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Journal articles on the topic 'Quadrupolar phase'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Amm, David T., Stanley L. Segel, and Kenneth R. Jeffrey. "Hydroxide-ion dynamics in cesium hydroxide: a deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance study." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-004.

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CSOD exists in a number of solid phases that are distinguished by the different equilibrium positions and dynamics of the OD− ion. Deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used as a probe because the observed quadrupolar split spectra provide a sensitive means of detecting changes in the symmetry properties of the unit cell and the motion of the O—D bond. Measurements are reported for the nuclear quadrupole coupling constant and the effective asymmetry parameter over the range from 100 to 500 K. The NMR data as well as differential thermal analysis confirm phase transitions from the cubic (Pm3m) to the high-temperature orthorhombic phase (Cmcm) at 497 K and a transition to a lower temperature phase at 247 K. The quadrupolar split spectra in the region from 497 to 247 K are consistent with a twofold reorientation of the O—D bond throughout this phase. The effective asymmetry parameter of the quadrupolar interaction increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, indicating a substantial change in the angle of reorientation. Below 247 K the spectra suggest that the motion of the OD− ion slows down on the time scale of the NMR line width (10−5 s).

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2

O’Shea, Seamus F., Girija S. Dubey, and Jayendran C. Rasaiah. "Phase transitions of quadrupolar fluids." Journal of Chemical Physics 107, no. 1 (July 1997): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.474370.

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3

Makrinich, Maria, and Amir Goldbourt. "1H-Detected quadrupolar spin–lattice relaxation measurements under magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR." Chemical Communications 55, no. 39 (2019): 5643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc01176e.

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4

Kadowaki, H., H. Takatsu, T. Taniguchi, B. Fåk, and J. Ollivier. "Composite Spin and Quadrupole Wave in the Ordered Phase of Tb2+xTi2-xO7+y." SPIN 05, no. 02 (June 2015): 1540003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010324715400032.

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The hidden ordered state of the frustrated pyrochlore oxide Tb 2+x Ti 2-x O 7+y is possibly one of the two electric multipolar, or quadrupolar, states of the effective pseudospin-1/2 Hamiltonian derived from crystal-field ground state doublets of non-Kramers Tb 3+ ions. These long-range orders are antiparallel or parallel alignments of transverse pseudospin components representing electric quadrupole moments, which cannot be observed as magnetic Bragg reflections by neutron scattering. However, pseudospin waves of these states are composite waves of the magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole moments, and can be partly observed by inelastic magnetic neutron scattering. We calculate these spin-quadrupole waves using linear spin-wave theory and discuss previously observed low-energy magnetic excitation spectra of a polycrystalline sample with x = 0.005(T c = 0.5 K).

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5

Lim, C. C. "Phase Transition to Quadrupolar Vortices in a Spherical Model of the Energy-Enstrophy Theory — Exact Solution." Nelineinaya Dinamika 16, no. 4 (2020): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/nd200402.

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A new energy-enstrophy model for the equilibrium statistical mechanics of barotropic flow on a sphere is introduced and solved exactly for phase transitions to quadrupolar vortices when the kinetic energy level is high. Unlike the Kraichnan theory, which is a Gaussian model, we substitute a microcanonical enstrophy constraint for the usual canonical one, a step which is based on sound physical principles. This yields a spherical model with zero total circulation, a microcanonical enstrophy constraint and a canonical constraint on energy, with angular momentum fixed to zero. A closed-form solution of this spherical model, obtained by the Kac – Berlin method of steepest descent, provides critical temperatures and amplitudes of the symmetry-breaking quadrupolar vortices. This model and its results differ from previous solvable models for related phenomena in the sense that they are not based on a mean-field assumption.

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6

Zhang, Weilu, Shangfei Wu, Shigeru Kasahara, Takasada Shibauchi, Yuji Matsuda, and Girsh Blumberg. "Quadrupolar charge dynamics in the nonmagnetic FeSe1−xSx superconductors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (May 12, 2021): e2020585118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020585118.

