Journal articles on the topic 'Q-fly'
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Zhou, Yufei, Juanita Rodriguez, Nicole Fisher, and Renee A. Catullo. "Ecological Drivers and Sex-Based Variation in Body Size and Shape in the Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Insects 11, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060390.
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The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni; Q-fly) is an Australian endemic horticultural pest species, which has caused enormous economic losses. It has the potential to expand its range to currently Q-fly-free areas and poses a serious threat to the Australian horticultural industry. A large number of studies have investigated the correlation between environmental factors and Q-fly development, reproduction, and expansion. However, it is still not clear how Q-fly morphological traits vary with the environment. Our study focused on three morphological traits (body size, wing shape, and fluctuating asymmetry) in Q-fly samples collected from 1955 to 1965. We assessed how these traits vary by sex, and in response to latitude, environmental variables, and geographic distance. First, we found sexual dimorphism in body size and wing shape, but not in fluctuating asymmetry. Females had a larger body size but shorter and wider wings than males, which may be due to reproductive and/or locomotion differences between females and males. Secondly, the body size of Q-flies varied with latitude, which conforms to Bergmann’s rule. Finally, we found Q-fly wing shape was more closely related to temperature rather than aridity, and low temperature and high aridity may lead to high asymmetry in Q-fly populations.
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Sherwin, William B., Marianne Frommer, John A. Sved, Kathryn A. Raphael, John G. Oakeshott, Deborah C. A. Shearman, and A. Stuart Gilchrist. "Tracking invasion and invasiveness in Queensland fruit flies: From classical genetics to ‘omics’." Current Zoology 61, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.3.477.
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Abstract Three Australian tephritid fruit flies (Bactrocera tryoni - Q-fly, Bactrocera neohumeralis - NEO, and Bactrocera jarvisi - JAR) are promising models for genetic studies of pest status and invasiveness. The long history of ecological and physiological studies of the three species has been augmented by the development of a range of genetic and genomic tools, including the capacity for forced multigeneration crosses between the three species followed by selection experiments, a draft genome for Q-fly, and tissue- and stage-specific transcriptomes. The Q-fly and NEO species pair is of particular interest. The distribution of NEO is contained entirely within the wider distribution of Q-fly and the two species are ecologically extremely similar, with no known differences in pheromones, temperature tolerance, or host-fruit utilisation. However there are three clear differences between them: humeral callus colour, complete pre-mating isolation based on mating time-of-day, and invasiveness. NEO is much less invasive, whereas in historical times Q-fly has invaded southeastern Australia and areas of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. In southeastern fruit-growing regions, microsatellites suggest that some of these outbreaks might derive from genetically differentiated populations overwintering in or near the invaded area. Q-fly and NEO show very limited genome differentiation, so comparative genomic analyses and QTL mapping should be able to identify the regions of the genome controlling mating time and invasiveness, to assess the genetic bases for the invasive strains of Q-fly, and to facilitate a variety of improvements to current sterile insect control strategies for that species.
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Gaire, Sushil K., Md Jamil Hossain Biswas, Maurizio Benelli, Polychronis Rempoulakis, Phillip W. Taylor, and Bishwo P. Mainali. "Effect of Chilling on Quality Control Parameters of Sterile Queensland Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 4 (May 22, 2021): 1674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab092.
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Abstract Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), presents a major threat to Australian fruit production and trade. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly employed to manage Q-fly. Quality of sterile males released in SIT programs, and hence program efficacy, can be affected by pre- and post-production processes, such as mass rearing, packing, irradiation, transportation, and release. Given long distances from rear-out facilities to release sites, adult flies are usually chilled to reduce metabolism and stress during transportation. To guide SIT procedures, it is important to understand the impact of such practices on performance of sterile Q-fly. The present study assesses the effect of chilling temperature and exposure period on quality parameters of sterile Q-fly. We considered the effects of two temperature regimes (4 and 6°C) and six exposure periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h) on chill-coma recovery time, flight ability, survival under nutritional stress, and longevity of both males and females. Flies chilled at 4°C took longer to recover than that those chilled at 6°C. Flight ability, survival under nutritional stress, and longevity all decreased as chilling period increased but did not differ between the two tested temperatures. We recommend that periods of chilling during transportation from rear-out facilities to release sites be minimized in order to retain quality of sterile Q-fly and that increased release rates be considered when longer chilling periods are required.
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Biswas, Md Jamil Hossain, Bishwo Mainali, Soo Jean Park, Phillip Taylor, and Polychronis Rempoulakis. "Electrophysiological Responses to Cuelure of Raspberry Ketone-Fed Queensland Fruit Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (October 28, 2020): 2832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa242.
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Abstract The sterile insect technique (SIT) and male annihilation technique (MAT) are important tools for the control of Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major insect pest of horticultural crops in Australia. In MAT, mature Q-fly males are attracted to a toxic bait using Cuelure, a synthetic analog of raspberry ketone (RK). Substantial improvements in control could be achieved by simultaneous use of SIT and MAT, but this requires suppression of the Cuelure response in released sterile flies. Recent studies report that prerelease feeding with RK during the first 48 h after emergence can reduce the response of mature Q-fly males to Cuelure, but the mechanism underpinning this is unknown. Here, to test whether reduced sensory sensitivity to Cuelure is involved, we evaluated the effects of RK supplements, adult diet (yeast-supplemented diet throughout adult stage vs yeast-supplemented diet only for 48 h), and age on electroantennogram (EAG) and electropalpogram (EPG) responses of Q-flies to Cuelure stimuli. EAG responses did not vary with RK supplements, sex, or age of Q-flies fed yeast-supplemented diet throughout the adult stage, but the responses of Q-flies fed other diet regime decreased with age. EPG responses of both sexes of Q-flies were affected by RK supplements, age, and their interaction, but without patterns that might indicate reduced maxillary palp response of RK supplemented flies to Cuelure. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced Cuelure response of male Q-flies fed RK supplements is explained by reduced electrophysiological response in antennae or maxillary palps.
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Yazdani, Maryam. "Developing Lines of Queensland Fruit Flies with Different Levels of Response to a Kairomone Lure." Insects 13, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080666.
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The Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is a serious horticultural pest in Australia because it is highly invasive and destructive. Among all pest management practices, sterile insect techniques (SIT) and male annihilation techniques (MAT) are important control options for many tephritid fruit fly pests, including Q-fly. However, simultaneous applications of MAT and SIT require the wild males to be responsive to a lure while the released sterile males remain largely unresponsive. In this study, a series of artificial selection experiments was conducted to develop lines of Q-fly with different levels of response to the male-specific lure Cue-lure® (CL). After only five cycles of artificial selections, lines of high responsiveness (HR) and low responsiveness (LR) males diverging significantly in their response to the lure were developed. In the field cage experiment, the number of trapped males in fruit fly traps was significantly lower in the LR line than both the HR line and the control which supports the laboratory results. However, when artificial selection was stopped at F5 and retested after two generations, the number of unresponsive males dropped drastically compared to the rate of response of wild flies. Because the selection can be conducted only on males, it would be difficult to eliminate the dominant responsive alleles in the system without continuous selection.
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Siderhurst, Matthew S., Soo J. Park, Ian M. Jamie, and Stefano G. De Faveri. "Electroantennogram responses of six Bactrocera and Zeugodacus species to raspberry ketone analogues." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 6 (2017): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en17091.
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Environmental contextQueensland fruit fly is a major pest of fruits and vegetables in eastern Australia, sometimes causing complete loss of unprotected crops. Odours that attract fruit flies can help control these pests and this study investigated how six fruit fly species smell these chemicals. The strength of fly responses to tested odours gives insight into the way flies smell and provides information for making better attractants, potentially reducing insecticide use. AbstractThe Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni, Q-fly) is a major horticultural pest in eastern Australia. The deployment of male lures comprises an important component of several detection and control strategies for this pest. A novel fluorinated analogue of raspberry ketone (RK), raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate (RKTA), has been developed with the aim of further improving Q-fly control. RKTA elicited strong electroantennogram (EAG) responses from Q-flies whereas cuelure (CL) and melolure (ML) responses were not significantly greater than a negative control. Further experimentation showed that RKTA also elicited EAG response from five other fruit fly species, included flies known to be strongly attracted to CL (B. neohumeralis, B. kraussi and B. frauenfeldi), weakly attracted to CL (B. jarvisi), or non-responsive to CL (Zeugodacus cucumis), whereas seven other compounds, RK, CL, ML, raspberry ketone difluoroacetate, raspberry ketone monofluoroacetate, anisyl acetone and trimethylsilyl raspberry ketone, elicited only weak responses comparable with a negative control. However, fly EAG responses to RKTA are likely due at least in part to trifluoroethanoic acid, which is a hydrolysis product of RKTA and elicited strong EAG responses from all six species when tested alone. Furthermore, whereas ethanoic acid, methanoic acid and trifluoroethanoic acid all elicited strong EAG responses in Q-flies, the only corresponding RK ester to elicit an EAG response was RKTA, suggesting that RKTA hydrolyses quickly, whereas CL and ML do not. This is in contrast to the idea that CL readily hydrolyses on contact with atmospheric moisture, an assertion that has been made in the literature repeatedly.
