Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'QTL de résistance'
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Mukhaimar, Maisara. "Sources naturelles de la résistance contre les nématodes à galles Meloidogyne javanica chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112033/document.
Full textPlant-parasitic nematodes are a serious threat for global food production. They are responsible for 14% of global yield loss, equivalent to an economic value of more than 100 billion US$ per year. Pest management is challenging, in particular since the most efficient nematicide has been banned due to its devastating effect on the environment. Hence, novel sources for nematode management are urgently required. This work investigates whether the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana could serve as a natural source for resistance genes against plant-parasitic nematodes. It finds natural genetic variation among Arabidopsis accessions for resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, identifies several QTL for nematode resistance, and fine-maps one of these resistance QTL
Didier, Jean-Patrick. "Etude de la résistance du colza (Brassica napus) au Phoma (Leptosphaeria maculans) : étude des populations du pathogène et cartographie génétique des QTL impliqués dans la résistance." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066194.
Full textLavaud, Clément. "Diversité et combinaison des modes d'actions des QTL de résistance à Aphanomyces euteiches chez le pois." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARC121/document.
Full textKnowledge of the effects and action modes of resistance QTL to plant diseases is a major challenge for the durable use of genetic resistances in agriculture. In the pea/Aphanomyces euteiches pathosystem, which has a major economic importance, the aim of this study was to validate the single or combined effects of main resistance QTL, and study their action modes on steps of the pathogen life cycle. A total of 157 pea NILs (Near Isogenic Lines) created by Marker-Assisted Back-crossing and carrying no, one, two or three of the seven main resistance QTL previously identified, was genotyped using a 15K SNPs array and evaluated for resistance. The NILs carrying major-effect QTL, individually or in combination with minor-effect QTL, had increased levels of partial resistance in controlledconditions and in the field compared to NILs without QTL, in different genetic backgrounds. Several NILs carrying single or multiple minor-effect QTL also showed reduced levels of disease severity in one or the two test conditions. Most of the QTL had significant effects on slowing down infection and/or pathogen DNA quantity which had colonized the root for seven days after inoculation. This study gives tools and information for the choice of resistance QTL to use in pyramiding breeding strategies for increasing partial levels of resistance to A. euteiches in future pea varieties
Mougou, Amira. "Interaction Chêne-oïdium : caractérisation moléculaire et adaptation locale du parasite, résistance génétique de l’hôte." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13820/document.
Full textPowdery mildew is the most common disease on oaks in Europe where it was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, little is known about the identity of the causal agent and his interaction with its host. The objective of this study was: (1) to characterize the species responsible of oak powdery mildew with a molecular marker (ribosomal DNA); to study the spatial distribution of these different lineages and (2) to study local adaptation of the parasite to its host (3) to explore the genetic determinism of host resistance. The study of the ITS (internal transcribed region) and IGS (intergenic spacer) diversity revealed the existence of four haplotypes, only three had been already associated with oak powdery mildew in Europe. Erysiphe alphitoïdes, for a long time considered as sole responsible for the epidemic of the XXth century, was the predominant species (~ 80% of detections), E. hypophylla and Phyllactinia sp. were detected at lower frequencies. An unexpected result is the detection of a fourth sequence which show 100% homology with ITS sequences of several powdery mildew agents of tropical trees and Erysiphe quercicola, recently described on oak in Asia and Australia but previously unknown in Europe. E. quercicola ITS was detected in all French regions, at a significant frequency (~ 15%). The study showed that E. alphitoides was often found in association with different ITS types in the same region, the same tree, and even in the same lesion. The development of an artificial inoculation method allowed the quantitative evaluation of the oak-powdery mildew interaction. A reciprocal inoculation experiment showed that powdery mildew strains were more efficient on their mother tress and their descendants than on the other trees, suggesting a trans-generational adaptation. Artificial inoculations, supplemented by observations in natural conditions, have also demonstrated a genetic determination of resistance of oak trees, with the identification of several QTL. Some of these QTL co-localize with QTL controlling phenology, in agreement with the importance of oaks ontogenic resistance to powdery mildew. The entire study leads to reconsider oak powdery mildew as a probable complex of cryptic species; the invasion history and the co-existence in Europe are still to be determined. The results achieved on the heritability of resistance and localization of the parasite are a first step in understanding the demo-genetic interactions between host and parasite in this pathosystem
Poque, Sylvain. "Identification de nouveaux mécanismes de résistance au Plum Pox Virus chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21998/document.
Full textThe Plum Pox Virus (PPV) infects Prunus species (stone fruit) and is the causal agent of the Sharka disease. This disease is vastly devastating for fruit and plant productivity and quality. Its cost reaches 10 billions of euros over the last 30 years. Breeding programs have been carried out with the aim to implement resistant cultivars but the number of sources of resistance in Prunus species is rather limited. It has been shown in the laboratory that this virus is able to infect Arabidopsis thaliana with a wide range of response to infection. Indeed, we observed that accessions St-0 and JEA had a resistant behavior, while accession Cvi-1 was partially resistant. Two inoculation methods were compared: mechanical inoculation from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves inoculated with pICPPVnkGFP and agro-inoculation infection from an Agrobacterium strain containing the viral isolate tumesfasciens pBINPPVnkGFP. The use of these two methods of inoculation allows us to highlight variability in the response to PPV depending on the method used. This study aims to identify the factor (s) of the host (s) involved in viral infection. Agro-infection of recombinant populations (F2 and RIL), multi-parental lines and the use of genetic association demonstrate in St-0 and several distinct accessions (seven) a major locus on linkage group 3, called sha3. It appears essential in the long-distance movement of PPV. Use of association genetics helped initiate the fine mapping of sha3 and significantly reduce the number of candidate genes. Screening of mutants was initiated to determine the gene controlling the phenotype Sha3. After mechanical inoculation, the analysis of a recombinant population revealed the presence of a major locus positioned in the middle of the long arm of linkage group 1. This locus co-localizes with rpv1, previously identified in Cvi x Ler offspring (Sicard, Loudet et al. 2008). The same locus was also confirmed with a multi-parental population and by a genetic association approach. A candidate gene is currently being validated in the laboratory. The study of the resistance mechanism carried by the accession JEA was initiated. In this case, it appears that the spread of the virus is inhibited in basal leaves but not in floral stem. The resistance / susceptibility to PPV in JEA appear to be strongly influenced by the physiological stages of the host plant. Further work will be necessary to describe more precisely this resistance mechanism very special. At the end of this thesis, we expect that the identification of these new resistance genes in Arabidopsis allows, after transfer, to increase the diversity of sources of resistance to plum pox virus in fruit trees
Ferreira, David. "Résistance au stress lors de la phase de latence en fermentation œnologique et développement de levures optimisées." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0051.
