Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Qualité de l'Air extérieure'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Qualité de l'Air extérieure.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Olea, Lelia Letitia. "Influence de la pollution extérieure sur la qualité de l'air intérieur : rôle des fissures dans le transfert de particules solides." La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROS287.
Indoor air quality is a major factor as nowadays people spend most of their time in buildings being exposed to the indoor level of pollution. This dissertation explores a well-defined subject, namely, the particle penetration through buildings cracks. The rate of pollutant entry through a leakage can be expressed by means of a penetration factor. Being a function of species, leakage path properties or pressure drop over the crack, the penetration factor states the level of outdoor particles found indoors. After presenting the studies which had evaluated penetration factor for airborne particles based mainly on experimental evidence, we introduced our two research directions: the experimental one developed at LEPTIAB laboratory, followed by a numerical part using a commercial code (StarCd). The objective of the experimental part was to advance a new method capable of determining the cracks’ penetration factor. The research purpose was accomplished using an authors’ built in laboratory device which allowed an independent evaluation of the parameters determining penetration factor variations. The parameters are separated into two groups, those which are related to the crack, as its dimensions or position by respect to the flow direction and the external parameters, as the pressure drop or particle’s diameter. For the experimental studies, the system complexity increased in succeeding phases. We first started with rectangular cracks and after passed to real building envelope elements which allow airborne particles infiltration. The second part of this research proposes a numerical study capable of clarifying some details that are not obvious out of the experimental results. The numerical part conceived using a commercial code type CFD, aims to describe the particles’ trajectories, particles’ deposition positions, or to quantify the crack entrance effect. In the end, we can conclude that the crack entrance strongly influences the particle penetration factor. The conclusions highlight the major findings from this dissertation and outline the potential future research directions based on infiltrations through buildings’ cracks
Marchand, Caroline. "Incidences des teneurs en aldéhydes mesurées dans l'air intérieur et extérieur sur des patients sujets à l'asthme." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2005/MARCHAND_Caroline_2005.pdf.
In this work, gaseous aldehydes concentrations were quantified by a conventional DNHP-derivatization method, with active sampling, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection. Different environments in the Strasbourg area (east of France) were quantified: outdoor, indoor and intermediate environments such as public spaces (shopping centre, libraries, train station, etc. ), vehicle inside and underground parking garage. As part of indoor measurements, a case/control study, including asthmatics, was realised in 162 dwellings. Finally, a standardized human exposure chamber to formaldehyde (FA) was developped et used for a biomedical study on the effect of FA on allergen bronchial response in asthmatics sensitized to mites. The obtained results have shown that FA and acetaldehyde (AA) are the most abundant aldehydes in outdoor and intermediate environments. In homes, hexanal has been also detected. Indoor/outdoor ratios of both FA and AA (about 13 and 8 respectively) confirm the existence of indoor aldehyde sources in residential homes. The cross-sectional study by asthmatics and controls has underlined that FA levels are similar for asthmatics and controls (respectively 32. 6 and 31. 7µg m-3, p = 0. 696). However, statistical tests made on the asthmatic group have highlighted that allergic and asthmatic patients are particularly sensitive to levels of FA exposure higher than 50 µg m-3. Besides, the biomedical study has demonstrated that exposure to low levels of FA (100 µg m-3 for 30 minutes) enhances significantly the bronchial response to mite allergen in sensitised asthma patients. The effect of the measured gaseous aldehydes concentrations was also discussed in term of exposure potential dose to these compounds for different 'exposure cases' and the corresponding integrated exposures have been compared with the values given in the current guidelines
Morati, Nicolas. "Système de détection ultra-sensible et sélectif pour le suivi de la qualité de l'air intérieur et extérieur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0200.
Today the air is polluted by many chemicals, which are in the form of a complex mixture that is difficult to identify. These marker gases include carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). It has therefore become imperative to design detection systems that are inexpensive, but at the same time highly sensitive and selective, in order to monitor air quality in real time. Metal Oxide gas sensors (MOX) can meet these requirements. They are used in portable and low cost gas detection devices. Very sensitive, stable and with a long lifespan, MOX sensors suffer from an inherent lack of selectivity, which can be overcome by integrating artificial intelligence. This thesis is concerned with the implementation of gas identification methods based on the analysis of experimental data. The objective is to discriminate three pollution marker gases: CO, O3, and NO2, with a single sensor, under real conditions of use, i.e. in the permanent presence of a concentration of these gases in the humid ambient air. For this, we use a tungsten oxide (WO3) gas sensor patented by IM2NP laboratory and operated under a worldwide license by the company NANOZ.A complete experimental database was created from a protocol based on temperature modulation of the sensitive layer. From this database, we implemented two different feature extraction methods: the computation of temporal attributes and the wavelet transform. These two methods were evaluated on their gas discrimination capacity thanks to the use of several families of classification algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVM), decision trees, K nearest neighbours, neural networks, etc
Basly, Ludovic. "Télédétection pour la qualité de l'air en milieu urbain." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006291.
Pérard-Lecomte, Aude. "Caractérisation de la dispersion des polluants particulaires dans le sillage des poids lourds en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0207.
Road transportation is a major contributor to air quality pollution in urban areas, particularly in fine and ultrafine particles. These pollutants are harmful to human health, as they can worsen or cause lung and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, we are interested in the evolution of particles emitted from heavy truck exhausts, starting from their emission. The main objective of this thesis is to study the extent of particle dispersion emitted by heavy truck's exhausts, around and in the wake of heavy trucks. Numerical methods based on an Euler-Lagrange approach were used to simulate and characterize the airflow topology around the truck, using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method for the fluid phase and a Lagrangian approach for the dispersed phase. These simulations were supported by wind tunnel measurements in the wake of a reduced-scale model of a heavy truck. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used for analyzing the air velocity fields, while the dispersion of ultrafine solid particles was characterized by measuring concentration fields using a granulometer. The truck's wake flow is completely detached at the rear of the trailer, revealing a recirculation zone mainly composed of a large vortex, coming from the under-trailer. Particles' dynamics appears to be dominated by turbulence and strongly correlated with vortical structures, especially in the wake of the truck. Indeed, particles tend to concentrate preferentially on the periphery of the main vortex formed behind the truck, as well as in areas of low turbulent intensity. The movement of most inertial particles (diameter > 2.5~mu m) is dominated by gravity, while turbulence is mainly responsible for the movement and deposition of the finest particles (diameter < 2.5~mu m). The position and orientation of the exhaust pipe also have a significant influence on the extent of dispersion and the distribution of particles in the underbody and in the wake of the heavy truck. Indeed, when particles are emitted from the under-trailer, most of them are concentrated in the recirculation zone, less than 1.85H away from the trailer (H being the height of the trailer), and at human height. On the other hand, the particles emitted on the top of the truck are very rarely re-entrained in the recirculation zone, and are mostly concentrated above it, at a height equivalent to 2.6~m (0,9H) above ground level. The exposure of populations to the particles emitted by heavy goods vehicles could therefore be sharply limited when the exhausts are released from top of the truck
Lecoeur, Eve, and Eve Lecoeur. "Influence de l'évolution climatique sur la qualité de l'air en Europe." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00966991.