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Jembre, Yalew Zelalem, Yuniarto Wimbo Nugroho, Muhammad Toaha Raza Khan, Muhammad Attique, Rajib Paul, Syed Hassan Ahmed Shah, and Beomjoon Kim. "Evaluation of Reinforcement and Deep Learning Algorithms in Controlling Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 7240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167240.
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are abundantly becoming a part of society, which is a trend that is expected to grow even further. The quadrotor is one of the drone technologies that is applicable in many sectors and in both military and civilian activities, with some applications requiring autonomous flight. However, stability, path planning, and control remain significant challenges in autonomous quadrotor flights. Traditional control algorithms, such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID), have deficiencies, especially in tuning. Recently, machine learning has received great attention in flying UAVs to desired positions autonomously. In this work, we configure the quadrotor to fly autonomously by using agents (the machine learning schemes being used to fly the quadrotor autonomously) to learn about the virtual physical environment. The quadrotor will fly from an initial to a desired position. When the agent brings the quadrotor closer to the desired position, it is rewarded; otherwise, it is punished. Two reinforcement learning models, Q-learning and SARSA, and a deep learning deep Q-network network are used as agents. The simulation is conducted by integrating the robot operating system (ROS) and Gazebo, which allowed for the implementation of the learning algorithms and the physical environment, respectively. The result has shown that the Deep Q-network network with Adadelta optimizer is the best setting to fly the quadrotor from the initial to desired position.
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Park, Soo J., Matthew S. Siderhurst, Ian Jamie, and Phillip W. Taylor. "Hydrolysis of Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), Attractants: Kinetics and Implications for Biological Activity." Australian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 10 (2016): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16073.
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Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is a major insect pest of horticultural crops in Australia. Cuelure is the most commonly used attractant for monitoring as well as for management of Q-fly populations through the male annihilation technique and mass trapping. There has been some concern that cuelure is susceptible to hydrolysis, which would limit its usefulness under conditions of high humidity and give rise to inconsistent fly population monitoring. To give some insight into the hydrolysis of cuelure and two closely related compounds, melolure and a newly developed lure, 4-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetoxy)phenyl)-2-butanone (RKTA), the kinetics of hydrolysis of these compounds were quantitatively investigated by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. From the experimental data, we found the hydrolysis half-lives of cuelure, melolure, and RKTA, at a water concentration of 25 mol L–1, to be ~20 days, 22 h, and 1.2 min respectively. When extrapolated to a water concentration of 1.3 mmol L–1, corresponding to atmospheric conditions of 100 % relative humidity at 25°C, the half-lives are ~1660, ~51, and ~1.4 years respectively.
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Adnan, Saleh Mohammad, Iffat Farhana, Jess R. Inskeep, Polychronis Rempoulakis, and Phillip W. Taylor. "Accelerated Sexual Maturation in Methoprene-Treated Sterile and Fertile Male Queensland Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), and Mosquito Larvicide as an Economical and Effective Source of Methoprene." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 6 (August 10, 2019): 2842–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz214.
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Abstract Queensland fruit flies Bactrocera tryoni (‘Q-fly’) have long adult prereproductive development periods, which can present challenges for sterile insect technique (SIT) programs. Holding the sterile flies in release facilities is expensive for control programs. Alternatively, releases of sexually immature males can lead to substantial mortality of sterile males before they mature. Recent studies have reported effectiveness of dietary supplementation with a mosquito larvicide (NOMOZ) that contains S-methoprene, a juvenile hormone analogue, for accelerating sexual development of fertile Q-fly males. However, it is not known whether effects on sterile flies are comparable to effects on fertile flies, or whether effects of methoprene-containing larvicide are comparable to effects of analytical standard methoprene such has been used in most studies. Here we address both knowledge gaps, investigating the effects of analytical standard methoprene and NOMOZ mixed with food and provided for 48 h following emergence on sexual development and longevity of fertile and sterile Q-flies. Compared with controls, fertile and sterile male Q-flies that were provided diets supplemented with methoprene from either source exhibited substantially accelerated sexual development by 2–3 d and longer mating duration. Unlike males, females did not respond to methoprene treatment. Although fertile and sterile flies were generally similar in sexual development and response to methoprene treatment, sterile flies of both sexes tended to have shorter copula duration than fertile flies. Neither methoprene supplements nor sterilization affected longevity of flies. The present study confirms effectiveness of dietary methoprene supplements in accelerating sexual development of both fertile and sterile male (but not female) Q-flies, and also confirms that low-cost mosquito larvicides that contain methoprene can achieve effects similar to those for high-cost analytical grade methoprene as prerelease supplements for Q-fly SIT.
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Halder, Jaydeep, and A. B. Rai. "Synthesis and development of pest management modules against major insect pests of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 9 (October 28, 2020): 1673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i9.106594.
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Field experiment was conducted in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.) during summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh with a view to develop adaptable and rational pest management technology for the major insect pests of pumpkin. Among the three pest management modules, viz. biointensive module (M1), integrated module (M2) and chemical module (M3) synthesized and formulated against major insect pests of pumpkin including red pumpkin beetle (Raphidopalpa foveicollis), white fly (Bemisia tabaci) and mirid bugs (Nesidiocoris cruentatus), the integrated module (M2) comprising sprayings of DDVP 76% EC @0.75 ml/l at 20 and 30 days after sowing (DAS), Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki @ 2 g/l at 40 DAS, Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.33 ml/l at 50 DAS, Lecanicillium lecanii @5 g/l at 60 DAS and Azadirachtin 300 ppm @5 ml/l at 70 DAS was most effective in reducing the red pumpkin beetle (75 and 67.27% during 2018 and 2019, respectively), white fly (44.12 and 66.55) and mirid bug population on leaves (74.24 and 84.62) with maximum increase in the yield (291 q/ha) over chemical (287 q/ ha), biointensive modules (269 q/ha) and untreated control (208 q/ha). Considering economics of the treatments, integrated module (M2) recorded highest cost benefit ratio of 1:7.06 followed by biointensive module (1:3.41) and chemical module (1:2.77).
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Fotouhi, Azade, Ming Ding, and Mahbub Hassan. "Deep Q-Learning for Two-Hop Communications of Drone Base Stations." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061960.
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In this paper, we address the application of the flying Drone Base Stations (DBS) in order to improve the network performance. Given the high degrees of freedom of a DBS, it can change its position and adapt its trajectory according to the users movements and the target environment. A two-hop communication model, between an end-user and a macrocell through a DBS, is studied in this work. We propose Q-learning and Deep Q-learning based solutions to optimize the drone’s trajectory. Simulation results show that, by employing our proposed models, the drone can autonomously fly and adapts its mobility according to the users’ movements. Additionally, the Deep Q-learning model outperforms the Q-learning model and can be applied in more complex environments.
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Padevět, Pavel, and Petr Bittnar. "The Cement Paste Creep with Addition of Fly Ash in Time and Ratio of Parts 60/40." Applied Mechanics and Materials 486 (December 2013): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.486.341.
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The article solves the comparing of the resize of cement paste creep with addition of fly ash in time. Creep was observed in the one monthly measurement for 4 and 10 months. The cement paste was prepared with fly ash in the ratio of the components 60/40 in favor of the cement components. Development of basic creep and creep was observed in water-saturated material. The measurement results are used as input data for the simulation of creep by the mathematical model and determine the values of the creep coefficient of cement paste. Results and comparison of q coefficients are presented.
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Yu, Xuezhi, Chunyang Ye, Bingzhuo Li, Hui Zhou, and Mengxing Huang. "A Deep Q-Learning Network for Dynamic Constraint-Satisfied Service Composition." International Journal of Web Services Research 17, no. 4 (October 2020): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2020100104.
