Academic literature on the topic 'QTR 1'
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Journal articles on the topic "QTR 1"
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Elsasser, S., W. M. Long, H. J. Baier, A. D. Chediak, and A. Wanner. "Independent control of mucosal and total airway blood flow during hypoxemia." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.1.223.
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In the larger airways, the blood circulation forms a subepithelial (mucosal) and outer (peribronchial) microvascular network. This raises the possibility that blood flow in these two networks is regulated independently. We used hypoxemia as a stimulus to induce changes in tracheal mucosal blood flow normalized for systemic arterial pressure (Qtr n) measured with an inert soluble gas technique and total bronchial blood flow (Qbr) and normalized Qbr (Qbrn) measured with an electromagnetic flow probe in anesthetized sheep. Fifteen minutes of hypoxemia [PO2 40 +/- 7 (SD) Torr] decreased mean Qtr n from 1.1 +/- 0.4 to 0.8 +/- 0.4 ml.min-1.mmHg-1.10(2) (-27%; P less than 0.05; n = 7) and increased mean Qbr n from 12.1 +/- 3.2 to 17.1 +/- 5.4 ml.min-1.mmHg-1.10(2) (+41%; P less than 0.05; n = 6). The rise in Qbr correlated with cardiac output (r = 0.68; P less than 0.05). Phentolamine pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg iv) blunted the hypoxemia-related decrease of mean Qtr n (-8%; P = NS). Tyramine (2.5 mg) applied locally to the trachea decreased mean Qtr n significantly after 30 and 45 min by 31 and 19%, respectively (P less than 0.05). 6-Hydroxydopamine (0.2 mg 4 times for 1 h locally applied) prevented the hypoxemia-induced as well as local tyramine-induced decrease in mean Qtr n (0 and 0%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Barker, J. A., A. D. Chediak, H. J. Baier, and A. Wanner. "Tracheal mucosal blood flow responses to autonomic agonists." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.829.
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In lightly anesthetized adult sheep, we determined tracheal mucosal blood flow (Qtr) by measuring the steady-state uptake of dimethyl ether from a tracheal chamber created by an endotracheal tube provided with two cuffs. Qtr normalized for carotid arterial pressure [Qtr(n)] was determined before and after the exposure of the tracheal mucosa to aerosolized phenylephrine (0.25-2.0 mg), isoproterenol (0.05-0.8 mg), and methacholine (2.5-20 mg). The same doses of methacholine were also administered during the intravenous infusion of vasopressin. The measurements were repeated after intravenous pretreatment with the respective antagonists phentolamine, propranolol, and atropine. Mean +/- SE base-line Qtr(n) was 1.2 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1.mmHg-1.10(2). The autonomic antagonists had no effect on mean Qtr(n). Phenylephrine produced a dose-dependent decrease in mean Qtr(n) (-70% at the highest dose), which was blunted by phentolamine, and isoproterenol produced a dose-dependent increase in mean Qtr(n) (40% at the highest dose), which was blocked by propranolol. Methacholine failed to alter mean Qtr(n) even when Qtr was first decreased by vasopressin. We conclude that in lightly anesthetized adult sheep 1) base-line Qtr(n) is not under adrenergic or cholinergic control, 2) a locally administered alpha-adrenergic agonist decreases and beta-adrenergic agonist increases Qtr(n) via specific receptor activation, and 3) a locally administered cholinergic muscarinic agonist has no effect on Qtr(n).
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Melo, Thiago de Sousa, José Humberto Vilar da Silva, José Jordão Filho, Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa, Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez, José Andrew de Lira Barbosa, Natalí Estevão da Cruz, Laryssa Querino da Silva Duarte, Janiele Ferreira da Silva, and Veruska Dilyanne Silva Gomes. "Quantitative and qualitative feed restriction for broilers." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 12 (September 23, 2021): e339101220447. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20447.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of five feed restriction programs (FRP) on broiler performance and carcass yield. 425 Cobb 500® broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with five FRPs and five replicates with 17 broilers. The FRPs were: Program 1 (P1): consumption ad libitum (AL) of control diet from 14 to 42 days; P2: quantitative restriction (QTR) of 10% of AL consumption from 14 to 28 days and AL consumption from 29 to 42 days; P3: AL consumption from 14 to 28 days and QTR from 29 to 42 days; P4: qualitative restriction (QLR) of 10% of the level of crude protein and essential amino acids from 14 to 28 days and AL consumption from 29 to 42 days; and P5: AL consumption from 14 to 28 days and QLR from 29 to 42 days. The broilers of the AL treatment gained more weight (p≤0.01), but had a similar FCR (P>0.05) compared to broilers submitted to QTR from 29 to 42 days. In addition, broilers fed QTR from 14 to 28 days presented a lower FI and a better FCR (p≤0.01) in relation to broilers fed QLR of 14 to 28 (P4) and 29 to 42 days (P5). The broilers fed QTR of 14 to 28 days diet presented a similar FCR as broilers fed AL. The 10% reduction in AL consumption of 14 to 28 d is a viable economical alternative to feed broilers up to 42 days of age.
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Loose, Kim, Justus Rudolph, Martin Schlösser, Maximilian Willauschus, Johannes Rüther, Philipp Schuster, Hermann Josef Bail, Michael Millrose, and Markus Geßlein. "Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures in Middle-Aged to Older Patients: A Retrospective Study on the Preoperative MRI Injury Patterns and Mid-Term Patient-Reported Outcome Measures." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2023): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020364.
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(1) Quadriceps tendon rupture (QTR) is a rare pathology, usually occurring in elderly patients with comorbidities, requiring surgical therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze rupture patterns and concomitant injuries using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate patient-reported outcome measures. (2) In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 113 patients with QTR were screened and rupture patterns/concomitant injuries (n = 33) were analyzed via MRI. Clinical outcome was assessed in 45 patients using the International Knee Documentation (IKDC) and Lysholm score with a mean follow-up of 7.2 (±5.0) years. (3) The evaluation of preoperative MRIs showed multiple ruptures of subtendons in 67% with concomitant knee injuries in 45%. The most common associated pathology detected using MRI was pre-existing tendinosis (31.2%). Surgical refixation demonstrated good results with a mean post-operative IKDC score of 73.1 (±14.1) and mean Lysholm score of 84.2 (±16.1). Patient characteristics and individual radiologic rupture patterns did not significantly affect the clinical outcome of patients. (4) Acute QTRs are complex injuries with common involvement of multiple subtendons. MRI imaging can be useful for achieving an accurate diagnosis as pre-existing tendinosis as well as concomitant injuries are common, and might be useful for providing an individual surgical strategy and improving outcomes.
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Seiler, Christian. "A Climatological Assessment of Intense Extratropical Cyclones from the Potential Vorticity Perspective." Journal of Climate 32, no. 8 (April 8, 2019): 2369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0461.1.
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Extratropical cyclones (ETCs) are known to intensify due to three vertically interacting positive potential vorticity perturbations that are associated with potential temperature anomalies close to the surface (θB), condensational heating in the lower-level atmosphere (qsat), and stratospheric intrusion in the upper-level atmosphere (qtr). This study presents the first climatological assessment of how much each of these three mechanisms contributes to the intensity of extreme ETCs. Using relative vorticity at 850 hPa as a measure of ETC intensity, results show that in about half of all cases the largest contributions during maximum ETC intensity are associated with qsat (53% of all ETCs), followed by qtr (36%) and θB (11%). The relative frequency of storms that are dominated by qsat is higher 1) during warmer months (61% of all ETCs during warmer months) compared to colder months (50%) and 2) in the Pacific (56% of all ETCs in the Pacific) compared to the Atlantic (46%). The relative frequency of ETCs that are dominated by θB is larger 1) during colder months (13%) compared to warmer months (3%), 2) in the Atlantic (15%) compared to the Pacific (8%), and 3) in western (11%–20%) compared to eastern ocean basins (4%–9%). These findings are based on piecewise potential vorticity inversion conducted for intense ETCs that occurred from 1980 to 2016 in the Northern Hemisphere (3273 events; top 7%). The results may serve as a baseline for evaluating ETC biases and uncertainties in global climate models.
