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Xu, Zhiqiang. "Molecular analysis of staphylococcal multidrug transport protein QacA." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27983.
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The multidrug exporter QacA from Staphylococcus aureus confers resistance to a wide range of structurally-dissimilar monovalent and bivalent lipophilic, cationic compounds, including intercalating dyes, quaternary ammonium compounds (Qacs), diamidines, and biguanidines, many of which are used as antiseptics and disinfectants in current applications. To overcome such a problem, detailed understanding of the substrate-recognition and transport mechanisms of QacA is crucial. High-resolution structural studies of QacA can provide critical insights to these mechanisms. The
preliminary requirement of such studies is a regular supply of purified QacA protein in milligram quantities. In this study, an over-expression and purification system of QacA based on the E. coli expression vector pTTQ18His6 was established. Conditions for the over-expression and purification of the QacA protein were optimized, resulting in a
yield of approximately 600 pg of purified protein from 1 litre of bacterial culture. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analysis suggested that the purified QacA protein was structurally integral as demonstrated by its predominantly oc-helical structure, and substrate-binding assays were also performed.
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Mourato, Cláudia Alhinho. "A contribuição das bombas de efluxo QacA e Smr para a multirresistência em Staphylococcus aureus." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7718.
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RESUMO: O efluxo de compostos antimicrobianos é um mecanismo importante na multirresistência em bactérias. Bombas de efluxo codificadas em plasmídeos, como a QacA e a Smr, estão implicadas na susceptibilidade reduzida a biocidas, geralmente utilizados na prevenção e controlo de infecções nosocomiais, incluindo as causadas por estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA).
Neste trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar a relevância de QacA e Smr no perfil de susceptibilidade dos isolados clínicos MRSA SM39 e SM52, que transportam os plasmídeos pSM39 e pSM52 com os determinantes qacA e smr, respectivamente.
A actividade de efluxo das estirpes SM39 e SM39 curada (sem pSM39) e das estirpes SM52 e RN4220:pSM52 (estirpe susceptível RN4220 transformada com pSM52) foi caracterizada por: (1) determinação da concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) de biocidas, corantes e antibióticos, na ausência e presença dos inibidores de efluxo tioridazina, clorpromazina, verapamil e reserpina; e (2) fluorometria em tempo-real.
A determinação de CMIs demonstrou que a actividade de efluxo mediada por QacA e Smr está envolvida na susceptibilidade reduzida aos biocidas e corantes testados, que incluíram o brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamónio, a cetrimida, o cloreto de benzalcónio, a berberina, o cloreto de dequalínio, a pentamidina e o brometo de etídeo. Os ensaios fluorométricos confirmaram a elevada actividade de efluxo presente nas estirpes com os genes qacA ou smr.
A determinação de CMIs para antibióticos β-lactâmicos em conjunto com o teste da nitrocefina revelou a presença simultânea do gene qacA e de uma β-lactamase no plasmídeo pSM39.
Este trabalho evidencia a importância das bombas de efluxo QacA e Smr na resistência a biocidas em estirpes MRSA e na sobrevivência destas estirpes em ambiente hospitalar e na comunidade, para além de destacar a questão da potencial co-resistência entre biocidas e antibióticos.--------------- ABSTRACT: Drug efflux has become an important cause of multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria. Plasmid-encoded MDR efflux pumps, such as QacA and Smr, are implicated in reduced susceptibility to biocides, generally used in the prevention and control of nosocomial infections, including the ones caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
In this work, we aimed to evaluate the relevance of QacA and Smr to the susceptibility profile of the clinical MRSA isolates SM39 and SM52, which harbor the plasmids pSM39 and pSM52 that carry the determinants qacA and smr, respectively.
Efflux activity of strain SM39 and its plasmid-free counterpart, SM39 cured, SM52 and RN4220:pSM52 (susceptible strain RN4220 transformed with pSM52) was characterized by: (1) determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of biocides, dyes and antibiotics, in the absence and presence of the efflux inhibitors thioridazine, chlorpromazine, verapamil and reserpine; and (2) real-time fluorometry.
MIC determination showed that QacA and Smr mediated efflux was involved in the reduced susceptibility profile to the biocides and dyes tested, which included hexadecyltrymethylammonium bromide, cetrimide, benzalkonium chloride, berberine, dequalinium chloride, pentamidine and ethidium bromide. Fluorometric assays confirmed the higher efflux activity present in strains harboring qacA or smr genes.
Moreover, MIC determination for β-lactam antibiotics together with the nitrocefin test confirmed the presence of a β-lactamase in the plasmid carried by SM39 strain, pSM39.
This work highlights the relevance of QacA and Smr to the biocide resistance in MRSA strains, and consequently to their survival and maintenance in the hospital environment and in the community. Furthermore, the presence of a β-lactamase and qacA determinants in the the same plasmid reinforces the question of the potencial biocide/antibiotic co-resistance in MRSA strains.
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Vale, Bruna Costa Moura do. "Redu??o da susceptibilidade ? clorexidina e distribui??o dos genes qacA/B em isolados de estafilococos coagulase-negativa." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM CI?NCIAS BIOL?GICAS, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24056.
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As infec??es relacionadas ? assist?ncia ? sa?de (IRAS) s?o atualmente um dos principais problemas de sa?de p?blica. Os estafilococos coagulase-negativa (ECN) est?o entre as esp?cies mais prevalentes neste tipo de infec??o, devido ? sua capacidade de colonizar dispositivos m?dicos invasivos. A clorexidina ? extensivamente utilizada no ambiente hospitalar como forma de preven??o e controle de IRAS. No entanto, a literatura relata a exist?ncia de cepas com susceptibilidade reduzida ocasionada possivelmente pela presen?a dos genes qacA/B. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a susceptibilidade ? clorexidina e sua rela??o com a presen?a dos genes qacA/B em 211 isolados de ECN provenientes de diferentes hospitais da cidade do Natal-RN. As amostras foram identificadas por testes bioqu?micos convencionais; a susceptibilidade ? antimicrobianos foi realizada pela metodologia disco-difus?o; a determina??o da Concentra??o Inibit?ria M?nima (CIM) para a clorexidina foi avaliada pela t?cnica de dilui??o em ?gar; a t?cnica da PCR foi utilizada para pesquisar os genes qacA/B e o gene mecA. No total de 211 amostras de ECN, 69% foram isolados a partir hemoculturas. As esp?cies mais frequentes foram S. epidermidis, S. hominis hominis, S. auricularis e S. haemolyticus, respectivamente. As cepas apresentaram um perfil de resist?ncia a multidrogas de 87%, incluindo resist?ncia ? oxacilina; 31% demonstraram susceptibilidade reduzida ? clorexidina. Os genes qacA/B foram detectados tanto em amostras resistentes ? clorexidina (32/32) quanto em amostras suscept?veis (17/32). Grande parte das cepas com susceptibilidade reduzida ? clorexidina exibiram tamb?m multirresist?ncia aos antibi?ticos testados (94%). A identifica??o de cepas com susceptibilidade reduzida ? clorexidina nesse estudo representa uma amea?a as pr?ticas de controle de IRAS. Apesar de todas as cepas resistentes ? clorexidina possu?rem os genes qacA/B, sua presen?a n?o foi um fator determinante para a express?o da resist?ncia, necessitando de estudos adicionais. A diminui??o da susceptibilidade ? antiss?pticos pode levar ? persist?ncia bact?rias no ambiente hospitalar contribuindo, dessa forma, para a sobreviv?ncia de cepas multirresistentes.
Health Care Associated Infections (HAI) are currently a of major public health problem. The coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) are among the most prevalent species in this type of infection due to their ability to colonize invasive medical devices. Chlorhexidine is extensively used in the hospital setting as a means of prevention and control of HAI. However, the existence of strains with reduced susceptibility caused possibly by the presence of the qacA/B genes has been reported in the literature. The main of this study was to investigate the susceptibility to chlorhexidine and its relation to the presence of the qacA/B genes in 211 isolates of ECN from diferente hospitals in the city of Natal-RN. Samples were identified by standard biochemical tests; the susceptibility to antimicrobials was performed using the disc-diffusion methodology; the susceptibility to chlorhexidine was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by the agar dilution technique; the PCR method was used to investigate the qacA/B genes and mecA gene. In total of 211 CNS samples, 69% were isolated from blood cultures. The most frequent species were S. epidermidis, S. hominis hominis, S. auricularis and S. haemolyticus, respectively. The strains had a multidrug resistance profile of 87%, including resistance to oxacillin; 31% demonstrated reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine. The qacA/B genes were detected in both chlorhexidine resistant (32/32) and susceptible samples (17/32). Most of the strains with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine also showed multidrug resistance to the tested antibiotics (94%). Identification of strains with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine in this study poses a threat to HAIs control practices. Although all strains resistant to chlorhexidine had the qacA/B genes, their presence was not a determining factor for the expression of the resistance, requiring additional studies. The decrease in susceptibility to antiseptics may allow bacteria to persist in the hospital environment, thus contributing to the survival of multiresistant strains.
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MORANDINI, ANDREA. "SYNTHESIS AND USE OF TRIAZINYL QACs AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2988358.
Full textAbstract:
L’aumento dello sviluppo di microorganismi in grado di resistere alle più comuni sostanze antimicrobiche negli ultimi anni è un fenomeno che da tempo preoccupa le varie organizzazioni della salute mondiale. Lo sviluppo della resistenza alle sostanze avverse è un meccanismo naturale, che i microorganismi hanno sfruttato fin dall’antichità. Con l’avvio verso l’industrializzazione ai primi del XX secolo e la scoperta di potenti farmaci antibiotici, l’umanità ha potuto notevolmente migliorare il suo stile di vita.