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Traditional service composition methods usually address the constraint-satisfied service composition (CSSC) problem with static web services. Such solutions however are inapplicable to the dynamic scenarios where the services or their QoS values may change over time. Some recent studies are proposed to use reinforcement learning, especially, integrate the idea of Q-learning, to solve the dynamic CSSC problem. However, such Q-learning algorithm relies on Q-table to search for optimal candidate services. When the problem of CSSC becomes complex, the number of states in Q-table is very large and the cost of the Q-learning model will become extremely high. In this paper, the authors propose a novel solution to address this issue. By training a DQN network to replace the Q-table, this solution can effectively model the uncertainty of services with fine-grained QoS attributes and choose suitable candidate services to compose on the fly in the dynamic scenarios. Experimental results on both artificial and real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
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Ferraro-Gideon, Jessica, Rozhan Sheykhani, Qingyuan Zhu, Michelle L. Duquette, Michael W. Berns, and Arthur Forer. "Measurements of forces produced by the mitotic spindle using optical tweezers." Molecular Biology of the Cell 24, no. 9 (May 2013): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0901.
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We used a trapping laser to stop chromosome movements in Mesostoma and crane-fly spermatocytes and inward movements of spindle poles after laser cuts across Potorous tridactylus (rat kangaroo) kidney (PtK2) cell half-spindles. Mesostoma spermatocyte kinetochores execute oscillatory movements to and away from the spindle pole for 1–2 h, so we could trap kinetochores multiple times in the same spermatocyte. The trap was focused to a single point using a 63× oil immersion objective. Trap powers of 15–23 mW caused kinetochore oscillations to stop or decrease. Kinetochore oscillations resumed when the trap was released. In crane-fly spermatocytes trap powers of 56–85 mW stopped or slowed poleward chromosome movement. In PtK2 cells 8-mW trap power stopped the spindle pole from moving toward the equator. Forces in the traps were calculated using the equation F = Q′P/c, where P is the laser power and c is the speed of light. Use of appropriate Q′ coefficients gave the forces for stopping pole movements as 0.3–2.3 pN and for stopping chromosome movements in Mesostoma spermatocytes and crane-fly spermatocytes as 2–3 and 6–10 pN, respectively. These forces are close to theoretical calculations of forces causing chromosome movements but 100 times lower than the 700 pN measured previously in grasshopper spermatocytes.
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Wellbrock, A., A. J. Coates, G. H. Jones, V. Vuitton, P. Lavvas, R. T. Desai, and J. H. Waite. "Heavy negative ion growth in Titan’s polar winter." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 2 (September 21, 2019): 2254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2655.
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ABSTRACT A significant but unexpected result of the Cassini mission was the discovery of heavy organic negative ions in Titan’s ionosphere at altitudes between about 950 and 1400 km by the CAPS Electron Spectrometer (ELS). The heaviest ions were observed during the T16 fly-by with masses over 13 000 u/q. This is significantly higher than the maximum masses observed during other fly-bys. We study T16 CAPS-ELS observations and examine the evolution of mass spectra at different altitudes. We also study maximum mass trends using a large data set from all available CAPS-ELS observations of the Cassini mission in order to investigate the conditions necessary to allow negative ions to grow to the highest masses. For the first time, we are able to investigate the relationship between the highest mass particles and seasonal effects. We find that the combination of high latitude and winter conditions, resulting in long-term restricted solar flux, create an environment in which ion growth can reach the highest masses, as observed during T16. Restricting solar flux long term, and hence photodestruction reactions such as photodetachment, appears to be essential for negative ions to grow beyond 10 000 u/q.
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J. Sweeney, T. Htut, W.Y. Huen, V. Vimonsatit, and T.S. Ng. "Investigating Amorphous Composition Mix Design Performance and Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 17 (January 1, 2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.17217.
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Identifying viable replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is part of the effort to limit CO2 emission during its production. Fly ash-based geopolymer composites have emerged as a sustainable and promising replacement product with proven comparable binding properties, coupled with superior characteristic in some area, when compared to OPC. However, fly ash being a by-product of coal combustion, remains unfavourable in industry application due to its deferring composition dependent on the type of coal feedstock, resulted in inconsistent mechanical and chemical properties produced. In order to overcome this shortcoming, a unified method to evaluate fly ash at the amorphous composition level is required. This study aims to tackle this challenge by establishing a framework to effectively identify relationship among the fly ash amorphous content and identifying an optimum proportion of alkaline activator in order to optimise its full potential in geopolymer concrete or mortar production. This is achieved by utilising XRF and Q-XRD analyses on geopolymer specimen’s amorphous compositions and evaluate their respective compressive strength through laboratory testing. A number of testing variants are carried out including curing regime, alkaline activator concentrations, presence of mechanical activation and deferring water content are investigated.
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Jiao, You Zhou, Pan Ding, and Shuang Li Du. "Study on Pulverized Combustion Boiler Co-Generation Belite Q-Phase Cement Clinker from Coal." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1598.
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Taking Changguang high-sulfur coal and Yanzhou low-sulfur coal as experimental coal types, carrying out the experiment of Q-phase cement clinker co-generated from coal on two-stage polyphase reaction setup and conducting XRD analysis on the mineral composition in co-generation clicker sample, the result shows that the major mineral species in compositions of co-generation clinker are 2CaO•SiO2 and Q-phase. Taking one 330MW machine set 1004 (t.h-1) pulverized coal combustion boiler as analysis object, this paper carries out the preliminary analysis of the economic benefits that it may bring to power plant and cement enterprise by using co-generation technology. The analysis indicates that the objective boiler adopting belite Q-phase cement clinker technology, on the whole estimate of the resourceful benefit of coal fly ash and SO2 emission reduction benefit, the economic benefit of power plant obtained is 25,870 thousand yuan per year. The economic benefit cement enterprise obtained by using Belite Q-phase cement clinker to advance capacity is 40,581 thousand yuan per year.
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Liu, Zheng, and Shiva Abbaszadeh. "Double Q-Learning for Radiation Source Detection." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 24, 2019): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040960.
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Anomalous radiation source detection in urban environments is challenging due to the complex nature of background radiation. When a suspicious area is determined, a radiation survey is usually carried out to search for anomalous radiation sources. To locate the source with high accuracy and in a short time, different survey approaches have been studied such as scanning the area with fixed survey paths and data-driven approaches that update the survey path on the fly with newly acquired measurements. In this work, we propose reinforcement learning as a data-driven approach to conduct radiation detection tasks with no human intervention. A simulated radiation environment is constructed, and a convolutional neural network-based double Q-learning algorithm is built and tested for radiation source detection tasks. Simulation results show that the double Q-learning algorithm can reliably navigate the detector and reduce the searching time by at least 44% compared with traditional uniform search methods and gradient search methods.
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Sharma, Surender Kumar, Punam, and R. Kumar. "MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLY (BACTROCERA SPP.) IN CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS LINN.) GROWN ORGANICALLY." Journal of Biopesticides 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.1.73-79.
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Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) are the key pests of our potential vegetable and fruit crops. Literally, wide organic options are available but their evaluation studies are scanty and hence study on comparative evaluation of 10 organic formulations and a synthetic insecticide against fruit fly in organically grown cucumber during the years 2011 and 2012 were conducted at certified Model Organic Farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The lowest fruit infestation of 7.69 and 9.09% was registered in treatment with cypermethrin 25EC @ 0.5ml/l followed by treatment with neem oil (Nimbecidene) 5ml/l as 12.50 and 13.58% during both respective years of study. Similar trend of fruit yield was observed using cypermethrin 25EC gave highest fruit yield 191.48 and 183.33 q/ha followed by neem oil (Nimbecidene) as 189.01 and 181.48 q/ha during both years of study. However, both these formulations were significantly at par but under organic conditions four sprays of neem oil formulation coinciding with infestation at 10 day interval can be effectively used to manage this pest.
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Joshi, S., T. Hussain, V. S. Kirar, and R. Nagar. "MANAGEMENT OF SORGHUM SHOOT FLY, ATHERIGONA SOCCATA RONDANI (DIPTERA:MUSCIDAE) THROUGH BOTANICALS." Journal of Biopesticides 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.1.23-26.
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Efficacy of botanicals against shoot fly showed that three sprays (7th, 14th and 21st day after germination) of neem oil (2%) depicted oviposition of 50.79, 41.61 and 38.22 percent and in karanj oil (2%) of 54.83, 44.01 and 41.15, respectively found significantly superior to all other treatments. Nirgundi oil (2%) was found as the next effective. With respect to dead heart, neem oil (2%) showed 22.66 and 23.94 per cent while in karanj oil (2%) 23.29 and 25.13 per cent at 21st and 28th day after germination, respectively. The maximum grain yield of 32.22 q/ha and the highest Cost Benefit Ratio of 1: 1.61 was recorded from neem oil (2%) treated plots.
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PATEL, A. M., D. K. PATEL, C. J. PATEL, A. L. JAT, S. K. SHAH, D. N. TEJANI, G. P. GANGWAR, and A. G. DESAI. "A high yielding and wilt resistant castor (Ricinus communis) hybrid for India." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i5.104363.