Full textAbstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for millennia to perform wine fermentation due to its endurance and unmatched qualities and is nowadays widely used as wine yeast starter. Nevertheless, at the moment of inoculation, wine yeasts must cope with specific stress factors that can compromise the fermentation start. The objective of this work was to elucidate the metabolic and molecular bases of multi-stress resistance during wine fermentation lag phase. We first characterized a set of commercialized wine yeast strains by focusing on stress factors typically found at this stage in red wines and in white wines. Temperature and osmotic stress had a drastic impact in lag phase for all strains whereas SO2, low lipids and thiamine had a more strain dependent effect. Based on these data, we developed two parallel approaches. Using an evolutionary engineering approach where selective pressures typically present in lag phase were applied, we obtained evolved strains with a shorter lag phase in winemaking conditions. Whole genome sequencing allowed to identify several de novo mutations potentially involved in the evolved phenotype. In parallel, a QTL mapping approach was conducted, combining an intercross strategy, industrial propagation and drying of the progeny populations and selection of the first budding cells by FACS. Both strategies allowed the identification of several allelic variants involved in cell wall, glucose transport, cell cycle and stress resistance, as important in lag phase phenotype. Overall, these results provide a deeper knowledge of the diversity and the genetic bases of yeast adaptation to wine fermentation lag phase and a framework for improving yeast lag phase. Additionally, we showed that K. marxianus has potential for mixed cultures and positive aromatic contributions under oenological conditions, opening new possibilities for further studies.Title: Stress resistance during the lag phase of wine fermentation and development of optimized yeastsKeywords: Wine fermentation, yeast, lag phase, multi-stress resistance, QTL, adaptive evolution, K. marxianus
Bonnet, Julien. "Etude génétique de la résistance aux Phytophthora chez le piment : vers le clonage positionnel du QTL Phy-p5." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22078.
Full textSalgon, Sylvia. "Déterminisme génétique de la résistance au flétrissement bactérien chez l'aubergine et applications en sélection variétale." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0010/document.
Full textEggplant cultivation is confronted by the bacterial wilt disease caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. Breeding resistant cultivars is the most effective strategy to control the disease but is limited by the pathogen’s extensive genetic diversity. A major QTL (ERs1) was previously mapped in a recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population from the cross of susceptible (S) MM738 × resistant (R) AG91-25 lines. ERs1 was originally found to control 3 strains from phylotype I, while being ineffective against the strain PSS4 from the same phylotype. The objectives of this thesis was to (i) clarify the position of ERs1 and define its spectrum of action, (ii) found other QTLs, promptly to control virulent strains on AG91-25 and (iii) introgress some of the QTLs into two S cultivars. For this purpose, the new doubled haploid (DH) populations MM152 (R) × MM738 (S) and EG203 (R) × MM738 (S) were created. The RIL population was phenotyped with 4 additional RSSC strains belonging to phylotypes I, IIA, IIB and III and the DH populations were phenotyped with virulent strains PSS4 and R3598. QTL mapping confirmed the existence of ERs1 (renamed EBWR9), defined its position on chromosome (chr) 9 and validated its specific control of 3 phylotype I strains. EBWR2 and EBWR14, 2 broad-spectrum resistance QTLs, were detected on chr 2 and 5. QTL analysis reveals a polygenic system of resistance in EG203. The transfer of resistance into 2 local cultivars was initiated and allowed the introgression of EBWR9 and EBWR2 QTLs through a backcross scheme. These results offer perspectives to breed broad-spectrum R cultivars
Tran, Thanh-Son. "Etudes génomiques chez la poule : applications à la résistance au portage de salmonelles et la digestibilité." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4013/document.
Full textThe QTL detection protocols vary depending on the model studied, because they depend on many parameters. This thesis has focused on how to adapt these protocols through two examples of QTL detection in Chicken, using two different statistical methods: maximum likelihood (ML) and linear regression (LR), which results were compared on two examples. Initially, QTLs controlling resistance to Salmonella carrier-state have been identified, of small effects and whose positions vary according to the method. In a second step, QTLs controlling digestibility and anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract were identified with similar results for both methods. Many QTLs of small to moderate effects were identified. The results of this thesis show that the comparison of the two methods is always helpful as under certain conditions the results may vary with the method
Avia, Komlan. "Colocalisation de gènes candidats positionnels avec des QTL de la tolérance au gel chez Medicago truncatula." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1763.
Full textPlants from temperate regions can increase freezing tolerance after an exposure to low non-freezing temperatures, a process known as cold acclimation. Cold acclimation induces several physiological, biochemical and molecular alterations. For a better understanding of its genetic determinism in legumes such as pea in order to improve their freezing tolerance, we used the model species Medicago truncatula. The objective of this thesis was to identify the genetic factors involved in the freezing response of Medicago truncatula. Particularly we worked to highlight the main metabolisms involved and to find associated genetic factors through candidate genes approach. Detection of QTL for freezing damage score on a 182-maers genetic map, showed interest regions mainly on linkage groups 1, 4 and 6. Some ecophysiologioel parameters which reflect the ability of the plant to maintain its development under low temperatures were used to detect additional QTL that colocalized with QTL for freezing damage score on the same linkage groups. To identify the genes involved in the cold acclimation process in Medicago truncatula, a transcriptomic analysis was performed. The results showed 400 genes that were differentially expressed between the freezing tolerant and susceptible parents. An in silico analysis was used to detect the genes that located in the QTL intervals
Reisser, Cyrielle. "Analyse de la variabilité intraspécifique chez les levures : résistance à l'ammonium et aux composés azolés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ012/document.
Full textIn all species, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements are drivers of genomes evolution. These processes generate the genetic diversity at the origin of the phenotypic variations observed between the individuals of the same species. This variation is essential for their adaptation to a new environment. The yeasts are isolated from various ecological and geographical niches and show an important phenotypic variation. According to these characteristics, they are excellent modelorganisms to determine the genetic origins of the observed phenotypic variation. In this context, the study focused on the variation of resistance to ammonium and azole antifungals within two yeast species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lachancea kluyveri. The analyses of the genetic origin of the resistance to these compounds show that this genetic variation could occur at several levels: coding sequence for resistance to ammonium and regulatory sequence for resistance to antifungal agents. In addition, evolving experiments have showed that the adaptation to a new environment was done by gene dosage, through the acquisition of extrachromosomes in both species studied
Sauvage, Christopher. "Développement de marqueurs moléculaires liés à la résistance à la mortalité estivale chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas - approche QTL." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS229.
Full textThe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is the main aquatic species produced in the world (4. 2 million tons / 3. 5 billion dollars, FAO, 2005). However, for over 15 years, farms suffer episodes of summer mortality (30% -60%), which may ultimately jeopardize the competitiveness of European aquaculture shellfish. Apart from the economic importance of C. Gigas, which justifies a research effort, oysters are a model for studying the genetic and physiological bases of complex characters (ie growth, reproduction and survival) strongly correlated with the response of the oysters to different environmental conditions. One option being considered is the selection of individuals more resistant to death. Given the constraints associated with the introduction of such schemes selection, the development of genetic markers, allowing assisted selection by the same markers, emerged as an interesting avenue of research. Produced as part of the European project "Aquafirst (FP6), the subject of this PhD aims to develop a map to detect relationships genotype - phenotype by a QTL approach (Quantitative Trait Locus). The phenotype trait is considered mortality summer. To achieve this, new molecular markers of type SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) have been developed to establish a genetic map with all the markers available (SNP and microsatellite). This work was conducted on individuals from families of consanguineous oysters presenting contrasted performances in terms of survival during summer achieved in the program MOREST
Zimmer, Adrien. "Etude du déterminisme génétique de la phase de latence chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae en conditions œnologiques. Impact des mécanismes de résistance au SO2." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22131/document.
