Relevant bibliographies by topics / Quadriplegics

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Quadriplegics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Quadriplegics"

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Banzett, R. B., R. W. Lansing, and R. Brown. "High-level quadriplegics perceive lung volume change." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.567.

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We tested the ability of tracheostomized, high-level quadriplegics to detect changes in ventilator-delivered tidal volume. Single breaths larger or smaller than control breaths were delivered, and the subjects indicated which breath was altered in a forced-choice procedure that minimizes the effect of subject bias. Quadriplegic patients detected changes in tidal volume of as little as 100 ml. Their ability to detect changes was comparable to that of a group of normal subjects similarly tested. These quadriplegic patients had little or no somatic sensation below the neck, and airways above the tracheostomy were not exposed to the stimulus. The quadriplegics consistently and emphatically reported that the sensation used in volume discrimination arose within the chest.
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Figoni, Stephen F., Richard A. Boileau, Benjamin H. Massey, and Joseph R. Larsen. "Physiological Responses of Quadriplegic and Able-Bodied Men during Exercise at the Same VO2." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 5, no. 2 (April 1988): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.5.2.130.

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The purpose of this study was to compare quadriplegic and able-bodied men on selected cardiovascular and metabolic responses to arm-crank ergometry at the same rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2). Subjects included 11 untrained, spinal cord-injured, C5–C7 complete quadriplegic men and 11 untrained, able-bodied men of similar age (27 years), height (177 cm), and mass (65 kg). Measurement techniques included open-circuit spirometry, impedance cardiography, and electrocardiography. Compared with the able-bodied group, at the V̇O2 of 0.5 L/min, the quadriplegics displayed a significantly higher mean heart rate and arteriovenous O2 difference, lower stroke volume and cardiac output, and similar myocardial contractility. These results suggest that quadriplegic men achieve an exercise-induced V̇O2 of 0.5 L/min through different central cardiovascular adjustments than do able-bodied men. Quadriplegics deliver less O2 from the heart toward the tissues but extract more O2 from the blood. Tachycardia may contribute to low cardiac preload and low stroke volume, while paradoxically tending to compensate for low stroke volume by minimizing reduction of cardiac output.
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Simard, Clermont, Luc Noreau, Gilles Paré, and Pierre Pomerleau. "Réponses physiologiques maximales lors d'un effort chez des sujets quadriplégiques." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-013.

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Devices used for the assessment of physical working capacity in quadriplegics may be determinant in terms of efficiency during maximal exercise testing. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses of a group of quadriplegics during graded exercise tests on arm cranking ergometer (ACE) and wheelchair ergometer (WE). Fifty subjects, age 34.1 (± 9.5) years, participated in the study. Measurements comprised heart rate, ventilation, oxygen consumption, and power output. Unlike other studies suggesting a higher physical working capacity on ACE compared with WE, no significant differences were observed in physiological measurements between the two ergometers. However, power output on ACE was 65% higher than that of WE (p ≤ 0.001). These results suggest that power output of quadriplegics on ACE is higher due to differences in mechanical patterns required to induce movements of propelling (arm cranking vs. rolling movements). The need to link the assessment results to the type of locomotion used by the spinal cord injured persons may suggest the use of WE for testing and training in such individuals. Key words: quadriplegic, spinal cord injury, arm cranking and wheelchair ergometers, exercise testing, mechanical efficiency, physically disabled
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Demirel, Gülçin, Seref Demirel, Hürriyet Yilmaz, Vakur Akkaya, Dursun Atilgan, and Ferruh Korkut. "Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Autonomic Dysfunction in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A 24-Hour Holter Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Study." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 13, no. 4 (December 1999): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154596839901300405.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients for the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias and the level of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction using 24-hour Holter recordings and long-term time-domain and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. There was no difference be tween groups for the frequency of ventricular or supraventricular ectopics, minimal and mean heart rate, and the longest RR intervals. Maximum heart rate was lower in the quadriplegic group compared with controls (124.1 ± 11.2 vs. 139.4 ± 10.9, p < 0.05). Frequency-domain spectral analysis of high, low, total frequency powers, and ratio LF/HF showed no significant difference between groups. On time-domain analy sis SDANN (94.5 ± 26.4 vs. 131.1 ± 15.1, p < 0.0 1) and SDNN (110.1 ± 29.2 vs. 143.6 ± 19. 1, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in quadriplegics compared with controls. SDANN (74.0 ± 17.9 vs. 115.0 ± 14.2 p < 0.01) and SDNN ( 90.2 ± 21.1 vs. 130.0 ± 22.0 p < 0.05) were significantly lower in complete quadriplegics com pared with incomplete quadriplegics. When the effect of wake (07-22)-sleep (23-07) cycle on frequency-domain parameters were assessed, HF (12.38 ± 5.1 vs. 21.18 ± 8.05, p = 0.001) and TP (35.93 ± 10.5 vs. 45.68 ± 12.68, p = 0.004) showed the physiologic increase during sleep in controls, but was unchanged in quadriplegics (10.48 ± 5.39 vs. 13.35 ± 8.03, p = 0.205 and 30.67 ± 10.61 vs. 37.01 ± 17.59, p = 0.208, respectively). In paraplegics a blunted increase in HF (14.61 ± 7.69 vs. 19.85 ± 14.13, p = 0.09) and TP (38.5 ± 12.77 vs. 47.13 ± 23.08, p = 0.08) was observed. LF showed no significant change in the three groups. Heart rate circadian rhythm was preserved in all three groups (p < 0.01). We concluded that chronic complete cer vical SCI may disrupt modulatory sympathetic flow and downregulates parasympa thetic activity but causes no major arrhythmias needing treatment. Key Words: Chronic spinal cord injury—Cardiac dysrhythmia—Autonomic dysfunction-Heart rate variability.
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Pokorski, M., T. Morikawa, S. Takaishi, A. Masuda, B. Ahn, and Y. Honda. "Ventilatory responses to chemosensory stimuli in quadriplegic subjects." European Respiratory Journal 3, no. 8 (September 1, 1990): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.03080891.