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The breeding efforts were made at Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) during 2006-07 to 2015-16 for development of castor (Ricinus communis) hybrid suitable for irrigated and rainfed condition. The castor hybrid GCH 8 (SHB 896) was evaluated in IVHT, AVHT-I and AVHT-II (irrigated and rainfed) along with checks, viz. DCH 177, DCH 519 and GCH 7 at different AICRP (castor) locations during 2013-14 to 2015-16. The hybrid GCH 8 (SHB 896) exhibited wider adaptability and consistent superiority in seed yield and oil yield under irrigated as well as rainfed conditions over checks during the years of evaluation. On the basis of weighted mean, GCH 8 yielded 18.95 q/ha and 35.88 q/ ha over checks, viz. DCH 177, DCH 519, and GCH 7 to the tune of 16.03, 14.02, and 13.01 % & 16.19, 17.64 and 16.57 % higher under rainfed and irrigated condition, respectively. This hybrid also recorded 48.30 % and 48.60 % oil content in seed with extract on an average 9.15 q/ha and 16.37 q/ha oil yield under rainfed and irrigated condition, respectively. This hybrid has profuse branching, tolerance to lodging and resistant to shattering. It was resistant against major diseases like wilt and root rot and showed at par as well as somewhat less attack of major insect pests of castor like semilooper, Spodoptera, leaf hopper, white fly, capsule borer and thrips.
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Pennycuick, C. J. "Speeds and wingbeat frequencies of migrating birds compared with calculated benchmarks." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 19 (October 1, 2001): 3283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.19.3283.
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SUMMARYSixteen species of birds passing Falsterbo in southwest Sweden during the autumn migration season were observed using short-range optical methods. Air speeds and wingbeat frequencies were measured, reduced to sea level, and compared with benchmark values computed by Flight.bas, a published flight performance program based on flight mechanics. The benchmark for air speed was the calculated sea-level value of the minimum power speed (Vmp). The mean speeds of three raptor species that flew by flap-gliding were below Vmp, apparently because the flap-glide cycle involved slowing down below Vmp when gliding and accelerating back up to Vmp when flapping. The mean speeds of 11 species that flew by continuous flapping were between 0.82Vmp and 1.27Vmp. Two passerine species that flew by bounding had mean speeds of 1.70Vmp and 1.96Vmp, but these high mean speeds reflected their ability to fly faster against head winds. These results do not support predictions from optimal migration theory, which suggest that migrating birds ‘should’ fly faster, relative to Vmp. However, observations were restricted for technical reasons to birds flying below 200 m and may not represent birds that were seriously committed to long-distance migration.The benchmark wingbeat frequency (fref) was derived from dimensional reasoning, not from statistical analysis of observations. Observed wingbeat frequencies ranged from 0.81fref to 1.05fref, except in the two bounding species, whose wingbeat frequencies appeared anomalously high. However, the mechanics of bounding with a power fraction q imply that gravity during the flapping phase is increased by a factor 1/q, and when the value of gravity was so adjusted in the expression for fref, the wingbeat frequencies of the two bounding species were predicted correctly as a function of the power fraction. In small birds with more muscle power than is required to fly at speeds near Vmp, bounding is an effective method of adjusting the specific work in the muscle fibres, allowing conversion efficiency to be maximised over a wide range of speeds.
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Pao, Chih-Wen, Jeng-Lung Chen, Jyh-Fu Lee, Meng-Che Tsai, Chi-Yi Huang, Chao-Chih Chiu, Chao-Yu Chang, Liang-Chih Chiang, and Yu-Shan Huang. "The new X-ray absorption fine-structure beamline with sub-second time resolution at the Taiwan Photon Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521001740.
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The new TPS 44A beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source, located at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, is presented. This beamline is equipped with a new quick-scanning monochromator (Q-Mono), which can provide both conventional step-by-step scans (s-scans) and on-the-fly scans (q-scans) for X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectroscopy experiments, including X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectral measurements. Ti and Te K-edge XAFS spectra were used to demonstrate the capability of collecting spectra at the limits of the working energy range. The Ni and Cu K-edge XAFS spectra for a Cu-doped Pt/Ni nanocomposite were acquired to test the performance of the newly commissioned beamline. Pt L 3- and Ru K-edge quick-scanning XAFS (QXAFS) spectra for standard Pt and Ru foils, respectively, revealed the stability of the q-scan technique. The results also demonstrated the beamline's ability to collect XAFS spectra on a sub-second timescale. Furthermore, a Zn(s)|Zn2+ (aq)|Cu(s) system was tested to indicate that the states of the Zn electrode could be observed in real time for charging and discharging conditions using an in situ/operando setup combined with QXAFS measurements.
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Srinivasa, C. H., and Venkatesh. "Prediction of Compressive Strength of Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber Reinforced Bendable Concrete." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 982, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012007.
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Abstract Engineered Cementitious Composite or Bendable concrete is a new generation concrete which possesses higher potency and improved durability characteristics. In addition to the potency, the knowledge about durability is very precious for sustainable development in the field of construction industries. Use of mineral admixture such as fly ash contributes a lot in sustainable development whereas; robustness of concrete can easily be enhanced by use of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers. The elevated potency and improved durability of concrete will be achieved by scientifically tailoring various ingredients of the concrete. The knowledge of potency of all concrete in compression is one of the most essential prerequisite material goodness but it calls for costly and time-consuming experiments. Hence, a mathematical model to predict the compressive potency is presented in this paper. Two constants P and Q have been considered as the essential properties for the concrete blend. The constant, P is established for a “measure of Rate of Gain in Potency and constant, Q is established for a measure of “Grade of Potency.” Once the constants P and Q are defined for the blend, the Potency of concrete at varied ages for varied percentages of PVA fibers will be predicted using this Mathematical Model.
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Wever, Marcel, Lorijn van Rooijen, and Heiko Hamann. "Multioracle Coevolutionary Learning of Requirements Specifications from Examples in On-The-Fly Markets." Evolutionary Computation 28, no. 2 (June 2020): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00266.
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In software engineering, the imprecise requirements of a user are transformed to a formal requirements specification during the requirements elicitation process. This process is usually guided by requirements engineers interviewing the user. We want to partially automate this first step of the software engineering process in order to enable users to specify a desired software system on their own. With our approach, users are only asked to provide exemplary behavioral descriptions. The problem of synthesizing a requirements specification from examples can partially be reduced to the problem of grammatical inference, to which we apply an active coevolutionary learning approach. However, this approach would usually require many feedback queries to be sent to the user. In this work, we extend and generalize our active learning approach to receive knowledge from multiple oracles, also known as proactive learning. The ``user oracle'' represents input received from the user and the “knowledge oracle” represents available, formalized domain knowledge. We call our two-oracle approach the “first apply knowledge then query” (FAKT/Q) algorithm. We compare FAKT/Q to the active learning approach and provide an extensive benchmark evaluation. As result we find that the number of required user queries is reduced and the inference process is sped up significantly. Finally, with so-called On-The-Fly Markets, we present a motivation and an application of our approach where such knowledge is available.
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Homsey, Christopher, Jane Austin, and Christopher Butler. "Case study: maximising return on health, safety, environment, and quality (HSE&Q) investments." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13126.
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Farstad Shipping operates a fleet of large anchor handling and platform supply vessels globally. Priding itself on its motto Better By Far, Farstad Shipping’s vision of zero harm faced key safety challenges, including: leadership/communications; manual task related injuries; fly In/fly out fatigue; mental health issues relating to stress, depression etc.; an ageing workforce; and, changing/challenging client requirements. These challenges created a high level of indecision and frustration when trying to determine where best to focus time and money with HSE&Q programs to effectively impact operational productivity and safety performance. Beginning in 2007, Farstad Shipping partnered with Intertek Consulting & Training and implemented a framework designed to pinpoint areas of greatest concern. This approach uses research from OECD indicating best practice. Using this approach enabled Farstad to gather objective data on specific behaviours and to formulate targeted action plans that addressed the people, culture, processes, delivery, and sustainability challenges identified above. The framework was applied at sea on more than 25 Farstad vessels via onboard coaching, at onshore workshops, and at the Offshore Simulation Centre based in Western Australia. Subsequently, some key achievements included: three-fold reduction in injury frequency; reduction of total recordable case frequency from 14.0 to > 5.0; 50% reduction in workcover claims; and zero lost time injuries since September 2012. The methodology used by Farstad, which can be applied to organisations’ approaches to hiring, training, coaching, process design, and leadership development, is examined in detail and its application to Farstad’s challenges explored.