Garaud, Damien, and Damien Garaud. "Estimation des incertitudes et prévision des risques en qualité de l'air." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00679178.
Kalhori, Azadeh. "La qualité de l'air en milieu urbain : Entre mesures et perceptions." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/KALHORI_Azadeh_2008.pdf.
The atmospheric pollution in urban zones is a major stake in the world because cities concentrate the majority of the population of the globe at the moment. Cities make more and more the object of studies concerning the atmospheric pollution, its impacts (the sanitary risks) and the means to reduce the atmospheric pollution and its misdeeds. This one varies spatially and temporarily in city according to the morphology of districts, the weather conditions and the locations of the sources of pollutants. From then, the concentration of pollutants must be defined in a micro-urban scale to estimate the exposure of the populations. Indeed, this exposure is a part of a wider concept, the air quality which is considered as an essential element of today. These last ones are moreover subjected to an exposure to be estimated during the day during their movements, but also inside buildings. The individual perception of this pollution during its daily activities, brings a lighting interesting on the behaviour of the city-dwellers in front of the pollution and of its interactions with the individual well-being and the quality of life. This thesis has for objective to estimate the possible distortion between the individual exposure estimated at the pollution and the perception of this one to identify cognitive, environmental and cultural factors influencing the perception. In this respect, first of all, the concentration of pollutants was obtained by means of the model ADMS-Urban at an intra-urban scale. It allowed to obtain a concentration of pollutants continues over Strasbourg. Then, 200 inquiries of perception 'inquiry of follow-up' were realized. This helped us to determine the individual exposure of the pollution and their perception in various places. By implementing some type of analysis and a SIG, the characteristics of the pollution and the behaviour of the city-dwellers were revealing. The confrontation of this last information also allowed to understand the complex relation between the perception and the variation of the atmospheric pollution in city
Garaud, Damien. "Estimation des incertitudes et prévision des risques en qualité de l'air." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1162/document.
This work is about uncertainty estimation and risk prediction in air quality. Firstly, we need to build an ensemble of air quality simulations which can take into account all uncertainty sources related to air quality modeling. Ensembles of photochemical simulations at continental and regional scales are automatically built. Then, these generated ensemble are calibrated with a combinatorial optimization method. It selects a sub-ensemble which is representative of uncertainty or has good resolution and reliability of probabilistic forecasts. Thus, this work show that it is possible to estimate and forecast uncertainty fields related to ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentrations or to improve reliability related to the threshold exceedance prediction. This approach is compared with Monte Carlo ensemble calibration. This ensemble is less representative of uncertainty. Finally, we can estimate the part of the measure error, representativity error and modeling error in air quality
Lecoeur, Eve. "Influence de l'évolution climatique sur la qualité de l'air en Europe." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1176/document.
Air pollution is the result of high emissions of pollutants (and pollutant precursors) and unfavorable meteorological conditions. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the pollutants of great concern for human health. Every year, a repeated or continuous exposure to such particles is responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among the concerned populations and leads to premature deaths. Climate change is expected to impact meteorological variables (temperature, wind, precipitation,...). Those variables will influence numerous factors, which will affect air quality (emissions, precipitation scavenging, gas/particle equilibrium,...). A large body of studies have already investigated the effects of climate change on ozone, whereas only a few have addressed its effects on PM2.5 concentrations, especially over Europe. This is the subject we investigate in this thesis. Large-scale circulation is closely linked to surface meteorological variables. Therefore, it is expected that it will impact PM2.5 concentrations too. In this thesis, we develop a statistical algorithm to estimate future PM2.5 concentrations from present PM2.5 observations, selected meteorological variables and tools to represent this circulation (weather regimes and weather types). The lack of daily observations of PM2.5 and its components over Europe prevents us to used observations. Consequently, we have created a pseudo-observed PM2.5 data set, by using the Polyphemus/Polair3D air quality Chemical-Transport Model. Both operational and dynamic evaluations were conducted against EMEP measurements, to ensure that the influence of meteorological variables on PM2.5 concentrations is correctly reproduced by the model. As far as we know, this dynamic evaluation of an air quality model with respect to meteorology is the first conducted to date.Future PM2.5 concentrations display an increase over the U.K., northern France, Benelux, and in the Balkans, and a decrease over northern, eastern, and southeastern Europe, Italy, and Poland compared to the historical period. The evolution of weather type frequencies is not sufficient to explain the PM2.5 changes. The relationships between the large-scale circulation and the weather types, between the weather types and meteorological variables, and between meteorological variables and PM2.5 concentrations evolve with future meteorological conditions and also contribute to PM2.5 changes. The statistical method developed in this thesis is a new approach to estimate the impact of climate and climate change on PM2.5 concentrations over Europe. Despite some uncertainties, this approach is easily applicable to different models and scenarios, as well as other geographical regions and other pollutants. Using observations to establish the pollutant-meteorology relationship would make this approach more robust
Gaubert, Benjamin. "Assimilation des observations pour la modélisation de la qualité de l'air." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077099.
In this thesis, an Ensemble Kalman Filter has been coupled to the CHIMERE chemical transport model in order to assimilate ozone ground measurements at continental scale. A first assimilation experiment during a summertime photochemical pollution episode is presented and evaluated. The comparison between the analysis and the reference run shows excellent results. We note for the analysis an improvement regarding to the whole set of statistical indicators and for all stations types. Based on this experiment, different parameters of the data assimilation algorithm were optimized, in particular the observation space were employed. These diagnostics were used to estimate model and observation errors and to verify that they were consistent with obtained innovations. Finally, we investigated the application of diagnosed error values during an analysis-forecast cycle. It appears that errors have a clear diurnal cycle which needs to be taken into account and that an important part of these errors related to the spatial representativeness. We also developed an approach based on perturbations of model physical parameters but which fails in generating enough variability in the model ensemble. Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of the data assimilation system and reproducibility of the results with respect to the chosen parameters, for the specific pollution and for an entire summer assimilation period
Cohas, Michel. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la qualité de l'air intérieur des locaux d'habitation." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066087.
