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Journal articles on the topic 'Qed+qcd'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wong, Cheuk-Yin. "QED Mesons, the QED Neutron, and the Dark Matter." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 13016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225913016.

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Schwinger’s boson solution for massless fermions in QED in 1+1D has been applied and generalized to quarks interacting in QED and QCD interactions, leading to stable and confined open-string QED and QCD boson excitations of the quark-QCD-QED system in 1+1D. Just as the open-string QCD excitations in 1+1D can be the idealization of QCD mesons with a flux tube in 3+1D, so the open-string QED excitations in 1+1D may likewise be the idealization of QED mesons with masses in the tens of MeV region, corresponding possibly to the anomalous X17 and E38 particles observed recently. A further search for bound states of quarks interacting in the QED interaction alone leads to the examination on the stability of the QED neutron, consisting of two d quarks and one u quark. Theoretically, the QED neutron has been found to be stable and estimated to have a mass of 44.5 MeV, whereas the analogous QED proton is unstable, leading to a long-lived QED neutron that may be a good candidate for the dark matter.

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2

Yam, Philip. "QED for QCD." Scientific American 269, no. 1 (July 1993): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0793-23.

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3

Jeong, Eue-Jin. "QCD QED Potentials, Quark Confinement." International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences 12, no. 3 (September 17, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14331/ijfps.2022.330153.

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One of the enduring puzzles in high energy particle physics is why quarks do not exist independently ‎despite their existence inside the hadron as quarks have never been found in isolation. This problem may ‎be solved by formulating a QCD potential for the entire range of interaction distances of the quarks. The ‎mystery could be related to the fundamental origin of the mass of elementary particles despite the success ‎of the quantum field theories to the highest level of accuracy. The renormalization program is an essential ‎part of the calculation of the scattering amplitudes, where the infinities of the calculated masses of the ‎elementary particles are subtracted for the progressive calculation of the higher-order perturbative terms. ‎The mathematical structure of the mass term from quantum field theories expressed in the form of infinities ‎suggests that there may exist a finite dynamical mass in the limit when the input mass parameter ‎approaches zero. The Lagrangian recovers symmetry at the same time as the input mass becomes zero, ‎whereas the self-energy diagrams acquire a finite dynamical mass in the 4-dimensional space when the ‎dimensional regularization method of renormalization is utilized. We report a new finding that using the ‎mathematical expression of the self-energy(mass) for photons and gluons calculated from this method, the ‎complex form of the QCD and QED interaction potentials can be obtained by replacing the fixed ‎interaction mediating particle’s mass and coupling constants in Yukawa potential with the scale-‎dependent running coupling constant and the corresponding dynamical mass. The derived QCD QED ‎potentials predict the behavior of the related elementary particles exactly as verified by experimental ‎observation.‎

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4

GROZIN, ANDREY. "DECOUPLING IN QED AND QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 05n06 (March 10, 2013): 1350015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13500152.

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5

Bacchetta, Alessandro, and Miguel G. Echevarria. "QCD×QED evolution of TMDs." Physics Letters B 788 (January 2019): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.11.019.

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6

GASSER, J., V. LYUBOVITSKIJ, and A. RUSETSKY. "Hadronic atoms in QCD+QED." Physics Reports 456, no. 5-6 (February 2008): 167–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2007.09.006.

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7

Westin, Alex, Waseem Kamleh, Ross Young, James Zanotti, Roger Horsley, Yoshifumi Nakamura, Holger Perlt, Paul Rakow, Gerrit Schierholz, and Hinnerk Stüben. "Anomalous magnetic moment of the muon with dynamical QCD+QED." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 06035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024506035.