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We tested the hypothesis that interruption of motor traffic running down the spinal cord to respiratory muscle motoneurons suppresses the ventilatory response to increased chemical drive. We compared the hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic (HCVR) ventilatory responses, based on the rebreathing technique, before and during inspiratory flow-resistive loading in 17 quadriplegic patients with low cervical spinal cord transection and in 17 normal subjects. The ventilatory response was evaluated from minute ventilation (VE) and mouth occlusion pressure (P0.2) slopes on arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) or on end-tidal PCO2 (PACO2), and from absolute VE values at SaO2 80% or at PACO2 55 mmHg. We found no difference in the unloaded HVR or HCVR between the quadriplegic and normal subjects. In the loaded HVR, the delta VE/delta SaO2 slope tended to decrease similarly in both groups of subjects. The delta P0.2/delta SaO2 slope was shifted upwards in normal subjects, yielding a significantly higher P0.2 at a given SaO2. In contrast, this rise in the P0.2 level during loaded HVR was absent in quadriplegics. Loaded HCVR yielded qualitatively similar results in both groups of subjects; delta VE/delta PACO2 decreased and delta P0.2/delta PACO2 increased significantly. The results show that the ventilatory chemosensory responses were unsuppressed in quadriplegics, although they displayed a disturbance in load-compensation, as reflected by occlusion pressure, in hypoxia. We conclude that the descending drive to respiratory muscle motoneurons is not germane to the operation of the chemosensory reflexes.
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Kishore Prasad, Bipin. "Study of Decannulation Problems Following Tracheostomy in Quadriplegics." Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research 10, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/joentr.2018.10.00313.

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Aim: Decannulation of tracheostomy in cases of traumatic quadriplegia is always a challenge due to respiratory muscle paralysis, chest infections, aspiration and need to care for sacral sores. Aim of this study was to identify and overcome the difficulties in decannulation of tracheostomy in cases of quadriplegia due to cervical spinal cord injury. Material and methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in a tertiary care Spinal Cord Injury Center of a Military Hospital. Ten cases of tracheostomized traumatic quadriplegics were evaluated over 3years. Decannulation was considered once there was normal gag reflex, effective cough, manageable aspiration, oxygen saturation above 90%, no serious pulmonary compromise and no need for bed sores surgery. The cases were followed up for further one year post-decannulation. Results: Eight cases could be decannulated successfully. Only two cases could not be decannulated due to feeble chest movement, ineffective Cough, lack of motivation and occasional aspiration. Conclusion: Cervical cord injury patients have difficult decannulation due to weak respiratory muscles, ineffective cough, aspiration, pulmonary pathology and bed sores. Respiratory muscle exercise, quantified peak cough pressure, assisted coughing, risk benefit approach in aspiration, healing of bed sores and team work are keys to successful decannulation
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Simon, P. M., A. M. Leevers, J. L. Murty, J. B. Skatrud, and J. A. Dempsey. "Neuromechanical regulation of respiratory motor output in ventilator-dependent C1-C3 quadriplegics." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.312.

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To evaluate the role of phrenic and sternocleidomastoid afferents as alternate sources of inhibitory feedback during mechanical ventilation, we studied five C2-C3 quadriplegics with sensory denervation of the rib cage and diaphragm, six C1-C2 quadriplegics with additional loss of sensory feedback from the neck muscles, and seven normal subjects. We compared the return of inspiratory muscle activity [the recruitment threshold (PCO2RT)] during mechanical ventilation between subject groups after stepwise increases in end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) either by increasing the inspired fraction of CO2 (FICO2), decreasing tidal volume (VT; 50 ml/min), or decreasing frequency (f; 1 breath/2 min). Normal subjects were mechanically hyperventilated via a nasal mask until inspiratory activity was undetectable. Efferent input to the sternocleidomastoid was intact at both levels of spinal cord injury, but phasic activity was not evident at the quadriplegics' baseline resting ventilation. The PCO2RT was defined as the level of PETCO2 at which phasic activity of the diaphragm in normal subjects and of the sternocleidomastoid in C1-C2 and C2-C3 quadriplegics recurred. The mean PCO2RT (in response to raising PETCO2 via increased FICO2 while maintaining a high VT and f) was not significantly different (P = 0.6) between normal subjects (43 +/- 3 Torr) and C2-C3 quadriplegics (38 +/- 5 Torr). Both subject groups demonstrated a frequency- and volume-related inhibition, as evidenced by a substantially lower PCO2RT when PETCO2 was raised by reducing either VT or f. In contrast to the C2-C3 quadriplegics, the C1-C2 quadriplegics responded with a similar PCO2RT among the three different mechanical ventilation trials, independent of whether PETCO2 was raised with high VT and f, with reduced VT, or with reduced f. We conclude that feedback from at least some part of the chest wall is required to produce a volume- and frequency-dependent inhibition of inspiratory muscle activity observed during mechanical ventilation.
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Urmey, W., S. Loring, J. Mead, A. S. Slutsky, M. Sarkarati, A. Rossier, and R. Brown. "Upper and lower rib cage deformation during breathing in quadriplegics." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.2.618.