Sendi, Aymen. "Nez électronique communicant pour le contrôle de la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30245.
Measuring indoor air quality is a relatively recent need. Humans spend more than 90% of their time in a closed environment that contains several gaseous pollutants. The existence of such gaseous contaminants in the indoor air as well as short or long term exposure to these pollutants can causes many respiratory problems and several chronic diseases. Studies show that the indoor air quality has an impact on well-being and productivity. VOCs (volatile organic compounds) such as acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are strongly presented in indoor air. This type of pollutants come from materials used in interior design (computer equipment, furniture, paints, fabrics, floors, etc.). We can also found in close envirements many others contaminants such as CO2, CO, and NO2 which come from urban pollution, intensive use of location and poor ventilation. Offices, meeting rooms, classrooms and practical work rooms in universities and / or schools are therefore potentially polluted. In a densely occupied and poorly ventilated room, the measurement of the VOC/CO2 rate may exceed the regulatory thresholds. These gaseous pollutants in the air in high concentrations, due to lack of sufficient ventilation and air quality control, can cause drowsiness and decreased productivity. Measuring and monitoring indoor air quality is therefore essential to ensure a better quality life in workspaces. This thesis is being carried out within the framework of the neOCampus GIS (scientific interest group), led by Paul Sabatier University and dedicated to the development of an innovative, connected and sustainable campus for a better quality life for users. We are interested by the development of micro-gas sensors MOS (metal oxide sensors) and the indoor air quality monitoring in offices, classrooms and meeting rooms. The objective of this study is to control these pollution levels in order to correct them through measures to ventilate the premises. Making a decision about how to correct air quality is an essential step in the process. For example: regulating ventilation in a room if the authorized threshold is exceeded for the identified pollutants. As part of this work, we produced prototypes of miniaturized multi-gas sensors integrated with their electronic card in a witness room and capable of detecting levels of indoor air pollution. These prototypes include a multi-sensor cell (with 4 independent cells), proximity electronics allowing the control and recovery of data from these cells, an IOT (internet of things) type communication module based on the LoRA protocol allowing send to the "Cloud NeoCampus", remotely and wirelessly, an indoor air quality status signal. This multi-sensor is based on semiconductor sensors based on nanostructured metal oxides synthesized at the LCC (coordination chemistry laboratory). [...]
César, William. "Outils numériques et technologiques pour l'analyse de la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1010/document.
The goal of this thesis is the development of technological and numerical tools for the monitoring of indoor air quality. That comprises the design of miniaturized sensors capable of detecting a large number of pollutants, and the development of inverse models allowing the reconstruction of pollutant sources from concentration measurements. In this work we present the realization of a micro-gas chromatograph, miniaturized chemical-analysis system fabricated with silicon-based MEMS technology. The separation column can separate multiple volatile organic compounds in less than a minute. The integrated thermal conductivity detector, based on a 4-points measurement technique coupled with an original temperature control circuit, can detect compounds separated in the column. In order to improve the performances of such micro-chromatographs, stochastic injection techniques have been developped. We have shown that these techniques easily allow to reduce the detection noise by an order of magnitude so that low-concentrated pollutants can be detected. We also observed that it is possible to follow in real time the mean evolution of the concentration with such techniques. We finally developped an original multiplexing technique that allows to monitor multiple sample streams simultaneoulsy with a single sensor. Finally, this work is completed by the development of 2D inverse models that allow, from data measured by micro-chromatographs placed in a room, to reconstruct pollutant sources, concentration fields or airflow patterns. Those models are based on an optimal control approach and use the resolution of Navier-Stokes and diffusion-advection equations with the finite element method. POD orthonormal basis are used for the regularization of the problem
Beauchamp, Maxime. "Contributions de la géostatistique à l'amélioration de l'estimation de la qualité de l'air." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM038.
Geostatistical methods are commonly used in air quality mapping. In France, since 2003, the PREV'AIR system has been broadcasting daily three-days forecasts as well as national and European air quality maps. They are built by a kriging of the observations using the deterministic chemistry-transport model CHIMERE outputs as an external drift. However, many issues or developments remain unresolved.The first part of the thesis aims at improving the local, national and european maps of the main regulated pollutants. Regarding the analysis (mapping of the past observations), we get back to the question of the use of explanatory variables in kriging. What are the best options for a covariate-based modelling of the underlying non stationarity, that also enables downscaling the model outputs? The statistical modelling for the deterministic component of the stochastic process is investigated, as well as the modelling for the covariance of the residual. A focus is also made on the spatial sampling of the monitoring network. The use of PM10 observations to map PM2.5, whose monitoring network is less dense, is studied and a thought is also given to the estimation in far-off extrapolation. Last, we discuss how to extend these methods to the prediction problem (mapping of the future, where no observations are available). Therefore, we could improve the PREV'AIR system which currently dissociates the time and the spatial components of the underlying process. A review of spatio-temporal methods is carried out, and some of them are evaluated.In a second part, some pragmatic though justified approximations are presented to deal with regulatory requirements. At both local and national levels, how the analyses can be used to deduce probability maps of exceedances of the regulatory thresholds? Along this line, we also come back to the question of the spatial representativeness of the monitoring stations. Last, the pragmatic approximations are confronted to non-linear estimations, theoretically more convenient to deal with non-linear functions of the concentrations. We engage a discussion to show the need of considering the appropriate estimation method to compute the surface exceeding the limit value
Malakooti, Hossein. "Météorologie et qualité de l'air dans une grande ville : application sur Téhéran, Iran." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00555962.
Hammond, Janelle K. "Méthodes des bases réduites pour la modélisation de la qualité de l'air urbaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1230/document.