Il risultato di decenni di utilizzo irresponsabile e sperpero nell’ambiente di queste sostanze antimicrobiche però ha inevitabilmente portato alla generazione di microorganismi antibiotico resistenti. L’umanità, se meglio vuole arginare questo fenomeno, in futuro dovrà agire con più coscienza, limitando gli sprechi, utilizzando prodotti che meglio preservino l’ambiente e sviluppando nuove sostanze antimicrobiche efficaci.
In questa lavoro di dottorato si descrive la sintesi di nuovi sali d’ammonio quaternario antimicrobici (QACs), sfruttando la grande reattività dalle cloro triazine. Diversi QACs triazinici sono stati sintetizzati e la loro attività antimicrobica è stata investigata.
In prima istanza ci si è concentrati sulla sintesi di una libreria di QACs morfolino-triazinici di diretta ispirazione alla struttura della 4-(4,6-dimetossi-1,3,5-triazin-2-il)-4-metil-morfolinio cloruro o DMTMM. Valutandone poi l’efficacia contro ceppi batterici Gram-positivi e Gram-negativi come Staphylococcus aureus ed Escherichia coli. Successivamente si è passati alla sintesi di una libreria di QACs imidazolo-triazinici che hanno mostrato prestazioni superiori rispetto ai primi QACs morfolino-triazinici, sia in termini di resa delle reazioni che in termini di attività antimicrobica. Infine, è stata descritta la sintesi di vari polimeri a blocchi basati sulla 2-N-morfolinoetil metilmetacrilato (MEMA) e il loro utilizzo nella preparazione di QACs polimerici e superfici antimicrobiche.The increased development of microorganisms capable of resisting the most common antimicrobial substances, in recent years, is a phenomenon that has long been of concern to various global health organizations. The development of resistance to adverse substances is a natural mechanism, which microorganisms have exploited since ancient times. With the onset of industrialization in the early 20th century and the discovery of powerful antibiotic drugs, mankind has been able to significantly improve its lifestyle. The result of decades of irresponsible use and wastage of these antimicrobial substances in the environment, however, has inevitably led to the generation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Humanity, if it wants to better contain this phenomenon, in the future will have to act with more conscience, limiting waste, using products that better preserve the environment and developing new effective antimicrobial substances. In this Ph.D. work we describe the synthesis of novel antimicrobial quaternary ammonium salts (QACs) by exploiting the high reactivity of chloro triazines. Several triazine QACs were synthesized and their antimicrobial activity was investigated. In the first instance, we focused on the synthesis of a library of morpholino-triazine QACs directly inspired by the structure of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride or DMTMM. Then evaluating its efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Next, we moved on to the synthesis of a library of imidazole-triazine QACs that showed superior performance compared to the first morpholino-triazine QACs, both in terms of yield and antimicrobial activity. Finally, the synthesis of various blockcopolymers based on 2-N-morpholinoethyl methylmethacrylate (MEMA) and their use in the preparation of polymeric QACs and antimicrobial surfaces was described.
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Ndima, Mlungisi. "A history of the Qwathi people from earliest times to 1910." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002402.
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This is the first history of the Qwathi to appear. It relates all the events which have shaped the historical consciousness of the Qwathi people. The first chapter deals with the foundation of the Qwathi chiefdom by Mtshutshumbe and his followers who emigrated from EmaXesibeni to Thembuland before 1700. It also covers the development of the various Qwathi clans. The reign of Fubu which is discussed in Chapter Two was characterised by warfare. The most important of these wars was the Qwathi-Thembu war of the beginning of the nineteenth century. Its importance lies in the fact that although the Qwathi were a small chiefdom, they were able to goad the Thembu nation into war, the results of which were indecisive, hence, in subsequent years, the Thembu were always cautious in their dealings with the Qwathi. Fubu's other wars, including those of the Mfecane, are also discussed. Chapter Three deals mainly with the Qwathi-Thembu relations during the reign of Dalasile, Fubu's son. These were at first cordial but they became strained when Ngangelizwe took over as Thembu king in 1863. Dalasile refused to involve the Qwathi people in Thembu conflicts with their enemies and he desired to pursue an independent line. In 1875, when Ngangelizwe accepted colonial control, Dalasile stood out against it but, under pressure from the agents of colonialism, he gave in. The period from 1875 to 1880 was one of passive resistence to colonial control. This erupted into Dalasile's rebellion against the colony from 1880 to 1881. Chapter Six deals with the surrender, relocation and the introduction of a new system of control called the "Ward System". The ruling house was replaced by appointed headmen most of whom were drawn from non-Qwathi communities. Chapter Seven deals with the rise and Fall of the Qwathi peasantry. The fall of the peasantry facilitated labour migracy which contributed to further deterioration of the Qwathi both economically and physically.
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Walker, Molly C. "Masterplan for a healing garden in the village of Qala-e-Malakh, Behsood District, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1379443.
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This creative project is the exploration of a healing garden for Afghan women who have been victims of war and terror. The project culminates with a masterplan and design for a healing garden in the rural village of Qala-e-Malakh in the Behsood District of the Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan. This issue became a viable project when I was put into contact with Lalbibi (Bibi) Bahrami, an Afghan woman living in Yorktown, Indiana, and native of Qala-e-Malakh. She has worked tirelessly to create and raise funds for her organization, Afghan Women's And Kids' Education and Necessities (AWAKEN), which provides education, basic healthcare, and vocational training to women and children in several rural villages. It is my intent to determine how a designed space, incorporating elements of native culture, emotional treatment standards, and therapeutic garden research, can help heal and renew the spirits of women who have experienced such extreme tragedy and devastation.Department of Landscape Architecture
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Rodríguez, Coll Pablo 1985. "Adaptación y validación del "Questionnaire for Assessing the Childbirth Experience (QACE)" en mujeres españolas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672354.
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El "Questionnaire for Assessing the Childbirth Experience (QACE)" busca identificar mujeres con una experiencia negativa del parto y evitar que tenga repercusiones en siguientes embarazos o en su relación de pareja. El objetivo de la tesis es adaptar y validar el QACE desde el inglés al castellano de España, así como describir los resultados obstétricos y el nivel de satisfacción en el parto de los dos hospitales participantes. Este estudio concluye en tres principales resultados: a) el CEEP ha sido adaptado y traducido de forma metodológicamente correcta, tiene una buena consistencia interna (ω=0,818) y es estable en el tiempo (CCI 0,94, p ,00); b) el anàlisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un ajuste adecuado/bueno con 20 ítems clasificados en cuatro factores que explicaban el 52,63% del total de la varianza; c) la satisfacción con el parto es similar en ambos hospitales, aunque el hospital de menor complejidad tiene mejores resultados obstétricos.The "Questionnaire for Assessing the Childbirth Experience (QACE)" seeks to detect those women who have had a negative experience in childbirth and avoid having repercussions in subsequent pregnancies or in their relationship. The objective of the thesis is to obtain, adapt and validate the QACE from English to the Spanish version of Spain, as well as to describe the obstetrical results and the birth satisfaction level between the participant hospitals. This study concludes in three main results: a) CEEP has been adapted and translated in a methodologically correct manner, internal consistency was assured (ω=0,818) and is stable over time (ICC 0.94, p <.00); b) confirmatory factor analysis was good/adequate with 20 items classified in four factors that explained 52.63% of the variance; c)in terms of birth satisfaction, similar results were obtained in both hospitals. However, there are better obstretrical outcomes in the hospital with less complexity.
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Berrospi, Torres Ivan, Corales Brigitte Gallarday, Durand Ana Patricia Mantilla, Guillermo Mishell Mercedes Peralta, and Peralta Clodoaldo Kevin Yñigo. "Qara Sumaq: emprendimiento de mascarilla facial a base de arcillas cosméticas y agar agar." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654797.
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En el presente trabajo, se ejecutó un plan de negocios de mascarillas faciales a base de arcillas cosméticas y agar agar, creado por cinco estudiantes de la facultad de Negocios de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). El proyecto se desarrolló en base a la necesidad que tienen las mujeres en encontrar productos cosméticos con ingredientes naturales que no contengan productos químicos que puedan dañar su piel y que sean amigables con el medio ambiente. Al analizar el mercado de belleza, pudimos apreciar que el crecimiento de este sector es constante y la tendencia a consumir productos de belleza naturales está en proceso de crecimiento.
