Academic literature on the topic 'Quadruple eliche'

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Journal articles on the topic "Quadruple eliche"

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Bhattacharyya, Debmalya, Kim Nguyen, and Soumitra Basu. "Rationally Induced RNA:DNA G-Quadruplex Structures Elicit an Anticancer Effect by Inhibiting Endogenous eIF-4E Expression." Biochemistry 53, no. 33 (August 12, 2014): 5461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi5008904.

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Lenz, Laurel L., William A. Huang, Chenghui Zhou, Zhongxia Li, and Richard Calendar. "Stable Integration Vector for Nutrient Broth-Based Selection of Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes Strains with Recombinant Antigen Expression." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 9 (July 23, 2008): 1414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00208-08.

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ABSTRACT Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes strains induce strong cellular immune responses and may prove useful for antigen delivery for the vaccination of humans. However, the genetic systems currently available for the stable expression of recombinant antigens by L. monocytogenes rely on the use of antibiotic resistance genes. We report on a derivative, pPL2dalGlnA, of the Listeria monocytogenes pPL2 integration vector that completely lacks drug resistance genes. The selectable markers in pPL2dalGlnA are glutamine synthetase (GlnA) and alanine racemase (Dal). This novel vector was stably maintained in auxotropic L. monocytogenes strains that normally require d-alanine. The pPL2dalGlnA vector also partially restored the ability of an L. monocytogenes Δdal Δdat strain to colonize the spleens and livers of infected mice. A novel, highly attenuated strain of L. monocytogenes with quadruple deletions was also engineered by deleting the L. monocytogenes actA and plcB virulence genes from a Δdal Δdat strain. Infection of mice with recombinants of this mutant strain that express the antigen from pPL2dalGlnA were shown to elicit CD8+ T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus Tat. This vector system is thus useful for stable antigen expression and vaccination studies.
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Mokubedi, Sharon Maphala, Judith Zanele Phoku, Rumbidzai Naledi Changwa, Sefater Gbashi, and Patrick Berka Njobeh. "Analysis of Mycotoxins Contamination in Poultry Feeds Manufactured in Selected Provinces of South Africa Using UHPLC-MS/MS." Toxins 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080452.

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A total of 105 different types of poultry feed samples from South Africa were simultaneously analysed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The data revealed the presence of 16 mycotoxins in the various poultry feed samples. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was the most dominant recovered from 100% of samples analysed at concentrations ranging between 38.7 and 7125.3 µg/kg. This was followed by zearalenone (ZEN) (range: 0.1–429 µg/kg) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (range: 2.5–154 µg/kg). Samples were also found to be contaminated with fumonisin B2 (FB2) (range: 0.7–125.1 µg/kg), fumonisin B3 (FB3) (range: 0.1–125.1 µg/kg), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) (range: 0.6–20 µg/kg ), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (range: 0.2–22.1 µg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (range: 0.1–12.9 µg/kg) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (range: 1.7–41.9 µg/kg). Alternaria mycotoxin, i.e., Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was recovered in 100% of samples at concentrations that ranged from 0.3–155.5 µg/kg. Aflatoxins (AFs) had an incidence rate of 92% with generally low concentration levels ranging from 0.1–3.7 µg/kg. Apart from these metabolites, 2 type A trichothecenes (THs), i.e., HT-2 toxin (HT-2) (range: 0.2–5.9 µg/kg) and T-2 toxin (T-2) (range: 0.1–15.3 µg/kg) were also detected. Mycotoxin contamination in South African poultry feed constitutes a concern as correspondingly high contamination levels, such as those observed herein are likely to affect birds, which can be accompanied by severe health implications, thus compromising animal productivity in the country. Such exposures, primarily to more than one mycotoxin concurrently, may elicit noticeable synergistic and or additive effects on poultry birds.
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DeBenedictis, Erika Alden, Dieter Söll, and Kevin M. Esvelt. "Measuring the tolerance of the genetic code to altered codon size." eLife 11 (March 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.76941.