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El-Menyar, Ayman, Ahammed Mekkodathil, Vishwajit Verma, Bianca M. Wahlen, Ruben Peralta, Ibrahim Taha, Suhail Hakim, and Hassan Al-Thani. "Gender Discrepancy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Study from a Level 1 Trauma Center." BioMed Research International 2022 (August 18, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3147340.
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Objectives. The objective of this study is to explore the gender discrepancy in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods. A retrospective analysis of Qatar Trauma Registry (QTR) was conducted among patients (age ≥14y) who were hospitalized with TBI. Data were collected and analyzed based on the gender and age. Results. Over 5 years (2014-2019), 9, 309 trauma patients (90% males and 10% females) were admitted to the trauma center. Of these, 1, 620 (17.4%) patients were hospitalized with TBI (94% males and 6% females). Motor vehicle crash was the main mechanism of injury (MOI) in females, and fall from height was predominant among males. Subdural hematoma (SDH) was the more frequent type of TBI in both genders, but it was more prevalent in male patients ≥55 years. Injury severity score, Glasgow coma scale, and head abbreviated injury score were comparable between males and females. The length of stay in the ICU and hospital and mortality were similar in both genders. However, mortality was higher among males ≥55 years when compared to 14-54 years within the same gender (21% vs. 12%, p = 0.002 ). The crude and adjusted odds ratio did not show that gender is a significant predictor of mortality among TBI patients. Conclusions. Although the incidence and MOI of TBI show significant differences between male and female patients, the severity and outcomes are comparable.
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Batista, Luiz Fernando Dias, Madeline E. Rivera, Aaron B. Norris, Jordan Adams, Roberta Cracco, Morgan Jackson, and Luis O. Tedeschi. "44 Effect of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract inclusion in a high roughage diet upon in vitro gas production." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.122.
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Abstract The utilization of natural plant secondary compounds as feed additives in animal nutrition has been extensively studied because of their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation can potentially alter ruminal fermentation, and mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of quebracho CT extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a roughage-based diet on overall fermentability and CH4 production utilizing the in vitro gas production technique (IVGP). Twenty rumen cannulated steers (227 ± 19 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n=4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). A roughage-based diet containing 88% bermudagrass hay and 12% concentrate was fed daily at 2.1% of shrunk body weight. The animals were adapted to the basal diet for 24-d then introduced to predetermined treatments for 35d. Rumen inoculum was collected weekly from each steer to perform the incubations. Two hundred milligrams of air-dried base diet were incubated for 48-h with a composite rumen inoculum for each treatment over 5 wk. Kinetic analysis of cumulative 48h gas production was performed using Gasfit. Measurements of CH4 were performed via gas chromatography and digested residue was determined post-incubation. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Total gas production was higher for QT0 compared to QT1 and QT3 (P = 0.001), but not different from QT2 (P = 0.554). The fractional rate of gas production was higher for QT2 compared to QT0 (P = 0.011). First and second pool gas production decreased linearly as QT inclusion increased (P = 0.042 and 0.010, respectively). There was no dietary effect in ivNDFD (P = 0.567). However, there was a linear tendency to decrease CH4 production with the addition of QT (P=0.071) likely due to changes in the microbial population.
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Batista, Luiz Fernando Dias, Aaron B. Norris, Jordan Adams, and Luis O. Tedeschi. "286 Effects of Supplementation of Quebracho Extract Supplementation on Ruminal Ph of Growing Beef Steers." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.291.
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Abstract Rumen acidosis is a common metabolic disorder occurring when organic acid production exceeds clearance capacity, reducing ruminal pH. Acidosis occurrence has been directly correlated to the ratio of concentrate to forage in the diet. However, the rates of substrate fermentation and acid absorption vary at different locations in the rumen. The objective of this study was to determine the pH in different locations of the rumen using 16 rumenally- cannulated steers (309 ± 43 kg) receiving quebracho extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a grower-type diet [25:75 forage-to-concentrate, dry matter (DM) % basis]. Animals were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (n = 4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). Animals were adapted to the basal diet (QT0) for 12-d before being introduced to predetermined treatments for four weeks, with feed provided twice daily to allow ad libitum intake. Weekly measurements of ruminal fluid pH and redox potential (Eh) were taken four h post-feeding using a portable pH and redox meter probe in four locations of the rumen (cranial sac, ventral sac, dorsal sac, and reticulum). Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model with the pen as a random effect and week as repeated measures. The DM intake was included as a covariate. There was no interaction among diet, location, and week (P ≥ 0.925) on pH. Overall, ruminal pH was lower for QT0 and QT1 compared to QT3 (P < 0.001). Ruminal pH in the cranial sac and reticulum was greater than in the dorsal sac (5.98, 6.03, and 5.87, respectively; P = 0.001). Redox potential was lower for QT0 in week 1 than all other treatments (P = 0.042). This study indicated that pH differs among locations of the rumen regardless of QT supplementation level and days on feed.
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Batista, Luiz Fernando Dias, Aaron B. Norris, Madeline Rivera, Genevieve D’ Souza, Jordan Adams, and Luis O. Tedeschi. "PSIX-29 Effect of quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract inclusion in a high roughage diet upon in situ digestion." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.796.
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Abstract The objective was to determine the effect of quebracho tannin extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a roughage-based diet upon dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (DMD and NDFD, respectively). The use of natural plant secondary compounds as a feed additive in animal nutrition has been studied due to their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions in both ruminants and non-ruminants. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation has demonstrated potential to mitigate CH4 emissions, but this commonly corresponds with reduced ruminal fiber degradation. However, prolonged supplementation of CT in a roughage-based diet is limited within the literature. Twenty rumen cannulated animals (227 ± 19 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n = 4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). A maintenance-fed diet containing 88% bermudagrass hay and 12% concentrate was offered at 2.1% of shrunk body weight. Steers were adapted to the base diet for 24-d then introduced to predetermined treatments for 35 d. In situ digestibility data were collected weekly over 5 wk. Digestibility estimates were determined using 48-h in situ disappearance of DM and NDF. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. There was no difference in DM or NDF intake for dietary treatment (P = 0.66, and P = 0.65, respectively). However, on week 2 QT2 had lower DMD (P = 0.03) and tended to decrease NDFD (P = 0.06) compared to QT1, and QT3. In contrast, there was no observed difference (P = 0.22) in DMD, and NDFD on week 1, 3, 4, 5, and when the 5-wk data were combined. The addition of QT up to 3% DM in a roughage-based diet does not sacrifice DMD and NDFD over time, but it is not clear as to why QT2 affected DMD and NDFD.
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Morencos, Esther, Blanca Romero-Moraleda, Carlo Castagna, and David Casamichana. "Positional Comparisons in the Impact of Fatigue on Movement Patterns in Hockey." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 9 (October 1, 2018): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0506.
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Purpose: To examine the influence of the match period on the movement patterns of hockey players according to their playing positions under the introduction of quarters (QTRs). Methods: Sixteen subelite-level Spanish National League male hockey players participated in the study (age: 25.5 [2.9] y; body mass: 74.6 [5.5] kg). Global positioning system devices were used to monitor players’ running performance during 17 competitive matches (113 match-play profiles). Only players who played for at least 85% of the game were analyzed. Players were placed into 3 position categories: backs, midfielders, and forwards. Results: Moderate to large differences in relative total distance were found between midfielders and both backs and forwards in all QTRs (effect size [ES]: 0.4–1.2). ES for total distance was moderate for midfielders when compared with backs during the first QTR (moderate ES: 0.7). Midfielders and forwards covered more distance (m and m·min−1) in high-velocity zones than backs (ES: 0.6). Acceleration activities (n·min−1) at moderate and high intensities decreased in all groups across QTRs with moderate to very large ES (ES: 0.4–1.4). Relative sprinting distance decreased in backs (ES: 0.8). Backs had fewer repeated-sprint bouts (n and n·min−1) as the game progressed (ES: 1.0). Conclusions: During competitive match play, a degree of positional variation can be observed across QTRs. The relative distance and the number of accelerations and decelerations at moderate and high intensity decreased across QTRs. No between-QTRs differences in high-speed activity were reported.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "QTR 1"
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Kurt, Aslihan. "The Regulatory Effect Of Ccar Activator On The Cephamycin C Gene Cluster Of Streptomyces Clavuligerus." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614004/index.pdf.