Luego de evaluar las necesidades y requerimientos de nuestro público objetivo, desarrollamos las fórmulas de las tres versiones de mascarillas, usando insumos naturales que cumplen diferentes funciones como purificar, regenerar y limpiar profundamente la piel. El objetivo de este proyecto es poder comercializarlas. Al finalizar nuestro proyecto de ventas, se analizaron los diferentes planes presupuestales del área de RRHH, de operaciones, marketing y de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, para tener una proyección, en términos monetarios, de lo que necesitamos para llevar a cabo nuestra idea de negocio. Con ello, seremos capaces de saber si es aceptable invertir en él o en todo caso, aprender y crear nuevas ideas de negocio. Los objetivos planteados en este proyecto han sido alcanzados a plenitud, como también los datos encontrados facilitaron el logro de estos.In the present work, a business plan for facial masks based on clays and agar agar was executed, created by five students from the Business School of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences (UPC). The project was developed based on the need for women to find cosmetic products with natural ingredients that do not contain chemicals that can damage their skin and that are friendly to the environment. When analysing the beauty market, we could see that the growth of this sector is constant and the trend to consume natural beauty products is growing. After evaluating the needs of our target audience, we developed the formulas for the three versions of masks, using natural inputs that fulfil different functions such as purifying, regenerating and deeply cleansing the skin. The objective of this project is to be able to commercialize them. At the end of our sales project, the different budget plans for the HR, operations, marketing and Corporate Social Responsibility areas will be analysed to have a projection of what we need to carry out our business idea. In addition, to better examine our model, the total project was evaluated to see if it would generate value and if it is profitable. With this, we will be able to know if it is acceptable to invest in it or in any case, learn and create new business ideas. Therefore, the objectives set out in this project have been fully achieved, as well as the data found facilitated their achievement.
Trabajo de investigación
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Khan, Azra. "An investigation into the association of plasmid-borne qacAB and antimicrobial resistance in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-investigation-into-the-association-of-plasmidborne-qacab-and-antimicrobial-resistance-in-meticillinresistant-staphylococcus-aureus(49b2b0fc-936a-412a-b418-8d9d24d3b531).html.
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Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is globally recognised as a major causative organism of hospital acquired infection (HAI) and continues to present many challenges for infection prevention and control. Once established within hospitals and healthcare centers, the control of spread of MRSA and therapy is difficult due to resistance to otherwise effective antimicrobials. Government initiatives in the United Kingdom (UK) have led to considerable investments in improving infection control practices, with emphasis on improving hand hygiene compliance of healthcare professionals and hospital environmental cleanliness to control the spread and limit the source of MRSA and other HAIs. This has resulted in the subsequent increase in disinfectant and antiseptic usage containing, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), cationic biocides such as chlorhexidine and the bisphenol ether, triclosan, for decontamination of surfaces and disinfection of skin. Thus, there is serious concern that as with antibiotic resistance, continual and intensive exposure of MRSA (and other hospital pathogens) to biocides, may result in the emergence of resistance to these agents with further detrimental consequences and substantial burden for prevention, treatment and control of hospital infections. MRSA carry a number of plasmid-borne qac genes, predominantly qacA, qacB and smr that encode resistance to commonly used antiseptics and disinfectants in hospitals, nursing homes and other healthcare establishments. The proteins encoded by qacA and qacB mediate efflux via active transport; QacA multidrug exporter mediates resistance to monovalent, divalent cationic and lipophilic antimicrobial compounds, whilst the closely related export protein QacB mediates lower levels of resistance to divalent cations. In this research a “snapshot” study of hospital strains of MRSA stored at the Hospital Infection Research Laboratory (HIRL), City Hospital, Birmingham, was carried out to determine the prevalence and distribution of qacAB in these isolates and determine a possible association between presence of these genes and biocide resistance. The intercalating dye, ethidium bromide (EtBr) is a substrate for many S. aureus multi-drug resistant (MDR) efflux pumps and was used in the present study as a marker for detection of efflux pump activity. Previous studies have reported that MRSA strains with an MIC of ≥ 64 mg/L to EtBr have qacAB, however, the present study used a lower baseline value of ≥ 32 mg/L resistance to EtBr to capture any isolates with low MICs that may have qacAB and may be missed. Initially 3,400 MRSA strains collected between October 2002 and October 2006 were screened to identify and select isolates with ≥ 32 mg/L resistance to EtBr. A second MRSA collection stored at the Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Laboratory, City Hospital, Birmingham, comprised 63 isolates that showed MICs of ≥ 64mg/L, were also included in the study. At this stage the study set (Set A) comprised 112 isolates with varying MIC to EtBr ranging from ≥ 32 mg/L to 256 mg/L. At a later date an additional 400 strains were screened from the same stored collection to include strains with lower MICs, i.e. < 32 mg/L. Thus a total of 336 isolates with varying levels of resistance to EtBr were studied. PCR was carried out on all 336 isolates for detection o qacAB, smr, qacG, qacH and qacJ to determine the presence and prevalence of the genes. Set A isolates positive for qacAB were further investigated to differentiate between qacA and qacB. Restriction digestion using the restriction enzyme Rsa1 was carried out on PCR products followed by PCR using specific primers for detection of the two genes. Urease activity and neomycin sensitivity were used as a means of basic characterization applied to all the study isolates. A select number of samples negative for qacA and qacB were typed using spa typing. Transfer studies involving, conjugation, plate mating and transformation on selected strains were carried out to attempt transfer of qacAB using the marker EtBr from a strain of MRSA with an MIC of ≥ 256 mg/L to EtBr and qacAB positive to a strain with < 32mg/L MIC to EtBr and lacking qacAB. Unfortunately, conjugation experiments were not successful in this study. Plasmid curing experiments were also carried out to demonstrate loss of plasmid through continual passaging onto selective plates. A variety of antiseptics and disinfectants are used in hospitals for prevention of HAIs. The present study was limited to carrying out minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determinations and MIC of four commonly used hospital biocides against randomly selected strains. The strains reflected ranges of MICs to EtBr and presence or absence of qacAB. These experiments, determined the efficacy of the biocides tested, to effectively destroy MRSA on skin and environment when used in healthcare settings. The results suggest that in the majority of strains showing high MICs to EtBr i.e. ≥ 64 mg/L, qacAB is present and thus, the mechanism of resistance to biocides may be attributed to an efflux protein pump encoded by these genes. Following restriction digestion of qacAB positive strains, with the restriction enzyme Rsa1, 81 of the 112 qacAB positive strains tested positive for qacA, i.e. 90% and 9 (11%) for qacB. The predominant prevalence of the qacA gene indicates that most of these strains are likely to be resistant to organic cationic biocides and intercalating dyes such as EtBr and acriflavine. However, the results of the MIC and MBC determinations carried out on a selection of biocides commonly used in the healthcare environment implies that the four biocides tested are likely to be 99.9% effective at killing the majority of isolates in this study set. However, five isolates demonstrated MBCs to chlorhexidine of > 32 mg/L. Chlorhexidine is a compound that is widely used in hand hygiene and surgical antisepsis products, and the results suggest that solutions containing this compound would be ineffective in removing MRSA from the hands of healthcare workers and skin sites if used. Molecular spa typing of selected samples negative for qacAB revealed that Endemic-MRSA (EMRSA) type 15 was the most frequent spa type identified in this study, followed by EMRSA-16 and EMRSA-1. Three strains identified jointly as EMRSA-3 and EMRSA-1. One strain identified as the Berlin clone. With regards to the challenges presented to infection prevention and control, MRSA has the potential to develop increased tolerance to biocides commonly used in the hospital environment, due to expression of efflux pumps, although currently there is little evidence of this. Further research is required to understand and learn of the various mechanisms of resistance, supported by adherence to control of infection strategies for prevention and spread of infections in healthcare facilities.
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Ho, Kai Lung. "Power, economy, and culture on the Mongol steppe in the Yuan era : the case of Qara Qorum /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?HUMA%202004%20HO.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-175). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Sugawara, Ayaka. "The role of Question-Answer Congruence (QAC) in child language and adult sentence processing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107090.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 163-169).
This dissertation investigates experimentally the role of Question-Answer Congruence (QAC, von Stechow 1990, Rooth 1985, 1992) in child language acquisition and adult sentence processing. Specifically, I present two case studies: sentences with "only" and sentences with the Rise-Fall-Rise contour (RFR, Jackendoff 1972). Case study 1 investigates a long-standing puzzle concerning the acquisition of "only." Since Crain et al. (1994), many studies report children display difficulties understanding sentences with pre-subject "only" while having no difficulty with pre-verbal "only." The current study manipulates the levels of QAC to study the puzzle. The results show that QAC plays a significant role in the asymmetry between Subject-only vs. VP-only, and more generally, both children and adults are sensitive to QAC, with congruence facilitating processing, and incongruence interfering with processing. We conclude that the cost of the accommodation of a sub-question to obey QAC is different for Subject-only and VP-only. I propose that the way information is packaged makes it easier to accommodate a set of questions asking about the object of the sentence, which makes it easier to process VP-only. We also showed that the extent to which QAC influences comprehension is different for children and adults. For children, QAC has a stronger influence than the syntactic condition on only. For adults, the syntactic condition is not violated. We suggest that the status of the syntactic condition regarding only is a factor that distinguishes children from adults in processing only. Case study 2 investigates whether children can construe the inverse scope interpretation, which children are reported to disfavor (Musolino 1998), with the RFR prosody, which is standardly taken to require inverse scope. The results show that both children and adults are sensitive to RFR and able to compute the implicature associated with RFR to disambiguate the inverse scope interpretation. As in the "only" study, QAC levels varied in the RFR experiment. However, the results revealed no effect of question type. This leaves an important open question: why QAC seems more active in children in determining the associate of only than in the determination of quantifier scope when the prosody makes the scope clear.
by Ayaka Sugawara.
Ph. D.