Full textQTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) are chromosomics regions including one or more genes controlling the expression of a phenotypic parameter. The detection of these QTL in the wine industry allows the selection of more efficient yeast strains. In this study, the dissection of a QTL linked to lag phase variation during wine alcoholic fermentation was carried out. Our findings put in light a new translocation involving the SSU1 gene conferring a shorter lag phase. The intensive use of SO2 in oenology allows the selection of this translocation in industrials strains. Genetic markers were developed for introducing this translocation in various genetic backgrounds during selection programs. The study of translocations impact on the wine organoleptic properties was initiated, showing an unexplained role of VIII-XVI translocation on the volatile acidity production. These preliminary results need to be continued, in laboratory and cellar conditions
Bakari, Kouassi Dit Abou. "Résistance de Solanum sparsipilum aux nématodes à galles Meloidoyne incognita, M. Arenaria, M. Javanica et M. Fallax : analyse des mécanismes et cartographie des facteurs de résistance." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARC077.
Full textRoot-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. ) are telluric plant parasites with a broad host range that limits the use of crop rotation as control strategy. Chemicals are also restricted in practical agriculture due to their toxicity for human health. Besides the roots Meloidogyne species infest and induce galls on the surf ace and necrotic spots in the fesh of tubers of the potato, Solanum tuberosum. Infested tubers are unacceptable for both processing and fresh market and they are putative sources of dissemintatin of these parasites. Genetic resistance is the favoured control strategy in nematode management because it is usually effective and has no deleterious effects on environment but, no resistant potato cultivar is yet available. For breeding purpose, the resistances of two accessionsof nematodes species Meloidogyne incognita, M. Arenaria and M. Javanica and the temperate species M. Fallax have been investigated. Our objectives were to : 1° understand the species M. Fallax have been investigated. Our objectives were to: 1) understand the effects on the feeding and the development of the juveniles, genetic determinism of the resistances); 2) map major gene (s) or quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control the resistance. Compared to susceptible potato plants, both resistant accessions were significantly less infected. This was due to delayed and then arrested penetration of the juveniles in the roots. The accession harbouring the resistance to M. Fallax developed a necrotic reaction at the feeding site of the juveniles and prevented their development to the female stage. A “F1” diploid progeny was obtained using a dihaploid susceptible potato genotype as the female juveniles suggesting a monogenic control of the resistance. However, “necrotic” and “non necrotic” hybrid genetoypes showed a continuous distribution when considering the nematode females developed in their roots
Chartrain, Laætitia. "Gènes de résistance spécifique et partielle à la septoriose du blé (Mycosphaerella graminicola)." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT004A.
Full textCazaux, Marc. "Etude de la résistance de la légumineuse modèle Medicago truncatula à Colletotrichum trifolii, agent de l'anthracnoses." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/744/.
Full textTo study resistance mechanisms to fungal pathogens in legumes, a pathosystem was developed between the model legume Medicago truncatula and 3 races of Colletotrichum trifolii, agent of alfalfa anthracnose. Genetic analysis of resistance of a RILs population, coming from a crossing between a resistant line (A17) and a susceptible line (F83005. 5), showed that M. Truncatula resistance was conferred by a major QTL for resistance to 3 C. Trifolii races, located at the top of chromosome 4. A fine mapping of this region identified different resistance loci for each of the 3 races. The second part of this thesis showed the ability of C. Trifolii to infect F83005. 5 roots. Following penetration, thin hyphae rapidly moved toward the central cylinder of the root in which they formed aggregations structures. Inside those structures acervuli and appressoria were observed. This later structure probably allowed the fungus to enter the central cylinder. Once in the root stele, C. Trifolii moved inside the vascular system up to the aerial parts where symptoms of anthracnose can be observed. In A17, it was arrested in the first cells layers of the epidermis. The presence of classical defence reactions revealed an active resistance mechanism, which was conferred by a single QTL juxtaposed to that of the leaf resistance. The identification of RILs and NILs with differential phenotype between leaf and root indicate that the locus involved in root resistance is different of the locus of foliar resistance. In a last cytological study, C. Lindemuthianum, a non host pathogen on leaves, was shown to infect M. Truncatula roots successfully, indicating that non host resistance is tissue specific
Boisnard, Arnaud. "Caractérisation des QTL de résistance au Rice yellow mottle virus chez le riz et relation avec les facteurs d’initiation de la traduction de type 4E et 4G." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20080.
Full textThis document presents the analysis of QTLs of partial resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus in rice. Classical genetic and mapping approaches were associated with a candidate-gene approach on eIF4E and eIF4G translation initiation factor genes, which seems to be largely involved in plant/virus interactions. In a first step, QTL mapping was improved by the analysis of two populations in a multi-cross design using an integrative map. In a second step, translation initiation factor eIF4E and eIF4G genes were identified on the rice genomic sequence; four of them were co-located with QTLs. In a third step, near-isogenic lines were developed in order to confirm or to reject these co-locations. EIF4E candidate gene, located near a major QTL on chromosome 1, was rejected. On chromosome 2, an eIF4G-like candidate gene was also rejected, whereas an eIF(iso)4G gene was neither confirmed, nor rejected. Finally, a co-location between a major QTL of chromosome 12 and an eIF4G-like gene was confirmed. The QTL was mapped to a 1,66 Mb interval, but a suppression of recombination impaired the reduction of this interval. The interval presents characteristics of pericentromeric regions: low gene density and large stretches of nested transposable elements. EIF4G-like characterization revealed non-synonymous polymorphisms between susceptible and resistant varieties, and the insertion of a retrotransposon in an intron, in resistant varieties. Finally, our results suggest that genes from eIF4E family do not control partial resistance and that two genes from eIF4G family are candidate for governing QTLs of resistance
Sallé, Guillaume. "Détection et validation fonctionnelle de régions du génome affectant la résistance aux strongles gastro-intestinaux chez le mouton." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0154/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal nematodes, among which Haemonchus contortus are a major threat to the meat sheep industry. They are responsible for production losses and the apparition of worm populations resistant to drugs limits their use as worm control strategy. Breeding more resistant sheep is among the most practicable alternative strategy. However its implementation requires a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms. This PhD aims at identifying regions of the ovine genome affecting resistance to gastro-intestinal nematodes. A statistical analysis of existing associations between genetic markers and resistance traits of a Martinik Black-belly x Romane cross-bred sheep flock unraveled a limited number of key players. Among these, a fragment of the chromosome 12 was chosen to perform marker-assisted matings and to validate its role in resistance to H. contortus. The effect of this region was validated in the progenies born from matings. It seems this chromosomic fragment limits female worms fertility and is associated to a stronger immune response. The putative role played by a fragment of the chromosome 21 in plasmatic pepsinogen concentration (a biomarker of abomasal lesions) was also confirmed in this work. A candidate gene underlying this region has been sequenced and the analysis of the detected polymorphisms should confirm its role. Further, two other genes in its vicinity could also play a role in this biological phenomenon and they should also deserve future considerations. This work illustrated both the existing genetic variation for resistance to H. contortus and the associated complexity of underlying mechanisms. Additional sequencing and gene expression sequencing studies should help understanding gene functions and interactions
De, Oliveira Lino Leandro. "Etude de la variabilité génétique de la sensibilité à la pourriture brune au cours du développement du fruit chez la pêche en lien avec l’évolution des caractéristiques physiques et biochimiques du fruit." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0677/document.
