Journal articles on the topic 'Q-MMIC'

A MMIC double-balanced subharmonic diode ring mixer was designed for broadband satellite communications exploiting a GaAs pHEMT process. The circuit implements the frequency conversion from Q (43.5–50 GHz) to Ku-K band (17–21.5 GHz). Besides the RF, LO, and IF baluns, the MMIC integrates a buffer amplifier for the local oscillator signal, which is designed between X and Ku bands (11–16.5 GHz), due to the subharmonic operation. The mixer measured conversion loss is between 8 and 12 dB along the bandwidth, with an LO power of 9 dBm. The input p1 dB and IP3 are 2 and 15 dBm, respectively. The balanced structure ensures an LO and 2 × LO leakages at the IF port lower than −25 and −35 dBm, respectively. Other spurious remain below −67 dBc. The chip dimensions are 2.4 × 2.4 mm2.

Multipixel cameras represent an emerging topology for arrays receivers, improving speed and accuracy of both security scanning systems and radioastronomical sky surveys by means of a matrix of phased elements. Difficulties in the generation and proper distribution to each pixel of the local oscillator signal still limit their use to frequency ranges below a few GHz or at least seriously affect the complexity of the implementable cameras. This work presents a full comparison between two possible system architectures, alternatively based on LO frequency multiplication or subharmonic mixing strategies, aiming to overcome the aforesaid limitations: design and performance of two compact test vehicles in MMIC technology, both operating in the Q-band frequency range with ultrabroadband IF section, are reported.

Active inductors are suitable for MMIC integration, especially for filters applications, and the definition of strategies for an efficient design of these circuits is becoming mandatory. In this work we present design considerations for the reduction of DC current in the case of an active filter design based on the use of active inductors and for high-power handling. As an example of applications, the approach is demonstrated on a two-cell, integrated active filter realized with p-HEMT technology. The filter design is based on high-Q active inductors, whose equivalent inductance and resistance can be tuned by means of varactors. The prototype was realized and tested. It operates between 1800 and 2100 MHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 30 MHz and a rejection ratio of 30 dB at 30 MHz from the center frequency. This solution allows to obtain a P1 dB compression point of about −8 dBm and a dynamic range of 75 dB considering a bias current of 15 mA per stage.

This paper presents an optimized three-cell Nonuniform Distributed Amplifier (NUDA) suitable for optoelectronic drivers in the Q band. This is the first NUDA of Darlington topology designed with the 0.1µm GaAs pHEMT process with a transition frequency fT of 130GHz. Gate microstrip line sections, drain microstrip line sections, and active device sizes were optimized to obtain high gain and large bandwidth from a Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Distributed Amplifier (DA). This paper presents two NUDA designs with different topologies. The first was designed with a three-stage Common Source (CS) topology that enhanced the bandwidth up to 34GHz with a gain greater than 8dB, and the second was designed with two Darlington stages and one CS stage that enhanced the bandwidth up to 38GHz with a gain greater than 8dB. The bandwidth enhancement of NUDA with the Darlington topology was compared and verified with the NUDA of common source topologies.

Wireless data communication is pushing towards 60 GHz and will most likely be served by SiGe and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technologies in the consumer market. Nevertheless, some applications are imposing superior performance requirements on the analog frontend, and employing III-V compound semiconductors can provide significant advantages with respect to transmitter power and noise figure. In this paper, we present essential building blocks and a novel single-chip low complexity transceiver Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) with integrated antenna switches for 60 GHz communication, fabricated in a 100 nm metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) technology. This technology features a measured noise figure of <2.5 dB in low-noise amplifiers at 60 GHz and the realized medium power amplifiers achieve more than 20 dBm saturated output power. Integrated antenna switches with an insertion loss of less than 1.5 dB enable the integration of the transmit and the receive stages on a single chip. A single-chip transceiver with external subharmonic Local Oscillator (LO) supply for its I/Q down- and up-converter achieves a linear conversion gain in both, the Transmit (Tx) and the Receive (Rx) paths, of more than 10 dB.

To meet the stringent requirements of 5G communication, we proposed a high-performance bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filter based on single crystal AlN piezoelectric films on a SiC substrate. The fabrication of the BAW filter is compatible with the GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) process, enabling the implementation of the integration of the BAW device and high-performance monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC). The single crystal AlN piezoelectric film with 650-nm thickness was epitaxially grown on the SiC substrate by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). After wafer bonding and substrate removal, the single crystal AlN film with electrode layers was transferred to another SiC wafer to form an air gap type BAW. Testing results showed that the fabricated resonators have a maximum Q-factor up to 837 at 3.3 GHz resonant frequency and electromechanical coupling coefficient up to 7.2%. Ladder-type filters were developed to verify the capabilities of the BAW and process, which has a center frequency of 3.38 GHz with 160 MHz 3 dB bandwidth. The filter achieved a minimum 1.5 dB insertion loss and more than 31 dB out-of-band rejection. The high performance of the filters is attributed to the high crystallinity and low defects of epitaxial single crystal AlN films.