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Fayyad, Imane. "L'habitat domestique à Damas, Homs et Hama aux époques mamelouke et ottomane (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle)." Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0015.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse explore l'habitat domestique traditionnel à l'époque mamelouke (XIIIe-XVIe siècle) dans les villes de Damas et de Homs. Le sujet a été élargi à la ville de Hama à l'époque ottomane (XVIIIe siècle). Aucune de ces villes n'a fait l'objet d'études approfondies et si les grandes demeures du Caire et de Tunis ont été relevées et étudiées, peu de recherches ont encore été faites sur celles de la Syrie. L'étude de l'architecture de l'habitat soulève des questions, notamment pour ces trois villes, qu'on peut classer en deux catégories : la première tient à l'architecture même de l'habitat et la seconde résulte de l'interaction de l'architecture de la demeure avec l'homme, l'environnement et la nature. La première partie de la thèse a pour objet l'étude de 6 demeures de l'époque mamelouke dans les villes de Homs et de Damas. La deuxième partie traitera de l'époque de transition mamelouke-ottomane à Damas (XVIe siècle), puis de l'époque ottomane (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles). L'étude de l'habitat de Hama (XVIe et XVIIe siècles) est traitée séparément. La troisième partie, à travers des descriptions morphologiques, est consacrée aux réflexions sur l'habitat traditionnel. Il est ainsi possible d'établir des traits constants dans l'architecture mamelouke domestique des trois villes étudiées en ce qui concerne la construction, l'organisation et la décoration de leurs demeures. Grâce à l'analyse et à la reconstitution graphique (plans, élévations, photos) cette thèse montre donc que l'époque mamelouke a été la plus innovante en architecture et en décoration, l'époque ottomane s'étant plutôt distinguée par le raffinement dans les motifs de la décorationThis thesis explores the traditional domestic habitat during the mamluk period (from the 13th to the 16th century) in the towns of Damas and Homs. Its field of study was extended to the town of Hama during the ottoman period (18th century). None of these towns had been extensively studied before; in fact, whereas the major houses of Cairo and Tunis have been surveyed and analyzed, very few studies had been devoted to the Syrian cities until this work. Studying the architecture of any habitat raises a certain number of questions, especially as far as the selected Syrian towns are concerned. Such questions can be divided into two sets: the first one related to the very architecture of their habitat, the second one to the interaction of the architecture of the buildings with man, his environment and nature. The first part of the thesis studies six dwellings at the mamluk period in the towns of Hama and Damas.The second part deals with the transitional mamluk/ottoman period and with the ottoman period (17th-18th centuries). The study of Hama's habitat is dealt with separately. The third part is devoted to more theoretical points about the traditional habitats, thanks to morphological descriptions.Thus it is possible to draw up constant features in the domestic mamluk architecture of the three towns, as far as the construction, organization and decoration of their houses is concerned.Thanks to the above analyses and the graphic reconstruction of the dwellings (plans, scales, photos), the thesis shows that the mamluk period was the most innovative one in architecture and decoration, whereas the ottoman period was most distinctive for the refinement in its decorative patterns and designs
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Mussard, Christine. "Archéologie d'un territoire de colonisation en Algérie : la commune mixte de La Calle 1884-1957." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3116.
Full textAbstract:
Dans l'Algérie française de la fin des années 1860, l'Etat est à la recherche d'une organisation administrative du territoire conquis. Plusieurs formes communales se développent et parmi elles, la commune mixte. Pour ses concepteurs, la création de cette entité a une visée singulière : étendre la colonisation dans l'intérieur du pays par l'accroissement du peuplement européen dans des villages ; favoriser le contact colons/colonisés et le développement d'une « éducation civique » de ces derniers. C'est donc une construction transitoire vers la commune de plein exercice, telle qu'elle existe en métropole. Dans les faits, les communes mixtes perdurent et ce jusqu'à leur disparition, institutionnalisée en 1947, mais effective à partir de 1956. La commune mixte de La Calle est érigée en 1884 à la frontière algéro-tunisienne. Son évolution est fortement liée à l'histoire de ce pays voisin, tour à tour Régence, protectorat français puis nation indépendante. A grande échelle, ce territoire évolue également en fonction de dynamiques de populations imprévues par le projet initial : mobilités diverses, enjeux fonciers. Les crises économiques, les guerres mondiales et la guerre d'Algérie sont autant de bouleversements internationaux qui marquent fortement le territoire de cette commune mixte. Cette étude vise à exposer le processus de construction d'un espace administratif, mais aussi à saisir les divers modes d'appropriation d'un territoire par l'ensemble des groupes qui forment son espace socialIn the late 1860s, in French Algeria, the State seeks an administrative organization of the conquered territory. Several communal forms grow and among them, the ”commune mixte ”. For its thinkers, this entity is created to expand settlement in the country by increasing European settlement in villages, but also to promote contacts between settlers and colonized people and to develop a "civic education". It is therefore a transitional construction to full-function joint as it exists in France. But in fact, the “communes mixtes” persist until their disappearance, institutionalized in 1947, but effective from 1956. The “commune mixte” of La Calle was erected in 1884 on the border between Algeria and Tunisia. Its development is closely linked to the history of the neighboring space that turns to the Regency, the French Protectorate and the independent nation. On a large scale, this area also changes depending on population dynamics unforeseen by the original project, related to mobility and land issues. Economic crises, world wars and the war in Algeria are all international upheavals that mark the territory of the ”commune mixte”. This study aims to describe the process of constructing an administrative space, but also to capture the various ways of appropriation of territory by all groups within its social space
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Valdés, Pereiro Carmen. "Materiales cerámicos de Tell Qara Quzaq: periodización de un yacimiento del III milenio en el norte de Siria, Los." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2597.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis está dedicada al estudio de los materiales cerámicos procedentes del yacimiento de Tell Qara Quzaq, en las orillas del Éufrates, al norte de Siria, excavado por la Misión Arqueológica de la Universidad de Barcelona en Siria. El conjunto estudiado pertenece al período del Bronce Antiguo, que abarca todo el marco del III milenio a.C.La primera parte del trabajo presenta un estado de la cuestión sobre la historia de Siria en el III milenio, la situación de las fuentes escritas, una breve historia de las investigaciones arqueológicas en la zona, y una amplia revisión de los yacimientos de Siria y el sur de Anatolia con niveles del III milenio y de sus conjuntos cerámicos. Tras ellos se realiza un resumen sobre el estado actual de los estudios sobre la cerámica del Bronce Antiguo en Siria.
La segunda parte del trabajo está dedicada al estudio propiamente dicho de la cerámica de Tell Qara Quzaq, para lo cual se expone una revisión de los resultados generales de las campañas, la situación de los contextos de donde proviene el material cerámico analizado, y la tipología propuesta. Tras ello se presenta una propuesta de seriación tipológica, esencialmente del material del III milenio, dividida en tres niveles principales, Qara Quzaq III, Qara Quzaq IV y Qara Quzaq V.
- QQIII: el más moderno del Bronce Antiguo en el yacimiento, se ha podido asociar con el período cultural de Finales del Bronce Antiguo, especialmente a través de los paralelismos con los materiales del área de la llamada cultura "caliciforme", ligada de forma general a la zona de influencia eblaita, que abarca a grandes rasgos la llanura central y noroeste de Siria, el área anatólica al sur del Tauro y el valle del Eufrates. Esto situa QQIII indudablemente en el BAIV, posiblemente en el BAIVA.
- QQIV: correspondería a mediados del Bronce Antiguo, en algún momento entre el 2600 y el 2400 a.C. En el yacimiento cercano de Tell Hadidi a este período se le conoce como BAIII/IV temprano, en Hammam et Turkman como BAIII, todavía no está totalmente clarificada la terminología, las fronteras cronológicas y las características concretas de la cultura material, ya que es un período con rasgos regionales muy acentuados y en el que aún no se ha implantado con fuerza la influencia de Ebla. El principal rasgo unificador de la zona norte de Siria es la presencia de la cerámica Metálica, y este conjunto, como se esta descubriendo recientemente, tiene rasgos diferentes según las regiones y posiblemente cronologías también diferentes. Lo que sí es cierto es que los principales paralelos nos acercan en este momento al área opuesta a la que nos encontrábamos en QQIII, es decir, a la zona al este del valle del Éufrates, el área de Yazira.
- QQV: el horizonte cerámico más antiguo identificado hasta el momento. Este período se conoce de forma general como "Comienzos del Bronce Antiguo", o BA I/II, y abarcaría a grandes rasgos entre el 2900 y el 2600 a.C. El carácter fuertemente local de estas culturas y la ausencia de niveles claramente estratificados de este período lo convierten en un conjunto poco conocido, cuyo principal rasgo identificador es la aparición o no de un tipo de cuenco fino con perfil en forma de cima recta, o de un tipo de decoración, el engobe reservado.
Como conclusión se fusionan ambos bloques, realizando el estudio comparativo entre los conjuntos cerámicos del Bronce Antiguo en Siria y sureste de Anatolia y las cerámicas de Qara Quzaq, insertando el conjunto en su contexto cultural regional.
Thesis Title: The ceramic materials from Tell Qara Quzaq: periodization of a III millennium site from Northern Syria".
Author: Carmen Valdés Pereiro
TEXT: This thesis is devoted to the study of the ceramic material from Tell Qara Quzaq, site located on the Euphrates river valley, in Northern Syria, and excavated by the Archaeological Mission of the University of Barcelona in Syria. The researched assemblage pertained to the Early Bronze Age period, which covers the whole III millennium B.C.
The first part of the work presents an overview of the history of Syria during the III millennium, the situation of the written sources, a brief history of the archaeological research in the area, and a detailed review of the sites with III millennium levels in Syria and south of Anatolia, together with its ceramic assemblages. After that, a summary is presented dealing with the current state of the research on the Bronze Age pottery from Syria.