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There exists a long standing discrepancy of around 3.5σ between experimental measurements and standard model calculations of the magnetic moment of the muon. Current experiments aim to reduce the experimental uncertainty by a factor of 4, and Standard Model calculations must also be improved by a similar factor. The largest uncertainty in the Standard Model calculation comes from the QCD contribution, in particular the leading order hadronic vacuum polarisation (HVP). To calculate the HVP contribution, we use lattice gauge theory, which allows us to study QCD at low energies. In order to better understand this quantity, we investigate the effect of QED corrections to the leading order HVP term by including QED in our lattice calculations, and investigate flavour breaking effects. This is done using fully dynamical QCD+QED gauge configurations generated by the QCDSF collaboration and a novel method of quark tuning.

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8

WARD, B. F. L., C. GLOSSER, S. JADACH, and S. A. YOST. "THRESHOLD CORRECTIONS IN PRECISION LHC PHYSICS: QED⊗QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 16 (June 30, 2005): 3735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05027461.

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With an eye toward LHC processes in which theoretical precisions of 1% are desired, we introduce the theory of the simultaneous YFS resummation of QED and QCD to compute the size of the expected resummed soft radiative threshold effects in precision studies of heavy particle production at the LHC. Our results show that both QED and QCD soft threshold effects must be controlled to be on the conservative side to achieve such precision goals.

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9

Minkowski, Peter. "Geometrodynamics and charge-like unification: On the vanishing of C, CP violation in QCD, in the limit GF → 0." International Journal of Modern Physics A 33, no. 31 (November 10, 2018): 1844008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x18440086.

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10

Risch, Andreas, and Hartmut Wittig. "Towards leading isospin breaking effects in mesonic masses with O(a) improved Wilson fermions." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 14019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817514019.

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We present an exploratory study of leading isospin breaking effects in mesonic masses using O(a) improved Wilson fermions. Isospin symmetry is explicitly broken by distinct masses and electric charges of the up and down quarks. In order to be able to make use of existing isosymmetric QCD gauge ensembles we apply reweighting techniques. The path integral describing QCD+QED is expanded perturbatively in powers of the light quark’ mass deviations and the electromagnetic coupling. We employ QEDL as a finite volume formulation of QED.

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11

Castelo Ferreira, P., and J. Dias de Deus. "QCD corrections to QED vacuum polarization." European Physical Journal C 54, no. 4 (March 5, 2008): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0556-z.

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12

Cartlidge, Edwin. "Lattice QCD: more difficult than QED." Physics World 17, no. 11 (November 2004): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/17/11/16.

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13

PAGE, PHILIP R. "(FIELD) SYMMETRIZATION SELECTION RULES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 1216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01009351.

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QCD and QED exhibit an infinite set of three-point Green's functions that contain only OZI rule violating contributions, and (for QCD) are subleading in the large N c expansion. We prove that the QCD amplitude for a neutral hybrid 1-+ exotic current to create ηπ0 only comes from OZI rule violation contributions under certain conditions, and is subleading in N c .

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14

Palmer, C. D., and M. E. Carrington. "A general expression for symmetry factors of Feynman diagrams." Canadian Journal of Physics 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p02-006.

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The calculation of the symmetry factor corresponding to a given Feynman diagram is well known to be a tedious problem. We have derived a simple formula for these symmetry factors. Our formula works for any diagram in scalar theory (ϕ3 and ϕ4 interactions), spinor QED, scalar QED, or QCD. PACS Nos.: 11.10-z, 11.15-q, 11.15Bt

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15

KHOZE, V. A., A. I. LEBEDEV, and J. A. VAZDIK. "QCD COHERENCE IN DIRECT COMPTON SCATTERING." Modern Physics Letters A 09, no. 18 (June 14, 1994): 1665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732394001507.

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The color coherence effects are studied for direct processes of γp interactions at high energies using PYTHIA Monte-Carlo simulation and perturbative QCD approach. Sub-processes of QED and QCD Compton scattering on quarks leading to jet topology of photoproduction events are considered. It is shown that the coherence leads to drag phenomenon in the interjet region.

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16

Hansen, Martin, Biagio Lucini, Agostino Patella, and Nazario Tantalo. "Simulations of QCD and QED with C* boundary conditions." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817509001.

