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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyrolysis mineral matrix effect'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Elnour, Ahmed Y., Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah, Hamid M. Shaikh, Anesh M. Poulose, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, Arfat Anis, and Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. "Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Microstructural Evolution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Its Influence on Biochar/Polypropylene Composites." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061149.

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Environmental management through effective utilization of biowastes has been a topic of intensive research in recent years. This study examines the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the physical and morphological characteristic of biochar (BC) derived from lignocellulosic wastes. The biochar was prepared by pyrolysing date palm biomass at various temperatures, i.e., 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C. These pyrolysed biochars were then characterized for their carbon content, mineral compositions, chemical functionalities, and morphological structures, for understanding their physicochemical characteristics and microstructural evolution. It was revealed that the pyrolytic condition plays a key role in the formation of biochar microstructure. These biochar samples were then utilized without any further treatments/purifications for their practical application as reinforcement materials for polymer composites. They were blended with a polypropylene matrix by a melt mixing technique followed by injection molding process. The type of biochar was found to significantly affect the composites properties. Differences in microstructure, surface chemistry, and chemical compositions of BCs were observed to be determining factors affecting the compatibility and thermomechanical properties of resulted composites.

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2

Li, Kang, Qiang Wang, Hongliang Ma, Huamei Huang, Hong Lu, and Ping’an Peng. "Effect of Clay Minerals and Rock Fabric on Hydrocarbon Generation and Retention by Thermal Pyrolysis of Maoming Oil Shale." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030894.

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In traditional kerogen pyrolysis experiments, the effects of minerals and rock fabric on the pyrolysis products were ignored. To further clarify the role of the mineral matrix and rock fabric on hydrocarbon generation and retention, a closed anhydrous pyrolysis experiment was conducted on core plugs, powdered rock and kerogen from a clay-rich sample of Maoming oil shale within a temperature range of 312 °C to 600 °C, at a fixed pressure of 30 Mpa. The experiment’s results showed that the yields of heavy hydrocarbons (C14+) generated from the core plugs and powdered rock were obviously lower than that of kerogen, which may be caused by the retention effect of clay minerals in raw shale. The yields of gaseous hydrocarbons generated from core plugs were lower compared with powdered rock due to the retention of C2+ hydrocarbons by the intact rock fabric and the preferential generation of methane. Light hydrocarbon (C6-14) yields generated from the core plugs and powdered rock were higher than kerogen, which may be the consequence of the cleavage of extraction bitumen and the interactions with kerogen. Moreover, the ratios of iso to normal paraffin (iC4/nC4, iC5/nC5) of the core plugs and powdered rock were higher than kerogen. Our experimental results show that kerogen pyrolysis in a confined system may overestimate the hydrocarbon generation potential due to the negligence of the retention effect of minerals and the rock fabric, especially in the source rocks rich in clay minerals.

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3

Väntsi, Olli, and Timo Kärki. "Heat Build-Up and Fire Performance of Wood-Polypropylene Composites Containing Recycled Mineral Wool." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.269.

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The heat build-up and fire performance of wood plastic composites containing recycled mineral wool filler were investigated. Six wood polypropylene composites with recycled mineral wool content between 0 % and 64 % were evaluated. It was found that the heat build-up of the studied composites increased with initial addition of recycled mineral wool, but increasing the content of recycled mineral wool in the composites further did not have a notable effect onthe heat build-up. Fire performance investigation showed that the addition of recycled mineral wool into the composites did not decrease the magnitude of heat release rate peak, but decreased the total heat release of the composites. Investigation of residual masses after the pyrolysis demonstrated a good dispersion of recycled mineral wool fibers in the polymer matrix. It is concluded that fire protection of the polymer matrix is essential when developing the fire performance of wood plastic composites with recycled mineral wool as filler.

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Bouzid, Nadia, Christelle Anquetil, Rachid Dris, Johnny Gasperi, Bruno Tassin, and Sylvie Derenne. "Quantification of Microplastics by Pyrolysis Coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Sediments: Challenges and Implications." Microplastics 1, no. 2 (March 28, 2022): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1020016.

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Pyrolysis-GC/MS is increasingly used to quantify microplastics (MP) in environmental samples. In general, prior to analysis, purification steps are carried out to reduce the environmental matrix in sediment samples. The conventionally used protocol of density separation followed by digestion of organic matter does not allow for complete isolation of MP from the associated organic and mineral matter. Among the pyrolysis products used as indicator compounds for plastic polymers, some may originate from other substances present in the environmental samples. In this paper, the indicator compounds are reviewed for the most common polymers: PE, PP, PS, PET and PVC and selected taking into account potential interactions with substances present in environmental matrices. Even after a purification step, a residual mineral fraction remains in a sediment sample, including matrix effects. This effect may be positive or negative, depending on the investigated polymer and is thus important to consider when using Pyr-GC/MS for the quantification of MP in sediment samples. It also shows that no external calibration can be used to reliably quantify MP in such samples and that the use of internal standards is compulsory.

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5

Gordon, Peter R., and Mark A. Sephton. "Organic Matter Detection on Mars by Pyrolysis-FTIR: An Analysis of Sensitivity and Mineral Matrix Effects." Astrobiology 16, no. 11 (November 2016): 831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1485.