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Streptomyces clavuligerus produces industrially important secondary metabolites such as cephamycin C (a &beta-lactam antibiotic) and clavulanic acid (a potent &beta
-lactamase inhibitor). Cephamycin C is active against penicillin-resistant bacteria due to presence of methoxyl group in C-7 position of cephalosporin nucleus. Clavulanic acid is prescribed in combination with &beta
-lactams for treatment of various bacterial infections. Cephamycin C and clavulanic acid gene clusters form &beta
-lactam supercluster in S. clavuligerus genome. CcaR (Cephamycin C-Clavulanic Acid Regulator), encoded by ccaR, located in cephamycin C gene cluster, is a positive regulator of &beta
-lactam supercluster. Previous studies on cephamycin C gene cluster have used different techniques, such as S1 nuclease (Paradkar et al., 1994), Northern blot (Perez-Llarena et al., 1997), and Western blot (Alexander and Jensen, 1998) to determine expression of cephamycin C genes at mRNA level and to identify their functions at protein level, and they have studied on different parts of the cluster. Hence, a comprehensive study is needed to understand molecular mechanisms of pathway-specific regulation of cephamycin C production by S. clavuligerus. In this study, time-dependent expression levels of cephamycin C gene cluster in a ccaR-disrupted mutant and ccaR-overexpressed recombinant strain of S. clavuligerus as compared to those in the wild strain were analysed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. In addition, DNA-binding sequences of CcaR on cephamycin C gene cluster were examined by EMSA. The effect of ccaR disruption and overexpression on cephamycin C and clavulanic acid yields were determined by bioassay and HPLC. Three polycistronic and two monocistronic transcripts were obtained by RT-PCR. CcaR regulation showed its effect on mostly ccaR, lat, cmcI, cefD, blp and cefF expression levels. qRT-PCR data was supported by EMSA showing CcaR binding to lat, cefD&ndash
cmcI and ccaR promoters. ccaR overexpression from multi-copy recombinant plasmid resulted in significant increase in cephamycin C and clavulanic acid yields, making the respective recombinant strain as an attractive industrial strain. qRT-PCR data presented herein constitute the first that reveal the effect of CcaR activator on the expression of cephamycin C genes in a time-dependent manner.
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Attilio, Dênia Borges. "Testes de associação em região de QTL ligados do cromossomo 1 da galinha doméstica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-30042014-104202/.
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Atualmente, o Brasil é considerado o maior exportador mundial e terceiro maior produtor mundial de carne de frango. Este destaque é resultado, principalmente, do melhoramento animal baseado na estimação do valor genético a partir da mensuração de fenótipos e informações de pedigree. Entretanto, é comum que a seleção não seja feita para cada característica isoladamente devido à correlação genética entre elas. Esta correlação tem como causas a pleiotropia ou a ligação genética. Com este trabalho objetivou-se detectar associações entre características fenotípicas de interesse para a avicultura e SNPs em uma região do cromossomo 1 (168 - 208 cM e 57 - 71 Mbp), onde possíveis QTL ligados foram previamente mapeados. Utilizou-se o Beadchip de SNPs de 60k para genotipar 14 animais da geração Parental (machos TT e fêmeas CC) e 28 F1 da população TCTC desenvolvida pela Embrapa Suínos e Aves. A linhagem TT apresentou maior variabilidade genotípica que CC, porém, os F1 foram superiores às linhagens Parentais com base no número de heterozigotos e MAF. O polimorfismo com maior ocorrência em ambas as gerações foram as transições com 84,3%. Foram selecionados 144 SNPs mais informativos com base na heterozigosidade dos cinco casais F1 que geraram os 453 F2. Houve redução de heterozigotos e MAF em F2, em função da média de F1, decorrente de certo grau de parentesco e endogamia entre os animais que compuseram esta geração. Os blocos de haplótipos construídos demonstraram que os machos TT apresentaram 25 blocos, fêmeas CC (17), F1 (32) e F2 (23) com tamanho médio de 278, 467, 242 e 160 kpb, respectivamente. Foi evidenciado que 236 (42,7%) correlações fenotípicas foram significativas, das quais o maior número constatado foi entre PB_MS e outras 17 características e, o maior valor estimado foi entre PB_MS e EE_MS (-0,90). Do total esperado de 3.456 testes de associação, 609 (17,6%) foram considerados significativos (p < 0,05), sendo 424 (69,6%) com efeito aditivo e 185 com efeito de dominância (30,4%). PV41 apresentou maior número de associações (123), enquanto DOR não foi associado a nenhum SNP. Proporcionalmente, o maior número de SNPs foi associado próximo ao QTL pleiotrópico 2 para 17 características. Já os maiores níveis de significância (p < 9,59 x 10-8) para o efeito aditivo foram evidenciados para SNPs localizados próximos ao QTL pleiotrópico 1 e associados somente com PV41, a saber: Gga_rs13869715 (A < C), Gga_rs13870613 (T < C), Gga_rs14827719 (A < G), GGaluGA019336 (T < C) e GGaluGA019533 (A < C). Foram detectadas associações ainda não descritas na literatura para GP3541, CA3541, INT, PES, CAB, FIG, COR, MOE, PUL, HEM, COL, TRI, TC, PB_MS, EE_MS, CZ_MS. Finalmente, foram indicados possíveis genes candidatos posicionais e funcionais, tais como, IGF1, MYBPC1, MTPN, SOX-5, FGFR1OP2 e TTLL12 que poderão ser empregados na análise de expressão gênica.Actually, Brazil is considered the world\'s first- and third-biggest exporter and producer of poultry meat, respectively. These performances are mainly consequence of animal breeding based on the estimation of breeding value combining phenotypes and pedigree information. However, usually the selection is not carried out for each trait separately due to genetic correlation between them. This correlation is caused by pleiotropy or linkage. We aimed to detect associations between phenotypic traits of interest to poultry industry and SNPs on a region of chromosome 1 (168 - 208 cM and 57 - 71 Mbp), where putative linked-QTL were previously mapped. A chicken 60k SNP BeadChip was used to genotype 14 animals from Parental generation (TT males and CC females) and 28 F1 of the TCTC population that was developed by Embrapa Swine and Poultry. The TT line showed greater genotypic variability than CC, however, F1 were higher than Parental generation based on the number of heterozygotes and MAF. The polymorphism more frequent in both generations was the transitions with 84.3%. The 144 most informative SNPs were selected based on heterozygosity of the five F1 couples which generated the 453 F2. There was a reduction of heterozygotes and MAF in F2, based on the F1 mean value, as consequence of some degree of relationship and inbreeding between animals that formed this generation. Haplotype blocks demonstrated that the TT males showed 25 blocks, CC female (17) F1 (32) and F2 (23) with an average size of 278, 467, 242 and 160 kbp, respectively. It was observed that 236 (42.7%) phenotypic correlations were significant. Out of these, the highest number was found between PB_MS and other 17 traits and the highest estimated value was between PB_MS and EE_MS (-0.90). Out of 3,456 expected association tests, 609 (17.6 %) were considered significant (p < 0.05), being 424 (69.6%) with additive effect and 185 with dominance effect (30.4%). PV41 presented the highest number of associations (123), while DOR was not associated to any SNP. Proportionally, the highest number of SNPs was associated close to the pleiotropic QTL 2 with 17 traits. On the other hand, the highest significance levels (p < 9.59 x 10-8) for the additive effect were evidenced for SNPs located close to the pleiotropic QTL 1 and associated only with PV41 (Gga_rs13869715 (A < C), Gga_rs13870613 (T < C), Gga_rs14827719 (A < G), GGaluGA019336 (T < C) and GGaluGA019533 (A < C)). Novel associations were detected for GP3541, CA3541, INT, PES, CAB, FIG, COR, MOE, PUL, HEM, COL, TRI, TC, PB_MS, EE_MS, CZ_MS when we compared our results with literature. Finally, putative positional and functional candidate genes were indicated such as IGF1, MYBPC1, MTPN, SOX-5, FGFR1OP2 and TTLL12, which may be used in gene expression analysis.