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We present exploratory results from dynamical simulations of QCD in isolation, as well as QCD coupled to QED, with C* boundary conditions. In finite volume, the use of C* boundary conditions allows for a gauge invariant and local formulation of QED without zero modes. In particular we show that the simulations reproduce known results and that masses of charged mesons can be extracted in a completely gauge invariant way. For the simulations we use a modified version of the HiRep code. The primary features of the simulation code are presented and we discuss some details regarding the implementation of C* boundary conditions and the simulated lattice action. Preprint: CP3-Origins-2017-046 DNRF90, CERN-TH-2017-214

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17

FRY, M. P. "FERMION DETERMINANTS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 17, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2002): 936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x02010339.

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The current status of bounds on and limits of fermion determinants in two, three and four dimensions in QED and QCD is reviewed. A new lower bound on the two-dimensional QED determinant is derived. An outline of the demonstration of the continuity of this determinant at zero mass when the background magnetic field flux is zero is also given.

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18

Grozin, Andrey. "Effective Field Theories." Particles 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 245–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles3020020.

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This paper represents a pedagogical introduction to low-energy effective field theories. In some of them, heavy particles are “integrated out” (a typical example—the Heisenberg–Euler EFT); in some, heavy particles remain but some of their degrees of freedom are “integrated out” (Bloch–Nordsieck EFT). A large part of these lectures is, technically, in the framework of QED. QCD examples, namely decoupling of heavy flavors and HQET, are discussed only briefly. However, effective field theories of QCD are very similar to the QED case, and there are just some small technical complications: more diagrams, color factors, etc. The method of regions provides an alternative view at low-energy effective theories; this is also briefly introduced.

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19

NI, GUANG-JIONG, GUO-HONG YANG, RONG-TANG FU, and HAIBIN WANG. "RUNNING COUPLING CONSTANTS OF FERMIONS WITH MASSES IN QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS AND QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, no. 16 (June 30, 2001): 2873–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01001756.

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Based on a simple but effective regularization-renormalization method (RRM), the running coupling constants (RCC) of fermions with masses in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are calculated by renormalization group equation (RGE). Starting at Q=0 (Q being the momentum transfer), the RCC in QED increases with the increase of Q whereas the RCCs for different flavors of quarks with masses in QCD are different and they increase with the decrease of Q to reach a maximum at low Q for each flavor of quark and then decreases to zero at Q→0. Thus a constraint on the mass of light quarks, the hadronization energy scale of quark–antiquark pairs are derived.

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20

GRANDOU, T. "A REMARK ON THE HIGH TEMPERATURE LIMIT OF QCD." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 24 (August 10, 2010): 2099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310033451.

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21

CHANG, LEI, and YU-XIN LIU. "REMARK ON THE CONSISTENCY OF THE LADDER APPROXIMATION AND THE RAINBOW APPROXIMATION OF DYSON–SCHWINGER EQUATIONS OF QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, no. 11 (April 30, 2008): 1711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08039645.

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We study the consistency of the ladder approximation and the rainbow approximation of the Dyson–Schwinger equations of QCD. By considering the non-Abelian property of QCD, we show that the QED-type Ward–Takahashi identity is not required for the rainbow–ladder approximation of QCD. It indicates that there does not exist any internal inconsistency in the usual rainbow–ladder approximation of QCD. In addition, we propose a modified ladder approximation which guarantees the Slavnov–Taylor identity for the quark–gluon vertex omitting the ghost effect in the approximation.

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22

Campos, Isabel, Patrick Fritzsch, Martin Hansen, Marina Krstić Marinković, Agostino Patella, Alberto Ramos, and Nazario Tantalo. "openQ*D simulation code for QCD+QED." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817509005.