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In quadriplegia, the anteroposterior diameter of the rib cage (RC) decreases during inspiration. Our aim was to characterize this paradoxical motion further and to determine to what extent it was due to a diminished inspiratory effect of the diaphragm on the RC because of abdominal muscle paralysis. In six quadriplegics, upper and lower RC (URC, LRC) displacements were studied in various postures with and without extrinsic abdominal support. LRC was in its relaxed configuration at all lung volumes studied in three subjects before and four subjects during abdominal compression. URC distorted most and, despite improvement during abdominal compression, was never in the relaxed configuration during tidal inspiration. Thoracic distortability was further studied by noting the effect on URC and LRC of a cephalad force applied to the RC at the costal margin. This produced distortion similar to that observed during spontaneous inspiration. It was concluded that during spontaneous inspiration in quadriplegics lack of abdominal support does not entirely explain the RC distortion which occurs, and high abdominal pressure results in diminished RC distortion, an effect which we attribute to an increase in the area of diaphragmatic apposition to the RC.
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Nutt, Wolfgang, Christian Arlanch, Silvio Nigg, and Gerhard Staufert. "Tongue-mouse for quadriplegics." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 8, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/8/2/028.

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Jones, P. P., K. P. McLean, and J. S. Skinner. "EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION FOR QUADRIPLEGICS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00191.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Quadriplegics"

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Seymour, Wendy, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Remaking the body : Explorations in the sociology of embodiment." Deakin University, 1995. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050728.111439.

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As embodied social agents our lives are preoccupied with the production and reproduction of bodies. Making, unmaking and remaking our embodiment are ongoing activities. Eating, exercise, washing, grooming, dressing, for example, are activities in which the body engages in routine tasks of bodily management. Such activities can be seen as everyday rehabilitation. The study explores the impact of major physical impairment on embodiment, and on the processes involved in re-embodiment after catastrophic injury or disease. The experiences of the people in this study dramatically highlight the continuous, but largely taken for granted processes involved in our embodiment. Four analytical strands are interwoven throughout the study. The first strand relates to the frailty and vulnerability of the human body, characteristics which are epitomised by the bodies of the informants in this study. The second strand engages with key aspects of the context in which re-embodiment takes place, namely a context replete with crisis, danger, fear, uncertainty and risk. The third strand projects into the future in considering the ongoing project of self. The fourth strand addresses the institutional and social impediments which may confine vulnerable bodies and limit the exploration of more expansive bodies. The study is situated within the general theoretical approach of the sociology of the body. While recognizing the powerful impact of social discourse in the production of bodies, the study focuses on the critical role of embodiment in the reconstitution of self. The people in this study have experienced profound bodily change, but although this damage has disrupted, it has not annihilated their embodied selves. The people still possess and occupy their bodies. It is the obduracy of embodiment which directs the processes involved in remaking the body.
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Nock, Bonnie J. (Bonnie Jean). "Echocardiographic Assessment of the Left Ventricle in the Spinal Cord Injured Patient." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500420/.

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Ten caucasian male quadriplegics were compared with eight sedentary caucasian male controls in regards to left ventricular dimensions and mass obtained from echocardiograrns. The interventricular septum (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) and left ventricular internal diameter (LVII) were within normal limits for both groups. However, the INS in the SCI were significantly thicker than controls (p <0.05). Myocardial thickness was larger in SCI subjects (p <0.05). Absolute left ventricular mass (LVM) and total left ventricular volume was not different ( p > 0.05), but SCI subjects had significantly greater LVM to lean body mass ratios. Echocardiographically, SCI patients demonstrate concentric hypertrophy. This suggests adaptive response to chronic increase in afterload pressure secondary to their daily activities and muscle spasticity.
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DAVANZO, NICOLA. "ACCESSIBLE DIGITAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR QUADRIPLEGIC MUSICIANS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/920339.

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This thesis explores a particular research topic in the field of Sound and Music Computing, dedicated to the creation of Accessible Digital Musical Instruments (ADMIs) designed for users affected by quadriplegia or similar motor impairments. With such conditions an user is completely paralyzed from the neck down. The impossibility to control the upper and lower limbs, particularly fingers, makes it impossible for such users to play conventional musical instruments, both acoustic and digital. This makes it necessary to introduce specific and non-trivial design and development solutions. A first part of the work is dedicated to the analysis of the related context. After defining the pertinent jargon, an analysis of different physical interaction channels available to people with quadriplegic disabilities is provided, with a review of the sensors suitable for their detection. Some of these channels are then evaluated through an experimental methodology. Further chapters provide an analysis of the state of the art in ADMIs for quadriplegic users, as well as design tools dedicated to ADMIs in general. A chapter is dedicated to the design of musical interfaces controlled through gaze, one of the most employed channels in this context. The second part describes the design, development and testing of new ADMIs suitable for quadriplegic users. The implementation of a software library for developing or fast-prototyping software instruments is described, as well as two Open-Source Hardware sensor peripherals developed ad-hoc for the detection of breath and head rotation. The remaining chapters describe the design, implementation and evaluation of Netytar, Netychords and Resin, three ADMIs that are played through the detection of gaze, breath, head movement, and stimulated resonances in the upper vocal tract, therefore playable hands-free.
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Maule, Luca. "Eye controlled semi-Robotic Wheelchair for quadriplegic users embedding Mixed Reality tools." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368247.