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We use polarization-resolved electronic Raman spectroscopy to study quadrupolar charge dynamics in a nonmagnetic FeSe1−xSx superconductor. We observe two types of long-wavelength XY symmetry excitations: 1) a low-energy quasi-elastic scattering peak (QEP) and 2) a broad electronic continuum with a maximum at 55 meV. Below the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural transition at TS(x), a pseudogap suppression with temperature dependence reminiscent of the nematic order parameter develops in the XY symmetry spectra of the electronic excitation continuum. The QEP exhibits critical enhancement upon cooling toward TS(x). The intensity of the QEP grows with increasing sulfur concentration x and maximizes near critical concentration xcr≈0.16, while the pseudogap size decreases with the suppression of TS(x). We interpret the development of the pseudogap in the quadrupole scattering channel as a manifestation of transition from the non-Fermi liquid regime, dominated by strong Pomeranchuk-like fluctuations giving rise to intense electronic continuum of excitations in the fourfold symmetric high-temperature phase, to the Fermi liquid regime in the broken-symmetry nematic phase where the quadrupole fluctuations are suppressed.

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7

Harris, A. Brooks, and Horst Meyer. "Orientational ordering in solid ortho–para H2 mixtures and analogy with a spin glass." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-002.

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A review is presented of our understanding of the orientational ordering in solid hydrogen, where ortho-H2 molecules are subject to anisotropic electric quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. This review pertains to solid H2 at low pressures and is concerned mostly with NMR experiments. After a discussion of the phase transition from the disordered hexagonal close-packed (hep) to the long-range ordered cubic phase, a description is given of experimental investigations of the ordering in the hep phase for ortho concentrations X < 0.53. This ordering appears to take place continuously as the temperature decreases. The question as to whether or not this phase is to be called a quadrupolar glass phase is addressed, and comparison is made with the orientational freezing in other compounds. A theoretical analysis is given to show that the ortho–para mixture is the analog of a spin glass in a random field for which no phase transition is expected.

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8

Akazawa, Teruhiko, Takashi Suzuki, Hiroshi Goshima, Tomohiro Tahara, Toshizo Fujita, Toshiro Takabatake, and Hironobu Fujii. "Quadrupolar and Magnetic Phase Diagram of UNiSn." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 67, no. 9 (September 15, 1998): 3256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.67.3256.

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9

Scalise, O. H., R. D. Gianotti, G. J. Zarragoicoechea, and A. E. Rodríguez. "Phase equilibria in quadrupolar fluid binary mixtures." Journal of Chemical Physics 89, no. 2 (July 15, 1988): 1078–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.455261.

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10

Vega, C., B. Garzón, S. Lago, and P. A. Monson. "Understanding the phase diagrams of quadrupolar molecules." Journal of Molecular Liquids 76, no. 3 (May 1998): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7322(98)00060-9.

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11

Onodera, H., J. Kaya, H. Yamauchi, K. Indoh, A. Tobo, K. Ohoyama, and Y. Yamaguchi. "A new phase boundary in quadrupolar ordered phase of Dy0.9Gd0.1B2C2." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 272-276 (May 2004): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.11.248.

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12

Erdinç, Ahmet, and Mustafa Keskin. "Quadrupolar ordering and metastable phase diagram in a ferroquadrupolar phase." Physics Letters A 320, no. 1 (December 2003): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2003.11.003.

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13

Martinez, Franklin, Alexander Herlert, Gerrit Marx, Lutz Schweikhard, and Noelle Walsh. "Unintended Parametric Ejection of Ions from an Ion Cyclotron Resonance Trap by Two-Electrode Axialization." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 15, no. 2 (April 2009): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.962.

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Azimuthal quadrupolar excitation is a commonly used technique in the field of ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, in particular in combination with buffer-gas collisions to achieve axialization of the stored ions. If the quadrupolar excitation is applied with only one phase to a set of two opposing ring segments (rather than the “regular” method where two sets of electrodes are addressed with opposite polarities), parametric resonance effects at the frequencies 2μ z and μp = μ+ – μ– can lead to unintended ejection of ions from the trap. These parametric resonances have been revisited both theoretically and experimentally: multipole components of different azimuthal excitation schemes are derived by a simple vector representation of the excitation signal applied to the ring segments. Thus, parametric contributions can be easily identified, as demonstrated for the two-electrode and the four-electrode quadrupolar excitation schemes as well as further examples. In addition, the effect of the single-phase two-electrode quadrupolar excitation is demonstrated for storage and axialization of cluster ions.

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14

Maćkowiak, Mariusz, and Piotr Kątowski. "2D Off-Resonance Nutation NQR Spectroscopy of Spin 3/2 Nuclei." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 53, no. 6-7 (July 1, 1998): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1998-6-705.