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Bauman, Lara Elizabeth. "QTL variance component models." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1464110531&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Watkins, Gemma L. "A comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 gag gene expression." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/45902/.
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Despite being closely related viruses with similar replication cycles, HIV-2 replicates more slowly than HIV-1 and produces fewer particles, resulting in a lower plasma viral load. Expression of the major structural gene, gag, from HIV-1 and HIV-2 proviruses was compared to investigate whether this could play a role in the difference in particle production observed between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Using quantitative RT-PCR, significantly less full-length HIV-2 gag mRNA was found to be transcribed from its provirus than for HIV-1. Sub-cellular fractionation allowed us to determine HIV-1/2 gag mRNA levels in the nucleus and cytoplasm throughout a time course. RNA export of HIV-2 gag mRNA was shown to be slower than for HIV-1 gag mRNA. HIV-2 full-length gag RNA was shown to be translated much less efficiently than HIV-1 in a range of cell lines. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag have been proposed to be translated by internal ribosome entry. Shutting down capdependent translation (by poliovirus-mediated eIF4G cleavage) significantly reduced translation from both HIV-1/2 gag RNAs, with no evidence of compensatory IRES activity. This suggests that cap-dependent translation is the predominant mechanism for translation of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNA. Additional work explored HIV RNA-protein interactions by UV cross-linking experiments using cellular proteins. Several proteins differentially binding to HIV-1/2 5’ UTR RNAs were identified and, in particular, a 45 kDa protein binding only to the HIV-1 5’ UTR. Attempts were made to characterise the proteins binding with different affinities to HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNAs. Confocal microscopy was used to visualise HIV-1/2 Gag expression within the cell. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag expression was shown to be reduced when siRNA was used to inhibit the cellular clathrin adaptor protein AP-1. In conclusion, HIV-2 Gag gene expression was found to be less efficient than HIV-1 at the level of transcription, RNA export and translation. Future work will continue to investigate the mechanisms behind these differences.
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Lea, Nicholas. "Processing and trafficking of Shiga-like toxin 1 in eukaryotic cells." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79995/.
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Shiga toxin (ST) and the Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) are type 11 ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs). All members of this group exhibit specific RNA N-glycosidase activity, the prototype being the plant toxin ricin. ST and the SL Ts are bipartite toxins composed of a catalytic A subunit and a pentamer of cell binding B subunits. These toxins show overall structural similarities to ricin, which is also a bipartite toxin with a catalytic A chain and a single cell binding B chain. The A chains of ST and SL T 1 show homology to ricin A chain, particularly in the active site region, and appear identical in their enzymatic mechanism. The respective B chains however are structurally very different and interact with quite different cellular components. In this study, the role of intracellular proteolytic activation of SLT 1 is addressed using a molecular biological approach. The biological characteristics of several mutant SL Ts has been investigated both in vitro, by addition of exogenous protease, and in vivo by comparing the relative cytotoxicities of mutant and wild type proteins in Vero cells. The intracellular processing of these mutant toxins has also been examined. In parallel, the biological properties of a ricin A chain SL T 1 chimeric protein has been investigated. The ultimate aim of this study was to extend our knowledge of the proteolytic processing requirements of SL T 1 and it has led to the conclusion that proteolytic removal ofthe A2 portion of SL T 1 is not an essential prerequisite for intoxication of Vero cells with SLT 1.
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Abioye, Jumai Adeola. "Engineering chimaeric recombinases for HIV-1 proviral DNA excision." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9143/.
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‘Cutting out’ HIV-1 proviral DNA could potentially cure a person of the infection. Genome editing approaches have been proffered for eradicating the provirus in infected persons by activating all latent viral reservoirs for further antiretroviral therapy or for the excision of the proviral DNA from memory T- cells. Previous approaches to do this have used nuclease-based tools or reprogrammed tyrosine recombinases; the former presenting unpredictable therapeutic outcomes and the latter, lengthy design time for newer tool variants if viral mutability erodes their effectiveness. Unlike nuclease-based tools that only cut DNA and rely on host-mediated repair mechanisms, chimaeric recombinases (CRs) cut DNA and carry the inherent ability to re-ligate cut ends at the cleavage site. The modular domain architecture of small serine recombinases can be redesigned to mediate site-specific recombination on non-cognate sites, by replacing the C-terminal DNA binding domains (DBDs) of serine recombinases with programmable DBDs such as Zinc Finger (ZF) proteins, TAL effector proteins and CRISPR-dCas9. For HIV-1 proviral DNA excision, CR requirement for the interaction of two recombinase-bound sites, and the lack of necessity for host cell-encoded factors should maximize the fidelity and efficiency of provirus removal. In this work, the engineering and characterization of CRs with the specificity to recognize and promote site-specific recombination at highly conserved regions within the HIV-1 proviral DNA is explored. This research provides a solid proof-of-concept for the use of CRs to target divergent novel target sequences, expanding their applicability for applied genome editing and wider biotechnological applications.
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McGeehan, John Edward. "Molecular characterisation of Herpes simplex virus type 1 deoxyuridine triphosphatase." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6104/.
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Analysis of primary sequence data revealed a subset of open reading frames that were predicted to encode HSV-I dUTPases based on five areas of local primary sequence conservation. The differences in the primary sequence organisation of these motif regions allowed the description of two distinct dUTPase classes. The class I dUTPases are encoded by a diverse range of organisms and are characterised by a trimeric arrangement with subunit protein lengths approximating 150 amino acids. The class II dUTPases are specific to the herpesviruses and are characterised by a monomeric arrangement with a protein chain length approximately double that of their class I counterparts. It has been proposed that the class II dUTPases arose by the intragenic duplication of the class I open reading frame. In this thesis the class I structures were used as a basis to investigate the HSV-1 class II dUTPase in terms of structural and evolutionary relationships. To allow a defined approach to functional analysis of the HSV-1 dUTPase a tertiary structural model was generated for the class II enzymes. Following intensive primary sequence analysis a method was devised for comparing class I and class II sequences directly. Secondary structure prediction programs were utilised to judge the basic structural similarities between the two classes allowing the proposition of several defined hypotheses. The available class I structural information was utilised in order to characterise highly conserved structural elements within the class I group. In was then possible to relate this data set to class I primary sequences and subsequently to the generation of a class II model. Various modelling techniques were used based on the constraints on the structural organisation that could achieve a functionally active monomer plus the set of hypotheses defined in the earlier work. Mutagenic analysis of the HSV-1 dUTPase was then possible using the class II model as a reference. Several targets were investigated based on predicated functionally important regions. Analysis of these mutant enzymes was performed using purified recombinant HSV-1 dUTPase expressed from the T7 E.coli expression system.
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Mantovani, Paola <1978>. "Identificazione di un QTL principale per resistenza a ruggine bruna sul cromosoma 7B di frumento duro." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1748/1/Mantovani_tesi.pdf.
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Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a serious disease of durum wheat (Triticum durum) worldwide. However, genetic and molecular mapping studies aimed at characterizing leaf rust resistance genes in durum wheat have been only recently undertaken. The Italian durum wheat cv. Creso shows a high level of resistance to P. triticina that has been considered durable and that appears to be due to a combination of a single dominant gene and one or more additional factors conferring partial resistance. In this study, the genetic basis of leaf rust resistance carried by Creso was investigated using 176 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross between the cv. Colosseo (C, leaf rust resistance donor) and Lloyd (L, susceptible parent). Colosseo is a cv. directly related to Creso with the leaf rust resistance phenotype inherited from Creso, and was considered as resistance donor because of its better adaptation to local (Emilia Romagna, Italy) cultivation environment.
RILs have been artificially inoculated with a mixture of 16 Italian P. triticina isolates that were characterized for virulence to seedlings of 22 common wheat cv. Thatcher isolines each carrying a different leaf rust resistance gene, and for molecular genotypes at 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, in order to determine their specialization with regard to the host species. The characterization of the leaf rust isolates was conducted at the Cereal Disease Laboratory of the University of Minnesota (St. Paul, USA) (Chapter 2).
