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Journal articles on the topic 'Quadriplegics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Banzett, R. B., R. W. Lansing, and R. Brown. "High-level quadriplegics perceive lung volume change." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.567.

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We tested the ability of tracheostomized, high-level quadriplegics to detect changes in ventilator-delivered tidal volume. Single breaths larger or smaller than control breaths were delivered, and the subjects indicated which breath was altered in a forced-choice procedure that minimizes the effect of subject bias. Quadriplegic patients detected changes in tidal volume of as little as 100 ml. Their ability to detect changes was comparable to that of a group of normal subjects similarly tested. These quadriplegic patients had little or no somatic sensation below the neck, and airways above the tracheostomy were not exposed to the stimulus. The quadriplegics consistently and emphatically reported that the sensation used in volume discrimination arose within the chest.

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2

Figoni, Stephen F., Richard A. Boileau, Benjamin H. Massey, and Joseph R. Larsen. "Physiological Responses of Quadriplegic and Able-Bodied Men during Exercise at the Same VO2." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 5, no. 2 (April 1988): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.5.2.130.

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The purpose of this study was to compare quadriplegic and able-bodied men on selected cardiovascular and metabolic responses to arm-crank ergometry at the same rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2). Subjects included 11 untrained, spinal cord-injured, C5–C7 complete quadriplegic men and 11 untrained, able-bodied men of similar age (27 years), height (177 cm), and mass (65 kg). Measurement techniques included open-circuit spirometry, impedance cardiography, and electrocardiography. Compared with the able-bodied group, at the V̇O2 of 0.5 L/min, the quadriplegics displayed a significantly higher mean heart rate and arteriovenous O2 difference, lower stroke volume and cardiac output, and similar myocardial contractility. These results suggest that quadriplegic men achieve an exercise-induced V̇O2 of 0.5 L/min through different central cardiovascular adjustments than do able-bodied men. Quadriplegics deliver less O2 from the heart toward the tissues but extract more O2 from the blood. Tachycardia may contribute to low cardiac preload and low stroke volume, while paradoxically tending to compensate for low stroke volume by minimizing reduction of cardiac output.

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3

Simard, Clermont, Luc Noreau, Gilles Paré, and Pierre Pomerleau. "Réponses physiologiques maximales lors d'un effort chez des sujets quadriplégiques." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-013.

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Devices used for the assessment of physical working capacity in quadriplegics may be determinant in terms of efficiency during maximal exercise testing. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses of a group of quadriplegics during graded exercise tests on arm cranking ergometer (ACE) and wheelchair ergometer (WE). Fifty subjects, age 34.1 (± 9.5) years, participated in the study. Measurements comprised heart rate, ventilation, oxygen consumption, and power output. Unlike other studies suggesting a higher physical working capacity on ACE compared with WE, no significant differences were observed in physiological measurements between the two ergometers. However, power output on ACE was 65% higher than that of WE (p ≤ 0.001). These results suggest that power output of quadriplegics on ACE is higher due to differences in mechanical patterns required to induce movements of propelling (arm cranking vs. rolling movements). The need to link the assessment results to the type of locomotion used by the spinal cord injured persons may suggest the use of WE for testing and training in such individuals. Key words: quadriplegic, spinal cord injury, arm cranking and wheelchair ergometers, exercise testing, mechanical efficiency, physically disabled

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4

Demirel, Gülçin, Seref Demirel, Hürriyet Yilmaz, Vakur Akkaya, Dursun Atilgan, and Ferruh Korkut. "Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Autonomic Dysfunction in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A 24-Hour Holter Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Study." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 13, no. 4 (December 1999): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154596839901300405.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients for the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias and the level of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction using 24-hour Holter recordings and long-term time-domain and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. There was no difference be tween groups for the frequency of ventricular or supraventricular ectopics, minimal and mean heart rate, and the longest RR intervals. Maximum heart rate was lower in the quadriplegic group compared with controls (124.1 ± 11.2 vs. 139.4 ± 10.9, p < 0.05). Frequency-domain spectral analysis of high, low, total frequency powers, and ratio LF/HF showed no significant difference between groups. On time-domain analy sis SDANN (94.5 ± 26.4 vs. 131.1 ± 15.1, p < 0.0 1) and SDNN (110.1 ± 29.2 vs. 143.6 ± 19. 1, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in quadriplegics compared with controls. SDANN (74.0 ± 17.9 vs. 115.0 ± 14.2 p < 0.01) and SDNN ( 90.2 ± 21.1 vs. 130.0 ± 22.0 p < 0.05) were significantly lower in complete quadriplegics com pared with incomplete quadriplegics. When the effect of wake (07-22)-sleep (23-07) cycle on frequency-domain parameters were assessed, HF (12.38 ± 5.1 vs. 21.18 ± 8.05, p = 0.001) and TP (35.93 ± 10.5 vs. 45.68 ± 12.68, p = 0.004) showed the physiologic increase during sleep in controls, but was unchanged in quadriplegics (10.48 ± 5.39 vs. 13.35 ± 8.03, p = 0.205 and 30.67 ± 10.61 vs. 37.01 ± 17.59, p = 0.208, respectively). In paraplegics a blunted increase in HF (14.61 ± 7.69 vs. 19.85 ± 14.13, p = 0.09) and TP (38.5 ± 12.77 vs. 47.13 ± 23.08, p = 0.08) was observed. LF showed no significant change in the three groups. Heart rate circadian rhythm was preserved in all three groups (p < 0.01). We concluded that chronic complete cer vical SCI may disrupt modulatory sympathetic flow and downregulates parasympa thetic activity but causes no major arrhythmias needing treatment. Key Words: Chronic spinal cord injury—Cardiac dysrhythmia—Autonomic dysfunction-Heart rate variability.