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Translation using four-base codons occurs in both natural and synthetic systems. What constraints contributed to the universal adoption of a triplet codon, rather than quadruplet codon, genetic code? Here, we investigate the tolerance of the Escherichia coli genetic code to tRNA mutations that increase codon size. We found that tRNAs from all 20 canonical isoacceptor classes can be converted to functional quadruplet tRNAs (qtRNAs). Many of these selectively incorporate a single amino acid in response to a specified four-base codon, as confirmed with mass spectrometry. However, efficient quadruplet codon translation often requires multiple tRNA mutations. Moreover, while tRNAs were largely amenable to quadruplet conversion, only nine of the twenty aminoacyl tRNA synthetases tolerate quadruplet anticodons. These may constitute a functional and mutually orthogonal set, but one that sharply limits the chemical alphabet available to a nascent all-quadruplet code. Our results suggest that the triplet codon code was selected because it is simpler and sufficient, not because a quadruplet codon code is unachievable. These data provide a blueprint for synthetic biologists to deliberately engineer an all-quadruplet expanded genetic code.
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Lightfoot, Helen Louise, Timo Hagen, Antoine Cléry, Frédéric Hai-Trieu Allain, and Jonathan Hall. "Control of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway by G2-quadruplexes." eLife 7 (July 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.36362.

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G-quadruplexes are naturally-occurring structures found in RNAs and DNAs. Regular RNA G-quadruplexes are highly stable due to stacked planar arrangements connected by short loops. However, reports of irregular quadruplex structures are increasing and recent genome-wide studies suggest that they influence gene expression. We have investigated a grouping of G2-motifs in the UTRs of eight genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis, and concluded that several likely form novel metastable RNA G-quadruplexes. We performed a comprehensive biophysical characterization of their properties, comparing them to a reference G-quadruplex. Using cellular assays, together with polyamine-depleting and quadruplex-stabilizing ligands, we discovered how some of these motifs regulate and sense polyamine levels, creating feedback loops during polyamine biosynthesis. Using high-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrated that a long-looped quadruplex in the AZIN1 mRNA co-exists in salt-dependent equilibria with a hairpin structure. This study expands the repertoire of regulatory G-quadruplexes and demonstrates how they act in unison to control metabolite homeostasis.
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Goering, Raeann, Laura I. Hudish, Bryan B. Guzman, Nisha Raj, Gary J. Bassell, Holger A. Russ, Daniel Dominguez, and J. Matthew Taliaferro. "FMRP promotes RNA localization to neuronal projections through interactions between its RGG domain and G-quadruplex RNA sequences." eLife 9 (June 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.52621.

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The sorting of RNA molecules to subcellular locations facilitates the activity of spatially restricted processes. We have analyzed subcellular transcriptomes of FMRP-null mouse neuronal cells to identify transcripts that depend on FMRP for efficient transport to neurites. We found that these transcripts contain an enrichment of G-quadruplex sequences in their 3′ UTRs, suggesting that FMRP recognizes them to promote RNA localization. We observed similar results in neurons derived from Fragile X Syndrome patients. We identified the RGG domain of FMRP as important for binding G-quadruplexes and the transport of G-quadruplex-containing transcripts. Finally, we found that the translation and localization targets of FMRP were distinct and that an FMRP mutant that is unable to bind ribosomes still promoted localization of G-quadruplex-containing messages. This suggests that these two regulatory modes of FMRP may be functionally separated. These results provide a framework for the elucidation of similar mechanisms governed by other RNA-binding proteins.
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Paudel, Bishnu P., Aaron Lavel Moye, Hala Abou Assi, Roberto El-Khoury, Scott B. Cohen, Jessica K. Holien, Monica L. Birrento, et al. "A mechanism for the extension and unfolding of parallel telomeric G-quadruplexes by human telomerase at single-molecule resolution." eLife 9 (July 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.56428.