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The openQ*D code for the simulation of QCD+QED with C* boundary conditions is presented. This code is based on openQCD-1.6, from which it inherits the core features that ensure its efficiency: the locally-deflated SAP-preconditioned GCR solver, the twisted-mass frequency splitting of the fermion action, the multilevel integrator, the 4th order OMF integrator, the SSE/AVX intrinsics, etc. The photon field is treated as fully dynamical and C* boundary conditions can be chosen in the spatial directions. We discuss the main features of openQ*D, and we show basic test results and performance analysis. An alpha version of this code is publicly available and can be downloaded from http://rcstar.web.cern.ch/.

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23

GLOSSER, C., S. JADACH, B. F. L. WARD, and S. A. YOST. "QED ⊗ QCD THRESHOLD CORRECTIONS AT THE LHC." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 28 (September 14, 2004): 2113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304015397.

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We use the theory of YFS resummation to compute the size of the expected resummed soft radiative threshold effects in precision studies of heavy particle production at the LHC, where accuracies of 1% are desired in some processes. We find that the soft QED threshold effects are at the level of 0.3% whereas the soft QCD threshold effects enter at the level of 20% and hence both must be controlled to be on the conservative side to achieve such goals.

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24

Kapusta, J., and T. Toimela. "Friedel oscillations in relativistic QED and QCD." Physical Review D 37, no. 12 (June 15, 1988): 3731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.37.3731.

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25

Mottaghizadeh, Marzieh, Parvin Eslami, and Fatemeh Taghavi-Shahri. "Decoupling the NLO-coupled QED⊗QCD, DGLAP evolution equations, using Laplace transform method." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 14 (April 18, 2017): 1750065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17500658.

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We analytically solved the QED[Formula: see text]QCD-coupled DGLAP evolution equations at leading order (LO) quantum electrodynamics (QED) and next-to-leading order (NLO) quantum chromodynamics (QCD) approximations, using the Laplace transform method and then computed the proton structure function in terms of the unpolarized parton distribution functions. Our analytical solutions for parton densities are in good agreement with those from CT14QED [Formula: see text] (Ref. 6) global parametrizations and APFEL (A PDF Evolution Library) [Formula: see text] (Ref. 4). We also compared the proton structure function, [Formula: see text], with the experimental data released by the ZEUS and H1 collaborations at HERA. There is a nice agreement between them in the range of low and high [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

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26

KE, HONG-WEI, ZUO LI, JING-LING CHEN, YI-BING DING, and XUE-QIAN LI. "SYMMETRY OF DIRAC EQUATION AND CORRESPONDING PHENOMENOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 06 (March 10, 2010): 1123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1004783x.

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It has been suggested that the high symmetries in the Schrödinger equation with the Coulomb or harmonic oscillator potentials may remain in the corresponding relativistic Dirac equation. If the principle is correct, in the Dirac equation the potential should have a form as [Formula: see text] where V(r) is [Formula: see text] for hydrogen atom and κr2 for harmonic oscillator. However, in the case of hydrogen atom, by this combination the spin–orbit coupling term would not exist and it is inconsistent with the observational spectra of hydrogen atom, so that the symmetry of SO(4) must reduce into SU(2). The governing mechanisms QED and QCD which induce potential are vector-like theories, so at the leading order only vector potential exists. However, the higher-order effects may cause a scalar fraction. In this work, we show that for QED, the symmetry restoration is very small and some discussions on the symmetry breaking are made. At the end, we briefly discuss the QCD case and indicate that the situation for QCD is much more complicated and interesting.

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27

FIELD, J. H. "FERMION MASS SINGULARITIES IN QED AND QCD AND THE MEANING OF THE KINOSHITA-LEE-NAUENBERG THEOREM." Modern Physics Letters A 11, no. 37 (December 7, 1996): 2921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732396002897.

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An analysis is presented of radiative corrections due to fermion vacuum polarization for the process e−μ−→e−μ− and the full O(α2) final state QED radiative correction to [Formula: see text]. It is demonstrated that in both cases, the corrections contain next-to-leading logarithmic terms of the form α2 ln [Formula: see text]where Q is the large external scale and m is the fermion mass. These radiative corrections are infinite in the massless limit for any nonvanishing value of α. The role of Landau singularities and the relation of the above results to the Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg (KLN) theorem are discussed. Similar considerations also apply to the fermion sector of QCD where m is the quark mass. Thus contrary to many statements to be found in the literature no finite massless version of either QED or QCD can exist.