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5

Pokorski, M., T. Morikawa, S. Takaishi, A. Masuda, B. Ahn, and Y. Honda. "Ventilatory responses to chemosensory stimuli in quadriplegic subjects." European Respiratory Journal 3, no. 8 (September 1, 1990): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.03080891.

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We tested the hypothesis that interruption of motor traffic running down the spinal cord to respiratory muscle motoneurons suppresses the ventilatory response to increased chemical drive. We compared the hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic (HCVR) ventilatory responses, based on the rebreathing technique, before and during inspiratory flow-resistive loading in 17 quadriplegic patients with low cervical spinal cord transection and in 17 normal subjects. The ventilatory response was evaluated from minute ventilation (VE) and mouth occlusion pressure (P0.2) slopes on arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) or on end-tidal PCO2 (PACO2), and from absolute VE values at SaO2 80% or at PACO2 55 mmHg. We found no difference in the unloaded HVR or HCVR between the quadriplegic and normal subjects. In the loaded HVR, the delta VE/delta SaO2 slope tended to decrease similarly in both groups of subjects. The delta P0.2/delta SaO2 slope was shifted upwards in normal subjects, yielding a significantly higher P0.2 at a given SaO2. In contrast, this rise in the P0.2 level during loaded HVR was absent in quadriplegics. Loaded HCVR yielded qualitatively similar results in both groups of subjects; delta VE/delta PACO2 decreased and delta P0.2/delta PACO2 increased significantly. The results show that the ventilatory chemosensory responses were unsuppressed in quadriplegics, although they displayed a disturbance in load-compensation, as reflected by occlusion pressure, in hypoxia. We conclude that the descending drive to respiratory muscle motoneurons is not germane to the operation of the chemosensory reflexes.

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6

Kishore Prasad, Bipin. "Study of Decannulation Problems Following Tracheostomy in Quadriplegics." Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research 10, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/joentr.2018.10.00313.

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Aim: Decannulation of tracheostomy in cases of traumatic quadriplegia is always a challenge due to respiratory muscle paralysis, chest infections, aspiration and need to care for sacral sores. Aim of this study was to identify and overcome the difficulties in decannulation of tracheostomy in cases of quadriplegia due to cervical spinal cord injury. Material and methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in a tertiary care Spinal Cord Injury Center of a Military Hospital. Ten cases of tracheostomized traumatic quadriplegics were evaluated over 3years. Decannulation was considered once there was normal gag reflex, effective cough, manageable aspiration, oxygen saturation above 90%, no serious pulmonary compromise and no need for bed sores surgery. The cases were followed up for further one year post-decannulation. Results: Eight cases could be decannulated successfully. Only two cases could not be decannulated due to feeble chest movement, ineffective Cough, lack of motivation and occasional aspiration. Conclusion: Cervical cord injury patients have difficult decannulation due to weak respiratory muscles, ineffective cough, aspiration, pulmonary pathology and bed sores. Respiratory muscle exercise, quantified peak cough pressure, assisted coughing, risk benefit approach in aspiration, healing of bed sores and team work are keys to successful decannulation

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7

Simon, P. M., A. M. Leevers, J. L. Murty, J. B. Skatrud, and J. A. Dempsey. "Neuromechanical regulation of respiratory motor output in ventilator-dependent C1-C3 quadriplegics." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.312.