High-Q filters are a critical component in many systems. However, high-Q filters require very low-loss passive elements that are not compatible with monolithic technology. Therefore, filters are often implemented as off-chip components. Tunable high-Q filters require even larger space and weight, and are usually quite bulky. Active filters have been proposed in the past for a monolithic implementation. However, it is not easy to fulfil such requirements as a high dynamic range, low power consumption, low noise, wide tunability, stability, etc. With this study, we propose a survey of the main solutions presented in the literature, investigating the fulfilment of all or most requirements and their potential applications and feasibility, to be used in practical applications.

This paper presents a low-loss, high-transmission, broadside-coupled, transverse, reciprocal, two-port, and nature-inspired Ka-band transition design to move the electromagnetic energy of a rectangular waveguide (RWG) to the microstrip (MS) line. The proposed transition is simple in structure, with an excellent insertion loss, S12/S21, (IL) near −0.40 dB and return loss, S11/S22, of <−21 dB, while the VSWR value is very close to one. Thus, this transition is an outstanding candidate for MIC/MMIC-based millimeter wave, military, and RADAR applications, as well as in wireless and satellite communications as a compatible connector. This transition also provides a bandwidth of 21.50 GHz (23.52–45.0 GHz) for the abovementioned microwave applications, at a <−10 dB return loss (RL). The proposed transition model also exhibits a −15 dB absolute bandwidth of 27.06–23.44 GHz, with an insertion loss < −0.60 dB. Due to a return loss of <−15 dB over an ultra-wide bandwidth, the proposed transition is not only a good candidate for full Ka-band (26–40 GHz) applications but also covers applications for K-band from 23.74 GHz to 26.0 GHz, Q-band applications from 33.0 to 45.0 GHz, and U-band applications from 40.0 GHz to 45 GHz, with approximately 97% power transmission between the transmission lines and only 3% power reflections. The impedance matching at the designed frequency between the RWG and MS line is achieved by flaring one end of the MS line inside the RWG in a fishtail shape, without the need for a quarter-wave/tapered/exponential/Binomial, or multi-section Chebyshev transformer. The main goal of this research was to design a multi-section impedance-transformer-free, simple, and easy-to-fabricate MS line, to share electromagnetic (EM) energy between an MS line and RWG in 30 GHz satellite applications and 30 GHz high-frequency applications, for interconnects screen printed on an organic substrate for flexible, wearable, textile conformal antennas. This work also presents an exact RLC electrical equivalence model of the MS line (fishtail) to RWG transition at 30 GHz. The novelty of this work is that the proposed transition can be used for four microwave bands of electromagnetic energy transmission, with extremely low reflection, and with a compact, simple-design MS line, and simple RWG.

Abstract IL-33 is a key regulator of inflammation and immunity. It remains controversial whether protease-mediated activation of IL-33 is needed for functional effects. We constructed and validated recombinant adenoviruses for gene delivery of full-length mouse (flm) and mature mouse (mm) (aa 109-266) IL-33 to mouse lungs in vivo. Gene expression was confirmed by RT-Q-PCR and ELISA. Analyses of BAL samples and lung tissues revealed substantial differences between flmIL-33 and mmIL-33. Both isoforms caused pulmonary infiltration and BAL influx of T and B lymphocytes and neutrophils, whereas mmIL-33 also caused significant pulmonary eosinophilia (~47-55% of BAL cell count) and hyperplasia of mucus-producing goblet cells. Multiplex analyses showed that mmIL-33 caused significant increases in IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and KC; flmIL-33 tended to stimulate IFN-γ; and both isoforms induced MCP-1 with a greater increase induced by mmIL-33. Subsequent analyses were performed in mice deficient of ST2 (IL-33 receptor). ST2 deficiency completely abrogated mmIL-33-induced pulmonary eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia, and elevations in IL-4 and IL-5. However, lymphocytic infiltration induced by flmIL-33 or mmIL-33 was attenuated but persistent in the absence of ST2. These data suggest that full-length IL-33 is independently functionally active in vivo, in part in an ST2-independent fashion, and that Th2 effects but not lymphocytosis induced by mature IL-33 are ST2-dependent.

An optical 90ohybrid consisting of a general interference based 4×4 MMI coupler, a phase shifter and a 2×2 MMI coupler was proposed. This device can demodulate optical signal without intersections. The output power formula of this device was derived from theory, and the effect on phase shifter was discussed analytically and numerically. It is not necessary to control phase shifter accurately, a deviation 10oform perfect phase shift will introduce 2% AC component loss of Q information only.