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Abstract The effects of off-resonance irradiation in nutation NQR experiments are demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. The theoretical description of the off-resonance effects in 2D nutation NQR spectroscopy is given, and general exact formulas for the asymmetry parameter are obtained. It is shown that the outcome of the off-resonance nutation experiments depends on the data acquisition procedure, leading to one- or three-line nutation spectra. To explain this fact and to describe the off-resonance nutation experiment properly, the transient response theory of a quadrupolar spin system to an RF pulse was modified using the wave-function approach. The 2D separation of interactions technique has been applied to separate a static and a randomly time-fluctuating dynamic part of the quadrupole interaction in the antiferroelectric phase of poly-crystalline ammonium dihydrogen arsenate.Two-dimensional off-resonance nutation NQR spectroscopy has been used to determine the full quadrupolar tensor of spin-3/2 nuclei in several molecular crystals containing the 35Cl and 75As nuclei. The off-resonance phenomena in 2D NQR are very important from the practical point of view (determination of ƞ in multiple or broad-line spectrum) and also provide interesting information on the dynamic properties of a quadrupolar spin system.

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15

Smith, J. A. S. "Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance: The Present State and Further Development." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1986): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-1-289.

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The importance of nuclear electric quadrupole interactions in chemistry, both present and future, depends very much on their power to resolve problems in electronic structure and molecular dynamics. Fortunately, the subject, by its very nature, is “multinuclear”; even if the ground state of a given nucleus is non-quadrupolar, there often exist excited nuclear states which are, an example being 19F, for which quadrupole coupling constants are now being published from angular correlation measurements. Other new techniques are constantly extending the range of the experiments, recent examples being the use of SQUID magnetometers to detect acoustic 121Sb and 123Sb quadrupole resonance in antimony metal and Fourier transform quadrupole resonance spectroscopy based on fast field cycling to measure 2H quadrupole interactions in powders. Recently, much work on quadrupole interactions in solids of half-integral spin nuclei such as 17O or 27Al has been pursued in two different ways; by quadrupole double resonance in natural abundance, and nuclear magnetic resonance in very high magnetic fields, for which enrichment of low-abundance nuclei such as 170 is often required. In the liquid phase, measurements are now sufficiently reliable for comparisons of changes in the nuclear electric quadrupole tensor from gas to liquid and solid phases to be made. The new methods of partial alignment of polar molecules in the liquid phase in strong electric fields, or magnetically anisotropic molecules in high magnetic fields, seem certain to contribute to these developments.

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16

Lobo, Cesar De Oliveira, and Vitor Hugo F. Santos. "Análogo quadrupolar para a Fase Nemática." Ciência e Natura 13, no. 13 (December 9, 1991): 07. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x26271.

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We obtained a full hamiltonian to the nematic phase of liquid crystals, whic his analog to the Ising model for a system of spin-1 particles. In this hamiltonian we considered that the main interations are quadripole-like and that they are wehkly coupled to an uniform and transverse electric or magnectic external field.

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17

Liu, Di, Pai Peng, Wenjie Yu, Qiujiao Du, and Fengming Liu. "Complete mode conversion between longitudinal and transverse waves by an elastic metamaterial slab with a double-scatterer structure." Applied Physics Express 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 077001. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ace0a0.

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Abstract In this work, we propose a design of a double-scatterer structure to achieve complete conversion for elastic bulk waves. Every unit of the elastic metamaterial slab contains a pair of scatterers with a relatively oblique direction. When the slab attaches on a semi-infinite solid background, it can completely convert the normal incident longitudinal wave into the reflected shear wave, or vice versa. The conversion can be attributed to the in-phase coupling of the double scatterers’ quadrupolar resonances. The coupled two quadrupoles could interact with the background and bring oblique displacements. Consequently, the oblique displacements generate horizontal displacements for reflected waves.

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18

Kitagawa, J., N. Takeda, M. Ishikawa, T. Yoshida, A. Ishiguro, N. Kimura, and T. Komatsubara. "Anisotropic magnetic phase diagram of Ce3Pd20Ge6 with quadrupolar ordering." Physica B: Condensed Matter 259-261 (January 1999): 332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(98)01166-1.

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19

Nagao, Tatsuya, and Jun-ichi Igarashi. "Raman Scattering in the Quadrupolar Ordering Phase of CeB6." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 71, no. 2 (February 15, 2002): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.71.618.