Full textBrown rot (BR) in peach fruit caused by the fungus Monilinia spp. is a common disease that can provoke as much as 30 to 40% losses of crop. Currently, all cultivated peaches are more or less sensitive to BR. No other alternative than chemical treatment is available, hence fungicide applications are required until pre-harvest. Such applications are damaging the environment and may let residues in fruits. A review of literature was accomplished to compile the knowledge scattered in the literature from many years. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors of resistance of the fruit to M. laxa at different stages of fruit growth and their genetic control by studying contrasted genotypes and an interspecific peach progeny. The first focus was made on few cultivars to study the evolution of sensibility of fruits to M. laxa during their development in relation with structural and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, e.g. cuticular conductance, micro-cracks and fruit surface compounds. Some compounds were detected for the first time on peach fruit. The results confirmed that during the stage I immature fruits are susceptible to BR. Fruit cuticular conductance was high probably due to high density of stomata and thin cuticule in formation. In contrary, at pit hardening stage fruits were resistant, cuticular conductance was low and the levels of surface compounds exhibit a peak. When maturity approaches, fruit become susceptible again. With rapid development of the fruit during this stage, the surface compounds were diluted and micro-cracks often appear which resulted in high cuticular conductance. At stage I we explored the different physical characteristics of the immature fruit in relation with susceptibility to M. laxa. A hundred of individuals of an interspecific peach progeny called BC2 were characterized through laboratory infection, monitoring of fruit transpiratory losses and estimating stomata density (only for nectarines). Unexpected symptoms (not progressing ‘clear spot’) were observed. The cuticular conductance was significantly linked to the likelihood of infection, but the stomata number had no effect on the likelihood of infection. QTL controlling fruit resistance to BR, cuticular conductance and stomata number have been identified and some co-locations observed. At maturity stage we investigated the genetic control of BR resistance together with biochemical compounds of fruit epidermis. For three years, mature fruits from the BC2 progeny were infected with two modalities of infection: spray until runoff in the orchard to measure infection probability and drop in the laboratory conditions in order to observe the characters of beginning, progression and speed of infection. The BC2 progeny displayed high variability for BR resistance. Despite low stability between years, genotypes with high level of resistance were identified. In addition in 2015, we explored the variation in epidermis compounds of fruit within the BC2 progeny. Phenolic compounds, terpenoids and derivatives were quantified by HPLC. The relationship between BR resistance and presence and/or levels of certain epidermis compounds and the genetic control of these compounds were investigated. BR of peach fruit is a complex problem which is still far from resolved. Progress has been made in the knowledge of structural and biochemical characteristics involved in BR resistance and regions of the genome that could confer certain disease tolerance have been detected. Further work is needed to develop molecular markers for marker assisted selection. The results obtained suggest that solutions for the future lie in associations of tolerant cultivars _ less susceptible to micro-cracks and with high content of epidermis compounds potential inhibitor of the fungus development _ with cultural practices reducing both risks of fruit cracking and occurrence of micro-climatic conditions favorable to BR spread and sporulation
Prat, Noémie. "Genetic characterization of Fusarium head blight resistance in durum wheat." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22744/document.
Full textFusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease affecting small-grain cereals worldwide causing yield and quality losses. FHB affects food safety due to the contamination of infected grains by mycotoxins. Host plant resistance is considered the most efficient and sustainable approach to contain FHB and mycotoxin contaminations. In durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) breeding for FHB resistance remains a challenge due to its extreme susceptibility and to lack of genetic variation available in the primary durum wheat gene pool. The primary goal of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of Fhb1, the major common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) FHB resistance QTL, in elite durum wheat background. Three F7-RIL (recombinant inbred lines) mapping populations of about 100 lines were developed from crosses between the durum wheat experimental line DBC-480, harboring Fhb1, and the durum wheat cultivars Karur, Durobonus and SZD1029K. The RILs were tested under field conditions by artificial spray inoculation with Fusarium culmorum in three seasons. Morphological traits (flowering date, height) were also recorded to assess their influence on FHB infestation. Genotyping of the lines was performed with SSR and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) DArTseq markers. QTL analysis identified genomic regions associated with FHB resistance on chromosome arms 2BL, 3BS, 4AL, 4BS, 5AL and 6AS. DBC-480 contributed the resistant allele at all loci. Fhb1 was detected in all three populations, demonstrating for the first time its successful deployment in durum wheat. The effect of Fhb1 on FHB resistance in durum wheat was further verified by evaluating type 2 resistance in one of the three populations. Plant height had a strong influence in modulating FHB severity. Although the semi-dwarf allele Rht-B1b was associated with increased FHB susceptibility, its negative effect was efficiently counterbalanced in lines carrying Fhb1. Semi-dwarf lines with enhanced levels of resistance were selected and will assist the development of FHB resistant cultivars
Dumont, Estelle. "Tolérance au gel après acclimatation au froid chez le pois : identification de protéines et cartographie de PQL et QTL." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10037/document.
Full textCoId acclimation is the process whereby plants, previously exposed to low positive temperatures, are sUbsequently able to tolerate frost. This phenomenon was studied under controlled conditions in pea (Pisum sativum L.) in two Iines: Champagne, frost tolerant after cold acclimation and Terese, frost sensitive even if previously submitted to a cold acclimation period. Leaf, stem and root proteomes were analysed. Thirty five per cent of the identified differentially expressed proteins in leaves and stems during the cold acclimation period were involved in photosynthesis and glycolysis. ln stems, 25% were identified as folding proteins and ir roots, 47% were involved in the defense response. The raffinose, sucrose, glucose and citrate contents increased in Champagne leaves, stems and roots during the cold acclimation. ln contrast, the levels of these compounds were low in non-acclimated Champagne as weil as in Terese submitted to the cold acclimation period or not. Metabolite levels were also determined on the recombinant inbred lines (RIL) resulting from the cross between Champagne and Terese. Subsequent analyses permitted the detection of potential cold acclimation explicative OTL. ln particular, raffinose content QTL were colocalized with frost da mage QTL on the linkage groups 5 and 6. POL were also detected with the study of RtL leaf proteome. A number of these PQL colocalized with the previously detected QTL. The data obtained using these different approaches allowed us to propose hypothezises potentially explaining the mechanisms used by Champagne to tolerate frost
Cadic, Eléna. "Recherches de facteurs génétiques impliqués dans l'élaboration du rendement sous contrainte hydrique chez le tournesol Helianthus annuus par génétique d'association et analyse de liaison dans une population recombinante." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3447/.
