodeposition process for PbO2. Quasi-stationary polarization curves were obtained for the electrode process of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and it was verified that there was no significant influence of the dopant on this reaction, which occurs in parallel to the process comprising the oxidative degradation of the drugs. It was found that the ozone generation was slightly favored in some concentrations of the dopant and in higher current densities. However, no significant influence was verified on the degree of mineralization of PCT and DPN by the use of Ni-PbO2 electrodes.
Jimenez, Villarin Javier. "Assessing the degradation and transformation of emerging pollutants submitted to TiO2 photocatalysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques. Are we posing a new hazard to the environment?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404561.
A lo largo de los últimos 50 años ha habido un creciente interés acerca de los fármacos y/o sus metabolitos ya que su presencia en el medio ambiente podría inducir efectos toxicológicos adversos y/o resistencia bacteriana. Puesto que los sistemas de depuradoras de aguas son incapaces de eliminarlos, éstos son introducidos y detectados en el sistema acuático. Aunque los niveles encontrados son mucho menores que las usadas en medicina, sus efectos adversos no pueden ser descartados. La fotocatálisis heterogénea mediante TiO2 es un proceso de oxidación avanzado que puede conseguir la completa oxidación y mineralización de estos compuestos en el agua. La presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en la degradación de cuatro fármacos (ofloxacino, ácido clofíbrico, diclofenaco e ibuprofeno) con tres catalizadores de TiO2: nanofibras sintetizadas y materiales comerciales: en forma de nanopartícula y nanofibra. Las nanofibras preparadas mostraron una mayor capacidad de adsorción y degradación de los fármacos estudiados. A pesar de los buenos resultados obtenidos experimentando en agua sintética, todos los catalizadores bajaron su rendimiento al experimentar con matriz de agua real. Adicionalmente, se estudió cómo el ofloxacino se degradaba y transformaba a lo largo del proceso fotocatalítico mediante espectrometría de masas de alta resolución y de movilidad iónica. Se detectaron e identificaron 59 productos de transformación, los cuales fueron adicionalmente estudiados mediante la técnica de movilidad iónica acompañada de cálculos teóricos. Esta última combinación no solo demostró su poder separativo sino que proporcionó una herramienta para la confirmación de las estructuras químicas propuestas. Finalmente, se estudió la toxicidad asociada a los productos de transformación del ofloxacino, evaluada mediante dos targets: luminiscencia (Vibrio-fischeri) y citotoxicidad (células humanas). Ambos ensayos demostraron que la generación de estos productos de degradación incrementaba toxicidad. Aun así, la completa detoxificación se consiguió extendiendo el tiempo de fotocatálisis. A fin de estudiar su toxicidad individual, el crudo de reacción fue fraccionado mediante HPLC semipreparativo. Sin embargo, la baja resolución cromatográfica obtenida imposibilitó el estudio individual y limitó a una fracción este aumento de la toxicidad. Actualmente, la síntesis química, parece la única vía para posibilitar el estudio individual de los productos generados.
Mate, Marin Ainhoa. "Multiscale approach to assess the DSM-flux capacity to mitigate impacts on the receiving waters : Quantification of overflow rates and interception of particulate pollutants from combined sewer overflows." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI008/document.
Over the past decade, European Union governments have encouraged to collect data on the volume and quality of all urban water effluents with a significant environmental impact on receiving aquatic environments. Methods for monitoring these flows require improvements, particularly for combined sewer overflows, which are complex flows that contribute in significant proportion to the degradation of the quality of the receiving waters. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-calibrated and pre-designed device that guarantees the appropriate hydraulic conditions for measuring discharged flows and volumes as well as the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants carried in suspension by the flow. In this PhD work, a relationship allowing to measure the flow rates conveying through the DSM-flux was determined thanks to an experimental study on a small-scale physical model, and then validated for several flow configurations upstream of the device. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, the relative uncertainties are less than 15% and 2% for the flow rates and volumes studied, respectively, which is equivalent to the uncertainties of the most reliable current methods. The monitoring methodology was validated in situ in a large-scale device installed at the field and operating in real conditions, which shows the robustness of the method. Moreover, thanks to its original design, the DSM-flux allows the interception of a fraction of particulate pollutants. The hydrodynamics of this monitoring device were analysed as well as the conditions that cause the settling of particulate pollutants. Depending on the flow conditions, this device can retain 50% of the total mass of fine suspended solid matter transiting through the device, but for flows at high discharge rates, this efficiency is significantly reduced. Its retention capacity has also been observed in the field and a methodology has been developed to quantify its retention efficiency in future studies. Apart from its performance, from an operational point of view, the device has other advantages compared to other current devices: (i) it is pre-calibrated and can be installed downstream from existing combined sewer overflows, (ii) it can be directly installed through a manhole in the discharge channel, (iii) its hydraulic performance is independent from the flow conditions upstream, and (iv) it is an integrated monitoring device, measuring flow rates and their quality simultaneously, in addition to intercepting a part of the particulate pollutants
Silva, Salatiel Wohlmuth da. "Fotoeletrooxidação na degradação de nonilfenol etoxilado em águas residuárias." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96404.