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To evaluate the role of phrenic and sternocleidomastoid afferents as alternate sources of inhibitory feedback during mechanical ventilation, we studied five C2-C3 quadriplegics with sensory denervation of the rib cage and diaphragm, six C1-C2 quadriplegics with additional loss of sensory feedback from the neck muscles, and seven normal subjects. We compared the return of inspiratory muscle activity [the recruitment threshold (PCO2RT)] during mechanical ventilation between subject groups after stepwise increases in end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) either by increasing the inspired fraction of CO2 (FICO2), decreasing tidal volume (VT; 50 ml/min), or decreasing frequency (f; 1 breath/2 min). Normal subjects were mechanically hyperventilated via a nasal mask until inspiratory activity was undetectable. Efferent input to the sternocleidomastoid was intact at both levels of spinal cord injury, but phasic activity was not evident at the quadriplegics' baseline resting ventilation. The PCO2RT was defined as the level of PETCO2 at which phasic activity of the diaphragm in normal subjects and of the sternocleidomastoid in C1-C2 and C2-C3 quadriplegics recurred. The mean PCO2RT (in response to raising PETCO2 via increased FICO2 while maintaining a high VT and f) was not significantly different (P = 0.6) between normal subjects (43 +/- 3 Torr) and C2-C3 quadriplegics (38 +/- 5 Torr). Both subject groups demonstrated a frequency- and volume-related inhibition, as evidenced by a substantially lower PCO2RT when PETCO2 was raised by reducing either VT or f. In contrast to the C2-C3 quadriplegics, the C1-C2 quadriplegics responded with a similar PCO2RT among the three different mechanical ventilation trials, independent of whether PETCO2 was raised with high VT and f, with reduced VT, or with reduced f. We conclude that feedback from at least some part of the chest wall is required to produce a volume- and frequency-dependent inhibition of inspiratory muscle activity observed during mechanical ventilation.

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8

Urmey, W., S. Loring, J. Mead, A. S. Slutsky, M. Sarkarati, A. Rossier, and R. Brown. "Upper and lower rib cage deformation during breathing in quadriplegics." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.2.618.

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In quadriplegia, the anteroposterior diameter of the rib cage (RC) decreases during inspiration. Our aim was to characterize this paradoxical motion further and to determine to what extent it was due to a diminished inspiratory effect of the diaphragm on the RC because of abdominal muscle paralysis. In six quadriplegics, upper and lower RC (URC, LRC) displacements were studied in various postures with and without extrinsic abdominal support. LRC was in its relaxed configuration at all lung volumes studied in three subjects before and four subjects during abdominal compression. URC distorted most and, despite improvement during abdominal compression, was never in the relaxed configuration during tidal inspiration. Thoracic distortability was further studied by noting the effect on URC and LRC of a cephalad force applied to the RC at the costal margin. This produced distortion similar to that observed during spontaneous inspiration. It was concluded that during spontaneous inspiration in quadriplegics lack of abdominal support does not entirely explain the RC distortion which occurs, and high abdominal pressure results in diminished RC distortion, an effect which we attribute to an increase in the area of diaphragmatic apposition to the RC.

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9

Nutt, Wolfgang, Christian Arlanch, Silvio Nigg, and Gerhard Staufert. "Tongue-mouse for quadriplegics." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 8, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/8/2/028.

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10

Jones, P. P., K. P. McLean, and J. S. Skinner. "EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION FOR QUADRIPLEGICS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00191.

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11

Bhambhani, Yagesh N., Robert S. Burnham, Gary D. Wheeler, Peter Eriksson, Leona J. Holland, and Robert D. Steadward. "Physiological Correlates of Simulated Wheelchair Racing in Trained Quadriplegics." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 20, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h95-005.

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This study examined the physiological responses during a 7.5-km simulated wheelchair race (SR) performed on rollers by 8 male quadriplegic marathon racers and analyzed the factors associated with SR time. Cardiac output (Q) was estimated during the SR using carbon dioxide rebreathing, from which stroke volume (SV) and [Formula: see text] were calculated. Subjects raced at 90 and 93% of peak oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] and peak heart rate, respectively. SR time was inversely related (p < 0.05) to peak [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], Q, and SV during the SR, but not [Formula: see text], age, and lesion level. Multiple regression analysis included only absolute SR [Formula: see text] in the equation to predict SR time: Y = −29.7X + 65.9; SE = 5.8. SR [Formula: see text] was significantly (p < 0.05) related to Q and SV but not to [Formula: see text]. These descriptive data suggest that SR performance in trained male quadriplegics might be limited by central, as opposed to peripheral, factors that determine [Formula: see text]. Key words: oxygen uptake, cardiac output, spinal cord injury

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12

Hamilton, John. "Auditory Hallucinations in Nonverbal Quadriplegics." Psychiatry 48, no. 4 (November 1985): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1985.11024299.