A genetic linkage map was constructed using segregation data from the population of 176 RILs from the cross CL. A total of 662 loci, including 162 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 500 Diversity Arrays Technology markers (DArTs), were analyzed by means of the package EasyMap 0.1. The integrated SSR-DArT linkage map consisted of 554 loci (162 SSR and 392 DArT markers) grouped into 19 linkage blocks with an average marker density of 5.7 cM/marker. The final map spanned a total of 2022 cM, which correspond to a tetraploid genome (AABB) coverage of ca. 77% (Chapter 3).
The RIL population was phenotyped for their resistance to leaf rust under artificial inoculation in 2006; the percentage of infected leaf area (LRS, leaf rust susceptibility) was evaluated at three stages through the disease developmental cycle and the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was then calculated. The response at the seedling stage (infection type, IT) was also investigated. QTL analysis was carried out by means of the Composite Interval Mapping method based on a selection of markers from the CL map. A major QTL (QLr.ubo-7B.2) for leaf rust resistance controlling both the seedling and the adult plant response, was mapped on the distal region of chromosome arm 7BL (deletion bin 7BL10-0.78-1.00), in a gene-dense region known to carry several genes/QTLs for resistance to rusts and other major cereal fungal diseases in wheat and barley. QLr.ubo-7B.2 was identified within a supporting interval of ca. 5 cM tightly associated with three SSR markers (Xbarc340.2, Xgwm146 e Xgwm344.2), and showed an R2 and an LOD peak value for the AUDPC equal to 72.9% an 44.5, respectively. Three additional minor QTLs were also detected (QLr.ubo-7B.1 on chr. 7BS; QLr.ubo-2A on chr. 2AL and QLr.ubo-3A on chr. 3AS) (Chapter 4).
The presence of the major QTL (QLr.ubo-7B.2) was validated by a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based test using field data from two different plant materials: i) a set of 62 advanced lines from multiple crosses involving Creso and his directly related resistance derivates Colosseo and Plinio, and ii) a panel of 164 elite durum wheat accessions representative of the major durum breeding program of the Mediterranean basin. Lines and accessions were phenotyped for leaf rust resistance under artificial inoculation in two different field trials carried out at Argelato (BO, Italy) in 2006 and 2007; the durum elite accessions were also evaluated in two additional field experiments in Obregon (Messico; 2007 and 2008) and in a green-house experiment (seedling resistance) at the Cereal Disease Laboratory (St. Paul, USA, 2008). The molecular characterization involved 14 SSR markers mapping on the 7BL chromosome region found to harbour the major QTL. Association analysis was then performed with a mixed-linear-model approach. Results confirmed the presence of a major QTL for leaf rust resistance, both at adult plant and at seedling stage, located between markers Xbarc340.2, Xgwm146 and Xgwm344.2, in an interval that coincides with the supporting interval (LOD-2) of QLr.ubo-7B.2 as resulted from the RIL QTL analysis. (Chapter 5).
The identification and mapping of the major QTL associated to the durable leaf rust resistance carried by Creso, together with the identification of the associated SSR markers, will enhance the selection efficiency in durum wheat breeding programs (MAS, Marker Assisted Selection) and will accelerate the release of cvs. with durable resistance through marker-assisted pyramiding of the tagged resistance genes/QTLs most effective against wheat fungal pathogens.
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Martinez, Ascanio Ana Karine <1979>. "Fine Mapping of qroot-yield-1.06, a QTL for Root, Plant Vigor and Yield in Maize." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7160/1/Martinez_Ascanio_Ana_Karine_Tesi.pdf.
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Root-yield-1.06 is a major QTL affecting root system architecture (RSA) and other agronomic traits in maize. The effect of this QTL has been evaluated with the development of near isogenic lines (NILs) differing at the QTL position. The objective of this study was to fine map qroot-yield-1.06 by marker-assisted searching for chromosome recombinants in the QTL interval and concurrent root phenotyping in both controlled and field conditions, through successive generations. Complementary approaches such as QTL meta-analysis and RNA-seq were deployed in order to help prioritizing candidate genes within the QTL target region. Using a selected group of genotypes, field based root analysis by ‘shovelomics’ enabled to accurately collect RSA information of adult maize plants. Shovelomics combined with software-assisted root imaging analysis proved to be an informative and relatively highly automated phenotyping protocol. A QTL interval mapping was conducted using a segregating population at the seedling stage grown in controlled environment. Results enabled to narrow down the QTL interval and to identify new polymorphic markers for MAS in field experiments. A collection of homozygous recombinant NILs was developed by screening segregating populations with markers flanking qroot-yield-1.06. A first set of lines from this collection was phenotyped based on the adapted shovelomics protocol. QTL analysis based on these data highlighted an interval of 1.3 Mb as completely linked with the target QTL but, a larger safer interval of 4.1 Mb was selected for further investigations. QTL meta-analysis allows to synthetize information on root QTLs and two mQTLs were identified in the qroot-yield-1.06 interval. Trascriptomics analysis based on RNA-seq data of the two contrasting QTL-NILs, confirmed alternative haplotypes at chromosome bin 1.06. qroot-yield-1.06 has now been delimited to a 4.1-Mb interval, and thanks to the availability of additional untested homozygous recombinant NILs, the potentially achievable mapping resolution at qroot-yield-1.06 is c. 50 kb.
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Kulkarni, Anurag. "The role of VIF in overcoming the APOBEC3G block to HIV-1 replication." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36847/.
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This project focuses on the Virus Infectivity Factor protein of HIV-1 and its relief of the block to virus replication exerted by the APOBEC3G component of the innate immune response. Virus Infectivity Factor (vif) is an accessory gene of HIV, deletion of which leads to large drops in virus infectivity. This decrease in infectivity was found to be due to APOBEC3G, an inhibitor of HIV replication which is constitutively expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the natural host cells for HIV in humans. Vif is indispensable to block the inhibitory effects of APOBEC3G thereby allowing normal viral replication to continue inside the host. This recognition of the critical role played by Vif in the viral replication cycle has centred studies on characterising the interactions of Vif with both APOBEC3G as well as other virus encoded proteins. Stimulation of proteasomal degradation of APOBEC3G is currently believed to be the primary anti-APOBEC3G effect induced by Vif. However recent reports, particularly those showing that Vif remains able to block the inhibitory actions of degradation resistant APOBEC3G, question the validity of this hypothesis. The recognition that both APOBEC3G and Vif become incorporated into HIV particles through an interaction with the precursor of the virion structural proteins, Pr55GAG has raised the possibility that they may compete with each other for this incorporation. Using techniques such as mammalian two-hybrid assays, sucrose gradient analysis of GAG virus-like particles (VLPs) and confocal imaging, the interactions of these proteins with Pr55GAG have been analyzed and the results obtained indicate that Vif competes with APOBEC3G for Pr55GAG binding leading to its displacement and exclusion from the budding HIV virions. This potentially important pathway for Vif activity and its significance in the development of novel antiretroviral drugs in the future will be discussed.
Books on the topic "QTR 1"
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Lubsang, Nei Menggu she hui ke xue yuan. Wen xue yan jiu suo., and Nei Menggu Zizhiqu Gesi'er" gong zuo ling dao xiao zu ban gong shi., eds. Ulaġancab "Qor Geser-u̇n tuġuji" 1. [S.l: Tus Ġajar, Alban Ger], 1986.
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Rifkin, Scott A., ed. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-785-9.
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Coepp, Ben. Introducing Qt 6. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7490-3.
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Thelin, Johan, ed. Foundations of Qt Development. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0251-6.
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Great Britain. Department for Education. Her Majesty's Inspectorate. Charlotte Mason College (incorporated into the University of Lancaster on 1 August 1992): Aspects of the professional training of primary teachers within the BEd and BEd/BA (QTS) degrees : a report. London: Department for Education, 1992.
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Ninul, Anatolij Sergeevič. Tensor Trigonometry. Moscow, Russia: Fizmatlit Publisher, 2021.
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Ninul, Anatolij Sergeevič. Tenzornaja trigonometrija: Teorija i prilozenija / Theory and Applications /. Moscow, Russia: Mir Publisher, 2004.
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Stats, Office of National. Overseas Trav and Tourism Qtr 1, 1999. Stationery Office Books, 1999.
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Stats, Office of National. Overseas Trav and Tourism Qtr 1, 1999. Stationery Office Books, 1999.