The emerging organic pollutants (POE) are chemical compounds present in a variety of commercial products such as medicines, toiletries, pesticides, surfactants, among others, can be found in environmental and biological matrices. These pollutants are usually not monitored or have no corresponding regulatory legislation, but present risk to human health and the environment. POE Among these, we highlight the nonylphenol ethoxylate, one non-ionic surfactant used in degreasing alkaline electroplating industry. This surfactant has a recalcitrance and toxicity increases with the decrease of the number of ethoxylate groups, a process which occurs when it is biodegraded. Some of the products of biodegradation are nonylphenol with 4, 3, 2 or 1 degree of ethoxylation of nonylphenol and this considered endocrine disruptor mimicking the natural hormone 17β -estradiol. Conventional treatment of sewage and water are not efficient for complete degradation of these compounds. The use of more efficient processes, such as oxidation and advanced oxidation processes such as direct photolysis (F), Electrolysis (E), heterogeneous photocatalysis (FH) and photoelectrooxidation (FEO), clean technologies that utilize the electron and photon reagents have been proposed as an option to the degradation of such compounds, thereby avoiding the contamination of water resources. This work was carried out with a solution based on the composition of an industrial effluent containing nonylphenol ethoxylate with 4 degrees of ethoxylation. FEO assays were performed in triplicate, by varying the current density lamp power and treatment time. In addition, we performed, for comparison and elucidation of mechanisms, testing electrolysis, photolysis and photocatalysis heterogenous. The samples collected before and after the oxidative processes were characterized by different analytical methods and toxicity. It was found that treatment time of 240 minutes, the FEO different configurations were not efficient enough to degrade any pollutants that is in the initial solution, however, the configuration FEO3 not more toxic metabolites generated no significant difference in seed germination and root growth, no significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity also in lettuce and onion, showing toxicity on fish only at a concentration of 70.71 %, which can be avoided by increasing treatment time, the sight, the process of FEO becomes an option in the degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate and other POE, thus preventing it reaches the water.
Valls, Cantenys Carme. "Development of analytical methodologies for the determination of emerging contaminants and phosphorus compounds." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284742.
La contaminació de l’aigua per compostos d’origen antropogènic pot afectar tant al medi ambient com a la salut humana i per tant és necessari controlar-ne la presència. L’objectiu de la tesi és desenvolupar metodologies analítiques per a determinació de espècies de fòsfor i microcontaminants orgànics en mostres d’aigua. En primer lloc, s’han desenvolupat dos mètodes d’especiació per a la determinació de oxoanions de fòsfor simples i condensats, mitjançant separació per HPLC acoblada a ICP-AES en un mètode, i a ICP-MS en l’altre. També s’han desenvolupat dos mètodes utilitzant extracció amb cordó de PDMS per a la determinació de compostos que actuen com a disruptors endocrins. La determinació es va portar a terme per GC-MS per als retardants de flama bromats i per HPLC-DAD per als compostos fenòlics. Finalment es va desenvolupar un mètode multiresidu basat en SPE seguit de LC-MS/MS per a la determinació de 35 analits, incloent compostos farmacèutics, inhibidors de la corrosió i plaguicides
Laurencé, Céline. "Analyse prédictive du devenir des médicaments dans l'environnement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1094.
Pharmaceuticals as well as personal care products are classified as emerging pollutants of increasing concern due to possible negative impacts on ecosystems. They are constantly introduced in sewage treatment plants either through excretion, or disposal by flushing of unused or expired medication, or directly within the sewage effluents of plants or hospitals. They end up in surface and ground waters and can even be found in drinking water. Many studies report on adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Pharmaceuticals have complex chemical structures capable of reacting in an aqueous medium under the action of chemical, biological or physical agents. Thus, the transformation products (TPs) gradually replace the parent drug in the environment. In addition these transformation products constitute markers of past or current presence of the drug in the environment. Faced with this problem, we believe it is necessary to synthesize the transformation products of the parent compounds to development their detection. The proposed method consists, firstly, to prepare the largest number of (TPs) of a particular drug using three complementary approaches : bioconversion, electro-Fenton and electrochemical oxidation. A second step is to identify the structures which are the most likely present in the environment. Expected advances are the development of a predictive methodology applicable to the study of any molecule involved in environmental risk