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Ou, Jiajun, Xiao Guo, Wenjie Lou, and Ming Zhu. "Quadrotor Autonomous Navigation in Semi-Known Environments Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 4330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214330.
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In the application scenarios of quadrotors, it is expected that only part of the obstacles can be identified and located in advance. In order to make quadrotors fly safely in this situation, we present a deep reinforcement learning-based framework to realize autonomous navigation in semi-known environments. Specifically, the proposed framework utilizes the dueling double deep recurrent Q-learning, which can implement global path planning with the obstacle map as input. Moreover, the proposed framework combined with contrastive learning-based feature extraction can conduct real-time autonomous obstacle avoidance with monocular vision effectively. The experimental results demonstrate that our framework exhibits remarkable performance for both global path planning and autonomous obstacle avoidance.
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Venkatachalapathy, Kanganahalli N., and and Hosagavi P. Puttaraju*. "An Analysis of Chromosomes in the Uzi Fly, Blepharipa zebina Walker (Diptera: Tachinidae) Using C- and Q-banding." CYTOLOGIA 71, no. 2 (2006): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.71.189.
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Song, Haiyun, Peleg Hasson, Ze’ev Paroush, and Albert J. Courey. "Groucho Oligomerization Is Required for Repression In Vivo." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 10 (May 15, 2004): 4341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.10.4341-4350.2004.
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ABSTRACT Drosophila Groucho (Gro) is a member of a family of metazoan corepressors with widespread roles in development. Previous studies indicated that a conserved domain in Gro, termed the Q domain, was required for repression in cultured cells and mediated homotetramerization. Evidence presented here suggests that the Q domain contains two coiled-coil motifs required for oligomerization and repression in vivo. Mutagenesis of the putative hydrophobic faces of these motifs, but not of the hydrophilic faces, prevents the formation of both tetramers and higher order oligomers. Mutagenesis of the hydrophobic faces of both coiled-coil motifs in the context of a Gal4-Gro fusion protein prevents repression of a Gal4-responsive reporter in S2 cells, while mutagenesis of a single motif weakens repression. The finding that the repression directed by the single mutants depends on endogenous wild-type Gro further supports the idea that oligomerization plays a role in repression. Overexpression in the fly of forms of Gro able to oligomerize, but not of a form of Gro unable to oligomerize, results in developmental defects and ectopic repression of Gro target genes in the wing disk. Although the function of several corepressors is suspected to involve oligomerization, these studies represent one of the first direct links between corepressor oligomerization and repression in vivo.
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Urbanová, Zdeňka, and Jaroslav Urban. "Attelabus Nitens (Scop.) – an Abundant but Biologically Little Known Species from the Family of Attelabidae (Coleoptera)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 5 (2016): 1675–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664051675.
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The study deals with the biology of Attelabus nitens (Scop.) in the Brno region. In the growing season of 2014, 35 field inspections were made at 10 sites in the intervals of three‑to‑seven days. Leaf rolls were found on Quercus petraea, Q. dalechampii, Q. robur, Q. pubescens and Q. cerris, rarely on Castanea sativa. Hibernating in the shed leaf rolls are larvae of the second instar. These pupate in the rolls during the second half of April and beginning of May. At the turn of April and May, beetles fly onto host woody plants of the 1st age class. They damage about 30 cm2 of leaves in two months. Females create about 30 leaf rolls into which they lay 1 to 5 (on average 1.1) eggs. The species develops through two larval instars, which damage 1.7 to 2.3 cm2 of leaves and come of age towards the end of the growing season. On the primary shoots of oaks (with relatively large leaves), the females rolled below‑average sized leaves. On the secondary shoots (with relatively small leaves), they rolled leaves of average to above‑average size. The female gnaws a deep mine into the main vein (in a third of its length) from the adaxial side first. Then she makes a cross cut into the blade from both sides up to the main vein, which is damaged only on the surface. Into thicker sections of veins she bites out (mainly from the abaxial side) on average 350 cross cuts. Only then, the female folds the wilted leaf part adaxially along the main vein and after having laid an egg (eggs), she rolls the blade from the end into a transversal cylindrical roll. On the leaves of Quercus spp. with an average area of 14.3 cm2, the females roll on average 11.9 cm2 (83.2 %). During the growing period, 36 % of individuals died in the leaf rolls on primary shoots and 28 % of individuals died in the leaf rolls on secondary shoots.
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Gururajan, Srikanth, and Ye Bai. "Autonomous “Figure-8” Flights of a Quadcopter: Experimental Datasets." Data 4, no. 1 (March 9, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010039.
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This article describes the data acquired from multiple flights of a custom-built quadcopter. The Quadcopter was programmed to fly a pre-defined “Figure-8” flight path, at a constant altitude. The data set includes flights with a varying number of waypoints (10 and 15 waypoints in each lobe of the “Figure-8”) and at two different velocities (1.5 and 2.5 m/s). The data also contains information on the output of the flight controller in terms of the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals to each of the four Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC) driving the motors, the recorded outputs of the Inertial Measurement Unit (linear accelerations ax, ay, az and angular velocities p, q, r), GPS data (Latitude, Longitude, altitude, Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) and Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP). The data are included as Supplemental Material.
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Badabagni, Chiranjeevi, and Neetin Ramdas Patange. "Field screening of pigeonpea for their resistance against Melanagromyza obtusa (Diptera: Agromyzidae)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 7 (October 6, 2020): 1226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i7.105565.
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Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) has been recorded for the first time on pigeonpea at Nagpur, India and named as 'tur pod fly'. It is a monophagous species and devours the developing seeds of pigeonpea crop. It was reported to infest 12 to 100% pods causing losses of 2.4-95.0% on seed or grain (=250000 tonnes by weight) and are estimated at US $ 256 million annually. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Agricultural Research Station, Badnapur (VNMKV), India during kharif 2015-16 to source some promising pigeonpea genotypes against M. obtusa. The present investigations revealed the population of M. obtusa on 20 genotypes ranged from 0.00-277.64 maggots per 100 pods; pod and grain damage were ranging from 0.00-89.75 and 0.00-82.02%. The highest M. obtusa population, pod and grain damage was recorded in BRG-2 (277.64 maggots and 101.26 pupae per 100 pods; and 89.75 and 82.02%). On the basis of pod damage a total of five, two, eight, four and one genotypes were categorized as highly tolerant, tolerant, moderately tolerant, susceptible and highly susceptible; for grain damage these were seven, seven, three, two and one, respectively. The maximum yield was recorded from BDN-2010-1 (22.33 q/ha), followed by V-127 (21.61 q/ha). However, Cajanus scarabaeoides showed no maggot and pupal population, pod and grain damage by M. obtusa indicating its virtue of genetic resistance and it can be used in breeding programmes to develop resistant cultivars for farmer’s welfare.
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Peitl, Tomáš, Friedrich Slivovsky, and Stefan Szeider. "Dependency Learning for QBF." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 65 (June 18, 2019): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11529.
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Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBFs) can be used to succinctly encode problems from domains such as formal verification, planning, and synthesis. One of the main approaches to QBF solving is Quantified Conflict Driven Clause Learning (QCDCL). By default, QCDCL assigns variables in the order of their appearance in the quantifier prefix so as to account for dependencies among variables. Dependency schemes can be used to relax this restriction and exploit independence among variables in certain cases, but only at the cost of nontrivial interferences with the proof system underlying QCDCL. We introduce dependency learning, a new technique for exploiting variable independence within QCDCL that allows solvers to learn variable dependencies on the fly. The resulting version of QCDCL enjoys improved propagation and increased flexibility in choosing variables for branching while retaining ordinary (long-distance) Q-resolution as its underlying proof system. We show that dependency learning can achieve exponential speedups over ordinary QCDCL. Experiments on standard benchmark sets demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique.
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ALBANESI, M., and M. FERRETTI. "SYSTOLIC MERGING AND RANKING OF VOTES FOR THE GENERALIZED HOUGH TRANSFORM." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 09, no. 02 (April 1995): 315–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001495000158.
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In this paper we present and analyze a systolic structure to support the Generalized Hough Transform. Among the structural methods for object recognition, this transform is well established for its flexibility and noise immunity. Its use in actual systems has been however limited by the computational cost associated with the management of votes. Previous work has shown that a limited amount of memory can substitute the large address space required for building the histogram of votes. The systolic queue here introduced substitutes the address space required in a M- dimensional voting process, where the quantization of each dimension into Q bins yields a space complexity O(QM). An N-stage queue uses 3 M log(Q) memory bits at each stage and is capable of accumulating the incoming votes on the fly. The flow of data within the queue is designed to minimize the probability that new votes are lost because of overflow. We derive analytic expressions for the growth of the queue during the set-up period and for the time each new vote spends within the queue if it is not accumulated; furthermore, we show the conditions for the arrival times of a couple of coincident addresses to be detected and merged. The analysis of the time behaviour of the queue supports the experimental evidence that such a structure performs the accumulating process very reliably. A VLSI integrated circuit embedding a 50-stage queue is the third in a chip-set for the real time implementation of the Generalized Hough Transform.