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Mobile assistive robotics can play a key role to improve the autonomy and lifestyle of patients. In this context, RoboEye project aims to support people affected by mobility problems that range from very impairing pathologies (like ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) to old age. Any severe motor disability is a condition that limits the capability of interacting with the environment, even the domestic one, caused by the loss of the control on our own mobility. Although these pathologies are relatively rare, the number of people affected by this disease are increasing during the years. The focus of this project is the restore of persons’ mobility using novel technologies based on the gaze on a power wheelchair designed to enable the user to move easily and autonomously inside his home. A novel and intuitive control system was designed to achieve such a goal, in which a non-invasive eye tracker, a monitor, and a 3D camera represent some of the core elements. The developed prototype integrates, on a standard power wheelchair, functionalities from the mobile robotics field, with the main benefit of providing to the user two driving options and comfortable navigation. The most intuitive, and direct, modality foresees the continuous control of the frontal and angular velocities of the wheelchair by gazing at different areas of the monitor. The second, semi-autonomous, enables the navigation toward a selected point in the environment by just pointing and activating the wished destination while the system autonomously plans and follows the trajectory that brings the wheelchair there. The main goal is the development of shared control, combining direct control by the user with the comfort of autonomous navigation based on augmented reality markers. A first evaluation has been performed on a real test bed where specific motion metrics are evaluated. The designs of the control structure and driving interfaces were tuned thanks to the testing of some volunteers, habitual users of standard power wheelchairs. The driving modalities, especially the semi-autonomous one, were modelled and qualified to verify their efficiency, reliability, and safety for domestic usage.
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Maule, Luca. "Eye controlled semi-Robotic Wheelchair for quadriplegic users embedding Mixed Reality tools." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2019. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3737/1/PhD_Thesis_Maule_Luca_Final.pdf.

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Mobile assistive robotics can play a key role to improve the autonomy and lifestyle of patients. In this context, RoboEye project aims to support people affected by mobility problems that range from very impairing pathologies (like ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) to old age. Any severe motor disability is a condition that limits the capability of interacting with the environment, even the domestic one, caused by the loss of the control on our own mobility. Although these pathologies are relatively rare, the number of people affected by this disease are increasing during the years. The focus of this project is the restore of persons’ mobility using novel technologies based on the gaze on a power wheelchair designed to enable the user to move easily and autonomously inside his home. A novel and intuitive control system was designed to achieve such a goal, in which a non-invasive eye tracker, a monitor, and a 3D camera represent some of the core elements. The developed prototype integrates, on a standard power wheelchair, functionalities from the mobile robotics field, with the main benefit of providing to the user two driving options and comfortable navigation. The most intuitive, and direct, modality foresees the continuous control of the frontal and angular velocities of the wheelchair by gazing at different areas of the monitor. The second, semi-autonomous, enables the navigation toward a selected point in the environment by just pointing and activating the wished destination while the system autonomously plans and follows the trajectory that brings the wheelchair there. The main goal is the development of shared control, combining direct control by the user with the comfort of autonomous navigation based on augmented reality markers. A first evaluation has been performed on a real test bed where specific motion metrics are evaluated. The designs of the control structure and driving interfaces were tuned thanks to the testing of some volunteers, habitual users of standard power wheelchairs. The driving modalities, especially the semi-autonomous one, were modelled and qualified to verify their efficiency, reliability, and safety for domestic usage.
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Caselli, Thaisa Barboza 1990. "Parâmetros nutricionais e efeito da alimentação por gastrostomia em crianças e adolescentes com tetraparesia espástica." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310764.