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Stats, Office of National. Overseas Trav and Tourism Qtr 1, 2000. Stationery Office Books, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "QTR 1"
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Tsong, Yi, and Jinglin Zhong. "Thorough QT/QTc Clinical Trials." In Modern Clinical Trial Analysis, 183–201. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4322-3_8.
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Turner, J. Rick, Maartje Wit, Tibor Hajos, Maartje Wit, M. Bryant Howren, Salvatore Insana, and Matthew A. Simonson. "QTL." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1601. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_101419.
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Kammula, Udai S. "QRT-PCR." In Analyzing T Cell Responses, 275–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3623-x_16.
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Fischer, Thomas, and Janet Abrams. "QMR Production." In Julie Snow Architects, 32–39. New York, NY: Princeton Archit.Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-56898-640-8_8.
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Duistermaat, Johannes J. "The QRT Map." In Springer Monographs in Mathematics, 1–7. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9126-3_1.
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Duistermaat, Johannes J. "Symmetric QRT Maps." In Springer Monographs in Mathematics, 451–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9126-3_10.
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Duistermaat, Johannes J. "The QRT surface." In Springer Monographs in Mathematics, 85–127. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9126-3_3.
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Giri, Prerna, Manohar Lal Yadav, and Bhagyalaxmi Mohapatra. "QTL Linkage Analysis." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_161-1.
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Turner, J. Rick, Maartje Wit, Tibor Hajos, Maartje Wit, M. Bryant Howren, Salvatore Insana, and Matthew A. Simonson. "Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1609–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_716.
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Wen, Jia, Conor Nodzak, and Xinghua Shi. "QTL Analysis Beyond eQTLs." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 201–10. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0026-9_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "QTR 1"
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Putri Ratna, Anak Agung, Prima Dewi Purnamasari, Ahmad Shaugi, and Muhammad Salman. "Analysis and comparison of MD5 and SHA-1 algorithm implementation in Simple-O authentication based security system." In 2013 International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qir.2013.6632545.
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Wood, Barry, Frederic Ovemey, and Jurgen Schurr. "NRC-Metas-PTB Collaboration, Part 1: Bridges for AC QHR Measurements." In 2004 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem.2004.305360.
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Pollock, A., R. Kumar, P. Devitt, B. Kent, and C. Daly. "1 COVID-19 and QTc: is hydroxychloroquine worth the risk? A review of QT prolongation in hospitalised COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin." In Irish Cardiac Society Annual Scientific Meeting & AGM (Virtual), October 1st – 3rd 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-ics.1.
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Santos, Julia M., Aby Joiakim, David A. Putt, Pilar Herrera-Fierro, Vishva Ray, Alan Dombokowski, Guoan Chen, David G. Beer, and Hyesook Kim. "Abstract 5436: Identification of early lung cancer miRNA biomarkers using qRT-PCR and novel label-free nanoarray technology." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5436.
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Rastgoftar, Hossein, and Ella M. Atkins. "Deployment of an Arbitrary Distribution of a Multi-Agent System With Finite Size on a Desired Formation." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9752.
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This paper considers the problem of deploying an arbitrary multi-agent system in a desired formation over an n-dimensional motion space. Each agent is considered to be a ball and collision avoidance is addressed. System evolution in ℝn is decomposed into n one dimensional motion problems, where evolution of the agents qth (q = 1, 2, 3) components are independently guided by two q-leaders. The remaining agents are considered q-followers, updating the qth component of their positions by local interactions with two neighboring q-agents. Communications among the q-agents are weighted by values consistent with the qth position components of agents in the desired configuration. This paper shows how specifying certain constraints on q-leader motion can address the problem of inter-agent collision avoidance when followers acquire their desired positions only by local communication.
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Monroy, Charles, Guillaume de Hauteclocque, and Xiao-Bo Chen. "A Practical O(Δω) Approximation of Low Frequency Wave Loads." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11126.
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The low-frequency quadratic transfer function (QTF) is defined as the second-order wave loads occurring at the frequency equal to the difference frequency (ω1 − ω2) of two wave frequencies (ω1, ω2) in bi-chromatic waves of unit amplitude. The exact formulation of the QTF which is recalled here is difficult to implement due to numerical convergence problems mainly related to the evaluation of an arduous free surface integral. This is why several approximations have been used for practical engineering studies. They have been the subject of a detailed review in [5]. Following this work, two closely-related formulations are investigated in this paper. In [2], the classical formulations of QTF are examined by an analysis based on the Taylor development with respect to Δω for Δω ≪ 1 and an expansion of QTF in power of Δω is then obtained. It is shown that the zeroth-order term is a pure real function equal to the drift loads and that the term of order O(Δω) is a pure imaginary function. The second-order low-frequency wave loading of order O(Δω) contains a free-surface integral representing the second-order corrective forcing on the free surface. Since the integrand is of order O(1/R4) with R as the radial coordinate, the free-surface integral converges rapidly with the radial distance. Unlike what has been assumed in previous studies of particular cases, this free-surface contribution is, in general, not negligible for high Δω compared to other components and the complete QTF. Depending whether we use the O(Δω) approximation for the whole QTF or only for this free surface integral, it leads to two different approximations. The first one is called original O(Δω) approximation, because it is on this form that the O(Δω) approximation was first described in [2]. If we use the O(Δω) approximation only for the free surface integral, we call this approximation the practical O(Δω) approximation. It is shown in this paper that the original formulation fails to predict the behaviour of the QTF even for small O(Δω). Comparison for the O(Δω) approximation of the free surface integral is performed against the analytical solution and the exact numerical formulation. The results are improved compared to when we neglect this free surface integral for the range of Δω of interest, but still the agreement with the exact solution is not ideal. A path for further improvement is finally proposed.
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Chadha, Manpreet, Jeffrey R. Infante, Monette M. Cotreau, Lindsey Jacobson, Andrew L. Strahs, William Slichenmyer, Dennis L. Vargo, and Kathleen Moore. "Abstract C121: A phase 1 QTc study of tivozanib in patients with advanced solid tumors." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Nov 12-16, 2011; San Francisco, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-c121.
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Guha, Shekhar, and Philip Conner. "Degenerate four-wave mixing in Kerr media in the presence of nonlinear refraction, pump depletion, and linear absorption." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.mw1.
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We consider degenerate four-wave mixing in a Kerr medium with a standard noncollinear geometry and the polarization directions of all the beams parallel to one another. The two pump beams, the probe beam, and the phase-conjugate beam are denoted by the subscripts 1,2,4 and 3, respectively. The nonlinear medium is placed between z = 0 and z = 1; the values of the intensities of the beams at z = 0 and 1 are denoted by Ii0 andIi1, where i = 1,2,3,4. Beams 2 and 4 are incident at z = 1; and beam 1 is incident at z = 0. We have determined the dependence of the phase-conjugate reflectivity R = I31/I41 and the pump transmission T = I11/I10 on the following parameters: the probe ratio, q=I41/(I10 + I21); the pump ratio, r = I21/I 1 0; the absorption coefficient–path length product, al; and the coupling constant of the medium, q. In the absence of nonlinear refraction, pump depletion, and linear absorption in the medium, R = tan2q. When all of these effects are taken into account, the maximum value of R is given by Rmax = exp (-2α1)/(q(1 + r)). The minimum value that T can reach is proportional to q for q < 1. Even for small values of q, multistable solutions for R and T are obtained when q is greater than a threshold value, which we denote by qth. We have determined the dependence of qth on the parameters q and r.
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Nguyen, LinhLan, Steven Su, and Hung T. Nguyen. "Effects of hyperglycemia on variability of RR, QT and corrected QT intervals in Type 1 diabetic patients." In 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609876.
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Gonzalez, Miguel, Subhash Ayirala, Lyla Maskeen, and Abdulkarim Sofi. "Miniature Viscosity Sensors for EOR Polymer Fluids." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209430-ms.