The principal objective of this thesis is the development of low-cost numerical tools for spatial mapping of pollutant concentrations from field observations and advanced deterministic models. With increased pollutant emissions and exposure due to mass urbanization and development worldwide, air quality measurement campaigns and epidemiology studies of the association between air pollution and adverse health effects have become increasingly common. However, as air pollution concentrations are highly variable spatially and temporally, the sensitivity and accuracy of these epidemiology studies is often deteriorated by exposure misclassi cation due to poor estimates of individual exposures. Data assimilation methods incorporate available measurement data and mathematical models to provide improved approximations of the concentration. These methods, when based on an advanced deterministic air quality models (AQMs), could provide spatially-rich small-scale approximations and can enable better estimates of effects and exposures. However, these methods can be computationally expensive. They require repeated solution of the model, which could itself be costly. In this work we investigate a combined reduced basis (RB) data assimilation method for use with advanced AQMs on urban scales. We want to diminish the cost of resolution, using RB arguments, and incorporate measurement data to improve the quality of the solution. We extend the Parameterized-Background Data-Weak (PBDW) method to physically-based AQMs. This method can rapidly estimate "online" pollutant concentrations at urban scale, using available AQMs in a non-intrusive and computationally effcient manner, reducing computation times by factors up to hundreds. We apply this method in case studies representing urban residential pollution of PM2.5, and we study the stability of the method depending on the placement or air quality sensors. Results from the PBDW are compared to the Generalized Empirical Interpolation Method (GEIM) and a standard inverse problem, the adjoint method, in order to measure effciency of the method. This comparison shows possible improvement in precision and great improvement in computation cost with respect to classical methods. We fi nd that the PBDW method shows promise for the real-time reconstruction of a pollution eld in large-scale problems, providing state estimation with approximation error generally under 10% when applied to an imperfect model
Briant, Régis, and Régis Briant. "Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765205.
Ledoux-Henebel, Corinne. "Surveillance de la qualité microbiologique de l'air dans les lieux publics et l'hôpital." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P014.
Hamaoui, Lynda. "Les émissions d'ammoniac par les activités agricoles : impact sur la qualité de l'air." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077111.
A new approach has been set up to compute the ammonia emissions coming from mineral fertilizer spreading over agricultural soils. They are calculated using the one dimensional mechanistic model "VOLT'AIR" which has been coupled with datasets on cultural practices, soil properties and meteorology. NH₃ emissions from other agricultural sources are extracted at local scale from the national spatialised inventory (INS) and thereafter finely spatialised. The modelled emissions show high spatiotemporal variations depending on soil pH, rates and dates of fertilization and meteorological variables, especially soil temperature and wind speed. The comparison of the total ammonia emissions estimated with the new approach VOLT'AIR_INS (VOLT'AIR for mineral fertilization and INS for other agricultural sources) with the standard emissions provided by EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) shows significant differences in the spatial and temporal distributions. To assess and compare the impact of ammonia emission variability on the formation of ammonium nitrate particles, several simulations were carried out with CHIMERE for the period of February-May 2007 using NH₃ emissions from the three methods : VOLT'AIR_INS, INS et EMEP. The results show that changes in ammonia emissions have different effects on particle concentrations depending on regions and nitrate concentrations The comparison of modelled PM10 and ammonium nitrate aerosol with observations shows that the use of the new ammonia emission method improves slightly the spatiotemporal correlation in several regions and lightly reduces thee negative bias (1 to 2 μg/m³ in average)
Demazeux, Coralie. "Performance énergétique et qualité de l'air intérieur : quelles responsabilités des professionnels du bâtiment ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1058.
Buildings have long been considered closed-in self-protected environments. Today, however, numerous scientific innovations show how they affect climate, energy and health related issues. By trying to reduce their impact on these issues, the law is made more complex, new obligations are created. As it happens, the way the law takes into account energy efficiency and indoor air quality affects building professionals liability. This liability covers several levels of responsibility depending on the legal status of the individual looking to institute the proceedings, whether it be the public sphere or a professional cocontractant. Thus professional liablility may be a result, unique, successive, or cumulative, of state control as well as civil responsability, and more specifically of contract law. This doctoral thesis looks to determine whether the numerous foundations and levels of responsibility enable us to sanction unfulfilled obligations, thus improving buildings'energy and sanitary efficiency
Briant, Régis. "Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1115/document.
Roadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution
Briant, Régis. "Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1115.
Roadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution
Beauchamp, Maxime. "Contributions de la géostatistique à l'amélioration de l'estimation de la qualité de l'air." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM038/document.
Geostatistical methods are commonly used in air quality mapping. In France, since 2003, the PREV'AIR system has been broadcasting daily three-days forecasts as well as national and European air quality maps. They are built by a kriging of the observations using the deterministic chemistry-transport model CHIMERE outputs as an external drift. However, many issues or developments remain unresolved.The first part of the thesis aims at improving the local, national and european maps of the main regulated pollutants. Regarding the analysis (mapping of the past observations), we get back to the question of the use of explanatory variables in kriging. What are the best options for a covariate-based modelling of the underlying non stationarity, that also enables downscaling the model outputs? The statistical modelling for the deterministic component of the stochastic process is investigated, as well as the modelling for the covariance of the residual. A focus is also made on the spatial sampling of the monitoring network. The use of PM10 observations to map PM2.5, whose monitoring network is less dense, is studied and a thought is also given to the estimation in far-off extrapolation. Last, we discuss how to extend these methods to the prediction problem (mapping of the future, where no observations are available). Therefore, we could improve the PREV'AIR system which currently dissociates the time and the spatial components of the underlying process. A review of spatio-temporal methods is carried out, and some of them are evaluated.In a second part, some pragmatic though justified approximations are presented to deal with regulatory requirements. At both local and national levels, how the analyses can be used to deduce probability maps of exceedances of the regulatory thresholds? Along this line, we also come back to the question of the spatial representativeness of the monitoring stations. Last, the pragmatic approximations are confronted to non-linear estimations, theoretically more convenient to deal with non-linear functions of the concentrations. We engage a discussion to show the need of considering the appropriate estimation method to compute the surface exceeding the limit value
Doucet, Louise. "La Loi sur l'assainissement de l'air du Nouveau-Brunswick, le public est-il désormais mieux habilité à sauvegarder la qualité de l'air?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23724.pdf.
Robache, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols dans l'air ambiant : application à la recherche de sources." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-320-321.pdf.
Korsakissok, Irène. "Changements d'échelle en modélisation de la qualité de l'air et estimation des incertitudes associées." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596384.
Diallo, Thierno Mamadou Oury. "Impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l'air intérieur des bâtiments." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS416/document.