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Orientadores: Maria Angela Bellomo Brandão, Elizete Aparecida Lomazi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caselli_ThaisaBarboza_M.pdf: 1210230 bytes, checksum: fefb27a92c9a78c50d6fb8a873b60a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: A tetraparesia espástica é um tipo de Encefalopatia crônica não progressiva ou não evolutiva (ECNE) que corresponde a uma condição neurológica associada a anormalidades motoras graves, ingestão alimentar deficiente, comprometimento da composição corporal e desnutrição frequente. A gastrostomia tem sido indicada para crianças com dificuldades em se alimentar decorrente da ECNE. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes portadores de ECNE tetraespástica, por meio de curvas específicas e das dobras cutâneas, identificar a frequência das disfunções da motilidade digestiva e a comparar o estado nutricional daquelas alimentadas via gastrostomia (SGT) e via oral (VO). Também foi verificada a concordância entre curvas de crescimento utilizadas para população pediátrica no geral e as curvas específicas para pacientes com ECNE. Estudo transversal em que foram incluídos 54 pacientes. Foram obtidos os dados de: altura do joelho, estatura estimada, peso, dobras cutâneas e circunferências do braço. Os valores de dobras e circunferências foram comparados com a referência de Frisancho. As curvas de Brooks et al. foram utilizadas como padrão referencial e foram definidos como desnutridos aqueles que se encontravam abaixo do percentil 25 de peso para idade. A diferença dos parâmetros nutricionais entre o grupo SGT e grupo VO foi calculada por testes Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher, enquanto que a relação entre curva de crescimento para crianças saudáveis (representada pelo Escore-Z calculado) e curva adotada como referencial foi verificada através do teste exato de Fisher. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Dos 54 pacientes, 34 eram do sexo masculino e a média da idade foi de 10,2 anos. Vinte e cinco pacientes eram alimentados por SGT e 29 por VO. Observou-se que 70% (38/54) dos pacientes foram considerados eutróficos nos parâmetros de peso e Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) para idade, enquanto que 100% (54/54) estavam com estatura adequada para idade. A desnutrição em relação à dobra cutânea triciptal foi observada em 30% (26/54) enquanto que 52% (28/54) apresentaram depleção de massa magra através da circunferência braquial. Foi verificado que as disfunções da motilidade digestiva, como refluxo gastroesofágico, distúrbio de deglutição e constipação intestinal foram mais frequentes no grupo SGT, sendo possivelmente um dos fatores para indicação da cirurgia. O grupo VO apresentou mais indivíduos na faixa da desnutrição (24,14% ou 7/12), além de maior depleção de massa magra e adiposa quando comparado ao grupo SGT. Em relação às curvas, 14,3% dos pacientes que foram classificados como eutróficos no parâmetro peso para idade de acordo com a curva referencial, o Escore-Z os classificou como desnutridos e o mesmo ocorreu em 10% em relação ao IMC. A curva referencial classificou todos como tendo estatura adequada para idade, enquanto que o Escore-Z apontou baixa ou muito baixa estatura para idade. O estudo permitiu concluir que os parâmetros antropométricos indicam que os pacientes do grupo VO apresentam maior comprometimento do estado nutricional do que aqueles que se alimentam via SGT
Abstract: Spastic Quadriplegic cerebral palsy is a sort of a non-progressive chronic encephalopathy, which is related to a neurological condition linked to serious motor abnormalities, deficient food intake, body composition compromising and frequent malnourishment. Gastrostomy is being indicated to children who have difficulties in feeding due to the non-progressive chronic encephalopathy. The aim was to evaluate nutritional status of children and teenagers carriers of non-progressive chronic encephalopathy with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy (through comparison with specifics curves and skinfolds), dysfunctions frequency of digestive motility and the nutritional status comparison of those who feed via gastrostomy and via oral. It was also verified the accordance between growth curves used to pediatric people in general, and specifics curves for patients with non-progressive chronic encephalopathy. Sectional study which were included 54 patients. The following data were obtained: knee height, estimated stature, weight, skin folds and arm circumference. Skin folds and circumferences values were compared to Frisancho¿s reference values. Brooks curves at al. were used as referential standards, and were defined as malnourished those who were below the 25th percentile to the age. Nutritional parameters¿ difference between the group feed via gastrostomy and via oral was measured by Chi-square test and Fisher exact test. Significance level adopted was 5%. From 54 patients, 34 were male and the average age was 10.2 years old. Twenty five patients were feed via gastrostomy and 29 via oral. It was observed that 70% (38/54) of all patients were considered as eutrophic as weight and body mass parameters for the age, while 100% (54/54) had the ideal stature for the age. Malnourishment related to triceps skinfold was observed in 30% (26/54), while 52% (28/54) presented lean mass depletion through arm circumference. Was also verified that digestive motility, such as gastroesophageal reflux, swallowing disorders and intestinal constipation were frequent in group feed via gastrostomy, and a probable factor for surgery indication. Via oral group presented more individuals in malnourishment range (24,24%, or 7/12), besides higher levels of lean mass depletion, and also of adipose mass when compared to in group feed via gastrostomy. In 14,3% of patients who were classified as eutrophic in weight/age parameters in according to referential curve, Z-Score classified them as malnourished and the same happened in 10% on their body mass index. The reference curve has classified all patients as suitable stature to their ages. This study allowed to conclude that anthropometric parameters indicates that patients from via oral group present a higher compromising of nutritional status than patients of gastrostomy group
Mestrado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Mestra em Ciências
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Tancredo, Janaina Roland 1980. "Análise clínica e funcional da espasticidade antes e após a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular e marcha em esteira com EENM em lesados medulares." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313748.

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Orientador: Alberto Cliquet Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A lesão medular tem como uma de suas conseqüências a espasticidade, que está geralmente presente em lesões acima do último nível torácico (T12) e pode ser avaliada através de indicadores quantitativos e qualitativos. Na pesquisa, foram avaliados dois grupos, o da Estimulação Elétrica Neuromuscular (EENM), com dezesseis pacientes e o grupo da Marcha em Esteira com EENM com oito pacientes; todos com diagnóstico de paraplegia e tetraplegia com algum grau de espasticidade. Foram utilizadas para esta avaliação as escalas: modificada de Ashworth, a de espasmos musculares, a subjetiva da espasticidade e o teste pendular. Para aplicação do teste pendular foi utilizado o Dispositivo de Teste Pendular (DTP) - (equipamento que foi elaborado e construído especificamente para avaliar a espasticidade, que possui um acelerômetro de transdutores de cristais de quartzo e um eletrogoniômetro de fibra óptica flexível que medem as tensões e os deslocamentos angulares, respectivamente) do Laboratório de Biomecânica e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor. Os pacientes do grupo da EENM realizaram EENM nos músculos quadríceps e nervo fibular, sendo que os testes foram aplicados antes e logo após o procedimento. O mesmo foi realizado para o grupo da Marcha em Esteira com EENM. Os dados mostraram uma diminuição da espasticidade nos dois grupos, representado no grupo da EENM por variações nos parâmetros F1Ang, F1 Amp, E1 Amp, Plat Amp e ERI e no parâmetro E1 Ang no grupo da marcha. O grupo da EENM onde foi subdividido (pacientes com e sem medicação) notamos uma diferença significativa no subgrupo sem medicação na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados. Já o subgrupo com medicação apenas os parâmetros On Ang e RI foram significativos. Além disso, os dados da escala subjetiva e da escala modificada de Ashworth, após a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular também apresentaram uma redução nos valores da espasticidade, sendo que no grupo da marcha em esteira apenas a escala subjetiva foi significativa
Abstract: Spinal cord injury has as one of its consequences the spasticity, which is usually present in lesions above the last thoracic level (T12) and it can be assessed through quantitative and qualitative indicators. In the study it was evaluated two groups: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) group with sixteen patients and the group of eight patients that performed treadmill gait with partial body weigth support and NMES, all of them were diagnosed with paraplegia or tetraplegia with some degree of spasticity. The following scales were used for assessment: Modified Ashworth Scale, Muscle Spasms Scale, Subjective Scale of Spasticity and the pendulum test. For application of the pendulum test it was used Pendular Test Device (PTD) was used, this equipment was designed and built specifically to evaluate spasticity, which has an accelerometer of quartz crystals transducer and a flexible fiber optic electrogoniometer to measure the acceleration and angular displacement, respectively. The patients in the NMES group performed NMES in the quadriceps muscle and fibular nerve, and the tests were applied before and after the procedure. The same was done for the treadmill gait with NMES group. The data showed a decrease in spasticity in both groups, represented in the NMES group by changes in the F1Ang, F1Amp, E1Amp, Plat Amp and ERI parameters of the PTD and the gait group also presented a change in the E1Ang. In the group NMES, which was divided (patients with and without drugs), it was noticed a significant difference in the subgroup without medication in most parameters. However, in the subgroup with medication only the OnAng and RI parameters were significant. In addition, data from the Subjective Scale of Spasticity and the Modified Ashworth Scale also showed a reduction in the values in the spasticity, and in the group of treadmill gait just a Subjective Scale of Spasticity was significant
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica
Mestre em Ciências
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Norman, Holly. "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Acute Quadriplegic Myopathy : Studies in Experimental Animal Models and Intensive Care Unit Patients." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7133.