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Putra, Teuku Devansyah, Eldina Fatimah, and Azmeri Azmeri. "PENGARUH PILAR JEMBATAN PANGO TERHADAP POLA ALIRAN SUNGAI KRUENG ACEH." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 1005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v1i4.10062.
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Abstract: Pango Fly Over is located in the coordinate of 50 32' 07.32" LU (North Latitude) and 950 20' 52.90” BT (East Longitude) on Pango Village, Ulee Kareng Sub District, Banda Aceh. This bridge was built across Krueng Aceh River and the pillars were built in the river so that it narrows the river cross section and affecting the increasing of flow velocity. From the research location observation, it is found that the bridge pillars cause the more narrowing of the river cross section and there is the damage of the riverbank around the river bend located in the downstream of the pillars. If there is no further follow up, it will erode the national road. This research aims to find out flow pattern without and with the pillars, and to know the flow pattern behavior in the river bend. This research uses Surface Water Modeling System (SMS Version 11.2) Program. The length of the river reviewed is ± 500 meters. The flow discharge used in this research is the flood discharge which the period is Q – 100 and the value is 627.74 m³/second (passing the Pango Fly Over). From the result of the flow patter simulations, it is obtained that the maximum flow velocity without the pillars found in the middle location of V3 reviewed point on the distance 45 m from the riverbank is 0.45 m/sec and maximum flow velocity with the pillars found in the middle location of V3 reviewed point on the distance 33 m from the riverbank is 0.35/sec. In the outer bend of the flow pattern simulation result without pillars, it is obtained that the maximum velocity found in V6 reviewd location on the distance 50 m is 0.83 m/sec in the left side of the flow.Meanwhile in the downstream of the bend, the maximum velocity wit the bridge pillars found in V6 reviewd location on the distance 50 m is 0.95 m/det in the left side of the flow. In the bridge pillars downstream location, there is the river bend required the riverbank reinforcement and the riverbed reinforcement in order to avoid the erosion in the riverbank, because it will endanger the public facilities. Abstrak: Jembatan fly over Pango berada pada koordinat 50 32' 07.32" LU dan 950 20' 52.90” BT terletak di desa Pango Kecamatan Ulee Kareng kota Banda Aceh. Jembatan ini di bangun melintang Sungai Krueng Aceh dan pilar jembatan dibangun pada sungai sehingga terjadi penyempitan penampang sungai yang menyebabkan kecepatan aliran bertambah, Dari tinjauan lokasi penelitian pilar jembatan semakin mengalami penyempitan penampang sungai dan terjadi kerusakan tebing di sekitar belokan sungai yang berada di hilir jembatan. Bila tidak segera di tindak lanjuti akan berdampak tergerusnya jalan nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola aliran tanpa adanya pilar dengan adanya pilar serta untuk mengetahui perilaku pola aliran yang terjadi pada belokan sungai. Penelitian ini menggunakan program Surfacewater Modeling System (SMS. Versi 11.2). Panjang sungai yang di tinjau ± 500 meter. Debit aliran yang digunakan pada penelitian ini mengunakan debit banjir periode ulang Q-100 tahunan yaitu 627,74 m³/detik (yang melewati jembatan fly over Pango). Dari hasil simulasi pola aliran didapatkan besaran kecepatan aliran tanpa pilar pada lokasi tengah aliran pada titik tinjauan V3 dengan jarak 45 m dari tanggul sungai kecepatan maksimumnya 0,45 m/det dan besaran kecepatan aliran dengan adanya pilar jembatan pada lokasi tengah pilar pada titik tinjauan V3 dengan jarak 33 m dari tanggul sungai kecepatan maksimumnya 0,35 m/det. Pada belokan luar dari hasil simulasi kecepatan aliran tanpa pilar besaran kecepatan maksimum pada titik tinjau V6 dengan jarak 50 m yaitu 0,83 m/det pada kiri aliran. Sedangkan di hilir belokan pada titik tinjau V6 dengan jarak 50 m dengan adanya pilar jembatan besaran kecepatan maksimum yaitu 0,95 m/det kiri aliran. Pada hilir pilar jembatan terdapat belokan sungai yang memerlukan perkuatan tebing dan perkuatan dasar agar tidak terjadi erosi di tebing sungai, sebab hal ini dapat membahayakan terhadap fasilitas umum.
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Dong, Runnan, Shi Liu, and Geng Liang. "Research on Control Parameters for Voltage Source Inverter Output Controllers of Micro-Grids Based on the Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071327.
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Due to the strong intermittency of micro-resources, the poor grid-tied power quality, and the high generation-demand sensitivity in micro-grids, research into the control methods of micro-grid systems has always been a notable issue in the field of micro-grids. The inverter is the core control equipment at the primary control level of the micro-grid, and the key factors affecting its output performance can be divided into three categories: control methods, hardware configuration, and control parameter design. Taking the classical active and reactive power (P-Q) control structure and the three-phase, two-stage inverter topology model as an example, this paper designs a parameter for offline tuning, and an online self-tuning optimization method for an inverter control system based on the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA). By simulating and comparing the inverter controllers with non-optimized parameters in the same object and environment, the designed parameter tuning method is verified. Specifically, it improves the dynamic response speed of the inverter controller, reduces the steady-state error and oscillation, and enhances the dynamic response performance of the controller.
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Kamitsou, Maria D., Dimitra G. Kanellopoulou, Angeliki Christogerou, and George N. Angelopoulos. "A Contribution towards a More Sustainable Cement: Synergy of Mill Scales, Greek Wet Fly Ash, Conventional Raw Materials and Clinkering Temperature." Minerals 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030324.
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Portland cement is the most common type of cement and one of the most important ingredients in concrete. Concrete, on the other hand, is the most used building material worldwide just behind the water with an increasing usage trend in infrastructure for the upcoming years. During the production process of cement, massive CO2 emissions are released into the environment, while large amounts of raw materials and energy are consumed. In the present study, Portland type cement was prepared in laboratory-scale by Greek Wet Fly Ash and Mill Scales, as well as conventional raw materials such as limestone, shale and lava. The experiments were conducted at 1450 °C and 1340 °C. The fired compositions were characterized by XRD, Q–XRD, optical microscopy, SEM/EDS and the concrete specimens were tested for their compressive strength. The results indicated that formation of cement clinker at lower temperatures (1340 °C) is feasible with the combined use of natural raw materials and industrial byproducts following the standard production route of cement industries. Finally, the so-obtained cement presented compressive strength values comparable to the conventional ones fired at 1450 °C.
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Zhu, Zhenghao, Ivan Popov, Alexei P. Sokolov, and Stephen J. Paddison. "Mechanistic Insights into Proton Transport in Pure and Aqueous Phosphoric Acid." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 57 (October 9, 2022): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02572178mtgabs.
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The transport of protons plays a key role in a variety of electrochemical processes and technologies. There are two major mechanisms underlying proton transport: the vehicular mechanism where a protonic defect moves with the aid of a molecular entity; and the ‘Grotthuss mechanism’ where a proton diffuses by being transferred between ‘chains’ of host molecules via elementary reactions within the hydrogen bond networks. The latter is regarded as the most efficient proton conductivity mechanism. Although Grotthuss proposed this concept more than 200 years ago, only indirect experimental evidence of the mechanism has thus far been reported. Recently, we observed the first direct experimental observation of proton transfer between the molecules in pure and 85% aqueous phosphoric acid by employing dielectric spectroscopy, and quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). Complementary to these experiments, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were performed to gain molecular insight into the underlying mechanisms of proton transport allowing for the breaking and forming of covalent bonds since it calculates the forces from electronic structure methods ‘on the fly’. We calculated the self-intermediate scattering function of the protons, indicating three processes at high Q range consisting of two fast Q-independent processes and one slow Q-dependent process, which are in good agreement with QENS results. Also, the self-part of van Hove function of the protons for the fast characteristic time shows surprisingly short proton jumps of only ~0.5 - 0.7 Å confirmed by analysis of an individual proton trajectory. Furthermore, AIMD demonstrates that proton hopping plays an essential role in the long-range proton diffusion through the breaking and forming of hydrogen bonds. Our analysis confirmed the strong proton-proton correlations in these proton jumps. However, this correlated proton transport unexpectedly leads to a decrease of conductivity in these systems. Based on these results, we propose that the expected Grotthuss-like enhancement mechanism of conductivity cannot be realized in bulk liquids where ionic correlations always reduce conductivity, most likely because of the requirement for the momentum conservation. Our findings will propel the design of electrochemical materials with proton transfers involved in charge transport for achieving high proton conductivity in electrochemical applications including fuel cells.