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28

Ma, Rongrong. "Recent milestones from STAR: new developments and open questions." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225901005.

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In these proceedings, an overview of recent STAR results on selected topics is presented. These results utilize Au+Au collisions at various energies, and are aimed at understanding the properties of QED and QCD, characterizing the quark-gluon plasma, as well as searching for the possible critical point in the QCD phase diagram. Specifically, following measurements are discussed: global hyperon polarization, net-proton fluctuations, low transverse momentum dimuon pair production, hyperon-baryon correlations, and f0(980) elliptic flow.

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29

Peigné, Stephane, and Andrei V. Smilga. "Energy losses in relativistic plasmas: QCD versus QED." Physics-Uspekhi 52, no. 7 (July 31, 2009): 659–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufne.0179.200907a.0697.

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30

Peigné, S., and A. V. Smilga. "Energy losses in relativistic plasmas: QCD versus QED." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 179, no. 7 (2009): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0179.200907a.0697.

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31

FRANKFURT, LEONID, and MARK STRIKMAN. "QCD AND QED DYNAMICS IN THE EMC EFFECT." International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, no. 04 (April 2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312300020.

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Applying exact QCD sum rules for the baryon charge and energy–momentum conservation we demonstrate that if the only degrees of freedom in nuclei were nucleons, the structure function of a nucleus would be the additive sum of the nucleon distributions at the same Bjorken x = AQ2/2(pA⋅q)≤0.5 up to very small Fermi motion corrections if 1/2mN x is significantly less than the nucleus radius. Hence QCD implies that the proper quantity to reveal violation of the additivity due to presence of nonnucleonic degrees of freedom in nuclei is the ratio RA(x, Q2) = (2/A)F2A(x, Q2)/F2D(x, Q2). Use of variable xp = Q2/2q0mp in the experimental studies instead of x leads to the deviation of RA(xp, Q2) from one even if the nucleus would consist only of nucleons with small momenta. Implementation of QCD dynamics accounts in the case of the light nuclei for at least a half of the deviation of RA(xp, Q2) from one for x≤0.55. In the case of heavy nuclei account of the QCD dynamics and of light-cone momentum fraction carried by Fermi, Weizsacker, Williams equivalent photons are responsible for ≈ one half the deviation of RA(x, Q2) from one at x≤0.55. We argue that direct observation of large and predominantly nucleonic short-range correlations (SRCs) in nuclei impacts strongly on the understanding of the EMC effect for x≥0.6 posing a serious challenge for most of the proposed models of the EMC effect. The data are consistent with a scenario in which the hadronic EMC effect reflects suppression of rare quark–gluon configurations in nucleons belonging to SRC appears to be the only viable. The dynamic realization of this scenario is presented in which quantum fluctuations of the nucleon wave function with x≥0.5 parton have a weaker interaction with nearby nucleons, leading to suppression of such configurations in bound nucleons and to the significant suppression of nucleon Fermi motion effects at x≥0.55 giving a right magnitude of the EMC effect. Implications of discussed effects for the analyses of the neutron structure function and nuclear parton distributions are presented. The directions for the future studies and challenging questions are outlined.

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32

Kharzeev, Dmitri E. "Topologically induced local PandCP violation in QCD×QED." Annals of Physics 325, no. 1 (January 2010): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2009.11.002.

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33

Anikin, Igor V. "On ξ-Process for DVCS-Amplitude." Symmetry 12, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12121996.

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In this note, we demonstrate in detail the ξ-process implementation applied to the deeply virtual Compton scattering amplitude to ensure both the QCD and QED gauge invariance. The presented details are also important for the understanding of the contour gauge used in different processes.