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Paris, Juliana Viana 1981. "Análise da função pulmonar e análise cinemática da mobilidade tóracoabdominal em sujeitos tetraplégicos praticantes de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275039.

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Orientador: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barros
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
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Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de um ano de treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas sobre a função pulmonar e a mobilidade toracoabdominal de tetraplégicos através da espirometria e da análise cinemática, sendo dividido em três partes. Na primeira parte, sete tetraplégicos foram submetidos à espirometria antes e depois de treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas. Todos indivíduos apresentaram redução da função pulmonar em comparação com os valores previstos. Houve um aumento significativo na capacidade vital forçada (p= 0,01), volume expiratório forçado do primeiro segundo(p =0,02) e ventilação voluntária máxima(p= 0,03) , após um ano de treinamento.A análise de regressão entre tempo de treinamento total e as variáveis espirométricas demonstraram que os jogadores com maior tempo de treinamento tiveram maiores valores de função pulmonar (r² =0,93e 0,58, p =0,0004 e 0,004). Na segunda parte, foi estudada a análise cinemática da mobilidade toracoabdominal de tetraplégicos praticantes de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas e as diferenças de mobilidade nos compartimentos toracoabdominais após um ano de treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas. Participaram dezoito voluntários, nove do grupo de lesados medulares (GL) e nove sem lesão medular fazendo parte do grupo controle (GC). Do GL, sete voluntários foram acompanhados durante um ano de treinamento. Através das curvas de volume em função do tempo, calculou-se o coeficiente de variação das curvas no tórax superior (TS), tórax inferior (TI), abdome superior (AS), abdome inferior (AI), representando a mobilidade do toracoabdominal, em volume corrente (VC) e em capacidade vital (CV). As comparações e interações entre os fatores: grupos e compartimentos toracoabdominal foram testadas utilizando ANOVA two way e para comparar as diferenças entre os coeficientes de variação GL antes e depois do treinamento foi aplicado um teste t pareado, considerado nível significância de p<0.05 para todos os testes. Em VC não houve diferença significativa quando o GC foi comparado ao GL.Em CV, os valores dos compartimentos TS, TI e AS do GC foram significativamente maiores que os valores dos mesmos compartimentos do GL. No GL, os valores do coeficiente de variação do compartimento do TS foram significativamente menores que os valores do AI; No GL antes e depois de treinamento, a mobilidade do TS foi significativamente maior na condição pós treinamento comparada a pré treinamento. Na terceira parte, comparou-se a espirometria com análise cinemática da respiração. Foram analisadas de maneira descritiva as variáveis: as curvas de volume em função do tempo, os valores médios e de desvio-padrão dos ciclos respiratório, os valores máximos dos ciclos respiratórios, diferença entre os valores máximos e a correlação de Pearson entre os valores das curvas medidos pelo dois métodos. Existiu alta correlação entre as medidas de volume feita pela espirometria e cinemetria, contudo, os valores máximos de volume toracoabdominais calculados pela análise cinemática mostram uma tendência a serem inferiores aos valores de volumes obtidos pela espirometria. O treinamento de rúgbi em cadeira de rodas, pode melhorar a função pulmonar e mobilidade toracoabdominal de lesados medulares
Abstract: This work aimed to study the effect of a year of training in wheelchair rugby on pulmonary function and thoracoabdominal mobility of tetraplegics by spirometry and kinematic analysis. This study wasdivided into three parts. In the first part, seven tetraplegics underwent spirometry before and after attending a year of wheelchair rugby training. All Subjects presented reduced lung function compared with the predicted values. There was a significant increase in forced vital capacity (p= 0,01), first minute forced expiratory volume (p= 0,02), and maximal voluntary ventilation (p= 0,03. The regression analysis between total training time and spirometric variables showed that players with longer training had higher lung function values (r² =0,93e 0,58, p =0,0004 e 0,004). In the second part, we studied the kinematical analysis of thoracoabdominal mobility of wheelchair rugby practitioners and the differences in the mobility of thoracoabdominal compartments after a year of training. Nine tetraplegics participated in the training group (TG) and nine participantswithout spinal cord injury took part as the control group (CG). Seven volunteers of the TG were monitored for one year of training. From the volume curves as function of time we calculated the coefficient of variation of the curves in the superior thorax (ST), inferior thorax (IT), superior abdomen (SA) and inferior abdomen (IA), which representied the mobility of the thoracoabdominal compartment in the vidal volume (VT) and vital capacity (VC). Comparisons and interactions between the factors groups and thoracoabdominal compartments were tested using two-way ANOVA. To compare the differences between the coefficients of variation of TG before and after training, it was applied a paired t test, considering p <0.05 for all tests. in the variable VT showed no significant difference when the CG was compared to TG. In VC, the values of the compartments ST, IT, SA to GC were significantly higher than the values of the same compartments in TG. In TG, the coefficient of variation of TS was significantly lower than the values of IA. On TG before and after training, the mobility of ST was significantly higher to the post training results compared to pre training. In the third part, we compared spirometry with kinematical analysis of the chest wall. We analyzed the descriptive variables: volume curves as a function of time, the mean and standard deviation of the respiratory cycles, the maximum values of the respiratory cycles, the difference between the maximum and Pearson correlation between the values of curves measured by the two methods. There was high correlation between the volume measurements obtained by spirometry and kinematics, however, the maximum thoracoabdominal volume calculated by kinematical analysis showed a tendency to be lower than the values of the volumes obtained by spirometry. The wheelchair rugby training can improve pulmonary function and thoracoabdominal mobility of people with spinal cord injury
Mestrado
Biodinamica do Movimento Humano
Mestre em Educação Física
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Cacho, Enio Walker Azevedo. "Avaliação da extremidade superior de tetraplégicos = correlações clínicas, funcionais e cinemáticas." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309679.