Transfer of soil gas pollutants (Radon, VOC) into buildings can cause significant health risks. However, analytical models used today to estimate health risks associated with these pollutants contain many uncertainties which can lead to poor risk assessment. Initially, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of these models for risk assessment. Secondly, we propose the development of air flow model for passive Sub slab Depressurization Systems (SDS) design used to protect buildings. The improvement of models focused on the inclusion of the main phenomena of convection and diffusion at building/soil interface, taking into account different types of building substructures. The first improvement concerns the assessment of convection phenomenon through the development of analytical models to quantify air flow rates entering through many kinds of building substructures: floating slab, bearing slab, crawl space and basement. Buildings with buried walls and substructures with a sub slab gravel layer are also treated. A methodology taking into account the presence of cracks, holes and singular leakages of the slab is also proposed. The second improvement of the models is the inclusion of coupled transfer of convection and diffusion near foundations. A numerical study allowed a better understanding of the behavior of pollutants at soil / building interface. Based on this understanding, semi-empirical laws for estimating soil gas pollutants entry rate into buildings are proposed. The various models developed have been validated numerically using a CFD model and experimentally with data from the literature when available. The impact of building substructure on pollutant transfer has been highlighted. A first application of the model is illustrated by their integration into a multizone simulation code to study the impact of these transfers on indoor air quality. Finally, the work ends with the development of a model for designing passive sub slab depressurization systems. The design model developed is validated with in situ experimental data. Preliminary applications using this model focused at first on the impact of meteorological conditions (stack effect, wind) on the sub slab system running. At second, the impact of ventilation strategies on sub slab depressurization performance is studied. Thus, we see the potential interest of this model to test the effective running of passive sub slab depressurization systems in given configuration
Bourdin-Korsakissok, Irène. "Changements d'échelles en modélisation de la qualité de l'air et estimation des incertitudes associées." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584389.
Puente, Lelievre Celine. "La qualité de l'air en milieu aéroportuaire : étude sur l'aéroport Paris-Charles-De-Gaulle." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00477424.
Duquette-Lozeau, Karine. "Qualité microbiologique de l'air et de la litière de fumier recyclé en production laitière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37632.
Recycled manure solids (RMS) (solid-liquid separation f fresh manure where the solid fraction is used as bedding) gain rising interest in Quebec’s dairy industry. However, RMS use’s associated risks on human and animal health are unknown. This study tried to identify the best composting method regarding to air quality in dairy barns. Four composting methods were tested: SW) static, TW) daily turned, DC24) static after 24 h in a drum composter and DC72) static after 72 h in a drum composter. Air sampling were done with a liquid sampler and a filter sampler at days 0, 5 and 10. Dust concentrations were measured by an optical particle counter. Microorganisms were analysed by culture (mesophilic bacteria and fungi, thermotolerant fungi) or by qPCR for total bacteria (16s rDNA) and Penicillium/Aspergillus (ITS1), as well for several pathogenic agents and a carbapeneme resistance gene (KPC). At day 0 and 5, SW, TW and DC24 lead to the lowest concentrations for dust and mesophilic fungi. Total bacteria were lower for SW and TW, while Penicillium/Aspergillus were lower for DC24. At day 5, DC24 and DC72 lead to the lowest concentrations for dust, while SW and TW lead to lower concentrations for mesophilic fungi, total bacteria and Penicillium/Aspergillus. At day 10, dust and Penicillium/Aspergillus were lower for SW and TW, while total bacteria were lower for DC72 and no mesophilic fungi did not differ. For the three sampling days, SW lead to lower concentration of mesophilic bacteria than DC72. No thermotolerant fungi or endotoxins results differ and no pathogenic agent or the carbapenem resistance gene were detected by qPCR. Thus, SW and TW seem to be the methods to privilege regarding air quality in dairy barns.
Akoua, Aké Ahiman. "Appréciation de l'efficacité de la ventilation pour l'étude de la qualité de l'air intérieur." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS119.
An efficient ventilation system provides a good indoor air quality by eliminating air pollutants and ensuring a satisfactory air renewal. Unlike most research works that deal with test cells with controlled boundary conditions, our study focuses on ventilation efficiency in a real environment. In situ experiments are performed and provide the boundary conditions necessary for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) computations. Using CFD for predicting indoor air quality in a real environment is thus analyzed. The influence of permeability on numerical predictions quality is shown. Unfortunately, it is difficult to quantify accurately the air leakages and their airflow rates. Our study proposes a simplified model that includes air infiltration rates in the CFD computations, and that yields satisfactory results. A critical analysis of ventilation efficiency indices is then performed. It is shown that it is currently impossible to evaluate the air change efficiency ( ) in an occupied zone. Concerning the air pollutants removal effectiveness, it is shown that the usual index is not suited to ventilation systems with variable airflow rates. For such cases, a new formulation of this index is given. The ratio between the airflow rate and the nominal airflow rate of the ventilation system is also taken into consideration. A coupled analysis of this new index and of this airflow rate ratio enables us to assess the air pollutants removal effectiveness while considering the energetic cost of ventilation. We finally show that there is no universal index. The choice of the index depends on the pollutant, on the pollutant's concentration, and on the airflow rate. A tool of decision-making aid is thus proposed in order to evaluate the air pollutants removal effectiveness for various ventilation systems. This tool is flexible and rather simple to use
Sabatier, Tiphaine. "Circulations à fine échelle et qualité de l'air hivernal dans une vallée alpine urbanisée." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30340/document.
Air quality issues are frequent in urbanized valleys, particularly in wintertime under anticyclonic conditions. Pollution episodes occur due to the combination of increased emissions and atmospheric stratification that inhibits vertical mixing and isolates the valley atmosphere from large-scale dynamics. The transport of pollutants then becomes mainly driven by local thermally driven flows that largely depend on local characteristics and are difficult to represent in numerical weather prediction models. Improving the forecasting of winter pollution situations in mountain areas therefore requires a better understanding of local dynamics under stable conditions. This thesis fall within this objective and aims at improving the understanding of local wind dynamics at valley scale. It is based on high-resolution numerical simulations performed with Méso-NH and data from the Passy-2015 field experiment that took place during the winter of 2014-2015 within the Passy basin, located near Mont-Blanc and at the confluence of three valleys. The PM10 concentrations observed in this basin regularly exceed the regulatory thresholds and show marked heterogeneities within the basin and with adjacent valleys. The wind dynamics study highlights local flow characteristics that are consistent with the PM10 heterogeneities observed within the valley. In particular, flows within the basin show a stratified structure and give rise to heterogeneous ventilation levels. During the day, mass exchanges preferentially occur between the sunniest valley sections. At night, the convergence of flows from tributary valleys, along with the local orography, induces a very heterogeneous flow structure on the vertical and horizontal in the Passy basin. These characteristics tend to reduce ventilation in the basin especially in the eastern sector, which is also the most polluted sector during wintertime episodes. As spring approaches, the increase of solar radiation balances inter-valley mass exchanges, thus reducing pollutant accumulation within the basin. The analysis of mechanisms controlling local circulations underlines the importance of fine scale characteristics of topography and surface (snow cover) that determine the distribution of energy received at the surface
Castanet, Sophie. "Contribution à l'étude de la ventilation et de la qualité de l'air intérieur des locaux." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0112.