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Miloudi, Salim, Yulin Wang, and Wenjia Ding. "An Improved Similarity-Based Clustering Algorithm for Multi-Database Mining." Entropy 23, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050553.
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Clustering algorithms for multi-database mining (MDM) rely on computing (n2−n)/2 pairwise similarities between n multiple databases to generate and evaluate m∈[1,(n2−n)/2] candidate clusterings in order to select the ideal partitioning that optimizes a predefined goodness measure. However, when these pairwise similarities are distributed around the mean value, the clustering algorithm becomes indecisive when choosing what database pairs are considered eligible to be grouped together. Consequently, a trivial result is produced by putting all the n databases in one cluster or by returning n singleton clusters. To tackle the latter problem, we propose a learning algorithm to reduce the fuzziness of the similarity matrix by minimizing a weighted binary entropy loss function via gradient descent and back-propagation. As a result, the learned model will improve the certainty of the clustering algorithm by correctly identifying the optimal database clusters. Additionally, in contrast to gradient-based clustering algorithms, which are sensitive to the choice of the learning rate and require more iterations to converge, we propose a learning-rate-free algorithm to assess the candidate clusterings generated on the fly in fewer upper-bounded iterations. To achieve our goal, we use coordinate descent (CD) and back-propagation to search for the optimal clustering of the n multiple database in a way that minimizes a convex clustering quality measure L(θ) in less than (n2−n)/2 iterations. By using a max-heap data structure within our CD algorithm, we optimally choose the largest weight variable θp,q(i) at each iteration i such that taking the partial derivative of L(θ) with respect to θp,q(i) allows us to attain the next steepest descent minimizing L(θ) without using a learning rate. Through a series of experiments on multiple database samples, we show that our algorithm outperforms the existing clustering algorithms for MDM.
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Mallik, Moushami, and Subhash C. Lakhotia. "Improved Activities of CREB Binding Protein, Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins and Proteasome Following Downregulation of Noncoding hsrω Transcripts Help Suppress Poly(Q) Pathogenesis in Fly Models." Genetics 184, no. 4 (January 11, 2010): 927–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.113696.
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Thureau, Aurélien, Pierre Roblin, and Javier Pérez. "BioSAXS on the SWING beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 6 (November 16, 2021): 1698–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721008736.
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Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of proteins in solution has become a key tool for biochemists and structural biologists, thanks especially to the availability of beamlines with high-throughput capabilities at synchrotron sources. Despite the large spectrum of scientific disciplines tackled on the SWING beamline since its opening in 2008, there has always been a strong commitment to offering state-of-the-art biological SAXS (BioSAXS) instrumentation and data reduction methods to the scientific community. The extremely reliable in-vacuum EigerX-4M detector allows collection of an unlimited number of frames without noise. A small beamstop including a diamond diode-based monitor enables measurements of the transmitted intensity with 0.1% precision as well as a q max/q min ratio as large as 140 at a single distance. The parasitic scattering has been strongly reduced by the installation of new hybrid blades. A new thermally controlled in-vacuum capillary holder including fibre-optics-based spectroscopic functionalities allows the simultaneous use of three spectroscopic techniques in addition to SAXS measurements. The addition of a second high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) circuit has virtually eliminated the waiting time associated with column equilibration. The easy in-line connection of a multi-angle light scattering spectrometer and a refractometer allows for an independent determination of the molecular mass and of the concentration of low-UV-absorption samples such as detergents and sugars, respectively. These instrumental improvements are combined with important software developments. The HPLC injection Agilent software is controlled by the SAXS beamline acquisition software, allowing a virtually unlimited series of automated SAXS measurements to be synchronized with the sample injections. All data-containing files and reports are automatically stored in the same folders, with names related to both the user and sample. In addition, all raw SAXS images are processed automatically on the fly, and the analysed data are stored in the ISPyB database and made accessible via a web page.
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Çetin, Ender, Cristina Barrado, and Enric Pastor. "Countering a Drone in a 3D Space: Analyzing Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228863.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as drones have been used for a variety of reasons and the commercial drone market growth is expected to reach remarkable levels in the near future. However, some drone users can mistakenly or intentionally fly into flight paths at major airports, flying too close to commercial aircraft or invading people’s privacy. In order to prevent these unwanted events, counter-drone technology is needed to eliminate threats from drones and hopefully they can be integrated into the skies safely. There are various counter-drone methods available in the industry. However, a counter-drone system supported by an artificial intelligence (AI) method can be an efficient way to fight against drones instead of human intervention. In this paper, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method has been proposed to counter a drone in a 3D space by using another drone. In a 2D space it is already shown that the deep reinforcement learning method is an effective way to counter a drone. However, countering a drone in a 3D space with another drone is a very challenging task considering the time required to train and avoid obstacles at the same time. A Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm with dueling network architecture and prioritized experience replay is presented to catch another drone in the environment provided by an Airsim simulator. The models have been trained and tested with different scenarios to analyze the learning progress of the drone. Experiences from previous training are also transferred before starting a new training by pre-processing the previous experiences and eliminating those considered as bad experiences. The results show that the best models are obtained with transfer learning and the drone learning progress has been increased dramatically. Additionally, an algorithm which combines imitation learning and reinforcement learning is implemented to catch the target drone. In this algorithm, called deep q-learning from demonstrations (DQfD), expert demonstrations data and self-generated data by the agent are sampled and the agent continues learning without overwriting the demonstration data. The main advantage of this algorithm is to accelerate the learning process even if there is a small amount of demonstration data.
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Higareda Alvear, Victor Manuel, Mariana Mateos, Diego Cortez, Cecilia Tamborindeguy, and Esperanza Martinez-Romero. "Differential gene expression in a tripartite interaction: Drosophila, Spiroplasma and parasitic wasps." PeerJ 9 (March 4, 2021): e11020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11020.
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Background Several facultative bacterial symbionts of insects protect their hosts against natural enemies. Spiroplasma poulsonii strain sMel (hereafter Spiroplasma), a male-killing heritable symbiont of Drosophila melanogaster, confers protection against some species of parasitic wasps. Several lines of evidence suggest that Spiroplasma-encoded ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are involved in the protection mechanism, but the potential contribution of the fly-encoded functions (e.g., immune response), has not been deeply explored. Methods Here we used RNA-seq to evaluate the response of D. melanogaster to infection by Spiroplasma and parasitism by the Spiroplasma-susceptible wasp Leptopilina heterotoma, and the Spiroplasma-resistant wasp Ganaspis sp. In addition, we used quantitative (q)PCR to evaluate the transcript levels of the Spiroplasma-encoded Ribosomal inactivation protein (RIP) genes. Results In the absence of Spiroplasma infection, we found evidence of Drosophila immune activation by Ganaspis sp., but not by L. heterotoma, which in turn negatively influenced functions associated with male gonad development. As expected for a symbiont that kills males, we detected extensive downregulation in the Spiroplasma-infected treatments of genes known to have male-biased expression. We detected very few genes whose expression patterns appeared to be influenced by the Spiroplasma-L. heterotoma interaction, and these genes are not known to be associated with immune response. For most of these genes, parasitism by L. heterotoma (in the absence of Spiroplasma) caused an expression change that was at least partly reversed when both L. heterotoma and Spiroplasma were present. It is unclear whether such genes are involved in the Spiroplasma-mediated mechanism that leads to wasp death and/or fly rescue. Nonetheless, the expression pattern of some of these genes, which reportedly undergo expression shifts during the larva-to-pupa transition, is suggestive of an influence of Spiroplasma on the development time of L. heterotoma-parasitized flies. One of the five RIP genes (RIP2) was consistently highly expressed independently of wasp parasitism, in two substrains of sMel. Finally, the RNAseq data revealed evidence consistent with RIP-induced damage in the ribosomal (r)RNA of the Spiroplasma-susceptible, but not the Spiroplasma-resistant, wasp. Acknowledging the caveat that we lacked adequate power to detect the majority of DE genes with fold-changes lower than 3, we conclude that immune priming is unlikely to contribute to the Spiroplasma-mediated protection against wasps, and that the mechanism by which Ganaspis sp. resists/tolerates Spiroplasma does not involve inhibition of RIP transcription.