The second part is completely devoted to the study of the material from Tell Qara Quzaq. A proposal of typological seriation of the III millennium material is presented. It is divided into three main levels: Qara Quzaq III, Qara Quzaq IV and Qara Quzaq V.
As a summary, both blocks are fused together in order to create the comparative study between the Early Bronze Age ceramic assemblages from Syria and southeast Anatolia, and the ceramics from Tell Qara Quzaq. The results insert our assemblage within its regional cultural context, presenting at the same time our own proposal of a ceramic periodization, which is to be compared with the other few periodizations known so far within the scope of the Early Bronze Age in the Upper Syrian Euphrates.
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FLORES, GONZALEZ MARISA 650252, and GONZALEZ MARISA FLORES. "Efecto bactericida de nanopartículas de plata y desinfectantes sobre bacterias multirresistentes." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67954.
Full textAbstract:
La creciente problemática de resistencia bacteriana y el aumento en el costo de los tratamientos causados por infecciones bacterianas han favorecido el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas como las nanopartículas de plata. En este trabajo se evaluó la eficacia de las nanopartículas de plata (comerciales y sintetizadas con té verde) comparándola con dos desinfectantes comerciales cuyos principios activos son el cloruro de benzalconio y iodopavidona. Las imágenes de microscopia electrónica de barrido de las nanopartículas de plata mostraron que la morfología de éstas es cuasi-esférica y el tamaño de la partícula está en función del tiempo. Las imágenes de microscopia electrónica de transmisión y las espectroscopias infrarrojas transformada de Fourier evidenciaron que las nanopartículas de plata son estabilizadas por los compuestos orgánicos de té verde. Estas partículas fueron usadas para la comparación del efecto bactericida entre ellas y los desinfectantes comunes, donde se encontró que la concentración mínima inhibitoria máxima para el cloruro de benzalconio fue de 128 mg/L y de hasta 4025 mg/L para la iodopavidona en Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. y Escherichia coli. Mientras que con las nanopartículas de plata sintetizadas con una concentración de 25.8 mg/L se obtuvo una inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano hasta el 90%, para E. coli, y de 65 y 63 % para Salmonella y S. aureus, respectivamente, a diferencia de las nanopartículas de plata comerciales con las que se inhibió el 100 % de crecimiento bacteriano de E. coli y S. aureus, pero para Salmonella spp. se inhibió el 91 % de crecimiento bacteriano con una concentración de 7.93 mg/L. Aunque las nanopartículas de plata no tienen un efecto inhibidor inmediato como en el caso de los desinfectantes, pueden ser usadas a largo plazo y disminuir la cantidad excesiva de desinfectantes empleada para la inhibición bacteriana a corto plazo. Un hallazgo importante de este trabajo fue la obtención de nanoalambres de plata a partir de nanopartículas de plata y polivilipirrolidona como agente direccionador. Las nanoestructuras observadas por microscopia electrónica de barrido y de transmisión mostraron que los nanoalambres se forman a partir de la unión de dos nanoestructuras resultando en alambres en zig-zag, el número de uniones es variable. Estas nanoestructuras también mostraron actividad bactericida, la exposición a 25.8 mg/L de nanoalambres de plata y 25.8 mg/L nanopartículas de plata con E. coli redujo el crecimiento hasta 9 Log10 unidades formadoras de colonias/mL mientras que el control alcanzo 11 Log10 unidades formadoras de colonias/mL, pero con S. aureus a iguales concentraciones de nanomateriales solo los nanoalambres disminuyeron el crecimiento de la bacteria de 9 Log10 unidades formadoras de colonias/mL (control) a 8 Log10 unidades formadoras de colonias/mL (tratamiento).
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Rava, Andrea Basilio. "Quantum approximate optimization algorithm: combinatorial problems and classical statistical models." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23113/.
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The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Since most of combinatorial optimization problems may be thought as particular instances of Ising Hamiltonians, the study of the QAOA is very relevant from the physical point of view for its potential applications in describing physical systems. In the QAOA a quantum state is prepared and, through 2p parameterized quantum evolutions, a final state which represents an extreme of cost function and encodes the approximate solution of the problem is obtained. The 2p parameters are determined through a classical parameter optimization process. In this work we apply QAOA to two different problems, the Max Cut and the random bond Ising Model (RBIM). For both problems we perform an analysis of the optimization efficiency, verifying that the quality of the approximation increases with p. For the Max Cut we perform a further analysis of the p=1 case for which we obtain an analytical expression for the cost function and make observations regarding the choice of the initial parameters in the optimization procedure. For the RBIM, for different disordered configurations we obtain the ground states energies and magnetizations for different lattice sizes and different level p of the optimisation. We observe that, even if the magnetisation is obtained for small lattice sizes, its behaviour suggests the presence of a transition separating a ferromagnetic from a paramagnetic phase.
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Crisante, Davide. "Problemi di ottimizzazione combinatoria binaria con computer quantistici." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24769/.
Full textAbstract:
La computazione quantistica permette di risolvere problemi sfruttando alcune proprietà della meccanica quantistica. Ciò ha permesso la realizzazione di numerosi algoritmi quantistici capaci di risolvere problemi in maniera più efficiente rispetto alla loro controparte classica.
In questa tesi verranno introdotte le nozioni di base della computazione quantistica e, in seguito, saranno analizzati due metodi per la risoluzione di problemi di ottimizzazione combinatoria binaria tramite l’impiego di macchine quantistiche.
In conclusione, i metodi quantistici saranno implementati ed eseguiti. I risultati così ottenuti verranno paragonati ai risultati forniti da metodi classici per la risoluzione della stessa tipologia di problema.
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Al-Shami, Abdulla b. Mohamed bSaeed. "A critcal study and edition of the ADAB AL-QADA OF ISA B UTHMAN AL-GHAZZI ( d.799/1396) with a historical, literary and methodolgical introduction." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501163.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis contains a critical study and edition of the Adab al-Qadä' of 'Isä b. 'Uthmän al-Ghazni (799/1396), with an English introduction. The introduction consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 gives an account of the author and his historical milieu. It includes a biographical summary, a consideration of his education, his career, the political background to his life, and the institutional system within which he made his career. Chapter 2 gives a literary history of the juristic tradition in so far as it aids understanding of al- Ghazzi's work. Chapter 3 contains an analytical summary of the Adab al- Qadä', together with a general account of judicial procedure in Islamic litigation. The value of the work and al-Ghazzi's methods are discussed at the end of the chapter. Chapter 4 gives an account of the manuscripts which were used or consulted in producing the text. It also contains an account of the methodological principles adopted in editing the text. There are two appendices to the introduction, one being a list of all jurists mentioned in the text, together with brief biographical data, the other a list of all juristic works mentioned in the text. The bulk of the thesis consists of the Adab al-Qadä'. It is a work which deals with practical problems of judicial procedure, as they became evident to a working judge in Damascus in the 8th/14th century. In spite of some uncertainties of organisation, it is possible to distinguish four main areas of concern. These relate to claims (da äwä, bib 1), oaths (aymän, bib 2), testimonies (shahädät, bibs 3-5), and judicial decisions (ahkdm, bäbs 6-8). This is followed by a miscellaneous section (bäb 9). The book concludes with a consideration of the special spheres of competence of Shifi' i judges in Mamlük times (bäb 10).
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Chénier, Nadine. "Contribution à l'histoire de la métallurgie antique en Mésopotamie septentrionale au IIIe millénaire av. J.-C." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28609.
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Abdouslam, Nouradin Ali. "Impact of pollution on the dissemination of bacterial genes encoding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and evidence for co-selection of drug resistance genes in environmental bacteria." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437691.
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ROSA, Mafalda Sofia Reisinho de Oliveira. "Contribuição do efluxo para a resistência a compostos antimicrobianos em Staphylococcus epidermidis." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20443.
Full textAbstract:
A bactéria Staphylococcus epidermidis faz parte da flora comensal de humanos e animais, sendo considerada um agente patogénico oportunista. Os compostos antimicrobianos, como antibióticos ou biocidas, são amplamente utilizados no tratamento e prevenção de infecções causadas por esta e outras bactérias na prática clínica, humana ou veterinária. No entanto, o aumento constante da resistência a estes compostos é actualmente um grave problema de saúde pública. Um dos mecanismos de resistência a compostos antimicrobianos é a sua extrusão por bombas de efluxo, algumas das quais codificadas em plasmídeos, como é o caso dos sistemas QacA/B e Smr. Porém, pouco se sabe acerca da sua prevalência e contribuição para a resistência aos antimicrobianos em S. epidermidis. Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se avaliar a frequência dos determinantes qacA/B e smr em S. epidermidis isolados de animais ou humanos em contacto próximo com estes, correlacionando a presença de QacA/B e Smr com a capacidade de efluxo e o perfil de susceptibilidade a antibióticos. Para tal, foram estudadas duas colecções de S. epidermidis, correspondendo a 17 isolados provenientes de locais de infecção em animais de companhia (cães e gatos) e 112 isolados de colonização nasal em profissionais e estudantes de Medicina Veterinária. A identificação dos isolados foi confirmada através de ITS-PCR e o seu perfil de susceptibilidade a antibióticos determinado através do método de difusão em disco e pesquisa por PCR do gene mecA. Os determinantes plasmídicos qacA/B e smr foram também pesquisados por PCR. A actividade de efluxo foi detectada pela determinação da concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) de brometo de etídeo (EtBr) e pelo método de “Cartwheel” e caracterizada por fluorometria em tempo-real para um conjunto de isolados representativos dos genótipos encontrados. Os isolados de ambas as colecções apresentaram uma elevada frequência de resistência a diversas classes de antibióticos, nomeadamente, β-lactâmicos, macrólidos, ácido fusídico e fluoroquinolonas, assim como tetraciclinas para os isolados de infecção em animais, e aminoglicosídeos nos isolados de colonização em humanos. A abordagem metodológica aplicada permitiu detectar uma alta frequência de isolados com actividade de efluxo aumentada, correlacionável com a presença dos determinantes plasmídicos qacA, qacB e smr, sendo o primeiro o mais frequente. Os isolados com qacA apresentaram valores de CMI para o EtBr superiores aos dos isolados com smr, bem como maior actividade de efluxo. Entre os 129 isolados de S. epidermidis estudados, 62 são multirresistentes aos antibióticos. Embora os antibióticos não sejam substratos dos sistemas de efluxo estudados, a elevada frequência de isolados com qacA/B ou smr nestes isolados indica uma contribuição dos sistemas QacA/B e Smr para este fenótipo, que se sugere ocorra por co-selecção de outros determinantes de resistência plasmídicos ou pela vantagem selectiva que estes sistemas conferem na resposta a agentes antimicrobianos.