Full textFor most crops, water availability is a major component of yield. We must improve crop plants tolerance to water deficit in order to guarantee food security. Sunflower, a species of economic importance is also concerned by this challenge. The aim of this thesis is to identify genomic regions involved in the variability of yield and its components under drought. To this purpose, an association mapping approach has been led on a core collection of 384 cultivated and elite lines evaluated as hybrids combinations in a multi environment trial of 17 environments. In a first step, the separated analysis per environment led to the identification of 157 markers associated with at least one trait by apply a model taking into account the structuration in two groups: male restorer lines and female lines. Among these significant markers, 34 were associated with productivity but only on a specific environment, underlying the importance of genotype by environment interaction. In a second step, a crop model simulating sunflower genotypes yield depending on environmental conditions, led to the characterization of drought stress inside the multi environment trial. By using varieties defined before in the model, a drought index has been estimated for each environment. Thus, the panel response to this index has been tested in association mapping leading to the identification of several new loci involved in drought stress response and yield stability. QTL mapping in a bi parental population confirmed some regions and led to the detection of new ones
Lambelin, Laurine. "Identification de gènes candidats dans la résistance quantitative du rosier à la maladie des taches noires causée par le champignon Diplocarpon rosae." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ANGE0040.
Full textBlack spot disease (BSD), caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, is one of the main foliar diseases of garden roses. Resistant cultivars are an efficient alternative to the use of fungicides, but the genetic basis of resistance is not well known. Yet, understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance is essential for the efficient and durable deployment of resistant cultivars. A hybrid of Rosa wichurana (RW) exhibits quantitative resistance to BSD. Analysis of an F1 progeny from a cross between the susceptible cultivar Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’ and RW had shown that its resistance results mainly from two quantitative trait loci (QTLs), located on linkage groups (LG) 3 (QTL B3) and 5 (QTL B5). The objectives of this PhD were to characterize the molecular mechanisms associated with these QTLs and to identify potential candidate genes. To this end, RNA sequencing was performed on RW and four F1 individuals having different QTL combinations (B3, B5 or both QTLs). QTL B3 was associated with “classic” resistance mechanisms, involving pathogen detection and defense signaling cascades leading to ROS production, callose apposition and localized cell death. In contrast, individuals having QTL B5 shared few differentially expressed genes, making it difficult to link it with global mechanisms. Expansion of the F1 progeny and KASP marker genotyping was a successful approach to refine the confidence intervals (CIs) of the QTLs and identified two distinct QTLs on LG 5. Examination of the genes in the CIs of the QTLs revealed hemizygous genes and genes with genomic variants that represent interesting candidates for BSD resistance. This study constitutes a first step towards cloning the genes underlying the resistance QTLs and identifying molecular markers for their use in garden rose breeding
Blanc, Sophie. "Cartographie génétique et analyse de la résistance au mildiou et à l'oïdium de la vigne chez Muscadinia Rotundifolia." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819905.
Full textCantet, Mélissa. "Variation phénotypique de la résistance quantitative à Phytophthora capsici dans la diversité naturelle du piment, et diversité moléculaire et profil d'évolution du QTL majeur Pc5.1." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0006.
Full textAn environmentally friendly and potentially durable strategy to control diseases is the breeding for varieties displaying quantitative polygenic resistances. However a few is known about quantitative resistances, which are thus underexploited. Through the investigation of the Capsicum spp. / Phytophthora capsici interaction, this study aimed to (i) phenotype natural host diversity for the quantitative resistance, (ii) describe the nucleotide diversity at the QTL Pc5.1, a major determinant of resistance that is retrieved among genitors and is broad-spectrum, and (iii) explore the pattern of molecular evolution at Pc5.1 candidate genes. Through the phenotyping for level of resistance in Capsicum spp. genetic resources and spectrum of resistance in a sample of accessions, novel genitors displaying strong and broadspectrum resistance have been identified, and a set of isolates that differentiate accessions according to their resistance spectrum has been established. High-throughput sequencing has been exploited to identify polymorphisms at Pc5.1. Nucleotide diversity at Pc5.1 is higher than over the genome. Resistant accessions displayed low divergence thatindicates high intra- and inter-genic conservation, while susceptible accessions are more polymorphic than resistant ones. At the candidate genes, two major haplotypes have been identified, one being almost exclusively exhibited by resistant accessions and the other by susceptible ones, which reinforces the assessments that the QTL is highly conserved and that resistant and susceptible accessions are divergent. Linkage disequilibrium at candidate genes being high, particularly for C. annuum, 65% of polymorphisms are in significant association with resistance. By highlightingthe constraint pattern of selection at Pc5.1, this study wonders about the origin and the evolution history of the QTL, in relation to its broad-spectrum efficiency. A close proximity with the centromere region seems to restrict recombinations at the QTL, and divergence between resistant and susceptible may be an ancient event. The investigation of the molecular function and the pattern of evolution of Pc5.1 will be continued through in depth study of the acquired sequences and functional validation of candidate genes already ongoing
Cantet, Mélissa. "Variation phénotypique de la résistance quantitative à Phytophthora capsici dans la diversité naturelle du piment, et diversité moléculaire et profil d'évolution du QTL majeur Pc5.1." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0006.
Full textAn environmentally friendly and potentially durable strategy to control diseases is the breeding for varieties displaying quantitative polygenic resistances. However a few is known about quantitative resistances, which are thus underexploited. Through the investigation of the Capsicum spp. / Phytophthora capsici interaction, this study aimed to (i) phenotype natural host diversity for the quantitative resistance, (ii) describe the nucleotide diversity at the QTL Pc5.1, a major determinant of resistance that is retrieved among genitors and is broad-spectrum, and (iii) explore the pattern of molecular evolution at Pc5.1 candidate genes. Through the phenotyping for level of resistance in Capsicum spp. genetic resources and spectrum of resistance in a sample of accessions, novel genitors displaying strong and broadspectrum resistance have been identified, and a set of isolates that differentiate accessions according to their resistance spectrum has been established. High-throughput sequencing has been exploited to identify polymorphisms at Pc5.1. Nucleotide diversity at Pc5.1 is higher than over the genome. Resistant accessions displayed low divergence thatindicates high intra- and inter-genic conservation, while susceptible accessions are more polymorphic than resistant ones. At the candidate genes, two major haplotypes have been identified, one being almost exclusively exhibited by resistant accessions and the other by susceptible ones, which reinforces the assessments that the QTL is highly conserved and that resistant and susceptible accessions are divergent. Linkage disequilibrium at candidate genes being high, particularly for C. annuum, 65% of polymorphisms are in significant association with resistance. By highlightingthe constraint pattern of selection at Pc5.1, this study wonders about the origin and the evolution history of the QTL, in relation to its broad-spectrum efficiency. A close proximity with the centromere region seems to restrict recombinations at the QTL, and divergence between resistant and susceptible may be an ancient event. The investigation of the molecular function and the pattern of evolution of Pc5.1 will be continued through in depth study of the acquired sequences and functional validation of candidate genes already ongoing
Courvoisier, Hélène. "Variabilité interindividuelle des réponses de stress : recherche de gènes impliqués par cartographie génétique de QTL chez le rat." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28526.
Full textCaromel, Bernard. "Cartographie génétique et étude de QTL conférant la résistance au nématode à kyste Globodera pallida (Stone) chez la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum ssp. Tuberosum L. )." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112257.