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20

Ono, H., T. Nakano, N. Takeda, G. Ano, M. Akatsu, Y. Nemoto, T. Goto, A. Dönni, and H. Kitazawa. "Magnetic phase diagram of clathrate compound Ce3Pd20Si6with quadrupolar ordering." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 25, no. 12 (March 1, 2013): 126003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/25/12/126003.

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21

Morin, P., Z. Kazei, and P. Lejay. "Quadrupolar couplings and magnetic phase diagrams in tetragonal TmAu2." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 11, no. 5 (January 1, 1999): 1305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/11/5/016.

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22

Schiller, P. "Brownian reorientation in a smectic phase with quadrupolar ordering." Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 98, no. 12 (December 1994): 1579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19940981212.

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23

Fridman, Yu A., and D. V. Spirin. "Phase Transition in Temperature ?Quadrupolar Phase-Disordered Phase? in a Two-Dimensional Non-Heisenberg Ferromagnet." physica status solidi (b) 231, no. 1 (May 2002): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200205)231:1<165::aid-pssb165>3.0.co;2-p.

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24

Halim, O., G. Vedovato, E. Milotti, G. A. Prodi, S. Bini, M. Drago, V. Gayathri, et al. "The search of higher multipole radiation in gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences by a minimally-modelled pipeline." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012081.

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Abstract The coherent WaveBurst (cWB) pipeline implements a minimally-modelled search to find a coherent response in the network of gravitational wave detectors of the LIGO-Virgo Col-laboration in the time-frequency domain. In this manuscript, we provide a timely introduction to an extension of the cWB analysis to detect spectral features beyond the main quadrupolar emission of gravitational waves during the inspiral phase of compact binary coalescences; more detailed discussion will be provided in a forthcoming paper [1]. The search is performed by defining specific regions in the time-frequency map to extract the energy of harmonics of main quadrupole mode in the inspiral phase. This method has already been used in the GW190814 discovery paper (Astrophys. J. Lett. 896 L44). Here we show the procedure to detect the (3, 3) multipole in GW190814 within the cWB framework.

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25

Ulner, J., and K. Durczewski. "Stable Phases and Quadrupolar Excitations in an Ordered Phase of J = 1 Paramagnet." physica status solidi (b) 159, no. 1 (May 1, 1990): K27—K31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221590162.

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26

Rahimzadegan, Aso, Dennis Arslan, David Dams, Achim Groner, Xavi Garcia-Santiago, Rasoul Alaee, Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton, Thomas Pertsch, Isabelle Staude, and Carsten Rockstuhl. "Beyond dipolar Huygens’ metasurfaces for full-phase coverage and unity transmittance." Nanophotonics 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0239.

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AbstractMetasurfaces made from densely packed resonant wavelength-scale particles enable abrupt modulation of impinging electromagnetic radiation within an ultrathin surface. Combining duality symmetry of particles and rotational symmetry of their arrangement led to the development of Huygens’ metasurfaces with perfect transmission. However, so far, when identical particles are considered, only their dipolar multipolar contributions are engineered. There, the achievable phase coverage at a fixed wavelength when modifying the period is smaller than 2π, being a clear limitation for applications. To lift such limitation, we consider dipolar-quadrupolar Huygens’ metasurfaces. They consist of scatterers that require a dipolar and a quadrupolar term to capture their response. We show that such metasurfaces offer access to the desired 2π phase coverage while preserving the perfect efficiency when the conditions of duality and symmetry continue to be met. We also propose core-multishell and disk-multiring particles made from realistic materials to meet the requirements and that can be used to build such metasurfaces. Our results are important as a theoretical basis for large-scale fabrications in imaging and integrated optics.

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27

Watanuki, R., H. Mitamura, T. Sakakibara, G. Sato, and K. Suzuki. "Physical properties and phase diagram of geometrically quadrupolar frustrated system." Physica B: Condensed Matter 378-380 (May 2006): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.01.159.

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28

Santini, P., and G. Amoretti. "Quadrupolar model of the 17.5 K phase transition in URu2Si2." Physica B: Condensed Matter 206-207 (February 1995): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)00478-e.

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29

Kobayashi, Shin-ichiro, Masafumi Sera, Masahiko Hiroi, Terukazu Nishizaki, Norio Kobayashi, and Satoru Kunii. "Anisotropic Magnetic Phase Diagram of PrB6Dominated by theOxyAntiferro-Quadrupolar Interaction." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 70, no. 6 (June 15, 2001): 1721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.70.1721.