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Abstract There are currently no technologies available to measure polymer solution viscosities at realistic downhole conditions in a well during enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this paper, custom-made probes using quartz tuning fork (QTF) resonators are demonstrated for measurements of viscosity of polymer fluids. The electromechanical response of the resonators was calibrated in simple Newtonian fluids and in non-Newtonian polymer fluids at different concentrations. The responses were then used to measure field-collected samples of polymer injection fluids. The measured viscosity values by tuning forks were lower than those measured by the conventional rheometer at 6.8 s-1, indicating the effect of viscoelasticity of the fluid. However, the predicted rheometer viscosity versus QTF measured viscosity showed a perfect exponential correlation, allowing for calibration between the two viscometers. The QTF sensors were shown to successfully produce accurate viscosity measurements of polymer fluids within the required polymer concentration ranges used in the field, and predicted field sample viscosities with less than 5% error from the rheometer data. These devices can be easily integrated into portable systems for lab or wellsite deployment as well as logging tools for downhole deployment.
Reports on the topic "QTR 1"
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Medrano, Juan, Adam Friedmann, Moshe (Morris) Soller, Ehud Lipkin, and Abraham Korol. High resolution linkage disequilibrium mapping of QTL affecting milk production traits in Israel Holstein dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696509.bard.
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Original objectives: To create BAC contigs covering two QTL containing chromosomal regions (QTLR) and obtain BAC end sequence information as a platform for SNP identification. Use the SNPs to search for marker-QTL linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the test populations (US and Israel Holstein cattle). Identify candidate genes, test for association with dairy cattle production and functional traits, and confirm any associations in a secondary test population. Revisions in the course of the project: The selective recombinant genotyping (SRG) methodology which we implemented to provide moderate resolution QTL mapping turned out to be less effective than expected, due to problems introduced by incomplete marker informativity. This required a no-cost one-year extension of the project. Aside from this, the project was implemented essentially as envisaged, but only with respect to a single QTLR and single population association-test. Background to the topic. Dairy cattle breeders are looking to marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a means of identifying genetically superior sires and dams. MAS based on population-wide LD can be many times more effective than MAS based on within-family linkage mapping. In this proposal we developed a protocol leading from family based QTL mapping to population-wide LD between markers and the QTL Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. The critical importance of marker informativity for application of the SRG design in outcrossing random mating populations was identified, and an alternative Fractioned Pool Design (FPD) based on selective DNA pooling was developed. We demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a BAC contig across a targeted chromosomal region flanking the marker RM188 on bovine chromosome BTA4, which was shown in previous work to contain a QTL affecting milk production traits. BAC end sequences were obtained and successfully screened for SNPs. LD studies of these SNPs in the Israel population, and of an independent set of SNPs taken across the entire proximal region of BTA4 in the USA population, showed a much lower degree of LD than previously reported in the literature. Only at distances in the sub-cM level did an appreciable fraction of SNP marker-pairs show levels of LD useful for MAS. In contrast, studies in the Israel population using microsatellite markers, presented an equivalent degree of LD at a 1-5 separation distance. SNP LD appeared to reflect historical population size of Bostaurus (Ne=5000- 10,000), while microsatellite LD appeared to be in proportion to more recent effective population size of the Holstein breed (Ne=50-100). An appreciable fraction of the observed LD was due to Family admixture structure of the Holstein population. The SNPs MEOX2/IF2G (found within the gene SETMAR at 23,000 bp from RM188) and SNP23 were significantly associated with PTA protein, Cheese dollars and Net Merit Protein in the Davis bull resource population, and were also associated with protein and casein percentages in the Davis cow resource population. Implications. These studies document a major difference in degree of LD presented by SNPs as compared to microsatellites, and raise questions as to the source of this difference and its implications for QTL mapping and MAS. The study lends significant support to the targeted approach to fine map a previously identified QTL. Using high density genotyping with SNP discovered in flanking genes to the QTL, we have identified important markers associated with milk protein percentage that can be tested in markers assisted selection programs.
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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.
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Abbott, Albert G., Doron Holland, Douglas Bielenberg, and Gregory Reighard. Structural and Functional Genomic Approaches for Marking and Identifying Genes that Control Chilling Requirement in Apricot and Peach Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591742.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Structural and functional genomic approaches for marking and identifying genes that control chilling requirement in apricot and peach trees. Specific aims: 1) Identify and characterize the genetic nature of chilling requirement for flowering and dormancy break of vegetative shoots in Prunusgermplasm through the utilization of existing apricot (NeweYa'ar Research Center, ARO) and peach (Clemson University) genetic mapping populations; 2) Use molecular genetic mapping techniques to identify markers flanking genomic regions controlling chilling; 3) Comparatively map the regions controlling chilling requirement in apricot and peach and locate important genomic regions influencing chilling requirement on the Prunus functional genomic database as an initial step for identification of candidate genes; 4) Develop from the functional genomics database a set of markers facilitating the development of cultivars with optimized chilling requirements for improved and sustained fruit production in warm-winter environments. Dormant apricot (prunus armeniaca L.) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees require sustained exposure to low, near freezing, temperatures before vigorous floral and vegetative bud break is possible after the resumption of warm temperatures in the spring. The duration of chilling required (the chilling requirement, CR) is determined by the climatic adaptation of the particular cultivar, thus limiting its geographic distribution. This limitation is particularly evident when attempting to introduce superior cultivars to regions with very warm winter temperatures, such as Israel and the coastal southern United States. The physiological mechanism of CR is not understood and although breeding programs deliberately manipulate CR in apricot and peach crosses, robust closely associated markers to the trait are currently not available. We used segregating populations of apricot (100 Fl individuals, NeweYa'ar Research Center, ARO) and peach (378 F2 individuals, Clemson University) to discover several discreet genomic loci that regulate CR and blooming date. We used the extensive genomic/genetic resources available for Prunus to successfully combine our apricot and peach genetic data and identify five QTL with strong effects that are conserved between species as well as several QTL that are unique to each species. We have identified markers in the key major QTL regions for testing in breeding programs which we are carrying out currently; we have identified an initial set of candidate genes using the peach physical/transcriptome map and whole peach genome sequences and we are testing these currently to identify key target genes for manipulation in breeding programs. Our collaborative work to date has demonstrated the following: 1) CR in peach and apricot is predominantly controlled by a limited number ofQTL loci, seven detected in a peach F2 derived map comprising 65% of the character and 12 in an apricot Fl map comprising 71.6% and 55.6% of the trait in the Perfection and A. 1740 parental maps, respectively and that peach and apricot appear in our initial maps to share five genomic intervals containing potentially common QTL. 2) Application of common anchor markers of the Prunus/peach, physical/genetic map resources has allowed us not only to identify the shared intervals but also to have immediately available some putative candidate gene information from these intervals, the EVG region on LG1 in peach the TALY 1 region in apricot on LG2 in peach; and several others involved in vernalization pathways (LGI and LG7). 3) Mapped BACcontigs are easily defined from the complete physical map resources in peach through the common SSR markers that anchor our CR maps in the two species, 4) Sequences of BACs in these regions can be easily mined for additional polymorphic markers to use in MAS applications.
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Paran, Ilan, and Allen Van Deynze. Regulation of pepper fruit color, chloroplasts development and their importance in fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598173.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Pepper exhibits large natural variation in chlorophyll content in the immature fruit. To dissect the genetic and molecular basis of this variation, we conducted QTL mapping for chlorophyll content in a cross between light and dark green-fruited parents, PI 152225 and 1154. Two major QTLs, pc1 and pc10, that control chlorophyll content by modulation of chloroplast compartment size in a fruit-specific manner were detected in chromosomes 1 and 10, respectively. The pepper homolog of GOLDEN2- LIKE transcription factor (CaGLK2) was found as underlying pc10, similar to its effect on tomato fruit chloroplast development. A candidate gene for pc1was found as controlling chlorophyll content in pepper by the modulation of chloroplast size and number. Fine mapping of pc1 aided by bulked DNA and RNA-seq analyses enabled the identification of a zinc finger transcription factor LOL1 (LSD-One-Like 1) as a candidate gene underlying pc1. LOL1 is a positive regulator of oxidative stress- induced cell death in Arabidopsis. However, over expression of the rice ortholog resulted in an increase of chlorophyll content. Interestingly, CaAPRR2 that is linked to the QTL and was found to affect immature pepper fruit color in a previous study, did not have a significant effect on chlorophyll content in the present study. Verification of the candidate's function was done by generating CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants of the orthologues tomato gene, while its knockout experiment in pepper by genome editing is under progress. Phenotypic similarity as a consequence of disrupting the transcription factor in both pepper and tomato indicated its functional conservation in controlling chlorophyll content in the Solanaceae. A limited sequence diversity study indicated that null mutations in CaLOL1 and its putative interactorCaMIP1 are present in C. chinensebut not in C. annuum. Combinations of mutations in CaLOL1, CaMIP1, CaGLK2 and CaAPRR2 are required for the creation of the extreme variation in chlorophyll content in Capsicum.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.