Full textNo high level resistance to the cyst nematode Globodera pallida is available in the cultivated potato species Solanum tuberosum. Most of the resistance sources, originating from wild potato species, are oligogenic or polygenic. The genetic determinism of the resistance to G. Pallida was studied in two potato diploid progenies. Susceptible parents are dihaploid clones from S. Tuberosum (tbr). Resistant parents are clones from the wild diploid species S. Spegazzinii (spg) et S. Sparsipilum (spl). Seven resistance QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) were mapped: two on spl chromosomes V and XI, three on spg chromosomes V, VI, and XII, and two on tbr chromosomes VIII and XI. The two QTLs mapped on spl and spg chromosomes V, showed a major effect (R²=76% and 48%). The five other QTLs showed a minor effect (R² between 4 and 13%)The resistance conferred by each QTL provokes a shift of the sex-ratio toward males. The joint presence of the two QTLs from spl, provokes a necrotic reaction around nematodes, and the blocking of the development for most of them. The major effect QTL from spl confers a different resistance level depending on the G. Pallida population. The minor effect QTL from spl, and the joint presence of at least two QTLs don't show a population-specific effect. The resistance QTLs to G. Pallida are going to be integrated in breeding programs, thanks to PCR markers developed during this work. QTLs will be associated in taking account the resistance level against the different G. Pallida populations
Soufflet-Freslon, Vanessa. "Résistance du pommier à la tavelure (Venturia inaequalis) : Recherche de nouveaux loci et construction de génotypes "prototypes" en vue d'une gestion durable de la résistance." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00445904.
Full textLangar, Kamel. "Marquage génétique et moléculaire de la résistance au Phomopsis / Diaporthe helianti (Munt. Cvet. Et al. 1981) chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT014A.
Full textDjebali, Naceur. "Etude des mécanismes de résistance de la plante modèle Medicago truncatula vis-à-vis de deux agents pathogènes majeurs des légumineuses cultivées : Phoma medicaginis et Aphanomyces euteiches." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/581/.
Full textTo gain insights into resistance mechanisms in legumes against fungal-like microorganisms, two pathosystems were developed with the model legume Medicago truncatula (Mt) on one side, P. Medicaginis (Pm), responsible for black stem alfalfa disease and A. Euteiches (Ae), the causal agent of pea root rot disease, on the other side. Several fungal isolates were collected across Tunisia and thereafter identified. One Pm isolate, selected for its high aggressiveness, was inoculated on two Mt lines that displayed contrasted responses to Pm. Analysis of H2O2 accumulation and regulation in these two lines showed that this compound is more rapidly and strongly produced in DZA45. 5 epidermal cells. This line has also a more elevated basal peroxidase activity than F83005. 5 (the most susceptible line). These results indicated that reactive oxygen species might play a role in DZA45. 5 to control the disease extent. In the Mt-Ae pathosystem, A17 (partially resistant) and F83005. 5 (susceptible) were selected for further cytological and genetic analyses. Microscopy analyses of root sections revealed that A17 partial resistance to Ae was linked to the protection of the central cylinder. Pericycle cell divisions, lignin deposition around the pericycle and accumulation of soluble phenolic compounds were found to be involved in A17 stele protection. Genetic analyses of resistance were performed with the RIL population (A17 x F83005. 5) and identify one major QTL, named Ae1, on the top of chromosome 3. .
Castro, Quezada Patricio Salvador. "Analyse fonctionnelle et étude de la régulation de gènes candidats sous-jacents au QTL GpaVspl impliqué dans la résistance au nématode à kyste Globodera pallida chez la pomme de terre." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991628.
Full textTayeh, Nadim. "Mise en évidence de la synténie de QTL de tolérance au gel sur les groupes de liaison VI chez Pisum sativum (WFD 6.1) et Medicago truncatula (Mt-FTQTL6) et cartographie fine de Mt-FTQTL6." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10020/document.
Full textUnraveling the molecular bases of freezing tolerance is of great importance both at the fundamental and applied levels. Medicago truncatula is a model legume for studies concerning cool-season species. A major freezing tolerance QTL after cold acclimation (Mt-FTQTL6), accounting for 40% of the phenotypic variation, has been identified on chromosome 6 of this species. Interestingly, a QTL for the same trait has been mapped on the corresponding linkage group in Pisum sativum (WFD 6.1/FD164.c). The present thesis aimed to confirm synteny between Mt-FTQTL6 and WFD 6.1/FD164.c harboring regions and to subsequently identify positional candidate genes for Mt-FTQTL6. Using BAC-derived markers, Mt-FTQTL6 has been first located in a 3.7-cM interval, coinciding with an assembly physical gap. Mt-FTQTL6 co-orthologous blocks in Glycine max were identified and exploited to develop additional markers. Five common gene-based markers were obtained between Mt-FTQTL6 and WFD 6.1/FD164.c chromosomal regions. Positive BAC clones for 15 different markers (probes) were assembled in 6 BAC contigs linked to Mt-FTQTL6. Homozygous F7 or F8 recombinant lines at Mt-FTQTL6 were identified and evaluated for freezing tolerance under controlled conditions. The QTL confidence interval was subsequently delimited to a 0.4 cM-region that contains 20 protein-coding genes including 12 tandemly-arrayed CBF/DREB1 genes. Isolation of 11 out of the 12 CBF/DREB1 genes from both parents of the mapping population was successfully achieved. Efforts will be next needed for functional validation in Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum
Ahmad, Hafiz Bashir. "Intraspecific variability in embolism resistance and functional trade-offs in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0747/document.
Full textAs a consequence of current global climate change, forest and crop ecosystems are decreasing inproductivity worldwide and are under increased threat of widespread drought-induced mortality due tohydraulic failure caused by xylem embolism. The range of embolism resistance across species has been intensively studied but little attention has been paid to intraspecific variability. This thesis aimed thereforeat improving our understanding of the intraspecific variation in embolism resistance in one crop species(Helianthus annuus L.) and one conifer species (Pinus pinaster). In the first place, vulnerability to embolism was determined across four sunflower accessions with significant variations in P50 (pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) ranging between -2.67 and -3.22 MPa. A trade-off between hydraulic safety and growth was observed but not between hydraulic safety and efficiency. Only few anatomical traits, such as vessel density and vessel lumen area, were found related to embolism resistance.Secondly, we phenotyped 477 P. pinaster full-sib F2 genotypes corresponding to a three-generation inbred pedigree obtained by the self-pollination of an inter “Corsica × Landes” provenance hybrid, for embolismresistance and wood density. The variability for P50 within species was remarkably low (CVP=5.6%). Wealso found a lack of trade-off between hydraulic safety and wood density. The phenotypic variance explained by QTLs (PEV) detected for P50 accounted for 23.6% of the phenotypic variation but no QTL collocated between P50 and wood density, suggesting that embolism resistant genotypes in this family are not dependent on denser wood. A multi-trait analysis of leaf and xylem functioning was performed through seasonal measurements of photosystem II fluorescence and stem hydraulic traits on a full-sib family of aninter “Morocco × Landes” provenance hybrid of P. pinaster; it revealed that with decreasing water potential, the efficiency of both photosystem II and stomatal conductance decreased which resulted in rapid decrease in assimilation rate. Xylem resistance to embolism was found having no relationship with leaf functioning traits. The absence of trade-off between these traits makes it possible to consider selection for both efficient and resistant genotypes
Nguyen, Le Khanh. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un QTL de développement racinaire détecté par GWAS dans une collection de variétés vietnamiennes de riz." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG044.