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34

VAN EIJCK, M. A., C. R. STEPHENS, and CH G. VAN WEERT. "TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE QCD COUPLING." Modern Physics Letters A 09, no. 04 (February 10, 1994): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732394000320.

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We present a one-loop calculation of a gauge invariant QCD β-function. Using both momentum and temperature renormalization group equations we investigate the running coupling in the magnetic sector as a function of temperature and momentum scale. At fixed momentum scale we find that, in contrast to λɸ4 or QED, high temperature QCD is strongly coupled, even after renormalization group improvement. However, if the momentum scale is changed simultaneously with temperature in a specified manner, the coupling decreases. We also point out in what regime dimensional reduction occurs. Both the cases Nf smaller and larger than [Formula: see text] are discussed.

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35

Huamani Chaviguri, Richard, and Fulgencio Villegas Silva. "Simetrías gauge local aplicadas a la física." Revista de Investigación de Física 14, no. 01 (July 15, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rif.v14i01.8537.

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En este trabajo damos una descripción sencilla acerca de las simetrías gauge locales tanto abeliana como no abeliana y sus posteriores aplicaciones fundamentales a la física que surgen para cada transformación gauge particular como son la electrodiámica cuántica, QED, Campo Leptónico y la cromodinámica cuántica, QCD.

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36

BÜRGER, W., M. FABER, H. MARKUM, M. MÜLLER, W. SAKULER, and M. SCHALER. "LATTICE SIMULATIONS OF THE VACUUM STRUCTURE OF QED AND QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics C 05, no. 02 (April 1994): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183194000556.

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The charge density around a static charge is investigated within finite temperature QCD and compact QED both in the chirally broken and symmetric phase. We display the functional behavior of the charge polarization for various masses of the sea particles and for static sources in higher representations. The total induced charge is found to be consistent with the results from the MILC Collaboration.

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37

Dittrich, Walter. "Some remarks on the use of effective Lagrangians in QED and QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 18n19 (July 8, 2015): 1530046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1530046x.

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We discuss in this paper the usefulness of the effective Lagrangians [Formula: see text] of QED and QCD within the one-loop approximation. Instead of calculating [Formula: see text] via complicated computations with Schwinger’s proper-time technique or Feynman graphs, we prefer to employ the energy–momentum tensor and the leading-log model. The advantage is that we do not have to demand the external electromagnetic or color field to be constant. There are also some critical remarks added which cast doubt on the use of [Formula: see text] with covariant constant fields in explaining the nature of the QCD vacuum.

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FRY, M. P. "FERMION DETERMINANTS: SOME RECENT ANALYTIC RESULTS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 19 (July 30, 2005): 4492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05028119.

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The use of known analytic results for the continuum fermion determinants in QCD and QED as benchmarks for zero lattice spacing extrapolations of lattice fermion determinants is proposed. Specifically, they can be used as a check on the universality hypothesis relating the continuum limits of the naïve, staggered and Wilson fermion determinants.

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39

Nishijima, K., and A. Tureanu. "Gauge dependence of Green’s functions in QCD and QED." European Physical Journal C 53, no. 4 (December 18, 2007): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0486-1.

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40

Bern, Zvi, Abilio De Freitas, Adrian Ghinculov, Henry Wong, and Lance Dixon. "QCD and QED corrections to light-by-light scattering." Journal of High Energy Physics 2001, no. 11 (November 15, 2001): 031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2001/11/031.

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Toimela, T. "Perturbative QED and QCD at finite temperatures and densities." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 24, no. 9 (September 1985): 901–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00671334.

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Kapusta, J. Irving. "Screening of static QED electric fields in hot QCD." Physical Review D 46, no. 10 (November 15, 1992): 4749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.46.4749.

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Bürger, W., M. Faber, H. Markum, M. Müller, and M. Schaler. "Charge density in QED and QCD in both phases." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 34 (April 1994): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(94)90363-8.

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Fleischer, J., and O. V. Tarasov. "Gauge-invariant on-shell Z1 in QED and QCD." Physics Letters B 283, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(92)91442-c.

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