The present study deals with indoor climate. It is mainly based on an experimental work. This presentation falls into 4 parts. The first part is a literature survey which allowed us to determine 4 entries to vary and 3 parameters to assess our tests. As parameters, we chose: the ventilation type (either mixing or displacement ventilation), the exhaust position, the air supply temperature and the air change rate. To assess the different configurations, we selected temperature and concentration efficiencies. In the mean time, in order to take thermal comfort into account, we decided to calculate the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). In the second part, we present the experimental set-up. Then, measurements of temperature and velocity of the air and concentration of tracer gas allowed us to notice that, on the whole, in terms of efficiency, results are quite close one to each other and close to unity. In terms of thermal comfort, we obtained a slight feeling of coolness which, globally, is satisfying according to normative criterion. More precisely, 4 main results came out: Concerning the ventilation type, displacement ventilation is better than mixing ventilation without affecting thermal corn fort. Among mixing ventilation configurations, it appeared that, according to temperature and concentration efficiency values, distinction mainly depended on temperature difference between supply and occupancy zone. In addition, the exhaust position was not the most relevant parameter. Finally increasing air change rate did improve neither efficiencies nor thermal comfort. We then compared our measurements to results obtained with a zonal model. The model appeared to be very good at predicting thermal indoor climate but as it does not take gas diffusion into account, it cannot be efficient to describe tracer gas concentration fields
Danatoiu, Cristina. "Étude des phénomènes d'adsorption et désorption de composes organiques volatils sur charbon actif : Application to the improvement of industrial atmospheres." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0118.
A study of the adsorption and desorption processes of organic volatile compounds on active charcoal vas performed, in order to improve the quality of the atmosphere in car painting places. This work was done with solvents that already exist in these atmospheres, particularly toluene, butanol, n-butyl-acetate, xylene and cyclohexanone, onto four active charcoals, two Romanian: RCAFS and AD3 commercialised by ROMCARBON and two french ones, AC35 and AC40, commercialised by CECA. Several analysis techniques were used: gas-chromatography, thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. The study takes into account the theoretical aspects of the retention processes of the solvents onto porous solids, at microscopical level, with the help of adsorption isotherms of the toluene on the charcoals. The breakthrough of the charcoals by the pure solvents was obtained, in order to determine the optimal conditions and the values of the constants that intervene in the modelisation of an adsorber. The desorption with hot air was also studied, aiming to the regeneration of the charcoals and in the same time the recuperation of the sol vents. The adsorption-desorption cycles permitted also the verification of the behaviour of the charcoals intime. Coupling thermogravimetrical analysis with mass spectrometry (DTG-DTP/SM) allowed to perform a programmed temperature study who retrieved the fabrication tar (naphthenic compound) in greater or smaller quantities, depending on the charcoal used. The desorption energies were also evaluated. The association of all the results made possible the calculation of the working of an adsorber provided with these active charcoals
Cariou, Stéphane. "Contamination organique de l'air dans les environnements maîtrisés : étude, suivi analytique et optimisation des performances d'un traitement par adsorption." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EMSE0022.
Nowadays, particulate contamination is well controlled in environments such as clean rooms, so one of the purposes of such industries is now to eliminate the organic contamination. Indeed, in order to pursue industrial developments, for example in micro-electronics, air quality in controlled environments will have to be increasingly high. Currently, adsorption on activated carbon is used to trap organic compounds. However, the operating conditions (temperature, moisture, throughput speed) are not well adapted to this technique of purification. The purposes of this study are the development of a system to simulate various atmospheres, the development of an analytical method to follow organic contamination, the test of a commercial media with different conditions and the suggestion of improvements to increase the level of purification. In this work, an atmosphere generating device, in dynamic mode, was developed and two preconcentration techniques (Packed cartridges and SPME fibers) were tested for the analytical monitoring of weak organic compound concentrations. The system could evaluate the purification capacity of the current filters by showing the strong points and the weak points of current operation. Then, modification in experimental parameters resulted in proposing modification of treatment device in order to increase elimination capacity filters. An index of follow-up of the air quality, the GAPI (Global Airborne Pollutant Indicator), was also developed during this study. It allows balancing concentration to adjust contaminant impact compared to air quality related to production targets
Zheng, Wuyin. "Développement d'un analyseur rapide et transportable du formaldéhyde dans l'air." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6282.
Formaldehyde is a major pollutant of indoor air where its sources are multiple (materials, combustion, etc. ). The objective of this work is to develop a selective and portable analyzer for gaseous formaldehyde, with a time resolution of a few minutes, a detection limit lower than 1 μg. M-3 and a relatively low cost to purchase and then for its operation. The principle of our analyzer is based on a chemical method of detecting the concentration of formaldehyde gas, previously taken up into a solution to form a fluorescent species (DDL) by reaction of formaldehyde with fluoral-P, a selective agent derivative. The analyzer measures concentrations of formaldehyde in 3 steps strongly coupled to each other : 1) the uptake of gaseous formaldehyde into an aqueous solution ; 2) the selective derivatization of formaldehyde by reaction with fluoral-P ; 3) the analysis of the reaction product by fluorescence spectroscopy. A patent relating to the analytical method developed in this work was submitted in june 2009 and published in december 2010. From our manual system, a first automatic prototype was achieved. The various experiments performed with this prototype have shown that our analyzer can highlight some fine temporal variations of formaldehyde concentrations in indoor or outdoor atmospheres. It actually responds to the specifications originally planned, and even allows to measure formaldehyde levels 25 times lower (0,04 μg. M-3) than the limit of detection of 1 μg. M-3 initially expected
Nicolas, Mélanie. "Ozone et qualité de l'air intérieur : interactions avec les produits de construction et de décoration." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134593.
Un banc d'exposition contrôlée a été mis au point pour étudier les interactions entre l'ozone et seize produits de construction et de décoration fréquemment rencontrés dans les environnements intérieurs. Pour tous les matériaux testés, une disparition d'ozone significative, comprise entre 8% pour une peinture glycérophtalique et 89% pour un lambris en pin brut, a été observée. Des vitesses apparentes de dépôt de l'ozone sur les matériaux variant de 0,003 à 0,158 cm•s-1 ont été calculées. Les émissions des matériaux sont modifiées en présence d'ozone. Certains composés sont détectés en concentrations inférieures (styrène, alcènes C12) tandis que d'autres sont retrouvés en concentrations nettement supérieures, notamment des aldéhydes (formaldéhyde, acétaldéhyde, benzaldéhyde, C5 à C10), des cétones et des acides carboxyliques. Lors d'essais conduits sur un lambris en pin, la prédominance des mécanismes hétérogènes dans la disparition d'ozone a été mise en évidence, la contribution des réactions en phase homogène étant estimée entre 5 et 20 %.