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30

Shiina, Ryousuke. "Quadrupolar Phase Transition and Field-Dependent Multipolar Fluctuation in CeB6." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 70, no. 9 (September 15, 2001): 2746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.70.2746.

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31

Okuyama, Daisuke, Takeshi Matsumura, Hironori Nakao, and Youichi Murakami. "Quadrupolar Order and Structural Phase Transition in DyB4with Geometrical Frustration." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 75, Suppl (January 2006): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsjs.75s.198.

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32

Grandinetti, Philip J. "Does phase cycling work for nuclei experiencing strong quadrupolar couplings?" Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 23, no. 1-2 (February 2003): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-2040(02)00022-x.

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33

Morin, P., S. Kunii, and T. Kasuya. "Quadrupolar properties and magnetic phase diagrams in PrB6 hexaboride compound." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 96, no. 1-3 (June 1991): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(91)90622-h.

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34

Dörr, Aaron, and Steffen Hardt. "Driven particles at fluid interfaces acting as capillary dipoles." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 770 (March 30, 2015): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.129.

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The dynamics of spherical particles driven along an interface between two immiscible fluids is investigated asymptotically. Under the assumptions of a pinned three-phase contact line (TCL) and very different viscosities of the two fluids, a particle assumes a tilted orientation. As it moves, it causes a deformation of the fluid interface which is also computed. The case of two interacting driven particles is studied via the linear superposition approximation. It is shown that the capillary interaction force resulting from the particle motion is dipolar in terms of the azimuthal angle and decays with the fifth power of the inter-particle separation, similar to a capillary quadrupole originating from undulations of the TCL. The dipolar interaction is demonstrated to exceed the quadrupolar interaction at moderate particle velocities.

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35

Ishihara, Hideta, Shouko Nakashima, Koji Yamada, Tsutomu Okuda, and Alarich Weiss. "NQR Study of AlBr3 Complexes with Donor-Acceptor O-Al Bond." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 45, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1990): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1990-3-408.

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Abstract81Br and 27Al NQR were observed in AlBr 3 complexes with 4-XC6H4 NO,(X = H, CI, Br, I, CH3 , and C2H5), C6H5COBr, (C6H5)2CO, and (C2H5)2O. In the 4-XC6H4 NO2 complexes, the 27Al quadrupole coupling constants (QCC's) were well correlated with the Hammett er p 's of the para-substituents, i.e., electron-withdrawing groups caused reduction of the charge density of O-Al bonds which resulted in large 27Al QCC's and vice versa. The temperature dependences of the 81Br NQR frequencies and quadrupolar spin-lattice relaxation times showed that the 4-C2H5C6H4NO2 and C6H5 COBr complexes undergo phase transitions at 154 K and around 200 K, respectively, and show hindered rotation of the AlBr3 groups at higher temperatures, and that the (C2H5) 2O complex reorients above ca. 120 K.

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36

Roy, Susanta Sinha, Subir Kumar Roy, and Prabir K. Mukherjee. "Influence of Piezoelectric Bilinear and Biquadratic Coupling in Smectic C* Phase of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 29 (November 20, 1997): 3491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797929700174x.

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A theoretical relation has been developed from the Landau free energy expansion between SmC–SmA phase transition temperature of chiral smectic compound and that of its nonchiral analogue. The bilinear and biquadratic coupling constant and the quadrupolar order parameter have been determined from the extended microscopic model in the chiral smectic-C (Sm-C*) phase of four ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) materials and results have been discussed.

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37

Malcherek, Thomas, Markus Borowski, and Anne Bosenick. "Structure and phase transitions of CaTaOAlO4." Journal of Applied Crystallography 37, no. 1 (January 17, 2004): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980302689x.

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The structure of CaTaOAlO4(CTAO) has been determined using X-ray powder diffraction and density functional methods in combination with27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy. A structural phase transition occurs near room temperature in CTAO as indicated by heat-capacity measurements, lattice strain data and infrared spectroscopy. Rietveld analysis of the powder diffraction data does not indicate deviation from monoclinic symmetryC2/c. But the observed quadrupolar coupling of the Al atom is reproduced by the electronic structure calculations only in a structure with space-group symmetryP21/n, distinguished by two different Ta coordination environments. The atomic coordinates of this low-temperature structure of CTAO are obtained by computational force relaxation within the experimental unit cell determined at 170 K.