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Telomeric G-quadruplexes (G4) were long believed to form a protective structure at telomeres, preventing their extension by the ribonucleoprotein telomerase. Contrary to this belief, we have previously demonstrated that parallel-stranded conformations of telomeric G4 can be extended by human and ciliate telomerase. However, a mechanistic understanding of the interaction of telomerase with structured DNA remained elusive. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) microscopy and bulk-phase enzymology to propose a mechanism for the resolution and extension of parallel G4 by telomerase. Binding is initiated by the RNA template of telomerase interacting with the G-quadruplex; nucleotide addition then proceeds to the end of the RNA template. It is only through the large conformational change of translocation following synthesis that the G-quadruplex structure is completely unfolded to a linear product. Surprisingly, parallel G4 stabilization with either small molecule ligands or by chemical modification does not always inhibit G4 unfolding and extension by telomerase. These data reveal that telomerase is a parallel G-quadruplex resolvase.
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Moruno-Manchon, Jose F., Pauline Lejault, Yaoxuan Wang, Brenna McCauley, Pedram Honarpisheh, Diego A. Morales Scheihing, Shivani Singh, et al. "Small-molecule G-quadruplex stabilizers reveal a novel pathway of autophagy regulation in neurons." eLife 9 (February 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.52283.

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Guanine-rich DNA sequences can fold into four-stranded G-quadruplex (G4-DNA) structures. G4-DNA regulates replication and transcription, at least in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that, in neurons, pharmacologically stabilizing G4-DNA with G4 ligands strongly downregulates the Atg7 gene. Atg7 is a critical gene for the initiation of autophagy that exhibits decreased transcription with aging. Using an in vitro assay, we show that a putative G-quadruplex-forming sequence (PQFS) in the first intron of the Atg7 gene folds into a G4. An antibody specific to G4-DNA and the G4-DNA-binding protein PC4 bind to the Atg7 PQFS. Mice treated with a G4 stabilizer develop memory deficits. Brain samples from aged mice contain G4-DNA structures that are absent in brain samples from young mice. Overexpressing the G4-DNA helicase Pif1 in neurons exposed to the G4 stabilizer improves phenotypes associated with G4-DNA stabilization. Our findings indicate that G4-DNA is a novel pathway for regulating autophagy in neurons.
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Raja, Mathan K., Julia Preobraschenski, Sergio Del Olmo-Cabrera, Rebeca Martinez-Turrillas, Reinhard Jahn, Isabel Perez-Otano, and John F. Wesseling. "Elevated synaptic vesicle release probability in synaptophysin/gyrin family quadruple knockouts." eLife 8 (May 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.40744.

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Synaptophysins 1 and 2 and synaptogyrins 1 and 3 constitute a major family of synaptic vesicle membrane proteins. Unlike other widely expressed synaptic vesicle proteins such as vSNAREs and synaptotagmins, the primary function has not been resolved. Here, we report robust elevation in the probability of release of readily releasable vesicles with both high and low release probabilities at a variety of synapse types from knockout mice missing all four family members. Neither the number of readily releasable vesicles, nor the timing of recruitment to the readily releasable pool was affected. The results suggest that family members serve as negative regulators of neurotransmission, acting directly at the level of exocytosis to dampen connection strength selectively when presynaptic action potentials fire at low frequency. The widespread expression suggests that chemical synapses may play a frequency filtering role in biological computation that is more elemental than presently envisioned.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).
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Brandt, Benjamin, Shintaro Munemasa, Cun Wang, Desiree Nguyen, Taiming Yong, Paul G. Yang, Elly Poretsky, et al. "Calcium specificity signaling mechanisms in abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis guard cells." eLife 4 (July 20, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.03599.

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A central question is how specificity in cellular responses to the eukaryotic second messenger Ca2+ is achieved. Plant guard cells, that form stomatal pores for gas exchange, provide a powerful system for in depth investigation of Ca2+-signaling specificity in plants. In intact guard cells, abscisic acid (ABA) enhances (primes) the Ca2+-sensitivity of downstream signaling events that result in activation of S-type anion channels during stomatal closure, providing a specificity mechanism in Ca2+-signaling. However, the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show impairment of ABA signal transduction in stomata of calcium-dependent protein kinase quadruple mutant plants. Interestingly, protein phosphatase 2Cs prevent non-specific Ca2+-signaling. Moreover, we demonstrate an unexpected interdependence of the Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent ABA-signaling branches and the in planta requirement of simultaneous phosphorylation at two key phosphorylation sites in SLAC1. We identify novel mechanisms ensuring specificity and robustness within stomatal Ca2+-signaling on a cellular, genetic, and biochemical level.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Quadruple eliche"

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Pagano, Bruno. "Physico-chemical characterization of DNA G-quadruplexes and their interaction with proteins and potential anticancer agents." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/163.