Full textRice is one of the most important cereals worldwide. In Vietnam, rice is also known as a key agronomic product for exportation. However, drought stresses threaten rice production with an increasing frequency and for longer periods. Crown roots are a major component of rice root system and play a crucial role in maintaining yield under drought. The number of crown roots (NCR) impacts on root biomass and determines the ability of a plant to acquire soil resources. qNCR11, a QTL for NCR located on chromosome 11, was detected in a previous genome-wide association study using a Vietnamese rice panel. qNCR11 was validated to have a slight effect on NCR by QTL mapping using a biparental population in this study. To determine the genes underlying qNCR11 and governing crown root initiation and development, whole genome sequencing and expression study were performed. Two candidate genes, NCR2 (NBS-LRR) and NCR3 (OsbHLH014) were identified. NCR2 carried a non-synonymous SNP inside its ORF, causing a premature stop-codon that correlates with the high NCR trait; NCR3 was less expressed in stem bases of the high NCR haplotype plants relative to the low NCR haplotype plants. Mutations in these genes were obtained using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the phenotyping of the obtained lines is on-going. The minor-effect qNCR11 could be useful for breeders to generate rice varieties with increased or decreased NCR for different target agro-systems, in order to enhance water extraction under drought stress
El, Malki Redouane. "Architecture génétique des caractères cibles pour la culture du peuplier en taillis à courte rotation." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859626.
Full textHarrang, Estelle. "Apport des informations moléculaires et cellulaires pour la caractérisation de la résistance de l'huître plate européenne vis-à-vis de la bonamiose, et pour la détection de signatures de la sélection naturelle." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840222.
Full textThomas, Sophie. "Pressions de sélection exercées par les résistances génétiques du melon sur les populations d’Aphis gossypii." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG0637/document.
Full textThe adaptive response of pest populations to selection pressures exerted by agricultural activities determines the sustainability of control methods. In melon, the Vat gene that confers resistance to Aphis gossypii has been deployed for over 10 years, so there are fears it will be overcome. The challenge is to provide strategic elements to plant breeders, concerning the risk of development of virulent aphids, in order to develop new varieties with durable resistances. In the context of this PhD, we have : i) Estimated the available genetic diversity in populations of A. gossypii from different melongrowing areas. The diversity is structured geographically. The great diversity observed in France would have its origine in part from the events of sexual reproduction, suggesting a high evolutionary potential of A. gossypii. ii) Estimated the selection pressure exerted by different resistance combinations (Vat gene and QTLs) on these populations. Population densities are lower on VatR plants than VatS plants and population genetic structure is altered in certain growing areas when the VatR gene is present. The clones multiplying on VatR plants have good fitness and the risk of their spreading is great. No effect of QTLs has been identified in the field. iii) Characterized the clones overcoming the VatR gene. Our results suggest that the adaptation of clones made either by alteration of the avirulence gene of aphids or by adaptation of aphids toresistance effectors. New strategies for Vat resistance management are proposed
Tamisier, Lucie. "Adaptation des populations virales aux résistances variétales et exploitation des ressources génétiques des plantes pour contrôler cette adaptation." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0696/document.
Full textPlants carrying major resistance genes have been widely used to fight against diseases. However, the pathogensability to overcome the resistance after a few years of usage requires the search for efficient and durable resistances.The objectives of this thesis were (i) to identify plant genomic regions limiting pathogen evolution by inducinggenetic drift effects and (ii) to study the impact of the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant on the pathogenability to adapt to resistance, the goal being to further use these forces to limit pathogen evolution. The pepper(Capsicum annuum) – PVY (Potato virus Y) pathosystem has been mainly used to conduct these researches.Regarding the first objective, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped on a biparental pepper population andthrough genome-wide association on a pepper core-collection. These approaches have allowed the detection ofgenomic regions on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12 controlling viral effective population size during the inoculationstep. Some of these QTLs were common to PVY and CMV (Cucumber mosaic virus) while other were virusspecific.Moreover, the QTL detected on chromosome 6 colocalizes with a previously identified QTL controllingPVY accumulation and interacting with a QTL affecting the breakdown frequency of a major resistance gene.Regarding the second objective, a correlation analysis between the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant andan experimental estimation of the durability of a major resistance gene has been done. Experimental evolution ofPVY populations on plants contrasted for the levels of genetic drift, selection and virus accumulation they imposedhas also been performed. Both studies demonstrated that a plant inducing a strong genetic drift combined to areduction in virus accumulation limits virus evolution and could even lead to the extinction of the virus population.These results open new perspectives to deploy plant genetic factors directly controlling pathogen evolutionarypotential and could help to preserve the durability of major resistance genes
Raboin, Louis. "Génétique de la résistance au charbon de la canne à sucre causé par Ustilago scitaminea : caractérisation de la diversité génétique du pathogène, cartographie de QTL dans un croisement bi-parental et étude d'associations dans une population de cultivars modernes." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0014.
Full textSugarcane smut, caused by Ustilago scitaminea Syd. , is present in aIl sugarcane growing areas with the exception of Papua New Guinea, Fiji and the eastem side of Australia. Breeding for smut resistance is efficient because this trait is fairly heritable but it requires complicated screenings. Moreover, the genetic control of smut resistance is still unknown. With the objective to identify the mendelian factors involved in sugarcane resistance to sm ut, two strategies have been implemented (1) QTL mapping in a bi-parental progeny derived from a cross between a resistant cultivar 'R 570' and a highly susceptible clone 'MQ 76/53', evaluated in Reunion island for resistance to smut (2) Association study in a population of cultivars, evaluated in Burkina Faso for resistance to smut. First, the worldwide genetic structure of U. Scitaminea was investigated. A total of 142 singleteliospore isolates from 15 countries worldwide were analysed using 17 polymorphic microsateIlite loci. Ail isolates but one were homozygous for aIl loci, indicating that selfing is the highly preferential reproductive mode of U. Scitaminea. Ln America and Africa, genetic diversity was found to be extremely low and aIl isolates belonged to a single inbred lineage. This inbred lineage was also found in sorne parts of the Asian continent where most U. Scitaminea genetic diversity was detected. These observations support the hypothesis that the fungus originated in Asia. Thus, the bi-parental population and the population of cultivars used to study the genetic determinism of smut resistance have been evaluated towards isolates from the worldwide lineage. The genetic maps of the two parents of the bi-parental progeny, 'R 570' and 'MQ 76/53', were constructed using a population of 198 progeny. A total of 1666 polymorphic markers were produced using 37 AFLP primer pairs combinations, 46 SSRs and 9 RFLP probes. Linkage analysis aIlowed the construction of 86 cosegregation groups for 'R 570' and 105 cosegregation groups for 'MQ 76/53' encompassing 424 and 536 single dose markers respectively. The cumulative length of 'R 570' map was 3144 cM. The cumulative length of'MQ 76/53' map was 4329 cM. On 'MQ 76/53' map, a gene controlling the red colour of the stalks was identified at 6. 5 cM of an AFLP marker and a new brown rust resistance gene was identified at 23. 1 cM of an AFLP marker. The structure of linkage disequilibrium in the population of cultivars was investigated using 1626 AFLP markers, among which 408 have known positions on 'R 570' genetic map. Thus, it was possible to study the relationship between genetic distances and statistical associations between markers in the population of cultivars, calculated using the Fisher exact test. This analysis confirmed that linkage disequilibrium in sugarcane extends over distances of tenth of centiMorgans but drops sharply for distances over 5 cM. This order of magnitude indicates that genome-wide association studies are achievable in sugarcane. Field trials and greenhouse trials using different inoculation methods were conducted in order to characterize the resistance of the 198 progeny clones from the bi-parental population. The distribution of disease scores observed in aIl those trials were highly unbalanced toward the resistant parent indicating the segregation of multiple dominant resistance factors. A QTL detection was performed using the 1666 available markers aIlowing the identification of a few genomic zones with smaIl effects. Besides, the association study performed in the population of cultivars (constituted of two subpopulation, one highly susceptible to smut and the other highly resistant to smut) revealed interesting haplotypes associated with resistance. Two QTLs have been detected through both approaches. The progress obtained toward a better understanding of the genetic determinism of sugarcane resistance to smut are modest. The potential of association studies in sugarcane appeared interesting although much more markers would have to be used to make the most of it
Lê, Van Amandine. "Potentiel évolutif du pouvoir pathogène de Venturia inaequalis en lien avec la domestication du pommier et l'utilisation de résistances quantitatives en amélioration variétale." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00663827.