The Ajali Sandstone, western flank, Anambra Basin, was studied for textural characteristics and maturity of the sediments. Grain size analysis (51 samples), thin section and heavy mineral analysis (15 samples each) and XRF fusion for metallic oxides (15 samples) were analyzed. The textural parameters show that the Ajali Sandstone are medium sand, poorly to moderately sorted, coarse to strongly coarse skewed with mesokurtic to leptokurtic grains. The thin section analysis reveals grains that are sub-angular to sub-rounded (this typifies grains that have travelled fairly long distance to the deposition site), of moderate to well sorted grains, with both monocrystalline and polycrystalline quarts-grains type, with a modal composition of Q F and L . A mineralogical maturity 90.4, 2.3 2.9 index (MMI) of 17.04, SiO /Al O ratio of 180.24, and a ZTR index of 67.96% were obtained. The values for the 2 2 3 MMI and SiO /Al O indicates mineralogical matured sediments, the ZTR index shows a chemically immature 2 2 3 to sub-mature sandstone, and the modal composition values are consistent with a texturally and compositionally matured sands. The mineralogical maturity is indicative of high degree of chemical weathering of source area. Furthermore, the high quartz and silica content make the sandstone prospective for glass and glassware production. Key words: Anambra Basin, Maturity, Mineralogical maturity index, Textural characteristics, Glass

The prominence of Modular Multilevel Inverters (MMI) is rising owing their merits of simple mechanical construction and good voltage sharing for semiconductor devices. Mostly Multilevel Inverters use more than one source; however, the effective use of all the sources at all levels is rare. Conventional Multilevel Inverters will diminish the energy efficiency of the conversion system. When compared to conventional multilevel inverter, Modular Multilevel Inverter with a high numbers of voltage levels seem to be the most suitable because of the use of an isolated dc source. This paper explores a three-phase eleven level modular multilevel inverter with phase disposition pulse width modulation technique (PD-PWM) that can extract power from all the sources at all the levels. Besides, this paper develops a synchronous d-q reference frame controller to control the current of 11kV. When compared with Reduced Switch Count based Multilevel Inverter Series/Parallel switching topologies, the Modular Multilevel Inverter provides better Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of output voltage and utilization factor.

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Purpose The design and implementation of a broadband quasi-monolithic microwave integrated circuit (q-MMIC) power amplifier (PA) is presented for 0.2 to 2.2 GHz applications. Design/methodology/approach To obtain an efficient, high-gain and high-power performance with in a compact and low-cost size, the prototype is based on Gallium nitride (GaN) on SiC 0.25-µm transistors, whereas the passive matching networks are realized on an AlN substrate as thin film circuit. Findings Measured results of the q-MMIC PA across the 0.2 to 2.2 GHz band show at least 32 ± 3 dB small-signal gains, an output power of 7 to 12 W and an average power add efficiency greater than 54%. The q-MMIC occupies an area of 12.8 × 14.5 mm2. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work reports the first full integrated PA which covers the frequency range of 0.2 to 2.2 GHz and achieves the combination of highest gain, about 10 W output power, together with the smallest component size among all published GaN PAs to date.

Objetivo: analisar a biomecânica de membros inferiores em mulheres acometidas com dores articulares no joelho. Metodologia: Estudo observacional analítico e descritivo do tipo transversal, com 40 mulheres entre 18 a 60 anos com dor no joelho. Utilizou-se ficha de avaliação contendo as variáveis antropométricas e postural, concomitante avaliação estática e dinâmica do joelho. Analisou-se os dados pelo software BioEstat 5.0 com nível α de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). Resultados: Foram coletadas 40 mulheres (idade: 45,2±14,7 anos, peso: 70,3±12,3 kg, altura: 1,60±0,05 cm, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC): 27,27±4,6, e tamanho do pé: 36,5±1,5cm), onde o joelho direito foi o mais acometido por lesão (70%). Observou-se que o comprimento do membro inferior direito (MID) foi 83,5±5,86 cm, membro inferior esquerdo (MIE) 83,4±5,89 cm, ângulo Q do MID 25,2±6,09 graus, ângulo Q do MIE 25,3±6,57 graus e inclinação pélvica de 1,20±0,89 cm, onde 25 mulheres (62,5%) apresentaram inclinação a esquerda. Para avaliação dinâmica houve positividade do teste Step Down de forma significativa apenas para o MID (77,5%; p=0,0009). Na associação das variáveis estudadas com teste de Step Down, houve significância estatística para peso (MID: p=0,05 e MIE: p=0,007), bem como tamanho do pé do MID (p=0,04), para o IMC apenas o MIE (p=0,01). E, na relação dos dados posturais houve significância estatística para o comprimento do MID (p=0,01). Conclusão: As variáveis peso, IMC, tamanho do pé e comprimento do membro inferior tiveram relação sobre o quadril e os MMII, sugerindo valgo dinâmico e/ou predisposição do agravamento de dores no joelho em mulheres. Descritores: Genu Valgum. Movimento. Mulheres.