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2006 - 2007
Negli ultimi anni è stato dimostrato che sequenze di DNA (o RNA) ricche in guanine sono in grado di formare una nuova classe di strutture: le quadruple eliche. Importante e' la presenza di quadruple eliche in regioni promotrici e regolatrici di molti geni e nella parte terminale dei cromosomi, i telomeri. Recentemente, lo studio di queste molecole ha avuto un notevole sviluppo grazie alle diverse applicazioni che esse potrebbero avere in campo medico e farmaceutico. In particolare, le quadruple eliche hanno una potenziale applicazione nella terapia anticancro quali inibitori della telomerasi, un enzima la cui iperattività è sicuramente collegata allo sviluppo del cancro. Un promettente approccio per inibire l’attività della telomerasi riguarda l’utilizzo di agenti che possano legare e stabilizzare le quadruple eliche presenti ai telomeri bloccando, in tal modo, l’attività catalitica dalla telomerasi ed agendo da antitumorali. Inoltre, è stato scoperto che oligonucleotidi con struttura a quadrupla elica possono agire da aptameri, cioè hanno la capacità di legare specificamente delle proteine bersaglio, inibendole. L’aptamero denominato TBA (Thrombin Binding Aptamer) è un oligomero a DNA con struttura a quadrupla elica, scoperto in vitro, che è in grado di legare la trombina inibendone la funzione. Il TBA per le sue proprietà anticoagulanti è stato oggetto di numerosi studi sia di tipo strutturale sia di natura farmacologica. L’attività anticoagulante del TBA in vitro è tale da giustificare un suo eventuale impiego in terapia, ma purtroppo tale attività risulta piuttosto bassa in vivo poichè il DNA è rapidamente degradato dalle nucleasi. Uno degli obiettivi di questa tesi di dottorato è stato quello di affrontare uno studio chimico-fisico di composti che sono in grado di legarsi in maniera specifica alle quadruple eliche e dei fattori che regolano gli equilibri in gioco; tali composti sono, infatti, in grado di incrementare la stabilità di questi sistemi e di conseguenza ne possono aumentare l’effetto terapeutico. Per questo motivo è stata studiata la termodinamica dell’interazione di alcune molecole di interesse farmacologico, quali la distamicina, due suoi derivati e la porfirina cationica, con diverse quadruple eliche. Le quadruple eliche prese in esame sono state la d[AG3(TTAG3)3] e la [d(TAGGGTTAGGG)]2 che rappresentano due quadruple eliche formate da un diverso troncamento dal DNA telomerico umano e la d[(TGGGGT)]4 formata da una sequenza troncata del DNA telomerico di Oxytricha e Tetrahymena. Un altro obiettivo è stato quello di caratterizzare la stabilità termodinamica del TBA e di un aptamero modificato (mTBA) ed il processo di binding di questi aptameri con la trombina. L’mTBA presenta una modifica chimica in grado di rendere resistente l’aptamero all’azione delle nucleasi che potrebbe rendere concreto un suo eventuale utilizzo come principio attivo di un farmaco anticoagulante. Inoltre, è stato anche affrontato uno studio computazionale di due quadruple eliche bimolecolari formate da sequenze analoghe di RNA e DNA allo scopo di chiarire i motivi per cui si formano due diverse strutture a quadrupla elica ed i fattori che le stabilizzano. Lo studio è stata condotto principalmente attraverso tecniche calorimetriche quali la calorimetria isoterma (ITC), la microcalorimetria differenziale a scansione (DSC), il dicroismo circolare (CD), e metodi computazionali quali meccanica e dinamica molecolare e docking. I risultati ottenuti per i sistemi quadrupla elica-ligando dimostrano che la distamicina ed un suo derivato contenente un anello metil pirrolico in più ed un gruppo ammidico terminale, legano le quadruple eliche in esame, al contrario un secondo derivato della distamicina contenente due anelli metil pirrolici in più ed un gruppo ammidico terminale non ha mostrato avere interazioni specifiche. I parametri termodinamici ottenuti indicano che le interazioni quadrupla elica-ligando sono fortemente influenzate dallo ione presente in soluzione e che anche la stechiometria di legame è dipendente dal tipo di soluzione. Il calcolo dei parametri termodinamici ha mostrato che, sia in sodio che in potassio, il legame della distamicina e del composto I alle quadruple eliche in esame è entropicamente guidato. Questo dato in particolare suggerisce che il binding di queste molecole potrebbe avvenire nei solchi delle