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13

More, DG, CJ Watson, JS Boutagy, and GM Shenfield. "Pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in quadriplegics." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 20, no. 2 (August 1985): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb05052.x.

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14

Malpas, S. C., B. J. Robinson, and T. J. Maling. "Mechanism of ethanol-induced vasodilation." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.731.

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The mechanism by which ethanol ingestion causes dermal vasodilation is unclear, but it may result from a direct action on central vascular control mechanisms. Forearm blood flow and peripheral skin temperatures were examined in five quadriplegics (lesions above T7) and five control subjects, before and after the ingestion of ethanol (0.75 ml/kg body wt). The lack of vasomotor efferent function was confirmed in the quadriplegics by the absence of vasodilation in response to radiant heating of the torso. There were no significant changes in peripheral temperatures or forearm blood flow after ethanol in the quadriplegics. The control subjects had a significant increase in forearm blood flow (1.12 +/- 0.2 ml.min-1.100 ml-1) and skin temperature (finger 2.4 +/- 0.4 degrees C, toe 3.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C) after ethanol. These data suggest that ethanol may induce peripheral vasodilation by modulation of central vasomotor control mechanisms.

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15

Im Hof, V., H. Dubo, V. Daniels, and M. Younes. "Steady-state response of quadriplegic subjects to inspiratory resistive load." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.5.1482.

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Normal subjects preserve tidal volume (VT) in the face of added inspiratory resistance by increasing maximal amplitude and duration of the rising phase of respiratory driving pressure (DP) and by changing the shape of this phase to one that is more concave to the time axis. To explore the possible role of chest wall afferents in mediating these responses, we determined averaged DP in eight quadriplegic subjects during steady-state unloaded breathing and while breathing through an inspiratory resistance (8.5 cmH2O X 1(-1) X s). As with normal subjects, quadriplegics preserved VT (loaded VT = 106% control) by utilizing all three mechanisms. However, prolongation of the inspiratory duration derived from the DP waveform (+22% vs. +42%) and shape response were significantly less in the quadriplegic subjects. Shape response was completely absent in subjects with C4 lesions. The results provide strong evidence that respiratory muscle spindles are responsible for shape response and that changes in afferent feedback from the chest wall play an important role in mediating inspiratory prolongation.

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16

Ichikawa, Kiyoshi. "Development of a Car for quadriplegics." Journal of the Society of Biomechanisms 12, Special (1988): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3951/sobim.12.7.

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17

Cacho, Enio Walker Azevedo, Roberta de Oliveira Cacho, Rodrigo Lício Ortolan, Núbia Maria Freire Vieira Lima, Edson Meneses da Silva Filho, and Alberto Cliquet Jr. "REACH AND PALMAR GRASP IN TETRAPLEGICS WITH NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 6 (December 2018): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182406180392.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the movement strategies of quadriplegics, assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation, on reach and palmar grasp using objects of different weights. Methods: It was a prospective clinical trial. Four chronic quadriplegics (C5-C6), with injuries of traumatic origin, were recruited and all of them had their reach and palmar grasp movement captured by four infrared cameras and six retro-reflective markers attached to the trunk and right arm, assisted or not by neuromuscular electrical stimulation to the triceps, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum communis, flexor digitorum superficialis, opponens pollicis and lumbricals. It was measured by a Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries of the American Spinal Injury Association, Functional Independence Measure and kinematic variables. Results: The patients were able to reach and execute palmar grasp in all cylinders using the stimulation sequences assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The quadriplegics produced lower peak velocity, a shorter time of movement and reduction in movement segmentation, when assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Conclusion: This study showed that reach and palmar grasp movement assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation was able to produce motor patterns more similar to healthy subjects. Level of evidence IV; Case series.

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18

Anand, K. Risheek. "MEMS Operated Automatic Wheelchair." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 25, 2021): 2213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35277.

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The limitations with ancient wheel chairs chiefly embrace exibility, weight and restricted functions. several developments are created within the field of wheel chair technology; however, these couldn't aid the quadriplegics to navigate severally. Automatic wheel chair victimization MEMS technology enabled the top and neck quality of quadriplegics in a very price effective manner. The position of user’s head is born-again into speed and direction by the system. MEMS detector and PIC controller square measure the most components of the system. The amendment in direction of head is detected by the MEMS detector and corresponding signal is given to microcontroller. The microcontroller controls the wheel chair directions with the assistance of DC motors.

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19

McLean, K. P., P. P. Jones, and J. S. Skinner. "HEART RATE/VO2 RELATIONSHIP IN EXERCISING QUADRIPLEGICS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00103.