As frequências de resistência aos antibióticos e dos sistemas de efluxo plasmídicos QacA/B ou Smr observadas nas duas colecções de S. epidermidis estudadas realçam a relevância da componente veterinária no desenvolvimento e disseminação da resistência aos antimicrobianos e a necessidade de realizar mais estudos que incluam esta vertente,
para uma melhor compreensão deste problema e desenho de estratégias eficazes de resposta à sua emergência.Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the commensal flora of humans and animals, being considered an opportunistic pathogen. Antimicrobial compounds, such as antibiotics or biocides, are widely used for treatment and prevention of the infections caused by this and other bacteria in animal and human clinical practice. However, the increasing resistance to these compounds became a serious problem of public health. One of the resistance mechanisms to antimicrobial compounds is their extrusion by efflux pumps, some of which can be plasmid-encoded, such as the QacA/B and Smr systems. However, not much is known on their prevalence and contribution to antimicrobial resistance in S. epidermidis. In this study, we intended to determine the frequency of qacA/B and smr determinants in S. epidermidis isolates recovered from animals and humans in close contact with animals, correlating the presence of QacA/B and Smr with efflux activity and antibiotic susceptibility profile in these isolates. We studied two collections of S. epidermidis, comprising 17 isolates from infection sites in companion animals (dogs and cats) and 112 nasal colonization isolates collected from Veterinary Medicine professionals and students. The identification of isolates was confirmed by ITS-PCR and their antibiotic susceptibility profile determined by disc diffusion and detection of the mecA gene by PCR. The plasmid determinants qacA/B and smr were also screened by PCR. The efflux activity was detected by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and by Cartwheel method and characterized by real-time fluorometry on a set of representative isolates, selected according to their genotypes. Isolates from both collections showed high frequency of resistance to several antibiotics classes, namely β-lactams, macrolides, fusidic acid and fluoroquinolones, as well as tetracyclines for the isolates of infection in animals, and aminoglycosides in colonization isolates in humans. The methodological approach applied allowed to detect a high frequency of isolates with increased efflux activity, which was correlated with the presence of the plasmid determinants qacA, qacB and smr, the first of which the most frequent. The isolates with qacA showed higher MICs for EtBr as compared with the ones harboring smr, as well as higher efflux activity. Among the 129 S. epidermidis isolates studied, 62 were multiresistant. Although antibiotics are not substrates of the efflux systems studied, the high frequency of isolates with qacA/B or smr in these isolates suggests that the contribution of the QacA/B and Smr systems to this phenotype, which is proposed to occur either by co-selection of other plasmidic resistance determinants or by the selective advantage conferred by these systems against antimicrobials. The frequency of antibiotic resistance and plasmid efflux systems QacA/B or Smr observed in the two collections of S. epidermidis studied highlighted the relevance of the veterinary component in the development and dissemination of resistance to antimicrobials and the need of additional studies including this component to guarantee a better understanding of this problem and the design of effective response strategies to its emergence.
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Lorenzato, Luciana. "Avaliação de atitudes, crenças e práticas de mães em relação à alimentação e obesidade de seus filhos através do uso do Questionário de Alimentação da Criança (QAC)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-30052012-154307/.
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A obesidade infantil vem aumentando progressivamente e está associada a várias complicações na infância e na idade adulta. Apresenta etiologia multifatorial, sendo o resultado de complexas interações entre fatores genéticos, dietéticos e ambientais. O presente estudo investiga um dos fatores ambientais, a influência familiar, e utiliza um novo instrumento para especificar como o comportamento dos pais influencia o excesso de peso de seus filhos durante a infância. O Questionário de Alimentação da Criança (QAC) avalia as crenças, atitudes e práticas dos pais em relação à alimentação de seus filhos e a relação destes componentes com a tendência ao desenvolvimento obesidade infantil. A versão original deste instrumento apresenta 31 questões e avalia 07 fatores: Percepção de responsabilidade, Percepção do peso dos pais, Percepção do peso da criança, Preocupação com o peso da criança, Restrição, Pressão para comer e Monitoramento. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as atitudes, crenças e práticas das mães em relação à alimentação e propensão à obesidade em crianças que são atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Os participantes foram 300 pais e filhos, sendo 150 mães e 150 crianças, aleatoriamente selecionadas, com idade entre 2 a 11 anos e de ambos os sexos. O QAC foi aplicado às mães e a avaliação antropométrica foi realizada através da aferição de peso corporal e estatura das mães e filhos, de acordo com as instruções recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Realizou-se a descrição dos dados por meio de frequências e percentuais e o teste de correlação de Kendall entre as variáveis em estudo. Os níveis de significância estatísticaestabelecido foi p<0,05. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi realizada através do IMC, segundo os critérios de classificação recomendados pela OrganizaçãoMundial da Saúde (OMS).Os resultados mostraram que parte das crianças e das mães apresentou excesso de peso. Em relação ao QAC, no fator Percepção de responsabilidade as mães consideram-se, na maior parte do tempo, responsáveis pela alimentação dos filhos. Para o fator Percepção do peso dos pais e percepção do peso da criança, estas relatam peso normal desde a infância até atualmente. Para o fator Preocupação com o peso da criança as mães consideram-se preocupadas. Para o fator Restrição, as mães concordam com a prática de restringir que sua criança coma determinados alimentos. No fator Pressão para comer, as mães concordam em relação à pressão para que sua criança coma determinada quantidade ou tipo de alimento. No fator Monitoramento, as mães relatam que sempre devem monitorar o que sua criança come. Além disso, verificou-se correlação positiva entre as variáveis IMC dos filhos e dos pais; IMC dos filhos e os fatores Percepção de responsabilidade, Percepção do peso da criança, Preocupação com o peso da criança, Restrição e Monitoramento; e negativa entre IMC dos filhos e Pressão para comer. Desta forma, é possível sugerir que as crenças, atitudes e práticas dos pais durante a alimentação dos filhos estão associadas com o excesso de peso na infância.Childhood obesity has been increasing steadily and is associated with various complications in childhood and adulthood. Presents several causes and is the result of complex interactions between genetic, dietary and environmental. This study investigates one of the environmental factors, family influence, and uses a new tool to specify how parents\' behavior influences the overweight of their children during infancy. The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) assesses parents beliefs, attitudes and practices about childs feeding and relationship of these components with the trend of childhood obesity. The original version of this questionnaire has 31 questions and it evaluates 7 factors: Perceived Responsibility, Perceived Parent Weight, Perceived Child Weight, Concern about Child Weight, Restriction, Pressure to Eat and Monitoring. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes, beliefs and practices of the parents about childs feeding and obesity proneness on children who are served by the Unified Health System in the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP. The participants were 300 parents and children (150 mothers and 150 children). The children were randomly chosen, with the age ranging from 2 to 11 years and of both sexes. The CFQ was applied on mothers and the anthropometric measurements were recorded by measurement of mothers and childrens body weight and height, according to the instructions recommended by the Ministry of Health. For the data analysis, a descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies), the Kendall correlation test, when applicable, was used. The levels of statistical significance were set at p<0.05. The assessment of nutritional status used the Body Mass Index (BMI) according to the classification criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results showed that most children and mothers were overweight. In relation to the QAC, for the Perceived Responsibility Factor, mothers considered themselves, the responsible ones for feeding their child most of the time. As for Perceived Parent Weight Factor, they reported to have had normal weight from childhood up to the present moment. The Perceived Child Weight Factor, parents also affirmed that their children always had normal weight from their childhood up to the present moment. On Concern about Child Weight Factor, the mothers are considered to be worried. About the Restriction Factor, mothers agree with the practice to restrict the ingestion of some type of food to their children. For the Pressure to Eat Factor, mothers agree about the pressure to regulate the quantity of determined type of food consumed by their children. On Monitoring Factor, mothers reported that, they always should monitor what their child eats. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between children and parents BMI variables, as well as childrens BMI and the factors Perceived Responsibility; Perceived Child Weight; Concern about Child Weight, Restriction and Monitoring, and negative correlation between childrens BMI and Pressure to Eat. It can be concluded that the parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about childs feeding are positively associated with overweight in childhood.
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Yang, Jeongwoo. "Fate and effect of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride in mixed aerobic and nitrifying cultures." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19871.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Committee Chair: Spyros G. Pavlostathis; Committee Member: Ching-Hua Huang; Committee Member: John A. Pierson.