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38

Curnoe, S. H., H. Harima, K. Takegahara, and K. Ueda. "Structural phase transition and anti-quadrupolar ordering in PrFe4P12 and PrRu4P12." Physica B: Condensed Matter 312-313 (March 2002): 837–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(01)01261-3.

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39

Man, P. P. "Measurement of the quadrupolar coupling with two pulses of opposite phase." Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 94, no. 2 (September 1991): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(91)90105-3.

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40

Nagao, Tatsuya, and Jun-ichi Igarashi. "Resonant X-Ray Scattering from the Quadrupolar Ordering Phase of CeB6." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 70, no. 10 (October 2001): 2892–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.70.2892.

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41

Stapleton, M. R., D. J. Tildesley, Z. Panagiotopoulos, and N. Quirke. "Phase Equilibria of Quadrupolar Fluids by Simulation in the Gibbs Ensemble." Molecular Simulation 2, no. 3 (February 1989): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927028908031364.

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42

Chen, Shyh-Tzer. "Phase structure of clock spin models with dipolar and quadrupolar interactions." Physics Letters A 176, no. 1-2 (May 1993): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(93)90333-u.

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43

Favero, Laura B., Assimo Maris, Sonia Melandri, Paolo Ottaviani, and Walther Caminati. "Non covalent interactions stabilizing the chiral dimer of CH2ClF: a rotational study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 7 (2019): 3695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06288a.

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Two C–H⋯Cl–C and one C–H⋯F–C bonds stabilize (by 5.9 kJ mol⁻¹) the dimer of chlorofluoromethane observed by rotational spectroscopy in the gas phase. The spectral analysis is complicated by the quadrupolar effects of the two nonequivalent Cl nuclei.

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44

Agullo, Ivan, Javier Olmedo, and Edward Wilson-Ewing. "Observational constraints on anisotropies for bouncing alternatives to inflation." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/10/045.

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Abstract We calculate how primordial anisotropies in the background space-time affect the evolution of cosmological perturbations for bouncing alternatives to inflation, like ekpyrosis and the matter bounce scenario. We find that the leading order effect of anisotropies in the contracting phase of the universe is to induce anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background with a very concrete form: a scale-invariant quadrupolar angular distribution. Sub-leading effects are the generation of higher-order moments in the angular distribution, as well as cross-correlations between scalar and tensor modes. We also find that observational constraints from the cosmic microwave background on the quadrupole moment provide strong bounds on allowed anisotropies for bouncing alternatives to inflation that are significantly more constraining than the bounds previously obtained using scaling arguments based on the conjectured Belinski-Khalatnikov-Lifshitz instability.

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SULLIVAN, N. S., K. KIM, and V. B. KOKSHENEV. "ORDER/DISORDER TRANSITIONS OF ORTHO-PARA HYDROGEN MONOLAYERS AT LOW TEMPERATURES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 20n22 (August 30, 2002): 3127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202013729.

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Experimental studies of the low temperature behavior of mono-layers of ortho - H 2 - para - H 2 mixtures using low temperature NMR techniques reveal an unusual phase diagram. An extension of the mean field approach is proposed to explain the qualitative features of the observed phase diagram. The competition between the highly frustrated short-range quadrupolar fields and the local crystal fields plays a key role in determining the nature of the ordered structures.

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Prystasz, W. "Dipolar and quadrupolar phase transitions in the spinS=2cubic crystal-field system." Physical Review B 37, no. 16 (June 1, 1988): 9813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.9813.

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Fridman, Yu A., O. A. Kosmachev, and D. V. Spirin. "Formation of quadrupolar phase in non-Heisenberg ferromagnets with half-integer spin." Physica B: Condensed Matter 357, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2004.12.014.

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Schroer, J. W., and P. A. Monson. "Phase equilibrium in a quadrupolar hard sphere interaction site model of benzene." Journal of Chemical Physics 114, no. 9 (March 2001): 4124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1341232.

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Ohno, Kaoru, Hans-Otto Carmesin, Hikaru Kawamura, and Yutaka Okabe. "Exact theories ofm-component quadrupolar systems showing a first-order phase transition." Physical Review B 42, no. 16 (December 1, 1990): 10360–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.42.10360.

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Horst, Marc A. Ter. "ChemInform Abstract: Quadrupolar Spin Relaxation in the Gas Phase: Experiments and Calculations." ChemInform 30, no. 33 (June 14, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199933339.

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