quadruple eliche. Inoltre, un risultato particolarmente interessante è che il composto I ha mostrato, in entrambe le soluzioni, una maggiore affinità della distamicina per le quadruple eliche. I risultati ottenuti per l’interazione porfirina-[d(TAGGGTTAGGG)]2 sono in generale accordo con la struttura cristallografica, recentemente riportata, del complesso ed indicano un binding entalpicamente guidato con una stechiometria 2:1. Lo studio della stabilità termodinamica del TBA e del TBA modificato ha rivelato che l’introduzione della modifica aumenta sia la stabilità termica che termodinamica dell’aptamero. Inoltre, i valori delle variazioni di entalpia ed entropia per la dissociazione del TBA modificato risultano più elevati rispetto al TBA, suggerendo una struttura più rigida e la presenza di ulteriori interazioni intramolecolari nell’aptamero modificato. Questi risultati sono stati confermati ed interpretati sulla base dei risultati delle dinamiche molecolari dei due aptameri. I parametri termodinamici del processo di binding del TBA e del TBA modificato con la trombina mostrano che l’interazione è esotermica e che la stechiometria del complesso che si forma è 1:2 (aptamero:proteina). Il TBA modificato risulta però avere una più alta affinità per la trombina e la sua interazione è associata ad una variazione di entalpia maggiormente favorevole. I risultati delle dinamiche molecolari dei complessi suggeriscono che la maggior affinità dell’aptamero modificato sia dovuta essenzialmente ad una migliore interazione con l’esosito II della trombina. Lo studio di dinamica molecolare delle quadruple eliche di RNA e DNA ha evidenziato che la maggiore differenza tra le due molecole deriva dalla presenza del gruppo 2’-OH del ribosio, che contribuisce considerevolmente al numero di legami idrogeno formando più interazioni intramolecolari nella molecola di RNA. I legami che hanno una maggiore persistenza sono quelli formati con l’ossigeno del gruppo fosfato. Questo tipo di legame idrogeno conferisce rigidità alla struttura ed è in parte responsabile della stabilità delle esadi presenti nella quadrupla elica di RNA. Inoltre, durante le simulazioni, gli ioni Na+, inizialmente non direttamente coordinati alle quadruple eliche, vanno a coordinare in modo stabile le macromolecole indicando un possibile meccanismo di coordinazione non ancora osservato sperimentalmente. Parte della ricerca è stata svolta in collaborazione con la Prof. Concetta Giancola del Dipartimento di Chimica dell’Università Federico II di Napoli. Inoltre, una parte dello studio è stato realizzato a Londra presso i laboratori del Prof. Stephen Neidle della School of Pharmacy dell’University of London, e presso il gruppo della Dott. Franca Fraternali, della Randall Division del King’s College London. [a cura dell'autore]
VI n.s.
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Book chapters on the topic "Quadruple eliche"

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Purdy, Michelle A. "Contending with Change and Challenges." In Transforming the Elite, 56–81. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643496.003.0002.

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This chapter captures the development of Westminster in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the late 1950s, Westminster’s student body had quadrupled, and the school was housed on the current West Paces Ferry Road campus. School leaders prepared for the possible closing of Atlanta Public Schools as black Atlantans called for desegregation in the face of oppositional state policies. As the civil rights movement increased in momentum, Westminster and other local schools, including Lovett and Trinity, received inquiries into their admissions policies from interracial organizations such as the Greater Atlanta Council on Human Relations and leading civil rights activists including the Kings, Abernathys, and Youngs, and black families such as the Rosses. Private school leaders worked to find a balance among multiple contexts and influences, including the enlarged federal presence in education and increased questions about federal tax-exempt status for private schools. Concurrently, a school culture at Westminster developed in ways that continued to reflect the “Old South” and included racist traditions while some white students earnestly debated and discussed the issues of the day.
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