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20

Truillet, P., P. Raynal, and C. Jouffrais. "Rapid development of assistive technologies for quadriplegics." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 55 (October 2012): e345-e346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2012.07.876.

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21

Yoo, Kyung Y., JongUn Lee, Hak S. Kim, and Woong M. Im. "Hemodynamic and Catecholamine Responses to Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation in Patients with Complete Spinal Cord Injuries." Anesthesiology 95, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200109000-00017.

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Background Endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing general anesthesia often causes hypertension and tachycardia, which may be altered when the efferent sympathetic fiber to the cardiovascular system is interrupted. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of different levels of spinal cord injury on the cardiovascular responses to intubation. Methods Fifty-four patients with traumatic complete cord injuries requiring tracheal intubation were grouped into quadriplegics (above C7; n = 22), high paraplegics (T1-T4, n = 8), and low paraplegics (below T5, n = 24) according to the level of injury. Twenty patients without spinal injury served as controls. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and rhythm were recorded at intervals for up to 5 min after intubation. Plasma concentrations of catecholamines were also measured. Results The intubation increased the systolic blood pressure similarly in control, high-paraplegic, and low-paraplegic groups (P < 0.05), whereas it did not alter the blood pressure in the quadriplegic group. Heart rate was significantly increased in all groups; however, the magnitude was more pronounced in the high-paraplegic group (67%) than in the control (38%) and quadriplegic (33%) groups. Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine were significantly increased after intubation in all groups; however, values were lower in the quadriplegic group and higher in the low-paraplegic group compared with those in the control group. Incidence of arrhythmias did not differ among groups. Conclusions The cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine changes associated with endotracheal intubation may differ according to the affected level in patients with complete spinal cord injuries.

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22

Hoffman, Martin D. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Training in Quadriplegics and Paraplegics." Sports Medicine 3, no. 5 (1986): 312–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198603050-00002.

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23

OHASHI, Masahiro, Masaru YAMAMOTO, Hidekazu RYO, Motoh SATOH, and Yumiko KUNIMI. "Sleep respiratory pattern abnormalities in 20 complete quadriplegics." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 23, no. 3 (1986): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.23.141.

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24

Cousins, Steve, and Henry Evans. "ROS Expands the World for Quadriplegics [ROS Topics]." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 21, no. 2 (June 2014): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2014.2314021.

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25

Lamid, Sofjan, Glen F. Ragalie, and Kathaline Welter. "Respirator-Dependent Quadriplegics: Problems During the Weaning Period." Journal of The American Paraplegia Society 8, no. 2 (April 1985): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01952307.1985.11785933.

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26

Naki, Igor Kaoru, Marcelo Riberto, Maria Cecília dos Santos Moreira, and Linamara Rizzo Battistella. "Is the use of computerized electrical stimulation associated with cycloergometrics in individuals with medullary lesion beneficial for the muscular parameters?" Acta Fisiátrica 18, no. 4 (December 9, 2011): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v18i4a103669.

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The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of FES produces muscular benefits for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Method: A review of the literature was done in the electronic database MEDLINE, PubMed, LILACS and SciELO, without limitation of time or language. The PICO strategy has been used for this research. Results: 554 articles were found. From these, 432 were excluded by title, resulting in 122 articles left. Out of these articles the duplicates were excluded resulting in 73 articles; 36 were then excluded after reading the abstract and 33 more after reading the full text. Four studies were selected. Two articles included males and females in their studies and two only included males. Three studies included quadriplegics and paraplegics in the same study; one included only quadriplegics. One of the studies used a more frequent training routine, seven times a week; three trained only three times a week. The duration of the studies was varied considerably, from six weeks to one year. The resulting measurements for strength and resistance evaluation were performed in different manners, by muscle transverse section area measurement, limb circumference, and muscle biopsy; however, all studies presented at least one of the measurements provided by the equipment, power output or work output. Improvement of the power output and work output has been shown in all studies. Despite the heterogeneity encountered in these studies, the outcomes evaluated by them indicate a significant increase in the power output and work output after training periods, with gains starting from six weeks of training at least three times a week. Conclusion: Future studies are needed to assess different responses in different groups of subjects, paraplegics or quadriplegics, under different frequencies and periods of training, and thereby provide the elaboration of more directed training protocols.

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Almansouri, Abdullah S., Lakshmeesha Upadhyaya, Suzana P. Nunes, Khaled N. Salama, and Jurgen Kosel. "An Assistive Magnetic Skin System: Enabling Technology for Quadriplegics." Advanced Engineering Materials 23, no. 1 (January 2021): 2170001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.202170001.