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Wisniewski, Michael E., Samir Droby, John L. Norelli, Noa Sela, and Elena Levin. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the characterization of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600013.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Blue mold of apple caused by Penicilliumexpansumis a major postharvest disease. Selection for postharvest disease resistance in breeding programs has been ignored in favor of fruit quality traits such as size, color, taste, etc. The identification of postharvest disease resistance as a heritable trait would represent a significant accomplishment and has not been attempted in apple. Furthermore, insight into the biology of the pathogenicity of P. expansumin apple could provide new approaches to postharvest decay management. Hypothesis: Postharvest resistance of apple to P. expansumcan be mapped to specific genetic loci and significant quantitative-trait-loci (QTLs) can be identified that account for a major portion of the population variance. Susceptibility of apple fruit to P. expansumis dependent on the ability of the pathogen to produce LysM effectors that actively suppress primary and/or secondary resistance mechanisms in the fruit. Objectives: 1) Identify QTL(s) and molecular markers for blue mold resistance in GMAL4593 mapping population (‘Royal Gala’ X MalussieversiiPI613981), 2) Characterize the transcriptome of the host and pathogen (P. expansum) during the infection process 3) Determine the function of LysM genes in pathogenicity of P. expansum. Methods: A phenotypic evaluation of blue mold resistance in the GMAL4593 mapping population, conducted in several different years, will be used for QTL analysis (using MapQTL 6.0) to identify loci associated with blue mold resistance. Molecular markers will be developed for the resistance loci. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq will be used to conduct a time course study of gene expression in resistant and susceptible apple GMAL4593 genotypes in response to P. expansum, as well as fungal responses to both genotypes. Candidate resistance genes identified in the transcriptomic study and or bioinformatic analysis will be positioned in the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome to identify markers that co-locate with the identified QTL(s). A functional analysis of LysM genes on pathogenicity will be conducted by eliminating or reducing the expression of individual effectors by heterologous recombination and silencing technologies. LysMeffector genes will also be expressed in a yeast expression system to study protein function. Expected Results: Identification of postharvest disease resistance QTLs and tightly-linked genetic markers. Increased knowledge of the role of effectors in blue mold pathogenic
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Weller, Joel I., Ignacy Misztal, and Micha Ron. Optimization of methodology for genomic selection of moderate and large dairy cattle populations. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594404.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The main objectives of this research was to detect the specific polymorphisms responsible for observed quantitative trait loci and develop optimal strategies for genomic evaluations and selection for moderate (Israel) and large (US) dairy cattle populations. A joint evaluation using all phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic data is the optimal strategy. The specific objectives were: 1) to apply strategies for determination of the causative polymorphisms based on the “a posteriori granddaughter design” (APGD), 2) to develop methods to derive unbiased estimates of gene effects derived from SNP chips analyses, 3) to derive optimal single-stage methods to estimate breeding values of animals based on marker, phenotypic and pedigree data, 4) to extend these methods to multi-trait genetic evaluations and 5) to evaluate the results of long-term genomic selection, as compared to traditional selection. Nearly all of these objectives were met. The major achievements were: The APGD and the modified granddaughter designs were applied to the US Holstein population, and regions harboring segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for all economic traits of interest. The APGD was able to find segregating QTL for all the economic traits analyzed, and confidence intervals for QTL location ranged from ~5 to 35 million base pairs. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for milk production traits in the Israeli Holstein population were computed by the single-step method and compared to results for the two-step method. The single-step method was extended to derive GEBV for multi-parity evaluation. Long-term analysis of genomic selection demonstrated that inclusion of pedigree data from previous generations may result in less accurate GEBV. Major conclusions are: Predictions using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were the least biased, and that method appears to be the best tool for genomic evaluation of a small population, as it automatically accounts for parental index and allows for inclusion of female genomic information without additional steps. None of the methods applied to the Israeli Holstein population were able to derive GEBV for young bulls that were significantly better than parent averages. Thus we confirm previous studies that the main limiting factor for the accuracy of GEBV is the number of bulls with genotypes and progeny tests. Although 36 of the grandsires included in the APGD were genotyped for the BovineHDBeadChip, which includes 777,000 SNPs, we were not able to determine the causative polymorphism for any of the detected QTL. The number of valid unique markers on the BovineHDBeadChip is not sufficient for a reasonable probability to find the causative polymorphisms. Complete resequencing of the genome of approximately 50 bulls will be required, but this could not be accomplished within the framework of the current project due to funding constraints. Inclusion of pedigree data from older generations in the derivation of GEBV may result is less accurate evaluations.
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Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.
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Levin, Ilan, John W. Scott, Moshe Lapidot, and Moshe Reuveni. Fine mapping, functional analysis and pyramiding of genes controlling begomovirus resistance in tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594406.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a monopartitebegomovirus, is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes and poses increasing threat to tomato production worldwide. Because all accessions of the cultivated tomato are susceptible to these viruses, wild tomato species have become a valuable resource of resistance genes. QTL controlling resistance to TYLCV and other begomoviruses (Ty loci) were introgressed from several wild tomato species and mapped to the tomato genome. Additionally, a non-isogenic F₁diallel study demonstrated that several of these resistance sources may interact with each other, and in some cases generate hybrid plants displaying lower symptoms and higher fruit yield compared to their parental lines, while their respective resistance genes are not necessarily allelic. This suggests that pyramiding genes originating from different resistance sources can be effective in obtaining lines and cultivars which are highly resistant to begomoviruses. Molecular tools needed to test this hypothesis have been developed by our labs and can thus significantly improve our understanding of the mechanisms of begomovirus resistance and how to efficiently exploit them to develop wider and more durable resistance. Five non-allelic Ty loci with relatively major effects have been mapped to the tomato genome using molecular DNA markers, thereby establishing tools for efficient marker assisted selection, pyramiding of multiple genes, and map based gene cloning: Ty-1, Ty-2, Ty-3, Ty-4, and ty-5. This research focused on Ty-3 and Ty-4 due to their broad range of resistance to different begomoviruses, including ToMoV, and on ty-5 due to its exceptionally high level of resistance to TYLCV and other begomoviruses. Our aims were: (1) clone Ty-3, and fine map Ty-4 and Ty-5 genes, (2)introgress each gene into two backgroundsand develop semi isogenic lines harboring all possible combinations of the three genes while minimizing linkage-drag, (3) test the resulting lines, and F₁ hybrids made with them, for symptom severity and yield components, and (4) identify and functionally characterize candidate genes that map to chromosomal segments which harbor the resistance loci. During the course of this research we have: (1) found that the allelic Ty-1 and Ty-3 represent two alternative alleles of the gene coding DFDGD-RDRP; (2) found that ty-5is highly likely encoded by the messenger RNA surveillance factor PELOTA (validation is at progress with positive results); (3) continued the map-based cloning of Ty-4; (4) generated all possible gene combinations among Ty-1, Ty-3 and ty-5, including their F₁ counterparts, and tested them for TYLCV and ToMoV resistance; (5) found that the symptomless line TY172, carrying ty-5, also carries a novel allele of Ty-1 (termed Ty-1ⱽ). The main scientific and agricultural implications of this research are as follows: (1) We have developed recombination free DNA markers that will substantially facilitate the introgression of Ty-1, Ty-3 and ty-5 as well as their combinations; (2) We have identified the genes controlling TYLCV resistance at the Ty-1/Ty-3 and ty-5 loci, thus enabling an in-depth analyses of the mechanisms that facilitate begomovirus resistance; (3) Pyramiding of Ty resistance loci is highly effective in providing significantly higher TYLCV resistance.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570562.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement.