Journal articles on the topic 'Pyu'
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Kyaw, T., and A. Hoosen. "Obituary: Dr Pyu Pyu Sein (1951–2008)." Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 24, no. 2 (January 2009): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2009.11441340.
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Miyake, Marc. "Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 11, no. 1-2 (November 20, 2018): 34–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-01101008.
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The extinct Pyu language was spoken during the first millennium CE and the early centuries of the second millennium CE in what is now Upper Burma. Pyu appears to be Sino-Tibetan on the basis of its basic vocabulary. It survives in inscriptions in an Indic script. This study reconstructs Pyu rhymes on the basis of spellings in those inscriptions and concludes that Pyu was an atonal language with 7 vowels and 18 final consonants. Some previous scholars have interpreted the subscript dots of the Pyu script as tone markers, but this study argues that they indicate fricative initials.
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Miyake, Marc. "A first look at Pyu grammar." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 42, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 150–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.18013.miy.
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Abstract Pyu, an extinct Sino-Tibetan language once spoken in what is now Upper Burma, remains barely explored beyond the level of transliterating texts and the identification of individual words. Knowledge of Pyu grammar has advanced little over the past century. This article (1) presents a methodology for discovering the syntax of Pyu, (2) identifies five word classes and their combinatorial properties, (3) lists all known grammatical morphemes with notes on usage, (4) formulates rules of word order, and (5) demonstrates how all of the above can elucidate the meaning of a previously undeciphered Pyu inscription. Over 200 examples are provided.
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Miyake, Marc. "Studies in Pyu phonology, I." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 22, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 28–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00077.miy.
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Abstract The extinct Pyu language was spoken during the first millennium CE and the early centuries of the second millennium CE in what is now Upper Burma. It has been classified as Sino-Tibetan on the basis of basic vocabulary, but its precise position within the family remains unknown. It survives in inscriptions in an Indic script. In this study, the first of its kind, I begin to reconstruct Pyu phonology on the basis of spellings in those inscriptions. I propose that Pyu was a sesquisyllabic language with 7 preinitials and 43 or 44 initials.
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Stargardt, Janice. "From the Iron Age to early cities at Sri Ksetra and Beikthano, Myanmar." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 47, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463416000230.
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This article traces the evolutionary record of urbanism at two sites in Myanmar: their transition from late prehistory inc. second to first century BCE to proto-urban and fully urban development at Sri Ksetra and Beikthano by the mid-first millennium CE. The Pyu cities are remarkable because of their spatial continuity, for their early achievements in water control, iron production, ritual and domestic ceramics, brick monumental architecture, rich funerary culture, literacy and adoption of Buddhism on both elite and popular levels. Though the radiocarbon dates for Pyu urbanism are at present earlier, they share many features with other urbanising societies in mainland Southeast Asia, where new chronologies are emerging for social and economic complexity at Dvaravati, Pre-Angkorian and Co Loa sites. The article provides new and specific evidence on the dates and types of contacts between the Pyu, India, and other areas of Southeast Asia to interrogate the meaning of Indianisation in Southeast Asia.
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Kircaburun, Kagan, Sabah Balta, Emrah Emirtekin, Şule Betül Tosuntas, Zsolt Demetrovics, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Compensatory Usage of the Internet: The Case of Mukbang Watching on YouTube." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 4 (April 25, 2021): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0340.
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Objective Accumulating empirical research has emphasized that a wide range of online activities–such as using social networking sites–can be performed in order to compensate unattained needs or to cope with negative affect and psychopathological symptoms. Although the correlates of problematic social networking use have been extensively investigated, less is known about problematic YouTube use (PYU), an umbrella term grouping a number of different activities (e.g., viewing of online video games, watching specific YouTube channels). Furthermore, nothing is known concerning increasingly popular and distinct YouTube-related activities such as mukbang watching (i.e., watching livestream “eating broadcasts” where someone eats various foods in front of the camera while interacting with viewers). The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of problematic mukbang watching (PMW) on the relationships between depression and loneliness with PYU.Methods An online survey that comprised assessment tools for aforementioned variables was administered to 217 mukbang viewers (mean age=20.58 years, range 18–33 years).Results Results indicated that PMW was positively related to loneliness and PYU. Depression was positively and directly associated with PYU but was not associated with PMW.Conclusion Further research is required to better understand the psychological processes underlying problematic mukbang watching and its association with other mental health conditions (e.g., addictive disorders, eating disorders).
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Boisvert, Mathieu. "A Socio-cultural Analysis of the Burmese Shin pyu Ceremony." Journal of Beliefs & Values 21, no. 2 (October 2000): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713675499.
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Pyun, Danielle O., and Kyung-Eun Yoon. "Discourse functions of Korean ‘yes’ words." Korean Linguistics 18, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 48–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.00013.pyu.
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Abstract This study examines discourse functions of Korean ‘yes’ words from an interactional perspective based on naturally-occurring conversation data. Tokens of yey, ney, ey, ung, um, and e in Korean are widely recognized as affirmative responses. A close examination of these tokens, however, reveals wide-ranging interactional functions through which speakers express active engagement, share information, negotiate meaning, and maintain discourse coherence. The present study identifies a total of fifteen discourse-pragmatic functions of Korean ‘yes’ words: (1) affirmative answer, (2) confirmation, (3) acceptance, (4) agreement, (5) answer to summons, (6) acknowledgement, (7) change-of-state, (8) change-of-activity, (9) response solicitation, (10) reinforcement, (11) other initiation of repair, (12) closing of phone call, (13) continuer, (14) proposal to discontinue the on-going action for the sake of a larger course of action, and (15) arguably hesitation marker. This study demonstrates that the interactional approach enables the discovery of varied discourse functions of a type of linguistic items, which may not be readily available in dictionaries or grammar reference guides.
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Song, Weifang, Pan Wu, Jianzhong Liu, Junhai Li, Zepeng Wang, Qinping Tan, Zhuojun Xie, and Lulin Zheng. "Genesis of the Tangshang Au Deposit in Southeast Yunnan Province, China: Constraints from In Situ Chemical and S-Sr Isotope Analyses." Minerals 12, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070806.
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The Yunnan–Guizhou–Guangxi district (also known as the Dian–Qian–Gui “Golden Triangle”) in southwestern China contains numerous Carlin-type Au deposits (CTGDs). However, the sources of Au and Au-bearing fluids in these deposits remain controversial. The Tangshang Au deposit is a middle-sized CTGD in southeastern Yunnan Province. This study involved in situ chemical and S isotope analyses of sulfides and in situ trace elemental and Sr isotope analyses of ore-related calcite; these data were used to trace the sources of fluids and Au, as well as the genesis of this deposit. Four pyrite types (Py1, Py2, Py3, and Py4) and two arsenopyrite types (Apy1 and Apy2) were identified based on their textural characteristics. It was found that Py1 contains relatively lower Au, Sb, Cu, and Tl contents than those of Py2, Py3, and Py4. Py1 is wrapped by rim-Py2 and Py3, which indicates an early-ore-stage genesis. The Carlin-type mineralization elements are elevated in the pyrites (Au = 3.04–38.1 ppm; As = 40,932–65,833 ppm; Tl = 0 to 3.3 ppm; Sb = 1.2 to 343 ppm; and Cu = 10 to 102 ppm), and the average Co/Ni ratio is 0.54. Additionally, Au has a positive correlation with Tl and Cu. The high concentrations of As and Au in all types of pyrite indicate that the ore-forming fluids are rich in both elements. The sulfides in the ores were shown to produce similar S isotope ratios, which are obviously higher than the S isotope value of sulfide (~0‰) in Emeishan basalt; therefore, the integration of these and elemental composition data indicated that all pyrites (Py1, Py2, Py3, and Py4) form during the ore stage. These results also demonstrate that the δ34S values of the Au-bearing fluids are higher than those of basalt wall rocks. The flat chondrite-normalized REEs pattern and positive Eu anomaly of the calcite were similar to those obtained from Emeishan basalt, which suggests a reducing characteristic of hydrothermal fluids. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70557–0.70622) of calcite were also comparable to the range obtained from Emeishan basalt. Some slightly higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios, which ranged between those obtained from Emeishan basalt and limestone from the Maokou Formation, indicated that the Sr isotope ratios of the Au-bearing fluids are higher than those of Emeishan basalt. Based on data generated in the present study and the regional geology of this area, a genetic model involving a metamorphic fluid system was proposed for the Tangshang gold deposit, and a gold mineralization event related to metamorphic fluid in the south of the Dian–Qian–Gui “Golden Triangle” was indicated.
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Boisvert, Mathieu. "La cérémonie de l'ordination mineure bouddhique (shin pyu) en Birmanie et ses ramifications sociales." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 30, no. 2 (June 2001): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980103000201.
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Cet article est le résultat d'une étude sur les moinillons de la tradition theravāda birmane que nous avons effectuée au printemps 1999. Dans les pages qui vont suivre, nous analyserons l'admission temporaire de jeunes garçons au sein de l'ordre monastique bouddhique, ainsi que la cérémonie rituelle qui vient encadrer cet acte important. Cette étude nous permet également d'entrevoir le rôle éducatif que les monastères birmans (kyaung) entretenaient, d'examiner comment certains de ceux-ci se sont transformés en prahita pour accueillir les enfants ne pouvant se permettre financièrement de fréquenter l'école publique, et de jeter un regard sur la situation contemporaine de la jeune fille par rapport à la cérémonie d'admission. Afin de bien cerner le contexte bouddhiste theravāda, nous établirons des liens avec les anciens textes pālis - qui régissent toujours la tradition bouddhique birmane - , et nous nous permettrons d'effectuer, ici et là, quelques parallèles avec des sociétés bouddhiques environnantes - cinghalaise, khmère et thai.
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Liljeblad, Jonathan. "The Pyu Ancient Cities World Heritage application: lessons from Myanmar on transnational advocacy networks." Journal of Civil Society 13, no. 1 (October 24, 2016): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2016.1246138.
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Saito, Isao, Yoshio Saito, Kazuo Hanawa, Keigo Hayashi, Kaori Motegi, Subhendu Sekhar Bag, Chikara Dohno, Tomohisa Ichiba, Kazuki Tainaka, and Akimitsu Okamoto. "Highly selective fluorescent nucleobases for designing base-discriminating fluorescent probes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 12 (January 1, 2006): 2305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678122305.
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There is increasing interest in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing since they can be used as markers to identify the genes that underlie complex diseases and to realize the full potential of pharmacogenomics in analyzing variable response to drugs. Among the different methodologies for SNP genotyping, the homogenous assay is more amenable than the heterogeneous one.In this article, we will describe some of our most recently developed novel base-discriminating fluorescent (BDF) nucleosides useful for homogenous SNP typing. Our novel concept led to the investigation of a new type of pyrene-labeled BDF nucleosides PyU, PyC, 8pyA, and MePydA, which emitted strong fluorescence only when the bases opposite the BDF bases are A, G, T, and C, respectively. The DNA probes containing four different BDF bases enabled us to distinguish single-base alterations by simply mixing with a sample solution of target DNA. An example of SNP typing of c-Ha-ras SNP sequence has also been demonstrated. Detection of base insertion in insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms using pyrene excimer fluorescent probe has also been explored.
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Miles, James, Marc Miyake, and Nathan W. Hill. "The use of Reflectance Transformation Imaging in the recording and analyses of Burmese Pyu inscriptions." Archaeological Research in Asia 16 (December 2018): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2018.09.001.
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O'Connor, Richard A. "Agricultural Change and Ethnic Succession in Southeast Asian States: A Case for Regional Anthropology." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 4 (November 1995): 968–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059956.
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In the first millennium A.D. mainland Southeast Asia's first great states arise, but then in the span of a few centuries these Indianized realms collapse and their Pyu, Mon, Khmer, and Cham peoples decline. In their place Burmese, Tai, and Vietnamese states arise and go on to rule the mainland as their peoples come to dominate the second millennium. Case by case these shifts appear to be ethnic and political successions wherein the strong displace the weak, but seen together regionally the similarities suggest an agricultural change whereby an irrigated wet rice specialization from upland valleys displaced gardening and farming complexes native to the lowlands.
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Wang, Cheng, Yongjun Shao, Kuanxin Huang, Haodi Zhou, Jianguo Zhang, Zhongfa Liu, and Qingquan Liu. "Ore-Forming Processes at the Xiajinbao Gold Deposit in Eastern Hebei Province: Constraints from EPMA and LA-ICPMS Analysis." Minerals 8, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8090388.
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The Xiajinbao gold deposit is located at the northern margin of the North China Craton. Hydrothermal pyrites belonging to three stages were identified: Py1; Py2; and Py3. Geochemical study of these pyrites was conducted using electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the distributions of minor and trace elements, constrain pyrite genesis, and to obtain an improved understanding of the ore-forming processes. Py1 and Py2 contain high concentrations of Au and are interpreted to have been deposited from fluids from a dominantly magmatic source. Py3 grains have the lowest Co/Ni ratios. All generations of pyrite were deposited by mixing of meteoric waters with magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Boiling of early ore-forming fluids led to the precipitation of Py1 and gold. Decreasing fO2 in the ore-forming system resulted in the formation of Py2 and gold. Fluid mixing was the dominant controlling factor for the precipitation of Py3 together with small amounts of gold.
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Zhang, Zhichao, Yuwang Wang, Jiyu He, Dedong Li, Haicheng Qiu, Fuxing Liu, and Chunkit Lai. "Geology, Pyrite Geochemistry and Metallogenic Mechanism of the Wulong Gold Deposit in Liaodong Peninsula, North China Craton." Minerals 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121551.
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The Wulong deposit is a large gold deposit in the Liaodong peninsula (North China Craton). Silicic and pyrite alterations are well-developed in the deposit and closely related to mineralization. The least altered and silicified microdiorite samples were selected for major and trace element analyses to reveal the elemental migration/enrichment. Pyrites of stage 1 (Py1) were selected for backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses to reveal their possible metallogenic link. Mass balance calculation showed that Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, K2O, SiO2, Ag, As, Cu, and Pb were brought in, whereas MgO, Na2O, FeO, Cr, Zn, and Ni were leached out during silicification. LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses show that Py1 has higher Au and Zn contents than Py2 and Py3, Py2 has higher Au and Cu contents than Py1 and Py3, and Py3 has higher Pb, Cu, and As contents than Py1 and Py2. During the process of silicification and pyritization, the depleted H+ concentration and HS− concentration in the ore-forming fluids led to instability of the Au(HS)2− complexes and led to gold precipitation. The depleted sulfur and the reduced temperature during the precipitated of bismuthinite also led to instability of the Au(HS)2− complexes and gold precipitation.
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Chan Ko Ko, Aye, Zhang Ying, and Theint Theint Htun. "Study on Socioeconomic Impacts of Private Forest Plantations on Local Livelihood in Pyu Township, Taungoo District, Bago Region, Myanmar." International Journal of Sciences 3, no. 02 (2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijsci.1193.
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Hidayat, Muhammad Rizyan Anggra, F. X. Wagiman, and Arman Wijonarko. "Arthropod Diversity in the Tea Plantation within Several Years after Pruning in Pagilaran, Central Java." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.47172.
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The lush leaves of tea within several years after prune is expected to be followed by arthropod abundance and diversity. The study aimed to evaluate the arthropod abundance, diversity, evenness, and dominance, at the tea plantation within several years after the prune. The study was conducted at Pagilaran tea plantations, Central Java, from April to May 2018, at an altitude of 900 m asl. Arthropod samplings were done in four plots of tea plantation namely 1, 2, 3, and 4 years after pruning, hereafter they are called PY1, PY2, PY3, and PY4. The plot area was approximately 1 ha. The arthropod specimens were collected using sweep net and pitfall trap every day for 6 consecutive days. The arthropod identification and calculation were carried out in the Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Analysis of variance was applied to determine the effect of PY on the Arthropod abundance. The Shannon Wienner index, the Evenness index, and the Simpson index, were used to evaluate the arthropod diversity, evenness, and dominance, respectively. The results showed that the PY significantly affected the arthropod abundance. The arthropod number collected from PY1 (27 individuals/50 swings) was significantly lower as compared to the other PYs, while arthropod numbers amongst PY2, PY3, and PY4 (53, 93, and 67 individuals/50 swings, respectively) were relatively similar. Out of the total number of 1.432 arthropod specimens, it comprised of 10 orders at which Hemiptera was the highest order (48.04%), and 69 families at which Cicadellidae was the highest family (32.12%). Amongst specimens of Cicadellidae, there was Empoasca sp. which is an important tea pest. The Shannon Wienner index (H) of orders and families ranged from 1.24 to 2.69 indicates moderate arthropod diversity. The Evenness index (e') ranged from 0.57 to 0.91) indicates the arthropod evenly distributed. Meanwhile, the Simpson index (D) ranged 0.10 - 0.39 indicates that there was no dominance of the order or family.
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Wicks, Robert S. "The Ancient Coinage of Mainland Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (September 1985): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400008419.
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Southeast Asia's coinage during the first millenium AD is remarkably conservative and uniform. A single prototype, a silver conch and śrīvatsa coin, is the model for each mainland coinage issued over a period of more than five hundred years, from about AD 450 to 1000. (Plate 1, coin 1) Silver is by far the preferred metal for minting. Gold and copper are rarely used, and then only in late or debased issues. Most of the cointypes are limited in circulation to their place of issue, providing insight into the geographical extent of effective political control in the early states of Candra Arakan, Pyu Śrīkṣetra and Mon Dvāravatī. Weight standards are extremely variable indicating that each state had a localized currency and not one immediately acceptable on an international basis. The main exception is the Rising Sun/Śrīvatsa coinage found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Unfortunately this Rising Sun coinage cannot be attributed to any mainland state with certainty.
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Bronson, Bennet. "Burma - The Ancient Pyu of Burma. Vol. 1: Early Pyu Cities in a Man-Made Landscape. By Janice Stargardt. Cambridge: Publications on Ancient Civilization in South East Asia and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990. Pp. xxix, 416. Illustrations, Maps, Notes, Bibliography, Index." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 2 (September 1992): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006342.
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Bouihi, Fatiha, Bruno Schmaltz, Fabrice Mathevet, David Kreher, Jérôme Faure-Vincent, Ceren Yildirim, Ahmed Elhakmaoui, et al. "D-π-A-Type Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of the Functionalization Position." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 7992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227992.
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Donor–acceptor (D–A) small molecules are regarded as promising hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their tunable optoelectronic properties. This paper reports the design, synthesis and characterization of three novel isomeric D-π-A small molecules PY1, PY2 and PY3. The chemical structures of the molecules consist of a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine acceptor core functionalized with one 3,6-bis(4,4′-dimethoxydiphenylamino)carbazole (3,6-CzDMPA) donor moiety via a phenyl π-spacer at the 3, 5 and 7 positions, respectively. The isolated compounds possess suitable energy levels, sufficient thermal stability (Td > 400 °C), molecular glass behavior with Tg values in the range of 127–136 °C slightly higher than that of the reference material Spiro-OMeTAD (126 °C) and acceptable hydrophobicity. Undoped PY1 demonstrates the highest hole mobility (3 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1) compared to PY2 and PY3 (1.3 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1). The whole isomers were incorporated as doped HTMs in planar n-i-p PSCs based on double cation perovskite FA0.85Cs0.15Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3. The non-optimized device fabricated using PY1 exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.41%, similar to that obtained using the reference, Spiro-OMeTAD, which demonstrated a maximum PCE of 12.58% under the same conditions. The PY2 and PY3 materials demonstrated slightly lower performance in device configuration, with relatively moderate PCEs of 10.21% and 10.82%, respectively, and slight hysteresis behavior (−0.01 and 0.02). The preliminary stability testing of PSCs is also described. The PY1-based device exhibited better stability than the device using Spiro-OMeTAD, which could be related to its slightly superior hydrophobic character preventing water diffusion into the perovskite layer.
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Liu, Ji, Xinshang Bao, Yongbao Gao, Ke Yang, Shaolei Kou, Wei Yang, Zhanbin Wang, Jinglong He, Yixiang Zhang, and Hao Chen. "Composition and Geochemical Characteristics of Pyrite and Quartz: Constraints on the Origin of the Xinjiazui Gold Deposit, Northwestern Margin of the Yangtze Block, China." Minerals 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060688.
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The Xinjiazui gold deposit, a newly discovered deposit, is situated in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, China. The source and genesis of gold mineralization are poorly understood. It is urgent to use the H–O isotopic composition of quartz and geochemistry of pyrite to evaluate the origins of the Au and ore-forming fluids of this deposit. Three types of pyrite were identified, including synsedimentary framboidal pyrites (Py0), the directional arrangement of pyrites in pre-mineralization stage (Py1), and euhedral coarse-grain pyrites in the quartz–sulfide veins of the mineralization stage (Py2). The As content in Py2 is relatively higher than Py0 and Py1, indicating that the ore-forming fluids are strongly enriched in As. The δ34S values of Py2 (+5.50–+13.34‰) overlap with the S1–2M phyllite (+7.25‰–+8.70‰). This result is consistent with the Pb isotopic composition of Py2, showing that the source of ore-forming materials was derived from the S1–2M phyllite. Meanwhile, the variations in quartz’s H and O isotopic composition suggest that the ore-forming fluids were derived originally from metamorphic fluid. Additionally, the Au mineralization is strictly controlled by the shear zone. Above all, we would like to classify the Xinjiazui deposit as an orogenic gold deposit.
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Kouhestani, Hossein, Majid Ghaderi, Peyman Afzal, and Khin Zaw. "Classification of pyrite types using fractal and stepwise factor analyses in the Chah Zard gold-silver epithermal deposit, Central Iran." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 20, no. 4 (August 19, 2020): 496–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2020-031.
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The major target of this research is the classification of pyrite types using fractal and stepwise factor analyses in the Chah Zard ore deposit, Central Iran. The ore occurs within a breccia/vein type and the major ore mineral hosting gold mineralization is pyrite. In this study, data were selected using optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and backscattered electron observations as well as laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP–MS) analysis. Conventional interpretations represent four gold-bearing pyrite types of various textures including fractured and porous Py1, oscillatory-rimmed and simple-zoned Py2, colloform Py3 and inclusion-rich Py4. The stepwise factor process was performed on the centred log ratio (clr) transformed data in two phases and Au was grouped with As, Te, Ni and Co in the second factor from the second stage (F2-2). Also, C-N fractal modelling was performed on the As, Au, Te and F2-2 values, all of which demonstrate multifractal nature. Four populations were separated based on F2-2 values and the C-N log–log plot. The main gold mineralization starts from 32 ppm, 2.8%, 7.94 ppm and 1.26 for Au, As, Te concentrations and F2-2, respectively, based on the C-N fractal modelling. These values are correlated with inclusion-rich Py4 and simple-zoned and oscillatory-rimmed Py2. The results obtained in this study show that fractal interpretation of LA-ICP–MS data by stepwise factor analysis may provide a suitable tool for the recognition of ore mineralization in epithermal gold deposits.
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Kudrin, Maxim V., Valery Yu Fridovsky, Lena I. Polufuntikova, and Lyudmila Yu Kryuchkova. "Disseminated Gold–Sulfide Mineralization in Metasomatites of the Khangalas Deposit, Yana–Kolyma Metallogenic Belt (Northeast Russia): Analysis of the Texture, Geochemistry, and S Isotopic Composition of Pyrite and Arsenopyrite." Minerals 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040403.
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At the orogenic gold deposits of the Yana–Kolyma metallogenic belt (northeast Russia) both Au–quartz-sulfide mineralization with native gold and disseminated sulfide mineralization with invisible Au developed. The textural and mineralogical-geochemical features, isotope-geochemical characteristics of gold-bearing sulfides from proximal metasomatites, and possible forms of Au occurrence in pyrite and arsenopyrite have been studied using electron microprobe, atomic absorption, LA-ICP-MS trace element, isotope analysis, and computed microtomography. Four generations of pyrite (Py1, diagenetic; Py2, metamorphic; Py3, metasomatic; Py4, veined) and two generations of arsenopyrite (Apy1, metasomatic; Apy2, veined) have been identified at the Khangalas deposit. In the proximal metasomatites, the most common are Py3 and Apy1. Studying their chemical composition makes it possible to identify the features of the distribution patterns of typochemical trace elements in pyrite and arsenopyrite, and to establish the nature of the relationship between Au and these elements. In Py3 and Apy1, structurally bound (solid solution) Au+ prevails, isomorphically entering the crystal lattice or its defects. Isotope characteristics of hydrothermal sulfides (δ34S = −2.0 to −0.6‰) indicate that mantle/magmatic sulfur was involved in the formation of the deposit, though the participation of sulfur from the host rocks of the Verkhoyansk clastic complex cannot be ruled out. The Khangalas deposit has much in common with other gold deposits of the Yana–Kolyma metallogenic belt, and from this point of view, the results obtained will help to better reveal their gold potential and understand their origin.
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Griffiths, Arlo, Bob Hudson, Marc Miyake, and Julian Wheatley. "Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus." Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 103, no. 1 (2017): 43–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/befeo.2017.6247.
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Liljeblad, Jonathan, and Khin Thinn Thinn Oo. "World heritage sustainable development policy & local implementation: Site management issues using a case study of Sri Ksetra at Pyu ancient cities in Myanmar." Sustainable Development 28, no. 3 (January 8, 2020): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.2037.
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Peng, Hong-Wei, Hong-Rui Fan, Xuan Liu, Bo-Jie Wen, Yong-Wen Zhang, and Kai Feng. "New Insights Into the Control of Visible Gold Fineness and Deposition: A Case Study of the Sanshandao Gold Deposit, Jiaodong, China." American Mineralogist 106, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7475.
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Abstract Mineralogical distribution, textures, electron probe microanalysis of visible gold, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace element analysis of pyrite, and LA-multicollector (MC-)ICP-MS sulfur isotope analysis of sulfide minerals are examined in an ore zone extending obliquely to –4 km depth in the Sanshandao gold deposit Jiaodong, China. We relate these results to the temporal and spatial ore-forming processes in the deposit to further elucidate the controls on the deposition of visible Au and fineness variation. Two generations of Au mineralization are identified. The early generation is represented by beresitization and quartz-pyrite veins in which visible Au grains are associated with pyrite (Py1 and Py2) and are characterized by high fineness [729–961; fineness = 1000×Au/(Au+Ag)]. Py1 and Py2 are both enriched in Co, Ni, and Bi and depleted in As and Au. Texturally, gold and pyrite are pristine crystals, homogeneous in composition. These features are attributed to the sulfidation of the granitic wallrock (fluid/rock interaction) that effectively destabilizes Au in the ore-forming fluids during pyrite deposition. Fineness decreases continuously from 870 at –2650 m depth to 752 at –420 m depth. The Co and Ni contents of Py1 and Py2 decrease significantly from –4000 m to –420 m depth, whereas the As contents increase. The mean δ34S values of Py1 increase from 10.5 to 11.8‰. The spatial variations are interpreted to be related to gradual cooling, decompression, and an enhanced degree of fluid/rock interaction with decreasing depth, which facilitated the initiation of visible gold mineralization at ca. –2700 m depth. The late generation of Au mineralization is represented by quartz-polysulfide veins in which visible Au grains are associated with multiple sulfide minerals (Py3, galena, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite). It is characterized by low fineness (549–719), and heterogeneous textures with Ag-rich parts (218–421). Py3, occurring as the rim of pyrite grain, is interpreted to form by replacement via a dissolution-reprecipitation reaction. Py3 is distinctly enriched in As (median of 10 000 ppm) and Au (2.2 ppm), but depleted in Co, Ni, and Bi. The δ34S values of the polysulfide minerals decrease sharply by 4 to 5‰ at depths from –1909 to –1450 m. These features are interpreted to be generated by significant decompression and phase separation of fluid, where most ore elements (e.g., Au, Ag, As, and base metal elements) are destabilized. Our study suggests that remobilization did not affect the generation of visible Au mineralization at Sanshandao.
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Li, Chang-Ping, Jun-Feng Shen, Sheng-Rong Li, Yuan Liu, and Fu-Xing Liu. "In–Situ LA-ICP-MS Trace Elements Analysis of Pyrite and the Physicochemical Conditions of Telluride Formation at the Baiyun Gold Deposit, North East China: Implications for Gold Distribution and Deposition." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020129.
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The Baiyun gold deposit is located in the northeastern North China Craton (NCC) where major ore types include Si-K altered rock and auriferous quartz veins. Sulfide minerals are dominated by pyrite, with minor amounts of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. Combined petrological observations, backscattered electron image (BSE) and laser ablation analysis (LA-ICP-MS) have been conducted on pyrite to reveal its textural and compositional evolution. Three generations of pyrite can be identified—Py1, Py2 and Py3 from early to late. The coarse-grained, porous and euhedral to subhedral Py1 (mostly 200–500 μm) from the K-feldspar altered zone is the earliest. Compositionally, they are enriched in As (up to 11541 ppm) but depleted in Au (generally less than 10 ppm). The signal intensity of Au is higher than background values by two orders of magnitude and shows smooth spectra, indicating that invisible gold exists as homogeneously or nanoscale-inclusions in Py1. Anhedral to subhedral Py2 grains (generally ranging 500–1500 μm) coexist with other sulfides such as chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena in the early silicification stage (gray quartz). They have many visible gold grains and contain little amounts of invisible Au. Notably, visible gold has an affinity with micro-fractures formed due to late deformation, implying that native gold may have resulted from mobilization of preexisting invisible gold in the structure of Py2 grains. Subsequently Py3 occurs as very fine-grained disseminations of euhedral crystals (0.05–1 mm) in late silicification stage (milky quartz) and coexists with tellurides (e.g. petzite, calaverite and hessite). They contain the highest level of invisible gold with positive correlations between Au-Ag-Te. In the depth profiles of Py3, the smooth Au spectra mirror those of Te with high intensities, revealing that gold occurred as homogeneously/nanoscale-inclusions and submicroscopic Au-bearing telluride inclusions in pyrite grains. The high Te and low As in Py3, combined with high Au content, imply that invisible gold can be efficiently scavenged by Te. Abundant tellurides (petzite, calaverite and hessite) have been recognized in auriferous quartz veins. Lack of symbiosis sulfides with the tellurium assemblages indicates crystallization under low fS2 and/or high fTe2 conditions and coincides with the result of thermodynamic calculations. High and markedly variable Co (from 0.24 to 2763 ppm, average 151.9 ppm) and Ni (from 1.16 to 4102 ppm, average 333.1 ppm) values suggest that ore-forming fluid may originate from a magmatically-derived hydrothermal system. Combined with previous geochronological data, the textural and compositional evolution of pyrite indicates that the Baiyun gold deposit has experienced a prolonged history of mineralization. In the late Triassic (220,230 Ma), the magmatic hydrothermal fluids, which had affinity with the post-collisional extensional tectonics on the NCC northern margin, caused initial gold enrichment. Then, as a result of deformation or the addition of new hydrothermal fluids, visible gold-rich Py2 was formed. The upwelling of mantle–derived magma brought in a lot of Te-rich ore-forming hydrothermal fluids during the peak of the destruction of the NCC (~120 Ma). Amount of visible/invisible gold and Au-Ag-Te mineral assemblages precipitated from these mineralized fluids when the physical and chemical conditions changed.
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Norman, K. R. "The ancient Pyu of Burma. Volume one. Early Pyu cities in a man-made landscape. By Janice Stargardt. pp. xxix, 416, 135 figs. 16 pl., 3 aerial photographs of sites and 3 associated archaeological maps in pocket. Cambridge, Publications on Ancient Civilisations in South East Asia (PACSEA) in association with the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) Singapore, 1990. £47.00 (cloth), £27.00 (paperback)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2, no. 1 (April 1992): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300002170.
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Forster, Myriam, Christopher J. Rogers, Steven Sussman, Jonathan Watts, Tahsin Rahman, Sheila Yu, and Stephanie M. Benjamin. "Can Adverse Childhood Experiences Heighten Risk for Problematic Internet and Smartphone Use? Findings from a College Sample." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 5978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115978.
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Background: College students are among the heaviest users of smartphones and the Internet, and there is growing concern regarding problematic Internet (PIU) and smartphone use (PSU). A subset of adverse childhood experiences, household dysfunction [(HHD) e.g.; parental substance use, mental illness, incarceration, suicide, intimate partner violence, separation/divorce, homelessness], are robust predictors of behavioral disorders; however, few studies have investigated the link between HHD and PIU and PSU and potential protective factors, such as social support, among students. Methods: Data are from a diverse California student sample (N = 1027). The Smartphone Addiction Scale—Short Version and Internet Addiction Test assessed dimensions of addiction. Regression models tested associations between students’ level of HHD (No HHD, 1–3 HHD, ≥4 HHD) and PSU and PIU, and the role of extrafamilial social support in these relationships, adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, SES, employment loss due to COVID-19, and depression. Results: Compared to students reporting no HHD, students with ≥4 HHD had twice the odds (AOR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.21–3.40) of meeting criteria for PSU, while students with 1–3 HHD and ≥4 HHD had three and six times the odds of moderate to severe PIU (AORs: 2.03–2.46, CI:1.21–3.96) after adjusting for covariates. Extrafamilial social support was inversely associated with PIU and moderated the HHD–PSU association for students with 1–3 HHD. Conclusion: Students exposed to HHD may be especially vulnerable to developing behavioral addictions such as PSU and PIU. Extrafamilial social support offset the negative effects of HHD for PSU among the moderate risk group; implications for prevention efforts are discussed.
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Liu, Zhankun, Xiancheng Mao, Andrew Jedemann, Richard C. Bayless, Hao Deng, Jin Chen, and Keyan Xiao. "Evolution of Pyrite Compositions at the Sizhuang Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China: Implications for the Genesis of Jiaodong-Type Orogenic Gold Mineralization." Minerals 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040344.
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Gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula represent a primary gold resource in China and mostly exhibit similar ore-forming features related to sericite-quartz-pyrite alteration and other controls from (micro-)structural deformation. This study investigates the pyrite textures and trace elements in the Sizhuang gold deposit (>100 t Au) to document the key factors impacting on the genesis of the Jiaodong-type orogenic deposits. Three main types of pyrite are identified: (1) the first generation of pyrite (Py1) occurs as disseminated euhedral to subhedral grains in K-feldspar-albite-rutile-hematite and sericite alteration (stage 1), (2) Py2 as aggregates in quartz-sericite-pyrite altered rocks or quartz-pyrite veins (stage 2) can be subdivided into Py2a as irregular cores, Py2b as a zoned overgrowth on Py2a, and Py2c as overgrowth on early pyrite, and (3) Py3 as fine-grained crystals in siderite-polymetallic veins (stage 3). Primary gold at the Sizhuang deposit is coevally or slightly later deposited with Py2b, Py2c, and Py3. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) analyses show that the highest Co and Ni contents in Py1 and high but variable Co in Py2b favors the involvement of deep high-temperature magmatic waters at stage 1 and middle stage 2. The elevated As contents from Py2a to Py2c and depletion of trace elements (e.g., Co, Ni, As and Te) and high Au/Co, Cu/Ni, and As/Ni values in Py2a and Py3, combined with published H-O isotope data, imply a meteoric water ingress during stage 2–3. Thus, the fluid evolution at Sizhuang is a consequence of pulsed deep magmatic fluid release plus progressive meteoric fluid ingress. The rhythmic Co–As–Ni–Au bands of Py2b additionally suggest episodic changes in the composition of ore-forming fluids. Moreover, the sharp textural features (e.g., pyrite overgrowth on previously cataclastic crystals) of Py2 and As-Cu-rich and Co-poor bands in zoned Py2b probably also reflect rapid metal deposition and self-organization and subsequent mineral crystal growth due to the pressure release during phase separation in the Sizhuang deposit. Considering the significantly concentrated gold (>1300 t) in the regional Jiaojia fault zone and Au-bearing mineral formation related to phase separation (boiling) in the Sizhuang deposit, gold mineralization in the Sizhuang deposit was interpreted to be controlled by the pressure-driver owing to the seismic activities in the Jiaojia fault system.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 150, no. 1 (1994): 214–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003104.
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- Peter Boomgaard, Nancy Lee Peluso, Rich Forests, Poor people; Resource control and resistance in Java. Berkeley, etc.: University of California Press, 1992, 321 pp. - N. A. Bootsma, H.W. Brands, Bound to empire; The United States and the Philippines. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, 356 pp. - Martin van Bruinessen, Jan Schmidt, Through the Legation Window, 1876-1926; Four essays on Dutch, Dutch-Indian and Ottoman history. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1992, 250 pp. - Freek Colombijn, Manuelle Franck, Quand la rizière recontre l ásphalte; Semis urbain et processus d úrbanisation à Java-est. Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales (Études insulindiennes: Archipel 10), 1993, 282 pp. Maps, tables, graphs, bibliography. - Kees Groeneboer, G.M.J.M. Koolen, Een seer bequaem middel; Onderwijs en Kerk onder de 17e eeuwse VOC. Kampen: Kok, 1993, xiii + 287 pp. - R. Hagesteijn, Janice Stargardt, The Ancient Pyu of Burma; Volume I: Early Pyu cities in a man-made landscape. Cambridge: PACSEA, Singapore: ISEAS, 1991. - Barbara Harrisson, Rolf B. Roth, Die ‘Heiligen Töpfe der Ngadju-Dayak (Zentral-Kalimantan, Indonesien); Eine Untersuchung über die rezeption von importkeramik bei einer altindonesischen Ethnie. Bonn (Mundus reihe ethnologie band 51), 1992, xv + 492 pp. - Ernst Heins, Raymond Firth, Tikopia songs; Poetic and musical art of a Polynesian people of the Solomon Islands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge studies in oral and literate culture no. 20), 1990, 307 pp., Mervyn McLean (eds.) - Ernst Heins, R. Anderson Sutton, Traditions of gamelan music in Java; Musical pluralism and regional identity.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge studies in ethnomusicology), 1991, 291 pp., glossary, biblio- and discography, photographs, tables, music. - H.A.J. Klooster, Jaap Vogel, De opkomst van het indocentrische geschiedbeeld; Leven en werken van B.J.O. Schrieke en J.C. van Leur. Hilversum: Verloren, 1992, 288 pp. - Jane A. Kusin, Brigit Obrist van Eeuwijk, Small but strong; Cultural context of (mal)nutrition among the Northern Kwanga (East Sepik province, Papua New Guinea). Basel: Wepf & Co. AG Verlag, Basler Beiträge zur ethnologie, Band 34, 1992, 283 pp. - J. Thomas Lindblad, Pasuk Phongpaichit, The new wave of Japanese investment in ASEAN. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 1990, 127 pp. - Niels Mulder, Louis Gabaude, Une herméneutique bouddhique contemporaine de Thaïlande; Buddhadasa Bhikku. Paris: École Francaise d’Extrême-Orient, 1988, vii + 692 pp. - Marleen Nolten, Vinson H. Sutlive. Jr., Female and male in Borneo; Contributions and challenges to gender studies. Borneo research council Monograph series, volume 1, not dated but probably published in 1991. - Ton Otto, G.W. Trompf, Melanesian Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, xi + 283 pp., including select bibliography and index. - IBM Dharma Palguna, Gordon D. Jensen, The Balinese people; A reinvestigation of character. Singapore-New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, 232 pp., Luh Ketut Suryani (eds.) - Anton Ploeg, Jürg Schmid, Söhne des Krokodils; Männerhausrituale und initiation in Yensan, Zentral-Iatmul, East Sepik province, Papua New Guinea. Basel: ethnologisches seminar der Universitat und Musuem für Völkerkunde (Basler Beiträge zur ethnologie, band 36), 1992, xii + 321 pp., Christine Kocher Schmid (eds.) - Raechelle Rubinstein, W. van der Molen, Javaans Schrift. (Semaian 8). Leiden: Vakgroep talen en culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1993. x + 129 pp. - Tine G. Ruiter, Arthur van Schaik, Colonial control and peasant resources in Java; Agricultural involution reconsidered. Amsterdam: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Instituut voor Sociale geografie Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1986, 210 pp. - R. Schefold, Andrew Beatty, Society and exchange in Nias. Oxford: Clarendon press, (Oxford studies in social and cultural Anthropology), 1992, xiv + 322 pp., ill. - N.G. Schulte Nordholt, Ingo Wandelt, Der Weg zum Pancasila-Menschen (Die pancasila-Lehre unter dem P4-Beschlusz des Jahres 1978; Entwicklung und struktur der indonesischen staatslehre). Frankfurt am Main-Bern-New York-Paris: Peter Lang, Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe XXVII, Asiatische und Afrikaner Studien, 1989, 316 pp. - J.N.B. Tairas, Herman C. Kemp, Annotated bibliography of bibliographies on Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV press (Koninklijk Instituut voor taal-, land-en Volkenkunde, biographical series 17), 1990, xvii + 433 pp. - Brian Z. Tamanaha, Christopher Weeramantry, Nauru; Environmental damage under international trusteeship. Melbourne (etc.): Oxford University Press, 1992, xx+ 448 pp. - Wim F. Wertheim, Hersri Setiawan, Benedict R.O.’G. Anderson, Language and power; Exploring political cultures in Indonesia. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1930, 305 pp.
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Leighton, Claire, Daniel Layton-Matthews, Jan M. Peter, Michael G. Gadd, Alexandre Voinot, and Matthew I. Leybourne. "Paleoredox conditions, hydrothermal history, and target vectoring in the Macmillan Pass base-metal district, Yukon, Canada: 2 – Pyrite paragenesis and mineral chemistry." Canadian Mineralogist 59, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 1233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2000077.
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ABSTRACT The MacMillan Pass district in Yukon, Canada, hosts the Tom and Jason clastic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag-(Ba) deposits. Pyrite-bearing drill core samples were collected from seven drill holes that intersected sulfide mineralization and time-stratigraphically equivalent rocks at varied spatial distances extending up to 3 km away from the deposits to assess the relative timing of pyrite mineralization and the chemistry of pyrite paragenesis. There are four pyrite morphologies: framboids and polyframboids (Py1), subhedral to euhedral inclusion-free crystals (Py2a), silicate inclusion-bearing nodules with serrated edges (Py2b), and euhedral idiomorphic overgrowths on preexisting pyrite morphologies (Py3). These morphological varieties correspond in time from syngenetic to earliest diagenetic growth (Py1), early to late diagenetic growth (Py2a, Py2b), and metamorphic crystallization and/or recrystallization of previous textural varieties (Py3). A representative subset of pyrite grains was analyzed for trace element contents and distributions by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Analyses by LA-ICP-MS reveal that each textural variety of pyrite has a distinct trace element composition that also varies depending on stratigraphic unit. A suite of clastic sediment-hosted sulfide mineralization-related elements was incorporated into Py2 within sulfide mineralized units at greater abundances than that in unmineralized units (e.g., Zn, As, Pb, Tl, Bi). Lead abundances and Pb/Se and As/Mo values in pyrite are the most robust vectoring tools documented. The timing for clastic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb mineralization was syn and/or post late diagenesis (Py2b). A Ba-enriched horizon was identified in rocks and this is interpreted to be the distal time-stratigraphic equivalent unit to Zn-Pb mineralization. The Ba-enriched horizon contains Py2 with anomalous metal (Tl, Co, Mn, Cd, Zn, Sb) contents and abundant macroscopic baryte, and it is interpreted to represent the distal expression of sulfide mineralization-forming hydrothermal activity. Four genetic models for mineralization are reviewed; however, the only model that is consistent with our whole rock and pyrite geochemistry involves venting of buoyant hydrothermal fluid, mixing with ambient seawater, and remaining or sinking into unconsolidated sediments, with lateral migration up to 2–3 km from the vent source.
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Melo, Marilane Gonzaga de, Éder Carlos Moreira, Fábio Simplicio, Gláucia Nascimento Queiroga, Letícia Garcia D’Agostim, and Marco Paulo de Castro. "Trace-element composition of pyrite and its implications for hydrothermal process within the Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary sequences of the São Francisco Craton, northeastern Brazil." Geologia USP. Série Científica 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v22-183067.
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The distribution of trace elements in pyrite has been documented for the first time in quartz veins hosted in the Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary sequence of the Tombador Formation, São Francisco Craton, northeast Brazil. In this study, Electron Microprobe Analyses (EPMA) were used to determine the trace-element compositions of pyrite in these hydrothermal quartz veins. Three pyrite types have been distinguished and interpreted from petrographical relationships and trace-element patterns. Pre-existing pyrite (Py1), derived from the host-rock quartzite, is Ni-poor with concentrations varying from 600 – 6,100 ppm. Elongated syn-tectonic pyrite (Py2) has similar trace-element composition to the Py1, with Ni amounts ranging between 830 and 7,870 ppm. In contrast, possibly post-tectonic, euhedral to subhedral hydrothermal pyrite (Py3), contains higher contents of Ni (7,970 – 26,120 ppm). Mafic and/or metasedimentary rocks from the Espinhaço Supergroup were probably the source of Ni for this fluid-flow event. Fluid generation is related to the devolatilization of the base of the thickened crust, with migration of fluids by preexisting structures. Several shear zones and large-scale NNW-trending folds were developed during the inversion of the Espinhaço basin, as a result of the ca. 0.6 Ga Brasiliano orogenic event. Regional fluid movement through the crust at this time is supported by several mineralized veins and hydrothermal deposits in the São Francisco Craton and adjacent Neoproterozoic belts.
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Deyab, M. A., A. S. Fouda, M. M. Osman, and S. Abdel-Fattah. "Mitigation of acid corrosion on carbon steel by novel pyrazolone derivatives." RSC Advances 7, no. 71 (2017): 45232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra08761f.
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Liu, Ziyi, Dongxia Chen, Jinchuan Zhang, Xiuxiang Lü, Ziyi Wang, Wenhao Liao, Xuebin Shi, Jin Tang, and Guangjie Xie. "Pyrite Morphology as an Indicator of Paleoredox Conditions and Shale Gas Content of the Longmaxi and Wufeng Shales in the Middle Yangtze Area, South China." Minerals 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070428.
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Pyrite is the most common authigenic mineral preserved in many ancient sedimentary rocks. Pyrite also widely exists in the Longmaxi and Wufeng marine shales in the middle Yangtze area in South China. The Longmaxi and Wufeng shales were mainly discovered with 3 types of pyrites: pyrite framboids, euhedral pyrites and infilled framboids. Euhedral pyrites (Py4) and infilled framboids (Py5) belong to the diagenetic pyrites. Based on the formation mechanism of pyrites, the pyrites could be divided into syngenetic pyrites, early diagenetic pyrites, and late diagenetic pyrites. Under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the syngenetic pyrites are mostly small framboids composed of small microcrystals, but the diagenetic pyrites are variable in shapes and the diagenetic framboids are variable in sizes with large microcrystals. Due to the deep burial stage, the pore space in the sediment was sharply reduced and the diameter of the late diagenetic framboids that formed in the pore space is similar to the diameter of the syngenetic framboids. However, the diameter of the syngenetic framboid microcrystals is suggested to range mainly from 0.3 µm to 0.4 µm, and that of the diagenetic framboid microcrystals is larger than 0.4 µm in the study area. According to the diameter of the pyrite framboids (D) and the diameter of the framboid microcrystals (d), the pyrite framboids could be divided into 3 sizes: syngenetic framboids (Py1, D < 5 µm, d ≤ 0.4 µm), early diagenetic framboids (Py2, D > 5 µm, d > 0.4 µm) and late diagenetic framboids (Py3, D < 5 µm, d > 0.4 µm). Additionally, the mean size and standard deviation/skewness values of the populations of pyrite framboids were used to distinguish the paleoredox conditions during the sedimentary stage. In the study area, most of the pyrite framboids are smaller than 5 µm, indicating the sedimentary water body was a euxinic environment. However, pyrite framboids larger than 5 µm in the shales indicated that the sedimentary water body transformed to an oxic-dysoxic environment with relatively low total organic carbon (TOC: 0.4–0.99%). Furthermore, the size of the framboid microcrystals could be used to estimate the gas content due to thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The process of TSR occurs with oxidation of organic matter (OM) and depletes the H bond of the OM, which will influence the amount of alkane gas produced from the organic matter during the thermal evolution. Thus, syngenetic pyrites (d ranges from 0.35 µm to 0.37 µm) occupy the main proportion of pyrites in the Wufeng shales with high gas content (1.30–2.30 m3/t), but the Longmaxi shales (d ranges from 0.35 µm to 0.72 µm) with a relatively low gas content (0.07–0.93 m3/t) contain diagenetic pyrites. Because of TSR, the increasing size of the microcrystals may result in an increase in the value of δ13C1 and a decrease in the value of δ13C1-δ13C2. Consequently, the size of pyrite framboids and microcrystals could be widely used for rapid evaluation of the paleoredox conditions and the gas content in shales.
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Jamaluddin, Paesal, Syuryawati, Muzdalifah, and Abdul Fattah. "Evaluation of anthocyanin corn under various agro-environment in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012020.
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Abstract In the last decade, purple corn gain more attention mainly due to its high nutritional value and attractive color appearance. Purple corn contain anthocyanin 350% higher than normal corn. Based on its excellence, the research was conducted to find out of high yield purple opv corn with good resistance to downy mildew. The experiment was conducted by using randomized block design with three replication. The variable observed including agronomic character like vegetative, generative and scored disease of downy meldows. The result showed that two opve candidate were PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 have the highest yield6,80-6,85 t/ha, higher 50% than PLU. C0 (check). PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 showed moderate resistence to downy meldows (20%-35%) and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 susceptible (>60%).