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28

Abreu, Elizângela Márcia de Carvalho, Rani de Souza Alves, Ana Carolina Lacerda Borges, Fernanda Pupio Silva Lima, Alderico Rodrigues de Paula Júnior, and Mário Oliveira Lima. "Autonomic cardiovascular control recovery in quadriplegics after handcycle training." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28, no. 7 (2016): 2063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2063.

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29

Higuchi, Y., S. Kitamura, N. Kawashima, K. Nakazawa, T. Iwaya, and M. Yamasaki. "Cardiorespiratory responses during passive walking-like exercise in quadriplegics." Spinal Cord 44, no. 8 (November 29, 2005): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101875.

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Balshi, James D., Nancy L. Cantelmo, and James O. Menzoian. "Complications of caval interruption by greenfield filter in quadriplegics." Journal of Vascular Surgery 9, no. 4 (April 1989): 0558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.1989.vs0090558.

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31

Balshi, James D., Nancy L. Cantelmo, and James O. Menzoian. "Complications of caval interruption by greenfield filter in quadriplegics." Journal of Vascular Surgery 9, no. 4 (April 1989): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(89)90472-2.

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LO, I. K. Y., R. TURNER, S. CONNOLLY, G. DELANEY, and J. H. ROTH. "The Outcome of Tendon Transfers for C6-Spared Quadriplegics." Journal of Hand Surgery 23, no. 2 (April 1998): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(98)80164-2.

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The purpose of this study was to review retrospectively and evaluate a uniform group of C6-spared quadriplegics who had similar surgical procedures. Eight patients undergoing 12 procedures were reviewed at an average of 3.8 years follow-up. There were three bilateral procedures. All patients had extensor carpi radialis longus to flexor digitorum profundus and brachioradialis to flexor pollicis longus transfers to improve grip strength and key pinch. All patients reported subjective improvements in quality of life, activities of daily living and patient-centred goals. There were six excellent and two good results. Objective improvements included mild improvements in key pinch and grip strength.

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Bhambhani, Y. N., L. J. Holland, P. Eriksson, and R. D. Steadward. "Physiological responses during wheelchair racing in quadriplegics and paraplegics." Spinal Cord 32, no. 4 (April 1994): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1994.45.

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34

Shima, Hiroto. "A Study of Key Muscles for Wheelchair Driving in Quadriplegics." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 9, no. 1 (1997): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.9.43.

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35

Mitsui, T., K. Minami, T. Furuno, H. Morita, and T. Koyanagi. "Is Suprapubic Cystostomy an Optimal Urinary Management in High Quadriplegics?" European Urology 38, no. 4 (2000): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000020320.

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36

Nash, M. S., R. Garcia-Morales, J. R. Hughes, M. A. Fletcher, and B. A. Green. "ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN ACTIVITY FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION CYCLING EXERCISE IN QUADRIPLEGICS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00387.

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37

Convertino, V. A., W. C. Adams, J. D. Shea, C. A. Thompson, and G. W. Hoffler. "Impairment of carotid-cardiac vagal baroreflex in wheelchair-dependent quadriplegics." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): R576—R580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.3.r576.

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The incidence of orthostatic hypotension can increase after prolonged exposure to chair rest and bedrest and is associated with post-bed rest impairment of the carotid-cardiac baroreflex response. We therefore hypothesized that the hypotension observed in humans confined to wheelchairs may be manifested by a reduced baroreflex sensitivity. We compared baroreflex responses of 16 wheelchair-dependent (WCD) quadriplegics with those of 15 able-bodied subjects (ABS) matched for age, height, and weight. Beat-to-beat R-R intervals were measured during application of graded pressures from 40 to -65 mmHg using a neck chamber for noninvasive stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors. Changes of R-R intervals were plotted against carotid distending pressures. The maximum slope of the stimulus-response relationship was greater (P less than 0.0001) in ABS (6.1 +/- 0.6 ms/mmHg) than in WCD (2.6 +/- 0.4 ms/mmHg). The range of the R-R interval response, i.e., the capacity to buffer blood pressure changes, was only 138 +/- 19 ms in WCD compared with 253 +/- 19 ms in ABS (P less than 0.001). Mean sitting systolic-to-diastolic blood pressures in WCD (92/60 mmHg) were less (P less than 0.0001) than in ABS (120/77 mmHg), although there were no significant differences between groups in supine resting blood pressures. Chronic loss of stimulation to carotid baroreceptors by routine standing posture is associated with attenuated sensitivity and reduced buffer capacity of the arterial baroreflex and hypotension during sitting in WCD patients.