L'impact de la pollution photochimique sur la qualité de l'air intérieur a été étudié durant les étés 2003 et 2004 dans la maison expérimentale MARIA du CSTB. Il apparaît que la pollution extérieure (NO, NO2 et O3) est complètement transférée dans la pièce par le système de ventilation. Près de 80% à 95% de l'ozone est éliminé à l'intérieur de la pièce, témoignant ainsi de la présence d'importants puits d'ozone. Des sous-produits réactionnels ont été identifiés, en particulier le formaldéhyde, l'hexaldéhyde, le benzaldéhyde et le nonanal. Il apparaît que la réactivité en phase hétérogène prédomine sur les réactions en phase gazeuse, bien que des réactions d'ozonolyse d'alpha-pinène aient été observées dans la pièce. Les variations quotidiennes des concentrations intérieures de l'ozone et de certains composés (formaldéhyde, hexaldéhyde) soulignent le rôle de la réactivité chimique et des paramètres environnementaux (surtout la température) sur les émissions de certains matériaux, et donc sur leurs concentrations dans l'air intérieur.
Un modèle simple de prédiction des concentrations intérieures de polluants a été mis au point. Les prévisions sont réalisées d'après les concentrations extérieures des polluants et intègrent la réactivité en phase homogène et en phase hétérogène. Pour NO, les données simulées et réelles sont quasiment identiques tandis que le modèle surestime les concentrations intérieures de NO2, probablement du fait de l'absence de prise en compte du dépôt de NO2 sur les surfaces intérieures. Les prévisions des concentrations intérieures d'ozone sont très satisfaisantes.
Bouilly, Jérôme. "Etude de l'impact de la pollution particulaire sur la qualité de l'air intérieur en site urbain." La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROS106.
The present study concerns the relationship between the outdoor particle pollution and the pollution inside a ventilated building in urban site. The main goal is to evaluate and improve prediction tools in order to better assess people exposure to particle pollution. After a first part dedicated to the state of the art of solid particles physics, we present two experimental studies. The first one aims to evaluate the particle deposition in ventilated ducts and the second one is focused on the particle behaviour inside a ventilated room. Results show that the ventilation strategy has a great influence on particle deposition, and therefore the limits of global approach models. The last part is dedicated to the development of a particle dispersion numerical model. This model, by determining the particle trajectories in the three dimensions space, allows a better prediction of the indoor particle air quality
Grondin, Pierre. "Applications de la spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier à l'analyse de la qualité de l'air." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25600.pdf.
Lakhouit, Abderrahim. "Modélisation de la qualité de l'air dans une unité de bronchoscopie influence des stratégies de ventilation." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2011. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/863/1/LAKHOUIT_Abderrahim.pdf.
Claeyman, Marine. "Etude par modélisation et assimilation de données d'un capteur infrarouge géostationnaire pour la qualité de l'air." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1216/.
The objective of this thesis is to define a geostationary infrared sensor to observe the atmospheric composition of the lowermost troposphere. We evaluate the potential added value of such an instrument at characterizing the variability of the main pollutants and improving air quality observations and forecasts. We focus on two air quality key pollutants: tropospheric ozone, because of its impact on human health, ecosystems and climate; carbon monoxide (CO), which is a tracer of pollutants emissions. Firstly, an evaluation of a linear scheme for the CO chemistry during one year and a half has been performed in comparison with a detailed chemical scheme (RACMOBUS) and different tropospheric and stratospheric observations (satellite and aircraft data). The advantage of such a scheme is its low computational cost which allows data assimilation of CO during long periods. Assimilation of CO data from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument allows us to evaluate the information brought by such infrared observations at the global scale. Secondly, the optimal configuration of a new infrared geostationary sensor has been defined using retrieval studies of atmospheric spectra with the objectives to contribute to the monitoring of ozone and CO for air quality purposes; our constraint also set the ground for a sensor with technically feasible and affordable characteristics. For reference, the information content of this instrument has been compared during summer to the information content from another infrared geostationary instrument similar to MTG-IRS (Meteosat Third Generation - Infrared Sounder), optimized to monitor water vapour and temperature but with monitoring atmospheric composition as Lastly, the potential added value of both instruments for air quality prognoses has been compared using observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) over two summer months (July - August 2009). The skill of the two instruments to correct different error sources (atmospheric forcing, emission, initial state and the three conditions together) affecting air quality simulations and forecasts, has been characterised. In the end, it is concluded that the instrument configuration proposed is effectively able to bring a constraint on ozone and CO fields in the mid-to-low troposphere
Stromatas, Stavros. "Contributions relatives des aérosols minéraux et de feux sur la qualité de l'air en Euro-Méditérrannée." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EPXX0029.
Gilbert, Jean-Philippe. "La qualité de l'air au Québec : évolution spatio-temporelle de l'ozone troposphérique et des matières particulaires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30329.
Stromatas, Stavros. "Contributions relatives des aérosols minéraux et de feux sur la qualité de l'air en Euro-Méditerrannée." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00844872.
Grimaldi, Frédérique. "Etude de la qualité chimique de l'air à l'intérieur de locaux à Marseille et dans sa région." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11036.
Abdallah, Charbel. "Evaluation des émissions et de la modélisation de la qualité de l'air sur Beyrouth et le Liban." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1080/document.