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Yang, Jidong, Jianping Huang, Hejun Zhu, Zhenchun Li, and Nanxun Dai. "Viscoacoustic reverse time migration with a robust space-wavenumber domain attenuation compensation operator." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (August 31, 2021): S339—S353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0608.1.
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Intrinsic attenuation gives rise to phase dispersion and amplitude loss during seismic wave propagation. Not correcting these effects in seismic imaging can result in inaccurate reflector locations, dimmed amplitudes, and degraded spatial resolution. In reverse time migration (RTM), attenuation compensation can be implemented by reversing the sign of the dissipation term and keeping the dispersion term unchanged for backward wavefield extrapolation. Although this Q-compensated RTM scheme can effectively correct attenuation effects, amplitude amplification during backpropagation might lead to numerical instabilities, especially for field data with strong high-frequency noise. To mitigate this problem, we have developed a robust space-wavenumber compensation operator and applied it to viscoacoustic RTM. By analyzing the dispersion-only and viscoacoustic Green’s functions, we obtain an analytical solution for the attenuation compensation operator in a homogeneous medium. Because it is a time-frequency operator, to apply it directly in viscoacoustic RTM requires access to the extrapolated wavefields within a certain time window. To avoid storing the wavefields and improve the computational efficiency, we use an approximated dispersion relation and convert the time-frequency operator to an equivalent space-wavenumber operator, which allows us to implement attenuation compensation on the fly during wavefield extrapolation. The hybrid-domain property of the operator enables us to account for the wavenumber-dependent compensation. A similar strategy also can be applied to the migrated images as a poststack processing approach, which is more efficient than the prestack compensation. Two synthetic and one land field data set examples demonstrate the feasibility and adaptability of our method.
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Irtiseva, Kristine, Marika Mosina, Anastasija Tumilovica, Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis, Viktors Mironovs, Jurijs Ozolins, Valentina Stepanova, and Andrei Shishkin. "Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041306.
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Among the various methods for collecting oil spills and oil products, including from the water surface, one of the most effective is the use of sorbents. In this work, three-component bio-based composite granular adsorbents were produced and studied for oil products’ pollution collection. A bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber from used tyres, and part fly ash as cenospheres were used for absorbent production. The structure, surface morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and sorption kinetics of the obtained samples were studied. Composite hydrophobicity and sorption capacity to oil products, such as diesel fuel (DF) and motor oil (MO), were determined. The obtained pellets are characterised by a sufficiently pronounced ability to absorb oil products such as DF. As the amount of CR in the granules increases, the diesel absorption capacity increases significantly. The case of 30-70-0 is almost three times higher than the granules from homogenised peat. The increase in q is due to two factors: the pronounced surface hydrophobicity of the samples (Θ = 152°) and a heterogeneous porous granule structure. The presence of the cenosphere in the biocomposite reduces its surface hydrophobicity while increasing the diesel absorption capacity. Relatively rapid realisation of the maximum saturation by the MO was noted. In common, the designed absorbent shows up to 0.7 g·g−1 sorption capacity for MO and up to 1.55 g·g−1 sorption capacity for diesel. A possible mechanism of DF absorption and the limiting stages of the process approximated for different kinetic models are discussed. The Weber–Morris diffusion model is used to primarily distinguish the limiting effect of the external and internal diffusion of the adsorbate on the absorption process.
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Lee, Seokjin, Minhan Kim, Seunghyeon Shin, Sooyoung Park, and Youngho Jeong. "Data-Dependent Feature Extraction Method Based on Non-Negative Matrix Factorization for Weakly Supervised Domestic Sound Event Detection." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2021): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031040.
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In this paper, feature extraction methods are developed based on the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to be applied in weakly supervised sound event detection. Recently, the development of various features and systems have been attempted to tackle the problems of acoustic scene classification and sound event detection. However, most of these systems use data-independent spectral features, e.g., Mel-spectrogram, log-Mel-spectrum, and gammatone filterbank. Some data-dependent feature extraction methods, including the NMF-based methods, recently demonstrated the potential to tackle the problems mentioned above for long-term acoustic signals. In this paper, we further develop the recently proposed NMF-based feature extraction method to enable its application in weakly supervised sound event detection. To achieve this goal, we develop a strategy for training the frequency basis matrix using a heterogeneous database consisting of strongly- and weakly-labeled data. Moreover, we develop a non-iterative version of the NMF-based feature extraction method so that the proposed feature extraction method can be applied as a part of the model structure similar to the modern “on-the-fly” transform method for the Mel-spectrogram. To detect the sound events, the temporal basis is calculated using the NMF method and then used as a feature for the mean-teacher-model-based classifier. The results are improved for the event-wise post-processing method. To evaluate the proposed system, simulations of the weakly supervised sound event detection were conducted using the Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events 2020 Task 4 database. The results reveal that the proposed system has F1-score performance comparable with the Mel-spectrogram and gammatonegram and exhibits 3–5% better performance than the log-Mel-spectrum and constant-Q transform.
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Galeana-López, José Andrés, Crisantema Hernández, Nayely Leyva-López, Cynthia Esmeralda Lizárraga-Velázquez, Erika Yazmín Sánchez-Gutiérrez, and José Basilio Heredia. "Corn husk extracts as an antioxidant additive in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings: Effect on growth performance, feed intake and toxicity//Extractos de hoja de mazorca de maíz como aditivo antioxidante en dietas para juveniles de tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus): Efectos sobre el crecimiento, el consumo de alimento y la toxicidad." Biotecnia 22, no. 2 (March 21, 2020): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v22i2.1256.
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Corn stover, a corn harvest by-product, can be used to add value to feeds for farmed fish through their extracts, which are rich in phenolic compounds (PCs) and could confer antioxidant properties and possible health benefits to fish. In this study, PCs from corn husk extracts (CHE) were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of fly-mass spectroscopy (UPLCESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS), and used to provide antioxidant potential to diets for Nile tilapia fingerlings. Three experimental diets for tilapia were formulated with 0, 100 and 200 mg PCs from CHE/kg feed and their antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH• and ORAC assays. A total of 180 Nile tilapia fingerlings (0.35 ± 0.06 g) were fed for 14 days to determine the effect of experimental diets on feed intake and growth performance. PCs from CHE such as ferulic, p-coumaric and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant. The inclusion of PCs into tilapia diets increases linearly (p < 0.05) their antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ORAC). Growth performance and feed intake increased linearly (p < 0.05) as the level of CHE inclusion increased. Results suggest that the CHE can provide antioxidant potential to tilapia diets, promote growth performance and feed intake without toxic effects.RESUMENLa mazorca de maíz, un subproducto de la cosecha de maíz, puede usarse para agregar valor a los alimentos para peces de cultivo a través de sus extractos, que son ricos en compuestos fenólicos (PCs) y los cuales podrían conferir propiedades antioxidantes y posibles beneficios a la salud de los peces. En este estudio, las PCs de los extractos de cáscara de maíz (CHE) se identificaron mediante cromatografía líquida de ultra resolución-tiempo de vuelo con cuadrupolo acoplado a espectrometría de masas con ionización por electrospray (UPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS), y se utilizaron para proporcionar potencial antioxidante a las dietas para alevines de tilapia del Nilo. Se formularon tres dietas experimentales para tilapia con 0, 100 y 200 mg de PCs de CHE/kg de alimento y su capacidad antioxidante se determinó mediante ensayos DPPH• y ORAC. Se alimentaron un total de 180 alevines de tilapia del Nilo (0.35 ± 0.06 g) durante 14 días para determinar el efecto de las dietas experimentales, sobre el consumo de alimento y el crecimiento. Los PCs de CHE como los ácidos ferúlico, p-cumárico y clorogénico fueron las más abundantes. La inclusión de PCs en las dietas para tilapia, aumenta linealmente (p <0.05) su capacidad antioxidante (DPPH• y ORAC). El crecimiento y el consumo de alimento aumentaron linealmente (p <0.05) a medida que aumentó el nivel de inclusión de CHE. Los resultados sugieren que el CHE puede proporcionar potencial antioxidante a las dietas para tilapia y promover el crecimiento y el consumo de alimento de esta especie sin efectos tóxicos.
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WHITEMAN, KIMBERLY FLEMING, and Kimberly Fleming Whiteman. "Q “WHY BOTHER ABOUT FLU SHOTS?”." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 87, no. 11 (November 1987): 1408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198711000-00008.
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Webby, Richard. "Q&A: The flu catcher." Nature 480, no. 7376 (December 2011): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/480s4a.
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&NA;. "Is it flu—or Q fever?" Nursing 41, no. 1 (January 2011): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000391357.30175.3b.
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