Abstract Based on the Einstein-Maxwell theory, the Joule-Thomson (J-T) expansion of charged dilatonic black holes(the solutions are neither flat nor AdS) for (n + 1)-dimensional spacetime is studied. To this end, we analyze the effects of dimensions n and dilaton field α on the J-T expansion. The explicit expression of J-T coefficient is derived, as a result, the negative heat capacity leads to cooling process. In contrast to the effect of dimension, the inversion curve decreases with charge Q at low pressure while the an opposite result is obtained at high pressure. We can see that with the increase of dimension n or parameter α, both the pressure cut-off point and the minimum inversion temperature Tmin change. Moreover, concerning the ratio Tmin/Tc, we analyze it numerically and find that the ratio is independent of the charge, whereas it depends on dilaton parameter and dimension. As n = 3 and α = 0, the ratio is 1/2. It is found that the dilaton field enhances the ratio. In addition, we identify the cooling-heating regions by investigating the inversion and isenthalpic curves, the behavior of minimum inversion mass Mmin shows the cooling-heating transition may not happen under some special conditions.

AbstractDue to the disadvantages of vacuum tubes in terms of warm-up time, size, and high-voltage needs, solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs) with gallium nitride (GaN) monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) are the key solution for power levels up to some kilowatts in continuous wave. An SSPA is the most convenient solution for these RF power levels due to its low weight, small size, negligible warm-up time, low-voltage operation, and high reliability. Spatial power amplifiers (SPAs) combining techniques are the best candidates for SSPAs due to the intrinsic low attenuation in dividing and combining functions. SPAs mainly use two types of probes: transverse and longitudinal, such as FinLines. This paper describes a broadband FinLine to microstrip (FLuS) transition based on dielectric lens theory. Comparative simulations with traditional FinLine transitions show a significant improvement in matching performances and a very significant increase in mechanical resistance of the transition. The proposed innovative FLuS uses a substrate shaping designed according to dielectric lens theory. Frequency simulations of a FLuS inside the WR22 waveguide are shown. These evidence the better performances of this transition than the classic FLuS transition using quarter-wave transformer (QWT) matching. A Q band spatial power combiner with dielectric lens FLuS was made and measured, showing the excellent performances of this innovative FLuS transition.

Numerous flavoring chemicals are added to e-cigarette liquids to create various flavors. Flavorings provide sensory experience to users and increase product appeal; however, concerns have been raised about their potential inhalation toxicity. Estimating potential health risk of inhaling these chemicals has been challenging since little is known about their actual concentrations in e-cigarette products. To date, a limited number of analytical methods exist to measure the concentrations of flavoring chemicals in e-cigarette products. We have developed an analytical method that accurately and precisely measures the concentrations of 20 flavoring chemicals of potential inhalation risk concerns: 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, acetoin, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, butanoic acid, dl-limonene, ethyl maltol, ethyl salicylate, ethyl vanillin, eucalyptol, eugenol, furaneol, isovanillin, l-menthol, maltol, methyl salicylate, pulegone, trans-cinnamaldehyde, triacetin, and vanillin. Calibration and QC solutions were prepared in 50:50 propylene glycol (PG):vegetable glycerin (VG) and 5% H2O and flavoring concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 10.00 mg/ml. Samples of commercial e-cigarette liquids, calibration and QC solutions were combined with 30 µL of an internal standard mix (benzene-d6, pyridine-d5, chlorobenzene-d5, naphthalene-d8 and acenaphthene-d10; 1 mg/ml each) and were diluted 100-fold into methanol. Analysis was performed on an Agilent 7890B/7250 GC/Q-TOF using a DB-624UI column (30 m x 0.25 mmID x 1.4 μm film thickness), with a total runtime of 13.5 min. Calibration curves were fit using a weighted quadratic model and correlations of determination (r2) values exceeded 0.990 for all chemicals. Bias and precision tests yielded values less than 20% and lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) ranged from 0.02 to 0.63 mg/ml. Over 200 commercially available products, purchased or collected from adult e-cigarette users and spanning a range of flavor categories, were evaluated with this method. Concentrations of pulegone, a suspected carcinogen, varied from below limit of quantitation (BLOQ) to 0.32 mg/ml, while acetoin and vanillin, known precursors to more cytotoxic byproducts, ranged from BLOQ to 1.52 mg/ml and from BLOQ to 16.22 mg/ml, respectively. This method features a wide dynamic working range and allows for a rapid routine analysis of flavoring additives in commercial e-cigarette liquids.

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