Because of health and environmental problems related to air pollution in Lebanon, the number of studies investigating this matter has increased over the years to ensure a proper understanding of the situation, including measurements of air quality, studies on pollutant emissions and modeling of atmospheric concentrations using the chemistry transport model (CTM) WRF/Polyphemus. To model air quality in Lebanon, previous studies have identified several difficulties including: an overestimation of ozone concentrations by a factor of 2 in the modeling results of WRF/Polyphemus during summer 2012, a local VOC emission profile from road transport that is different from those found in developed countries. Consequently, the objectives of this thesis are: to improve the performance of Polyphemus over Lebanon by improving the boundary conditions of the simulation of, to evaluate the model for the year 2014 using new observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network, to measure emission factors from road transport in a tunnel in Beirut and compare those data to those observed in developed countries. To improve the performance of the CTM over Lebanon, this thesis compares the concentrations simulated with two different emission inventories and with different methods of estimating boundary conditions. For emissions, two inventories are compared: one that was recently set up specifically for Lebanon, and a global inventory, called EDGAR-HTAP, which combines measured emissions for developed countries and modelled emissions for the remaining countries Even though EDGAR-HTAP is commonly used in global air-quality models, significant differences in the estimation and the spatial distribution of the emissions are identified compared to the inventory specifically developed for Lebanon. In the simulations of the previous studies over Lebanon, boundary conditions were estimated using global simulations from the model MOZART-4. A regional domain over Middle East is introduced into the modeling chain to cushion the change in the horizontal resolution between the global model (≥ 1°) and the Lebanon domain (0.055°). The results from this change showed a significant improvement in the model performance over Lebanon, especially for ozone. This new modeling configuration (nested domains, Middle East and Lebanon is then used to model the year 2014 and it is evaluated using the observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network. For air-quality pollutants, the model performance is satisfactory, as using published criteria. However, weather modeling (Wind speed and Direction) should be improved, and we should take into account the impact on emissions of the demographic changes between the year for which inventory was designed (2011) and the modeled year (2014) due to the population displacement induced by the Syrian war.Concerning emission factors (EF) of road transport, we performed a measurement campaign at the Salim Slam tunnel in Beirut in 2014. The emission factors for the different pollutants (CO, NOx, PM2.5, VOC) were measured for the average traffic. Compared to other studies, the local EF are higher than those measured in developed countries even though they tend to be reduced, as a result of the changes in the fleet characteristics, compared to the values measured back in 2000
Abdallah, Charbel. "Evaluation des émissions et de la modélisation de la qualité de l'air sur Beyrouth et le Liban." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1080.
Because of health and environmental problems related to air pollution in Lebanon, the number of studies investigating this matter has increased over the years to ensure a proper understanding of the situation, including measurements of air quality, studies on pollutant emissions and modeling of atmospheric concentrations using the chemistry transport model (CTM) WRF/Polyphemus. To model air quality in Lebanon, previous studies have identified several difficulties including: an overestimation of ozone concentrations by a factor of 2 in the modeling results of WRF/Polyphemus during summer 2012, a local VOC emission profile from road transport that is different from those found in developed countries. Consequently, the objectives of this thesis are: to improve the performance of Polyphemus over Lebanon by improving the boundary conditions of the simulation of, to evaluate the model for the year 2014 using new observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network, to measure emission factors from road transport in a tunnel in Beirut and compare those data to those observed in developed countries. To improve the performance of the CTM over Lebanon, this thesis compares the concentrations simulated with two different emission inventories and with different methods of estimating boundary conditions. For emissions, two inventories are compared: one that was recently set up specifically for Lebanon, and a global inventory, called EDGAR-HTAP, which combines measured emissions for developed countries and modelled emissions for the remaining countries Even though EDGAR-HTAP is commonly used in global air-quality models, significant differences in the estimation and the spatial distribution of the emissions are identified compared to the inventory specifically developed for Lebanon. In the simulations of the previous studies over Lebanon, boundary conditions were estimated using global simulations from the model MOZART-4. A regional domain over Middle East is introduced into the modeling chain to cushion the change in the horizontal resolution between the global model (≥ 1°) and the Lebanon domain (0.055°). The results from this change showed a significant improvement in the model performance over Lebanon, especially for ozone. This new modeling configuration (nested domains, Middle East and Lebanon is then used to model the year 2014 and it is evaluated using the observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network. For air-quality pollutants, the model performance is satisfactory, as using published criteria. However, weather modeling (Wind speed and Direction) should be improved, and we should take into account the impact on emissions of the demographic changes between the year for which inventory was designed (2011) and the modeled year (2014) due to the population displacement induced by the Syrian war.Concerning emission factors (EF) of road transport, we performed a measurement campaign at the Salim Slam tunnel in Beirut in 2014. The emission factors for the different pollutants (CO, NOx, PM2.5, VOC) were measured for the average traffic. Compared to other studies, the local EF are higher than those measured in developed countries even though they tend to be reduced, as a result of the changes in the fleet characteristics, compared to the values measured back in 2000
Fiore, Camille. "Le management des relations inter-organisationnelles : le cas des politiques publiques d'amélioration de la qualité de l'air." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0178.
Air pollution is responsible for 48,000 to 100,000 premature deaths in France every year. Recently, the French State has been condemned twice by the justice because of recurrent exceedances of nitrogen dioxide and PM10 emissions and is facing a fine of 100 million. Following the last territorial reforms, the different local levels have to face a state injunction, namely a collective and coherent work on a very large territory. However, the creation of metropolises, the merging of Communes and Intercommunalities, and the modification of competences are all elements that call into question the territorial balance (Olive, 2015). Thus, a question remains as to how these actors should organize collaborative strategies. Our doctoral research, which follows an initial exploratory research conducted in 2016 on the metropolitan territory of Greater Paris, questions the functioning of this cross-cutting work. In this framework, we mobilize the concept of inter-organizational relations (IOR) and choose to inscribe our work in a pluralist (Lumineau and Oliveira, 2018), complex (Morin, 1977-2004) and paradoxical (Smith and Lewis, 2011) approach. Thus, we seek to understand the extent to which IORs can be used as a strategic lever in the context of air quality improvement. This thesis is based on a multiple case study with an embedded design grouping the metropolitan territories of Paris, Grenoble and Strasbourg. It contributes to enriching the concept of RIOs so that practitioners may be able to consider them in their strategic dimension, notably through the implementation of a territorial value network
Renouard, Mathilde. "Vers de nouveaux matériaux poreux pour l’adsorption d’odeurs de l'air habitacle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLS019.
The impact of indoor air pollution is the most pronounced among humans, since about 90% of the time is spent indoors (home, workplace, vehicle ...). The origin of this pollution is partly due to the release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that induces various health issues or olfactory discomfort when they are breathed in high concentration or during a prolonged period. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) appear as very promising materials for their capture. Indeed, their high degree of modularity allows to design the adequate structure and composition according to the targeted application.This Ph.D. project aims at studying the key physico-chemical properties required for MOFs to efficiently adsorb VOCs originating especially from car passenger compartment. The study involved the set-up of two analytical experimental protocols. The first one allowing a selection of materials that are further in-depth analyses by the second one, and coupled with a theoretical study for VOC-MOF interactions modeling. The performance of a series of ten MOFs was therefore evaluated against three typical VOCs under various conditions: pure component, mixture, humidity conditions, under dynamic and static states. Key parameters of the MOFs were thus identified for the efficient capture of VOCs (aromatic spacer, Lewis’s acidity, Bronsted acidity...)