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Sigua, Gerald. "COMPARATIVE EFFICACIES OF VARIOUS SANITIZERS USED IN FOODSERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250193404.
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Axelsson, Nils. "Dynamic Programming Algorithms for Semantic Dependency Parsing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Interaktiva och kognitiva system, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138594.
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Dependency parsing can be a useful tool to allow computers to parse text. In 2015, Kuhlmann and Jonsson proposed a logical deduction system that parsed to non-crossing dependency graphs with an asymptotic time complexity of O(n3), where “n” is the length of the sentence to parse. This thesis extends the deduction system by Kuhlmann and Jonsson; the extended deduction system introduces certain crossing edges, while maintaining an asymptotic time complexity of O(n4). In order to extend the deduction system by Kuhlmann and Jonsson, fifteen logical item types are added to the five proposed by Kuhlmann and Jonsson. These item types allow the deduction system to intro-duce crossing edges while acyclicity can be guaranteed. The number of inference rules in the deduction system is increased from the 19 proposed by Kuhlmann and Jonsson to 172, mainly because of the larger number of combinations of the 20 item types. The results are a modest increase in coverage on test data (by roughly 10% absolutely, i.e. approx. from 70% to 80%), and a comparable placement to that of Kuhlmann and Jonsson by the SemEval 2015 task 18 metrics. By the method employed to introduce crossing edges, derivational uniqueness is impossible to maintain. It is hard to defien the graph class to which the extended algorithm, QAC, parses, and it is therefore empirically compared to 1-endpoint crossing and graphs with a page number of two or less, compared to which it achieves lower coverage on test data. The QAC graph class is not limited by page number or crossings. The takeaway of the thesis is that extending a very minimal deduction system is not necessarily the best approach, and that it may be better to start off with a strong idea of to which graph class the extended algorithm should parse. Additionally, several alternative ways of extending Kuhlmann and Jonsson are proposed.Dependensparsning kan vara ett användbart verktyg för att få datorer att kunna läsa text. Kuhlmann och Jonsson kom 2015 fram till ett logiskt deduktionssystem som kan parsa till ickekorsande grafer med en asymptotisk tidskomplexitet O(n3), där "n" är meningens som parsas längd. Detta arbete utökar Kuhlmann och Jonssons deduktionssystem så att det kan introducera vissa korsande bågar, medan en asymptotisk tidskomplexitet O(n4) uppnås. För att tillåta deduktionssystemet att introducera korsande bågar, introduceras 15 nya logiska delgrafstyper, eller item. Dessa item-typer tillåter deduktionssystemet att introducera korsande bågar på ett sådant sätt att acyklicitet bibehålls. Antalet logiska inferensregler tags från Kuhlmanns och Jonssons 19 till 172, på grund av den större mängden kombinationer av de nu 20 item-typerna. Resultatet är en mindre ökning av täckning på testdata (ungefär 10 procentenheter, d v s från cirka 70% till 80%), och jämförbar placering med Kuhlmann och Jonsson enligt måtten från uppgift 18 från SemEval 2015. Härledningsunikhet kan inte garanteras på grund av hur bågar introduceras i det nya deduktionssystemet. Den utökade algoritmen, QAC, parsar till en svårdefinierad grafklass, som jämförs empiriskt med 1-endpoint-crossing-grafer och grafer med pagenumber 2 eller mindre. QAC:s grafklass har lägre täckning än båda dessa, och har ingen högre gräns i pagenumber eller antal korsningar. Slutsatsen är att det inte nödvändigtvis är optimalt att utöka ett mycket minimalt och specifikt deduktionssystem, och att det kan vara bättre att inleda processen med en specifik grafklass i åtanke. Dessutom föreslås flera alternativa metoder för att utöka Kuhlmann och Jonsson.
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Regalado, de Hurtado Liliana. "URIOSTE, George L. Hijos de Pariya Qaqa: La tradición oralde Waru Chiri (Mitología. Ritual y Costumbres). Forengein and Comparative Studies Program Latín American Series,N 9 6 Vol. 1, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Publics Affairs. Syracuse, New York, 1983. 2 Tms." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121937.
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Makaula, Phiwe Ndonana. "Aspects of moral education in Bhaca mamtiseni and nkciyo initiation rituals / Makaula P.N." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4850.
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The main objective of this mini–dissertation is to investigate the basic form and
content of moral education as it manifests itself in the mamtiseni and nkciyo
female initiation rituals of the Mount Frere region of the Eastern Cape Province of
the Republic of South Africa. The main theoretical position taken is the reemergent
African Renaissance coupled with African indigenous knowledge
systems, first revived by (former) President Thabo Mbeki. Accordingly the main
purpose of this study is to address the transmission of moral aspects of female
Bhaca initiation inherent in behavioural/cultural educational enculturation.
The main findings of the mini–dissertation constitute the following:
1. Mamtiseni and nkciyo rituals play a major role in the enculturation of
young Bhaca girls.
2. The song texts carry strong messages of how to go about achieving a
healthy and surviving society.
There are further opportunities for research in the following aspects:
1. Nkciyo initiation schools are very exclusive, involving many secret codes.
The fact that I am a male put me at a disadvantage.
2. There are many more points of difference between the two rituals than
meets the eye.Thesis (M.Mus.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Majumder, Puja. "Structural and Functional Investigation of a Multi-drug Efflux Transporter QacA." Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5103.
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The emergence of multi-drug resistance in bacteria is a global health care challenge. One of the effective means of gaining antimicrobial resistance, among superbugs, is through expression of efflux pumps. Quaternary ammonium compound transporters, QacA/B, that are observed in Staphylococcus aureus strains are capable of transporting 30 chemically dissimilar monovalent and divalent cationic antibacterial compounds and dyes. The 14-TM (transmembrane) helix containing transporter QacA, belongs to the drug/H+ antiporter 2 (DHA2) family which is a part of major facilitator superfamily (MFS). MFS transporters are the largest superfamily of secondary active transporters. QacA utilizes the H+ gradient across the bacterial cell membrane for the uphill efflux of the cytotoxic compounds. QacA has two distinct TM domains, each of which consists of 6-TM helices that retain a pseudo 2-fold symmetry amongst them. During the transport process, the domains move in rocker-switch mechanism to allow alternating-access to either side of the membrane in order to transport the substrates. The expression of this efflux pump is regulated by a trans-acting regulatory DNA binding protein QacR. Under normal condition, QacR blocks the transcription of qacA gene by binding to the operator DNA but under antibacterial stress, the substrates of QacA binds to QacR, causing dissociation of QacR from the operator DNA and QacA gets expressed.
In this thesis, structural and functional investigation of QacA was carried out and some fundamental questions about this multi-drug efflux transporter are addressed. In the first part, wild-type QacA was purified and the transport activity of the transporter both in native membrane and in isolation was analyzed using substrate-induced H+-release assay and a reconstitution-based assay. The binding studies with the cytotoxic substrates (TPP, Pm, Dq) displayed sub-millimolar binding affinity with the purified transporter and substrate/H+ competition assay suggested the presence of substrate-protonation site interactions in QacA. Further, survival assays done in the presence of TPP and Pm and whole cell ethidium efflux assay illustrated that ΔpH provides primary driving energy to the transporter. In the second part of the thesis, six protonatable acidic residues D34, D61, D323, E406, E407 and D411, lining the transport vestibule were identified using a homology model of QacA and each of the residue was characterized using mutagenesis. The binding studies and the transport assays illustrated D34, D323, E407 and D411 are crucial for the transport activity of the transporter either as substrate recognition sites or indirectly facilitating the transport process as protonation sites. The findings of the study suggested the inherent residue level promiscuity for different substrates of QacA, that can explain broad substrate specificities of QacA and other related multi-drug efflux transporters. The third part of the thesis described single-domain Indian camelid antibody (ICab) library generation and isolation of high affinity binders against QacA, in order to stabilize the transporter to facilitate the structural studies. The sorting of the binding population was done using yeast surface display coupled with flow-cytometry and 7 unique ICab binders were isolated. The last part of the thesis is focused on the heterologous expression and purification of two of the camelid antibodies in E. coli through refolding and cytosolic protein preparation. The binding studies using FSEC (fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography), flow-cytometry and microscale thermophoresis suggested that the purified ICabs bind to the transporter with nanomolar affinity. Furthermore, 2D classes from cryo-electron microscopy of QacA-ICab complex clearly displayed the presence of the transporter in detergent micelles bound to the ICab. Moreover, the effect of ICab on QacA-substrate interactions indicated that ICabs can block substrate binding to the transporter. The results provide an interesting prospect of using the ICabs as efflux pump inhibitors (EPI).
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Chou-I-Ching and 周宜靜. "Quchu UiGur's relationship with Qara Khitay and Mongol." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67940412269589258646.
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Qara-Fallah, Riad [Verfasser]. "Auswirkung von Klimaänderungen auf hydrometeorologisch relevante Parameter / vorgelegt voN: Riad Qara-Fallah." 2008. http://d-nb.info/990100960/34.
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Zaidan, Hanan Hosni. "The perception of counselors, principals, and teachers of school counseling in Qata[r]i schools." 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12743473.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81).
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Almeida, Luis Miguel Pires. "Literacia em avaliação de professores desenvolvimento e aplicação do questionário de aferição da literacia em avaliação (QALA)." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/12800.