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Lerman, R. M., and M. S. Weiss. "Progressive resistive exercise in weaning high quadriplegics from the ventilator." Spinal Cord 25, no. 2 (April 1987): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1987.22.

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DiMarco, A. F., G. S. Supinski, J. A. Petro, and Y. Takaoka. "Evaluation of intercostal pacing to provide artificial ventilation in quadriplegics." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 150, no. 4 (October 1994): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921466.

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Banzett, Robert B., Robert W. Lansing, Michael B. Reid, Lewis Adams, and Robert Brown. "‘Air hunger’ arising from increased PCO2 in mechanically ventilated quadriplegics." Respiration Physiology 76, no. 1 (April 1989): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(89)90017-0.

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Varoto, Renato, Elisa Signoreto Barbarini, and Alberto Cliquet Jr. "A Hybrid System for Upper Limb Movement Restoration in Quadriplegics." Artificial Organs 32, no. 9 (September 2008): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00597.x.

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O'Donnell, D. E., R. Sanii, H. Dubo, B. Loveridge, and M. Younes. "Steady-State Ventilatory Responses to Expiratory Resistive Loading in Quadriplegics." American Review of Respiratory Disease 147, no. 1 (January 1993): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/147.1.54.

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43

Katz, Richard T. "Impairment Rating and Spinal Cord Injuries: Revisiting the Guides." Guides Newsletter 15, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2010.mayjun01.

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Abstract This article addresses some criticisms of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) by comparing previously published outcome data from a group of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) persons with impairment ratings for a corresponding level of injury calculated using the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition. Results of the comparison show that impairment ratings using the sixth edition scale poorly with the level of impairments of activities of daily living (ADL) in SCI patients as assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor scale and the extended FIM motor scale. Because of the combinations of multiple impairments, the AMA Guides potentially overrates the impairment of paraplegics compared with that of quadriplegics. The use and applicability of the Combined Values formula should be further investigated, and complete loss of function of two upper extremities seems consistent with levels of quadriplegia using the SCI model. Some aspects of the AMA Guides contain inconsistencies. The concept of diminishing impairment values is not easily translated between specific losses of function per organ system and “overall” loss of ADLs involving multiple organ systems, and the notion of “catastrophic thresholds” involving multiple organ systems may support the understanding that variations in rating may exist in higher rating cases such as those that involve an SCI.

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Gurav, Anushree Kailas. "Prevalence of Scoliosis in Cerebral Palsy." Indian Journal of Youth & Adolescent Health 07, no. 03 (February 3, 2021): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.2880.202014.

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Background: Significant structural deformity of the spine often accompanies cerebral palsy. Progression of curve will eventually lead to pain, loss of ambulation, sitting balance. The aetiology of scoliosis in CP has yet to be well defined. Objective: The objective of this study was to find incidence of scoliosis in different sub-types of cerebral palsy. Method: A total population of 30 children with cerebral palsy aged 5 to 20 years followed with examination and assessment for scoliosis in a health care setting was analysed. GMFCS level, CP subtype, age at diagnosis, gender dominance of the condition were correlates registered. Effect of 5 factors on progression of the curve and type of scoliosis dominant in cerebral palsy was studied. Results: Of the 30 subjects initially enrolled in the study, 19 of them with scoliosis in which incidence of 28% was found among spastic quadriplegia followed by 24% in diplegia. The risk of scoliosis increased with GMFCS level and age. 22% of children showed moderate scoliosis with respect to scoliosis appearance questionnaire. Conclusions: Scoliosis was most common in the spastic group with the highest incidence in the spastic quadriplegics. There was a definite inverse relationship between the level of ambulation and scoliosis: the higher the level of ambulation the lower the incidence of scoliosis. Moderate scoliosis was found because progression of curve is expected to continue until skeletal maturity.

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Du Toit, Don F., and Willem A, Liebenberg. "SOMATIC-CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER: AUTOLOGOUS EMBRYONIC INTRA-SPINAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANT IN A CHRONIC COMPLETE QUADRIPLEGIC PATIENT. NEURO-ANATOMICAL OUTCOME AFTER ONE YEAR. Transferencia de núcleos de células madre: Transplante embriónico autólogo intraesp." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v6.n1.14096.