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Kamashev, Andrey, Aidar Validov, Nadir Garif’yanov, Yakov Fominov, Pavel Leksin, Joachim Schumann, Jürgen Thomas, Vladislav Kataev, Bernd Büchner, and Ilgiz Garifullin. "Isolation of proximity-induced triplet pairing channel in a superconductor/ferromagnet spin valve." EPJ Web of Conferences 185 (2018): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818508001.
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In the present work we have studied the proximity-induced superconducting triplet pairing in CoOx/Py1/Cu/Py2/Cu/Pb spin-valve structure (where Py = Ni0:81Fe0:19). For CoOx(3 nm)/Py(3 nm)/Cu(4 nm)/Py(0.6 nm)/Cu(2 nm)/Pb(70 nm) we have studied the dependence of the Tc on the angle α between the direction of the cooling field and the external field both applied in the plane of the sample. We obtained that the Tc does not change monotonically with the angle but passes through a minimum. To observe an “isolated” triplet spin-valve effect we exploited the oscillatory feature of the magnitude of the ordinary spin-valve effect ΔTc in the dependence of the Py2-layer thickness dPy2. We determined the value of dPy2 at which ΔTc caused by the ordinary spin-valve effect is suppressed. This means that the difference in the Tc between the antiparallel and parallel mutual orientation of magnetizations of the Py1 and Py2 layers is zero. For such a sample a “pure” triplet spin-valve effect which causes the minimum in Tc at the orthogonal configuration of magnetizations has been observed.
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Li, Shun-Da, Zhi-Gao Wang, Ke-Yong Wang, Wen-Yan Cai, Da-Wei Peng, Li Xiao, and Jie Li. "Re–Os Pyrite Geochronological Evidence of Three Mineralization Styles within the Jinchang Gold Deposit, Yanji–Dongning Metallogenic Belt, Northeast China." Minerals 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100448.
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The Jinchang gold deposit is located in the eastern Yanji–Dongning Metallogenic Belt in Northeast China. The orebodies of the deposit are hosted within granite, diorite, and granodiorite, and are associated with gold-mineralized breccia pipes, disseminated gold in ores, and fault-controlled gold-bearing veins. Three paragenetic stages were identified: (1) early quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite (stage 1); (2) quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite (stage 2); and (3) late quartz–pyrite–galena–sphalerite (stage 3). Gold is hosted predominantly within pyrite. Pyrite separated from quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite cement within the breccia-hosted ores (Py1) yield a Re–Os isochron age of 102.9 ± 2.7 Ma (MSWD = 0.17). Pyrite crystals from the quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite veinlets (Py2) yield a Re–Os isochron age of 102.0 ± 3.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.2). Pyrite separated from quartz–pyrite–galena–sphalerite veins (Py3) yield a Re–Os isochron age of 100.9 ± 3.1 Ma (MSWD = 0.019). Re–Os isotopic analyses of the three types of auriferous pyrite suggest that gold mineralization in the Jinchang Deposit occurred at 105.6–97.8 Ma (includes uncertainty). The initial 187Os/188Os values of the pyrites range between 0.04 and 0.60, suggesting that Os in the pyrite crystals was derived from both crust and mantle sources.
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Farhangdoost, Khalil, and K. Aliakbari. "Comparison between Fatigue Life of Autofrettage and Nonautofrettage Cylinders Using Stress Intensity Factor (KΙ)." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.201.
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This paper provides approximate fatigue life estimates for aluminum cylinders with a constant ratio of outer to inner radii 2.2 which were subjected to autofrettage pressure. Experimental tests of cylinders made of aluminum alloy are part of this article. Numerical simulations of the cylinders were also performed using the finite element code, ABAQUS. The resulting stresses are then used to calculate stress intensity factors to determine fatigue life. Using standard fatigue crack growth relationship, life of the cylinder is then calculated based on recommended initial and final crack length. The results show that the fatigue life due to autofrettage is more than nonautofrettage cylinder between Py1 and Py2 where, Py1 is the pressure required at the onset of yielding which occurs at the inner surface of the cylinder and Py2 is the sufficient pressure to bring the outer surface of the cylinder to yielding, i.e. the wall of cylinder becomes fully plastic.
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Polufuntikova, Lena, Valery Fridovsky, Yaroslav Tarasov, and Maksim Kudrin. "Multistages mineralization and transformation of terrigenous rocks in the Vyun ore field, Yana-Kolyma metallogenic belt, Northeast Asia: insight from the sedimentary, diagenetic and hydrothermal sulfides and geochemistry of ore-hosting rocks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012041.
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Abstract The article presents the results of studying the sulfidization zone of the Charky-Indigirka thrust fault within the Vyun ore field in the Upper Adycha sector of the Yana-Kolyma metallogenic belt. The purpose of the research is to study the composition and distribution of basic and trace elements in terrigenous rocks of the Upper Triassic and Middle Jurassic, as well as in distal metasomatites on the territory of the Vyun ore field. The petrochemical features of weakly altered terrigenous rocks, conditions of their formation and changes of composition during epigenetic processes were analyzed. Three generations of pyrite were identified: diagenetic Py1, metamorphogenic Py2 and metasomatic Py3. Typomorphic trace elements and variations of their distribution in pyrites were determined. Composition analyses of weakly altered sedimentary rocks of the Upper Triassic (V/(V+Ni)=0.5-0.8, V/Cr=0.1-2.9 and Ni/Co=2.5-10.3) and Middle Jurassic (V/(V+Ni)=0.7-0.9, V/Cr=0.2-2.0 and Ni/Co=1.3-8.8) yielded the conclusion that changes in oxygen conditions to disoxic and anoxic, as well as the enrichment of terrigenous material with ore elements, lead to the formation of authigenic sulfide mineralization at the early stages of the sedimentary strata formation. The subsequent multistage development of the territory was accompanied by an active migration of chemical elements, their input and redistribution.
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Kartini, Kartini, Bedjo Sujanto, and Mukhneri Mukhtar. "THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE, TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, AND WORK MOTIVATION ON TEACHER JOB PERFORMANCE." IJHCM (International Journal of Human Capital Management) 1, no. 01 (July 30, 2017): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijhcm.01.01.15.
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This research aimed at investigating the influence of organizational climate, transformational leadership, and work motivation on teacher job performance at Pondok Modern Tazakka, Batang - Central Java.The research using quantitative approach with survey method. Amount of the samples in this research are 55 teachers that selected randomly. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistic using path analysis. (1) organizational climate have positive direct effect on teacher performance with path coefficient (py1) = 0,257 and t-count 2,963> t-table 1,684; (2) transformational leadership have positive direct effect on teacher performance with path coefficient (py2) = 0,489 and t-count 5,164> t-table 1,684, (3) work motivation have positive direct effect to teacher performance with path coefficient (py3) = 0,261 and t count 2,42> t-table 1,684, (4) organizational climate have positive direct effect (p31) = 0.391 and t-count 3.990> t-table 1.684, and (5) transformational leadership have a direct positive effect on work motivation with path coefficient (p32) = 0.526 and t-count 5,376> t- table 1,684. The Conclusion is organizational climate, transformational leadership, and work motivation have a direct effect on teacher job performance. Organizational climate and transformational leadership also have a direct effect on teacher work motivation. Therefore to improve teacher job performance, organizational climate, transformational leadership, and work motivation must be considered to be improved.
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Kartini, Kartini, Bedjo Sujanto, and Mukhneri Mukhtar. "THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE, TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, AND WORK MOTIVATION ON TEACHER JOB PERFORMANCE." IJHCM (International Journal of Human Capital Management) 1, no. 01 (July 30, 2017): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijhcm.011.015.
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This research aimed at investigating the influence of organizational climate, transformational leadership, and work motivation on teacher job performance at Pondok Modern Tazakka, Batang - Central Java.The research using quantitative approach with survey method. Amount of the samples in this research are 55 teachers that selected randomly. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistic using path analysis. (1) organizational climate have positive direct effect on teacher performance with path coefficient (py1) = 0,257 and t-count 2,963> t-table 1,684; (2) transformational leadership have positive direct effect on teacher performance with path coefficient (py2) = 0,489 and t-count 5,164> t-table 1,684, (3) work motivation have positive direct effect to teacher performance with path coefficient (py3) = 0,261 and t count 2,42> t-table 1,684, (4) organizational climate have positive direct effect (p31) = 0.391 and t-count 3.990> t-table 1.684, and (5) transformational leadership have a direct positive effect on work motivation with path coefficient (p32) = 0.526 and t-count 5,376> t- table 1,684. The Conclusion is organizational climate, transformational leadership, and work motivation have a direct effect on teacher job performance. Organizational climate and transformational leadership also have a direct effect on teacher work motivation. Therefore to improve teacher job performance, organizational climate, transformational leadership, and work motivation must be considered to be improved.