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Orientação: Glória de Magalhães RamalhoA avaliação das aprendizagens é uma das mais importantes responsabilidades dos professores, assim como uma das tarefas nas quais os professores despendem mais tempo (Mertler, 2003; Ramesal, 2011). Desta forma, as capacidades em avaliação são uma ferramenta fundamental que todo o professor deve dominar. Ao conjunto de capacidades em avaliação dá-se o nome de literacia em avaliação. O conceito de literacia em avaliação foi primeiramente apresentado por Stiggins (1991) como o conhecimento profundo das questões de avaliação. Do mesmo modo, em 1995, o mesmo autor refere que um educador/professor com literacia em avaliação sabe o que avaliar, a razão de avaliar, como avaliar, quais os possíveis problemas relacionados com a avaliação e como prevenir que esses problemas surjam no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Para além disso, tem um conhecimento profundo dos efeitos negativos de uma má avaliação. Desta forma, a ausência de capacidades em avaliação, por parte do professor, é um fator que pode pôr em causa tanto a avaliação dos alunos como todo o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. A presente investigação assentou em dois objetivos principais. Em primeiro lugar, pretendeu-se analisar as perceções que os professores, em exercício, tinham dos seus conhecimentos e capacidades em avaliação. Em segundo lugar, procurou-se aferir a literacia em avaliação desses mesmos professores. Destes dois objetivos principais derivaram uma série de objetivos específicos que possibilitaram uma análise mais aprofundada da problemática em investigação. Para tal, foi criado um questionário desenvolvido para o efeito e ao qual designámos de QALA – Questionário de Aferição da Literacia em Avaliação. O QALA foi aplicado a um conjunto de 253 professores do ensino básico e secundário a lecionar na Zona Pedagógica de Lisboa e Península de Setúbal. A análise dos dados seguiu uma abordagem quantitativa do tipo survey. Procedeu-se, em primeiro lugar, a uma avaliação das propriedades psicométricas do QALA com recurso ao modelo Rasch. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise descritiva e inferencial, de forma a responder aos objetivos gerais e específicos propostos para a presente investigação. Os resultados alcançados pela aplicação do modelo Rasch, parecem evidenciar boas qualidades psicométricas das 3 partes do QALA. Ficou também evidente que, embora os professores tenham valores positivos em relação às perceções sobre os seus conhecimentos e capacidades em avaliação (Parte 2), nos quatro domínios considerados, os resultados obtidos nas Partes 3 e 4 parecem demonstrar níveis inadequados de literacia em avaliação, o que pode ter implicações negativas em todo o processo de ensino e aprendizagem.
Assessing students’ learning is one of the most important responsibilities a teacher can have, as well as being one of the tasks teachers spend more time doing (Mertler, 2003; Ramesal, 2011). Thus, assessment skills are a primary tool that every teacher should master. The set of assessment skills is known as assessment literacy. The concept of assessment literacy was coined for the first time by Stiggins (1991) as the deep understanding of assessment issues. Similarly, in 1995, the same author refers that an educator/teacher with assessment literacy knows what to assess, the reason to do it, how to do it and the possible problems related with it and how to prevent that those problems occur in the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, the teacher has a deep knowledge about the negative effects of a poor assessment. This way, the lack of assessment skills is a factor that could lead to a poor judgment of the student’s assessment, as well of all the teaching-learning process. The present investigation was based in two main objectives. The first was to analyse the teachers’ perceptions about their knowledge and assessment skills. The second was to measure the assessment literacy from those teachers. These two main objectives originated a set of specific objectives, which enabled a deeper analysis in the investigation. For that purpose, a questionnaire was developed, called QALA - Assessment Literacy Admeasurement Questionnaire. It was implemented to a set of 253 teachers from the basic and secondary education levels teaching in the pedagogical zone of Lisbon and Setubal Peninsula. The data analysis followed a quantitative survey approach. Firstly, was initiated a psychometric assessment of the QALA properties, using the Rasch model. Subsequently, an explanatory inferential analysis was developed, as a way to respond to the specific objectives of the investigation. The achieved results showed by the Rasch Model seem to demonstrate good psychometric skills in the 3 parts of QALA. It was also clear that, although teachers show positive results concerning the perceptions about their knowledge and assessment skills (part 2), in the four considered fields, the results concerning parts 3 and 4 seem to show inadequate levels of literacy skills, which can influence the teaching-learning process negatively.
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Marcotte, Lucie. "Étude de diffusion des macromolécules et des macroassemblages dans les biofilms bactériens et de leurs interactions avec les membranes modèles." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16753.
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Antunes, Ana Bárbara Veiga. "Estilos de vida, stresse, ansiedade, depressão e adaptação académica em alunos universitários de 1ºano." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/7225.
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Orientação: Joana Brites RosaNeste estudo, procurou-se estudar o impacto das variáveis estilo de vida, stresse, ansiedade, depressão e adaptação académica, nos estudantes universitários de 1ºano. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 429 alunos do ensino superior de 1ºano, constituída por 317 alunos do sexo feminino (73,9%) e 112 do sexo masculino (26,1%). As idades dos participantes variaram entre os 17 e os 56 anos (M=20,33; DP=4,34). Ao nível mudança de residência 221 alunos (51,5%) não eram deslocados, mas 208 alunos (48,5%) eram deslocados. As medidas utilizadas foram o Questionário de Atitudes e Comportamentos de Saúde, a Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stresse e o Questionário de Vivências Académicas. As principais conclusões são que as mulheres apresentam um estilo de vida mais saudável e mais níveis de stresse que os homens; os alunos não deslocados apresentam mais comportamentos preventivos de doenças do que os alunos deslocados; os alunos deslocados são mais depressivos e ansiosos dos que os não deslocados; os alunos não deslocados têm uma melhor adaptação na dimensão estudo do que os alunos deslocados; as áreas da saúde apresentam estilo mais saudável do que as restantes; e os níveis de stresse, ansiedade e depressão estão associados e um estilo de vida menos saudável.
In this study, we sought to study the impact of variable lifestyle, stress, anxiety, depression, and academic adjustment in college students of 1st year. It was used a sample of 429 students of higher education 1st year, consisting of 317 female students (73.9%) and 112 men (26.1%). The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 56 years (M = 20.33, SD = 4.34). At the level change of residence, 221 students (51.5%) was not displaced, but 208 students (48.5%) were displaced. The outcome measures were Attitudes Questionnaire and Health Behavior, Anxiety Scale, Depression and Stress and Academic Experiences Questionnaire. The main conclusions are that women have a healthier lifestyle and more levels of stress which men; non-displaced students have more behaviors that facilitate disease prevention, rather than the displaced students; the displaced students are more depressive and anxiety than those not displaced; non-displaced students have a better adaptation in the study dimension of the displaced students; the health areas have healthier style than the other; and levels of stress, anxiety and depression are associated and a less healthy lifestyle.
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Marier, Micheline. "De la grève de l'amiante au lobby pro-chrysotile : la question de l'amiante chez les syndicats québécois de l'amiante, 1973-1983." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18334.
Full textAbstract:
Au début des années 1970, les travailleurs de l'amiante de Thetford Mines et d'Asbestos ont entrepris un combat pour assainir leurs milieux de travail et leurs villes, dans lesquelles les mines étaient imbriquées. À Thetford Mines, ils ont mené une longue grève de sept mois et demi qui a conduit à la mise sur pied du Comité d'étude sur la salubrité dans l'industrie de l'amiante, puis, avec l'élection du jeune Parti québécois, à la Loi sur la santé et la sécurité du travail qui introduisait les principes de l'élimination des dangers à la source et de la participation des travailleurs à son application. La crédibilité de leurs syndicats s'en trouvait renforcée. Mais bientôt la montée d'un mouvement international visant à bannir l'amiante et la crise économique du début des années 1980 allaient porter un dur coup à l'industrie et entrainer un déclin que rien ne pourrait arrêter. Les travailleurs miniers, qui s'étaient unis contre leurs employeurs et parfois contre l'État dans leur combat pour la santé, s'allièrent dès lors à leurs entreprises et aux pouvoirs publics pour promouvoir le minéral et tenter de préserver leurs emplois et la vitalité de leurs régions. Ils n'ont jamais envisagé l'arrêt de la production d'amiante car ils ont toujours considéré qu'il est possible d'en maitriser les risques et ils défendirent bec et ongles leur produit en arguant du caractère sécuritaire de ses utilisations modernes, malgré un consensus international grandissant à l'encontre de cette thèse.The asbestos workers in the cities of Thetford Mines and Asbestos launched a campaign for better working conditions and healthier living conditions despite the entanglement of the mines in the heart of their cities, in the early 1970s. The unions in Thetford Mines together led a long, seven-and-a-half month strike, which culminated with the establishment of a committee on hygiene in the asbestos industry (Comité d’étude sur la salubrité dans l’industrie de l’amiante), and then, with the election of the young Parti Québécois, with a new occupational safety and health law which implemented the principles of eliminating dangers at their source, as well as that of worker participation in the endeavour. The asbestos unions had become credible political players. But the rise of an international movement to ban asbestos, along with the economic crisis of the early 1980s, dealt a crushing blow to the industry from which it would never recover. The miners, who had come together to take on their employers - and the government in some cases – to better their health, soon sided with industry and the public authorities to promote asbestos as a way to preserve their jobs and the life of their surrounding areas. They had never considered ceasing asbestos production because they believed the hazards could be controlled, and they persisted in their steadfast defense of the safety of the product even as an international consensus formed against this thesis.