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Orientador: Alberto Cliquet Junior
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Vários são os instrumentos de avaliação dedicados aos tetraplégicos. A compreensão de suas relações é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento e elaboração de abordagens terapêuticas voltadas à reabilitação da extremidade superior desses indivíduos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as correlações entre as avaliações clínicas, funcionais e cinemáticas da extremidade superior durante os movimentos de alcance-preensão em tetraplégicos. Vinte tetraplégicos crônicos e vinte participantes controles foram selecionados para o estudo. Os instrumentos utilizados para a avaliação foram: o padrão de classificação da Associação Americana de Lesão Medular - ASIA, a Medida de Independência Funcional - MIF, a Mensuração de Independência da Medula espinhal - SCIM II, e a avaliação cinemática do movimento de alcance-preensão. Foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis cinemáticas: deslocamento anterior do tronco e protração do ombro, amplitude articular do ombro, cotovelo e punho nos planos sagital e horizontal, índice de curvatura, pico de velocidade máxima, razão do pico de velocidade máxima, tempo de movimento e número de picos. O deslocamento anterior do tronco, protração do ombro e as amplitudes articulares do ombro e cotovelo não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tetraplégicos e os controles. Apenas a amplitude de flexoextensão do punho foi significativamente maior em tetraplégicos. Os movimentos dos tetraplégicos foram mais lentos, segmentados e menos harmoniosos, quando comparados com os controles. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre o índice motor total e a MIF (r = 0.6089; p = 0.0044) e SCIM II (r = 0.5229; p = 0.018). As avaliações funcionais apresentaram correlação positiva entre si (r = 0.8283; p < 0.0001). Foi encontrada também correlação entre o índice motor direito e esquerdo, a MIF motora e o SCIM II, com várias variáveis cinemáticas estudadas (pico de velocidade máxima, tempo de movimento, índice de curvatura, número de picos e razão do pico de velocidade máxima de velocidade). Dentre as amplitudes articulares de movimento (ombro, cotovelo e punho), apenas a amplitude do punho demonstrou correlação com a variável clínica. Este estudo demonstra que a força muscular avaliada pelo índice motor da ASIA se correlaciona moderadamente com as variáveis cinemáticas relacionadas à harmonia de trajetória dos movimentos de alcance-preensão em tetraplégicos. Já as avaliações funcionais apresentaram forte correlação entre si e moderada correlação com o índice motor direito, esquerdo e total, mas não apresentaram uma correlação constante com as variáveis cinemáticas avaliadas à direita e à esquerda.
Abstract: Several assessment tools are dedicated to understanding tetraplegics. The understanding of their relationships has a fundamental importance for the development and elaboration of therapeutic approaches aiming rehabilitation of the upper extremity of these individuals. The objective of this study is to analyze the correlations between clinical, functional and kinematics assessments of upper extremity during reaching-grasping movements in tetraplegics. Twenty chronic tetraplegic patients and 20 control participants were selected for this study. The instruments used for evaluation were the standard classification of the American Association of Spinal Cord Injury - ASIA, the Functional Independence Measure - FIM, the Spinal Cord of Independence Measurement - SCIM II and the kinematics evaluation of the reach-grasp movement. The following kinematic variables were used: anterior displacement of the trunk and protraction of the shoulder, joint range of motion of shoulder, elbow and wrist in sagittal and horizontal planes, curvature index, peak speed, ratio of peak speed, movement time and peak number. The anterior displacement of the trunk, shoulder protraction and range of motion of shoulder and elbow showed no significant differences between groups of tetraplegic patients and controls. Only the flexion-extension amplitude of the wrist was significantly greater in tetraplegics. The movements in quadriplegic patients were slower, targeted and less harmonious when compared with controls. There was a positive correlation between the total motor index and functional FIM (r = 0.6089; p = 0.0044) and SCIM II (r = 0.5229; p = 0.018). Both functional scores showed positive correlation within each other (r = 0.8283; p < 0.0001). There was also correlation between the right and left motor indices, the motor FIM and the SCIM with most of the kinematics studied (peak of velocity, movement time, index of curvature, number of peaks and peak velocity ratio of the maximum velocity). On the other hand, for the joint range of motion (shoulder, elbow and wrist), only the wrist in the horizontal plane demonstrated correlation with clinical variables. This study demonstrates that muscle strength assessed by the ASIA motor index correlates moderately with the kinematic variables related to the harmony and the trajectory of the reaching-grasping movement in tetraplegics. Yet, functional assessments showed strong correlation among themselves, and moderate correlation with right, left and total motor index, but did not show a constant correlation with kinematic variables measured on the right and left.
Doutorado
Pesquisa Experimental
Doutor em Cirurgia
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Books on the topic "Quadriplegics"

1

Miyasaki, Gayle M. Quadriplegics in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: Legislative Reference Bureau, 1993.