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Lodder, W. J., H. H. J. L. van den Berg, S. A. Rutjes, and A. M. de Roda Husman. "Presence of Enteric Viruses in Source Waters for Drinking Water Production in the Netherlands." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 17 (July 9, 2010): 5965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00245-10.
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ABSTRACT The quality of drinking water in the Netherlands has to comply with the Dutch Drinking Water Directive: less than one infection in 10,000 persons per year may occur due to consumption of unboiled drinking water. Since virus concentrations in drinking waters may be below the detection limit but entail a public health risk, the infection risk from drinking water consumption requires the assessment of the virus concentrations in source waters and of the removal efficiency of treatment processes. In this study, samples of source waters were taken during 4 years of regular sampling (1999 to 2002), and enteroviruses, reoviruses, somatic phages, and F-specific phages were detected in 75% (range, 0.0033 to 5.2 PFU/liter), 83% (0.0030 to 5.9 PFU/liter), 100% (1.1 to 114,156 PFU/liter), and 97% (0.12 to 14,403 PFU/liter), respectively, of 75 tested source water samples originating from 10 locations for drinking water production. By endpoint dilution reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 45% of the tested source water samples were positive for norovirus RNA (0.22 to 177 PCR-detectable units [PDU]/liter), and 48% were positive for rotavirus RNA (0.65 to 2,249 PDU/liter). Multiple viruses were regularly detected in the source water samples. A significant correlation between the concentrations of the two phages and those of the enteroviruses could be demonstrated. The virus concentrations varied greatly between 10 tested locations, and a seasonal effect was observed. Peak concentrations of pathogenic viruses occur in source waters used for drinking water production. If seasonal and short-term fluctuations coincide with less efficient or failing treatment, an unacceptable public health risk from exposure to this drinking water may occur.
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Zhang, Jing-Jing, Hui-Qin Shen, Jiang-Tao Deng, Lin-Lin Jiang, Qiong-Yue Zhang, Ying Xiong, Zong-Ze Zhang, and Yan-Lin Wang. "Effect of peritoneal dialysis solution with different pyruvate concentrations on intestinal injury." Experimental Biology and Medicine 245, no. 7 (March 12, 2020): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370220909332.
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To investigate the effects of direct peritoneal resuscitation with pyruvate-peritoneal dialysis solution (Pyr-PDS) of different concentrations combined with intravenous resuscitation on acid–base imbalance and intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats with hemorrhagic shock. Sixty rats were randomly assigned to group SHAM, group intravenous resuscitation, and four direct peritoneal resuscitation groups combined with intravenous resuscitation: group NS, LA, PY1, and PY2, that is, normal saline, lactate-PDS (Lac-PDS), lower concentration Pyr-PDS (Pyr-PDS1), and higher concentration Pyr-PDS (Pyr-PDS2), respectively. Two hours after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, the pH, oxygen partial pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), base excess, and bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3−) of the arterial blood were measured. The intestinal mucosal damage index and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, zonula occludens-1, claudin-1, and occludin levels in intestinal issues were detected. Two hours after resuscitation, group PY2 had higher mean arterial pressure, pH, oxygen partial pressure, and base excess and lower PCO2 of arterial blood than group PY1 ( P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels in group PY2 were significantly lower than those in group PY1 ( P < 0.05). Zonula occludens-1, claudin-1, and occludin expression levels were significantly higher in group PY2 than in group PY1 ( P < 0.05). Direct peritoneal resuscitation with Pyr-PDS2 combined with intravenous resuscitation enhanced the hemodynamics, improved the acid–base balance, and alleviated intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury from hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in rats. The mechanisms might include correction of acidosis, inhibition of inflammatory response, enhancement of systemic immune status, regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability, and maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier function. Impact statement Hemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening condition after trauma or during surgery. Acid–base imbalance and intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury are two significant causes in the pathogenetic process and multiple organ dysfunction. As a result, it is urgent and necessary to find an effective method of resuscitation in order to reverse the acid–base imbalance and protect organ function. This current study confirmed the protection against hypoxic acidosis and intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury by peritoneal resuscitation with pyruvate combined with intravenous resuscitation in rats with hemorrhagic shock. And the peritoneal dialysis solution with pyruvate of high concentration plays a crucial role in the process. It provided a new idea and possible direction of fluid resuscitation for alleviating organ injuries, protecting organ functions, and improving clinical prognosis after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
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Audisio, Gabriel. "Protestants d’Auvergne." Revue d'histoire du protestantisme 6, no. 3 (December 2, 2021): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47421/rhp6_3_331-352.
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L’Auvergne passe pour avoir été un bastion catholique, peu sensible à la Réforme. Pourtant les idées luthériennes s’y implantèrent dès les années 1530 et le protestantisme y est encore présent à la veille de la Révolution. L’auteur tente une approche à partir des personnes et non des institutions dans les quatre départements (Allier, Cantal, Haute-Loire, Puy-de-Dôme) et autour des quatre lieux de culte autorisés (Maringues, Job, Parentignat, La Gazelle). Le fichier de quelque 1 500 personnes révèle une communauté peu nombreuse, dispersée, indigente, fortement rurale. La persécution, avant l’édit de Nantes (1598) et après sa révocation (1685), a entraîné à la fois une notable érosion, une forte émigration mais aussi une tenace résistance sur place.
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Audisio, Gabriel. "Protestants d’Auvergne." Revue d'histoire du protestantisme 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.47421/rhp6_2_173-203.
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L’Auvergne passe pour avoir été un bastion catholique, peu sensible à la Réforme. Pourtant les idées luthériennes s’y implantèrent dès les années 1530 et le protestantisme y est encore présent à la veille de la Révolution. L’auteur tente une approche à partir des personnes et non des institutions dans les quatre départements (Allier, Cantal, Haute-Loire, Puy-de-Dôme) et autour des quatre lieux de culte autorisés (Maringues, Job, Parentignat, La Gazelle). Le fichier de quelque 1 500 personnes révèle une communauté peu nombreuse, dispersée, indigente, fortement rurale. La persécution, avant l’édit de Nantes (1598) et après sa révocation (1685), a entraîné à la fois une notable érosion, une forte émigration mais aussi une tenace résistance sur place.
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Boudreault-Fournier, Alexandrine, and Laurent K. Blais. "La comète Piu Piu." Anthropologie et Sociétés 40, no. 1 (May 18, 2016): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036373ar.
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Cet article analyse un mouvement émergent composé d’un groupe d’acteurs (musiciens, adeptes, journalistes, promoteurs) qui proposent une nouvelle forme d’imaginaire collectif grâce à l’utilisation de médias sociaux (Facebook, Tumblr, Twitter, Instagram), de réseaux de partage et de diffusion (Bandcamp, Mediafire, Dropbox) et d’autres plateformes mixtes multifonctionnelles (Mixcloud, SoundCloud, YouTube, Vimeo). Le Piu Piu, mouvement basé à Montréal, représente une vague régionale de musique électronique post-rap, une nouvelle forme de hip hop instrumental, appartenant à une scène mondiale appelée « beat ». Nous nous intéressons au discours nationaliste et à l’idée de nation, souvent associés au hip hop. Nous croyons que ce discours nationaliste ne cadre plus avec les imaginaires collectifs créés par ceux et celles qui s’identifient au Piu Piu. L’un des facteurs encourageant une reconfiguration de l’imaginaire collectif du Piu Piu repose sur l’appropriation par ses acteurs des nouveaux médias et de leurs codes particuliers. En un clic de souris, ils modèlent, remodèlent, puis démantèlent leur réseau pour ainsi créer de nouvelles chaînes identitaires.
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Croonen, E. A., A. I. Jonckheere, and E. Morava. "PKU: niet altijd ‘PKU’." Tijdschrift voor Kindergeneeskunde 78, no. 5 (October 2010): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12456-010-0048-6.
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Croonen, E. A., A. I. Jonckheere, and E. Morava. "PKU: niet altijd ‘PKU'." Tijdschrift voor kindergeneeskunde 78, no. 5 (October 2011): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03555598.
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