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La literatura científica informa que anualmente se producen alrededor de 180.000 casos de lesiones de la médula espinal en el mundo. Publicaciones recientes han mostrado beneficios neurológicos en casos seleccionados de personas con cuadriplejía sometidas a trasplante intralesional de células madre autólogas cultivadas de médula ósea. Objetivos: Este estudio de caso presenta evidencia de nivel III de recuperación clínica neurológica parcial en un paciente de sexo masculino de 32 años, con cuadriplejia completa crónica que fue sometido a transferencia de núcleos de células somáticas (SCNT, por sus siglas en inglés) y a terapia de células embrionarias por presentar lesión traumática de la médula espinal sufrida 6 años atrás. La pregunta de investigación fue: “¿Puede la terapia celular autóloga de SCNT mejorar la discapacidad motora y sensitiva de las extremidades en la cuadriplejia crónica?" Hipótesis probada: “La terapia celular de SCNT es incapaz de mejorar la discapacidad motora y sensitiva en casos seleccionados de personas con cuadriplejia completa crónica y no puede mejorar el resultado funcional o la independencia”. Materiales y métodos: El trasplante celular se llevó a cabo mediante implantación quirúrgica en el área con daño medular cervical 6 años después de la lesión que dejó al paciente con cuadriplejía completa confirmada mediante examen neurológico y resonancia magnética. Después del procedimiento, se llevó a cabo la evaluación neurológica y fue evaluada la restauración de dermatomas y miotomas durante 12 meses, junto con la realización de resonancia magnética y clasificación de la American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA). Resultados: La mejoría neurológica se presentó en forma asimétrica en la cintura escapular y sin cambios dramáticos bilateralmente en extremidades superiores y en tronco con respecto a las funciones de las piernas evaluadas a los 12 meses. Las puntuaciones en la escala ASIA aumentaron de 29/112 a 64/112 a los 6 meses después del tratamiento y se ganó al menos un nivel de la escala ASIA. Conclusión: En comparación con los hallazgos iniciales, se documentó mejoría neurológica cuantificada en la cintura escapular y las extremidades superiores, entre 6 y 12 meses después del trasplante celular autólogo intralesional con SCNT en un caso de cuadriplejia crónica. The scientific literature reports that about 180,000 cases of spinal-cord injuries (SCI) occur yearly in the world. Recent publications show neurological benefit in selected quadriplegics undergoing intra-lesion transplantation of autologous cultured bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Objectives: This case-study reports level–III objective evidence and partial neurological clinical recovery in a 32-year old-male with chronic complete quadriplegia that underwent somatic nuclear cell transfer (SCNT) and embryonic cell therapy for traumatic spinal-cord injury (SCI) sustained 6-years previously. The research question was: “Can autologous SCNT cell-therapy improve extremity motor and sensory impairment in chronic quadriplegia?” The hypothesis tested: “SCNT cell-therapy is unable to improve severe motor and sensory impairment in selected persons with chronic complete quadriplegia and unable to improve functional outcome or independence”. Material and methods: Cell-transplantation was by neuro-surgical implantation into the damaged cervical cord 6-years after SCI that rendered the patient a complete quadriplegic confirmed on neurological examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neurologic assessment, restoration of dermatomes and myotomes were evaluated post-procedurally for 12-months together with MRI, and American Spinal Injury Association grading (ASIA). Results: Neurological improvement was asymmetrically improved in the shoulder girdle, upper extremity bilaterally and trunk without dramatic change in leg-function at 12-months. ASIA-scales increased from 29/112 to 64/112 at 6-months after treatment and at least one ASIA-level was gained. Conclusion: Compared to baseline findings, measured neurological improvement was documented in the shoulder-girdle and upper-extremities, 6-12 months after intra-lesion autologous SCNT cell transplantation in a chronic-quadriplegic.

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CV, Dr Manoj Kumar, and Dr Ravikumar V. "Functional outcome of cervical spine locking plate fixation in traumatic quadriplegics." International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences 4, no. 1o (January 1, 2018): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/ortho.2018.v4.i1o.148.

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Liang, Chih-Hsien, Chung-Min Wu, Shu-Wen Lin, and Ching-Hsing Luo. "A portable and low-cost assistive computer input device for quadriplegics." Technology and Disability 21, no. 3 (November 13, 2009): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/tad-2009-0274.

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Bhambhani, Y., R. Burnham, G. Wheeler, P. Eriksson, L. Holland, and R. Steadward. "VENTILATORY THRESHOLD IN ACTIVE AND ENDURANCE TRAINED QUADRIPLEGICS DURING WHEELCHAIR EXERCISE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00770.

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HARMON, EDWIN P., and GARY HURWITZ. "Use of the Appendix for a Catheterization Stoma in Partial Quadriplegics." Southern Medical Journal 87, no. 10 (October 1994): 1005–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199410000-00009.

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Athanasiou, Maria, and Jonathan Y. Clark. "DIMITRA: an online expert system for carers of paraplegics and quadriplegics." International Journal of Healthcare Technology and Management 7, no. 5 (2006): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhtm.2006.008431.

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