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Bridget, Duckworth, ed. Physical management for the quadriplegic patient. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Davis, 1987.

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Guelde, Jack. Handicap--with a capital H. New York: Vantage Press, 1992.

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Schwass, Michael. Don't blame the game: The compelling account of a quadriplegic who took on the world and won and how you can, too! Des Plaines, Ill: MSA Publications, 2005.

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Azevedo, Paulo. Paulo Azevedo: Uma vida normal. Porto, Portugal: Porto Editora, 2008.

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Cole, Jonathan. Still lives: Narratives of spinal cord injury. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2004.

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Azevedo, Paulo. Paulo Azevedo: Uma vida normal. Porto, Portugal: Porto Editora, 2008.

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Deaver, Jeffery. The bone collector. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Signet, 1999.

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Murphy, Robert Francis. The body silent. New York: Norton, 1990.

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Emer, Flavio. Il corponauta: Appunti di viaggio di uno spirito libero. Novara: Interlinea, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Quadriplegics"

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Verduyn, W. H. "Sexual Functions in Respirator-Dependent Quadriplegics." In Sexual Rehabilitation of the Spinal-Cord-Injured Patient, 425–33. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0467-1_32.

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Venkatesan, Mithra, Lini Mohan, Nisith Manika, and Aishwarya Mathapati. "Voice-Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair for Quadriplegics." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 41–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0980-0_5.

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Veerati, Raju, E. Suresh, Adithya Chakilam, and Sai Priya Ravula. "Eye Monitoring Based Motion Controlled Wheelchair for Quadriplegics." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 41–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7329-8_5.

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Meng, Ling-Fu, Tieng-Yu Li, Chi-Nung Chu, Ming-Chung Chen, Sophie Chien-Huey Chang, Arr-Mien Chou, Tony Yang, et al. "Applications of Computer Access Approach to Persons with Quadriplegics." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 857–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27817-7_126.

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Ikeda, Yukiharu, Hisakazu Saishoji, Takuma Matsumoto, Kenji Akiho, Yumiko Kunimi, Masahiro Hoshi, Haruna Araya, and Masato Mizuguchi. "Aerobic Work Capacity of Quadriplegics and Exercise Intensity During the Twin-Basketball Game." In Adapted Physical Activity, 182–86. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68272-1_29.

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Wohlauer, Max V., Andrew K. P. Conner, and Kathryn M. Beauchamp. "Quadriplegia." In Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 1939–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_509.

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Suresh, Shruthi, Han Duerstock, and Bradley Duerstock. "Skin Resistance as a Physiological Indicator for Quadriplegics with Spinal Cord Injuries During Activities of Daily Living." In Smart Health, 157–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29175-8_14.

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Champion, Howard R., Nova L. Panebianco, Jan J. De Waele, Lewis J. Kaplan, Manu L. N. G. Malbrain, Annie L. Slaughter, Walter L. Biffl, et al. "Acute Quadriplegic Myopathy." In Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_1073.

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Christian, Gerald, Joey Gray, Kelsie Roberts, and Jackie Eller. "Quadriplegic Sexuality: Demystifying Misconceptions." In Innovation and Impact of Sex as Leisure in Research and Practice, 68–85. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003288206-5.

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de Boeck, H., W. Vincken, and B. Cham. "Diaphragm Pacing in Quadriplegic Patients." In Cervical Spine II, 124–27. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9055-5_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Quadriplegics"

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Direen, Harry G., Randal H. Direen, and James E. Direen. "Head-Controlled Racecar for Quadriplegics*." In 2020 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147433.

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Theivapriya, V., S. Jagatheeshwari, D. Aishwarya, and G. Sudha. "Smart Wheel Chair for Quadriplegics." In 2018 International Conference on Communication, Computing and Internet of Things (IC3IoT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3iot.2018.8668195.

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Udhaya kumar, S., and Vibin Mammen Vinod. "EOG based wheelchair control for quadriplegics." In 2015 International Conference on Innovations in Information,Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciiecs.2015.7193165.

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Kanagasabai, P. Sastha, R. Gautam, and G. N. Rathna. "Brain-Computer Interface Learning System for Quadriplegics." In 2016 IEEE 4th International Conference on MOOCs, Innovation and Technology in Education (MITE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mite.2016.058.

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Taheri, Atieh, and Ziv Weissman. "Designing a First Person Shooter Game for Quadriplegics." In CHI '21: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451850.

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Yaya Lu and Ying Chen. "Prototyping potential control systems to assist complete quadriplegics." In 2012 5th Biomedical Engineering International Conference (BMEiCON). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmeicon.2012.6465449.

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Machado, A. J., J. F. Amador, and M. J. Coello. "Wheelchair control system for quadriplegics and ocular keyboard." In 2015 IEEE Thirty Fifth Central American and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XXXV). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/concapan.2015.7428466.

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Wiegner, Allen W., and M. Margaret Wierzbicka. "Design of a triceps orthosis for C5/C6 quadriplegics." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5761889.

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Wiegner and Wierzbicka. "Design of a Triceps Orthosis for C5/C6 Quadriplegics." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.589650.

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Bagewdi, Sanket Sameer, and Shikhar Dev. "Design and development of smart system to assist quadriplegics." In 2014 International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology Research (ICAETR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaetr.2014.7012869.

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