Full textRachid, Alchaarani Ghias. "Variabilité génétique et identification des QTLs liés à la qualité des semences chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT002A.
Full textMarguerit, Elisa. "Déterminisme génétique des réponses au déficit hydrique de la transpiration et de la croissance, induites par le porte-greffe, chez la vigne : approche intégrée de génétique quantitative et d'écophysiologie." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21777/document.
Full textIn the water scarcity context with the global climate change, drought tolerance must be taken into account in crop genetic improvement program, particularly for grapevine rootstocks. The objective of this thesis was to analyse at the whole plant level, the genetic determinism of rootstock effect on the transpiration and growth of the scion, under edaphic water deficit conditions. The study of these complex traits, submitted to a strong genotype × environment interaction, was performed with a quantitative genetic approach. Genotype × environment interactions were integrated with two methods: first, using response curve to an environmental variable for detecting QTL, and secondly, to combine data in a multi-environment QTL analysis. The pedigree population consisted of 138 F1 individuals derived from the interspecific cross of Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon × Vitis riparia Gloire de Montpellier. This family was mapped with single sequence repeats (SSR) markers. This population was assessed as rootstock, so every genotype was grafted with the same scion. Then, QTL were detected for transpiration, water use efficiency and transpiration plasticity induced by rootstock, and for growth and biomass allocation inside the whole plant. Transpiration plasticity was represented as a function of substrate water status and was genetically determined with distinct genome regions from the other traits related to water consumption. Candidate genes involved in hormonal (ABA) or hydraulic (aquaporins) signaling between rootstock and scion, under water deficit conditions, were localized in the QTL confidence interval. Some specific genome regions were involved in growth and confered vigour genetic determinism under water deficit conditions. These regions were also different from those identified for transpiration or water use efficiency. This result allows a further selection process for these two traits groups independently
Lebeau, Aurore. "Résistance de la tomate, l'aubergine et le piment à Ralstonia solanacearum : interactions entre les géniteurs de résistance et la diversité bactérienne, caractérisation et cartographie des facteurs génétiques impliqués chez l'aubergine." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00752358.
Full textLe, Guen Vincent. "Exploration de la diversité des résistances génétiques à la maladie sud-américaine des feuilles de l'hévéa (Microcyclus ulei) par cartographie et génétique d'association au sein de populations naturelles." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0008.
Full textSouth American Leaf Blight (SALB) caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei is a serious threat to worldwide rubber tree cultivation and also responsible for the poor development of this culture in South and Central America. The breeding of resistant cultivars is considered as the best way to anticipate an accidental introduction of SALB in disease free countries and to develop rubber tree cultivation in diseased areas. The main resistance source described until now proved to be ineffective against the most aggressive fungus isolates. Another resistance source identified in a Peruvian cultivar holds for more than thirty years in high infestation conditions. Genetic mapping carried out on the progeny of a cross between this cultivar and a susceptible one revealed two major resistance genes, one located on linkage group g15 and effective against M. Ulei isolates from French Guiana, and the other one on linkage group g13 effective against isolates from Bahia state (Brazil). Diversity analysis in South-West Amazonian natural populations shows populations structured in three main clusters corresponding to the Brazilian states of Acre, Rondônia and Mato Grosso. The Madre de Dios population in Peru is part of the Acre genetic cluster. Differentiation among populations is mainly explained by isolation by distance and secondarily by the existence of hydrographical basins. The linkage disequilibrium between linked neutral genetic markers is wider in Acre cluster than in Rondônia cluster, but remains low in both cases. A genetic association with the SALB resistant trait is detected with a microsatellite marker located close to the major resistance gene in linkage group g15. Another association is also detected in a genomic area where no resistant locus was expected until now. Importance of these results for breeding of new SALB resistant cultivars is discussed
Courtois, Brigitte. "Bases génétiques de la résistance à la sécheresse chez le riz : des QTLs aux gènes et des gènes aux allèles." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376169.
Full textMon projet de recherche actuel conduit à Montpellier dans l'UMR "Développement et Amélioration des Plantes" se situe dans la continuité des travaux précédents. Il consiste à relier les nombreux QTL de morphologie racinaire identifiés à ce jour chez le riz aux gènes sous jacents, puis à analyser la variabilité allélique de ces gènes dans différents fonds génétiques. Plusieurs approches complémentaires seront utilisées pour réaliser la cartographie fine des QTLs. La large gamme de données disponibles va d'abord être utilisée pour affiner la position des QTLs par une approche statistique de méta-analyse. L'approche d'étude d'association a également été retenue ce qui suppose, en préalable, de clarifier l'étendue du déséquilibre de liaison chez le riz. Des approches au niveau du génome entier seront suivies d'approches ciblées sur des gènes candidats, en ayant largement recours aux données de séquençage total du génome de 2 variétés de riz et de séquençage partiel de 20 autres. Enfin, en utilisant les lignées quasi-isogéniques produites à l'IRRI, le clonage d'un QTL de profondeur racinaire a été entrepris.
L'intégration de ces approches de génétique directe avec les approches complémentaires de génétique inverse utilisées par d'autres personne de l'équipe "Développement et adaptation du riz" se fera autour des gènes dont la fonction aura été validée. La combinaison des allèles les plus adaptés aux environnements cibles dans des variétés d'élite constituera le but ultime de mon travail.
Quenouille-Lederer, Julie. "Bases génétiques et fonctionnelles de la durabilité des résistances polygéniques au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez le piment (Capsicum annuum)." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0650/document.
Full textGenetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders
Thomas, Sophie. "Pressions de sélection exercées par les résistances génétiques du melon sur les populations d'Aphis gossypii." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703142.
Full textLe, Guen Vincent. "Exploration de la diversité des résistances génétiques à la maladie sud-américaine des feuilles de l'hévéa (Microcyclus ulei) par cartographie et génétique d'association au sein de populations naturelles." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564595.
Full textQuenouille, Julie. "Bases génétiques et fonctionnelles de la durabilité des résistances polygéniques au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez le piment (Capsicum annuum)." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982624.
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