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6

Dembicki, H. "The effects of the mineral matrix on the determination of kinetic parameters using modified Rock Eval pyrolysis." Organic Geochemistry 18, no. 4 (July 1992): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90116-f.

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7

HUANG, Y., C. FAN, X. HAN, and X. JIANG. "A TGA-MS INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HEATING RATE AND MINERAL MATRIX ON THE PYROLYSIS OF KEROGEN IN OIL SHALE." Oil Shale 33, no. 2 (2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/oil.2016.2.03.

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8

Yan, Junwei, Xiumin Jiang, Xiangxin Han, and Jianguo Liu. "A TG–FTIR investigation to the catalytic effect of mineral matrix in oil shale on the pyrolysis and combustion of kerogen." Fuel 104 (February 2013): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.024.

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9

Schlten, Hans-Rolf, and Peter Leinweber. "Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of agricultural soils and humic substances: Effect of cropping systems and influence of the mineral matrix." Plant and Soil 151, no. 1 (April 1993): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010788.

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10

Fan, Chao, Junwei Yan, Yiru Huang, Xiangxin Han, and Xiumin Jiang. "XRD and TG-FTIR study of the effect of mineral matrix on the pyrolysis and combustion of organic matter in shale char." Fuel 139 (January 2015): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.021.

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11

Karabakan, Abdulkerim, and Yuda Yürüm. "Effect of the mineral matrix in the reactions of oil shales: 1. Pyrolysis reactions of Turkish Göynük and US Green River oil shales." Fuel 77, no. 12 (October 1998): 1303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(98)00045-3.

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12

Ioannidi, Alexandra A., Aikaterini Frigana, John Vakros, Zacharias Frontistis, and Dionissios Mantzavinos. "Persulfate Activation Using Biochar from Pomegranate Peel for the Degradation of Antihypertensive Losartan in Water: The Effects of Pyrolysis Temperature, Operational Parameters, and a Continuous Flow Reactor." Catalysts 14, no. 2 (February 6, 2024): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14020127.

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Biochar derived from pomegranate peel at different pyrolysis temperatures (450, 600, and 850 °C) was synthesized and characterized by BET, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX. Its catalytic efficiency in the degradation of the antihypertensive losartan (LOS) in the presence of sodium persulfate was examined. The biochar pyrolyzed at 850 °C exhibited higher catalytic activity, which was correlated with the greater surface area and higher concentration of minerals on its surface. Interestingly, despite adsorption being favored at alkaline pH, pH 3 showed the highest LOS degradation. LOS decomposition followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The addition of persulfate significantly increased LOS reduction, while the presence of inorganic and organic water matrix constituents such as sodium chloride, bicarbonate, and humic acid inhibited the oxidation. Experiments conducted with radical scavengers revealed that both hydroxyl and sulfate radicals, as well as singlet oxygen, participated in LOS decomposition, with the former being the dominant species. Using a continuous flow reactor, the system exhibited a satisfactory steady-state performance of 90% LOS removal for 114 h. Afterward, a moderate decrease in performance was observed, which can be attributed to the alteration of the catalyst’s surface and mineral dissolution due to acidity.

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13

Mukhametdinova, Aliya, Polina Mikhailova, Elena Kozlova, Tagir Karamov, Anatoly Baluev, and Alexey Cheremisin. "Effect of Thermal Exposure on Oil Shale Saturation and Reservoir Properties." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 9065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249065.

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The experimental and numerical modeling of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) requires a detailed laboratory analysis of core properties influenced by thermal exposure. To acquire the robust knowledge on the change in rock saturation and reservoir properties, the fastest way is to examine the rock samples before and after combustion. In the current paper, we studied the shale rock properties, such as core saturation, porosity, and permeability, organic matter content of the rock caused by the combustion front propagation within the experimental modeling of the high-pressure air injection. The study was conducted on Bazhenov shale formation rock samples. We reported the results on porosity and permeability evolution, which was obtained by the gas pressure-decay technique. The measurements revealed a significant increase of porosity (on average, for 9 abs. % of porosity) and permeability (on average, for 1 mD) of core samples after the combustion tube experiment. The scanning electron microscopy showed the changes induced by thermal exposure: the transformation of organic matter with and the formation of new voids and micro and nanofractures in the mineral matrix. Low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was chosen as a primary non-disruptive tool for measuring the saturation of core samples in ambient conditions. NMR T1–T2 maps were interpreted to determine the rock fluid categories (bitumen and adsorbed oil, structural and adsorbed water, and mobile oil) before and after the combustion experiment. Changes in the distribution of organic matter within the core sample were examined using 2D Rock-Eval pyrolysis technique. Results demonstrated the relatively uniform distribution of OM inside the core plugs after the combustion.

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Saint-Germès, Maria, François Baudin, Olga Bazhenova, Sylvie Derenne, Natalia Fadeeva, and Claude Largeau. "Origin and preservation processes of amorphous organic matter in the Maykop Series (Oligocene-Lower Miocene) of Precaucasus and Azerbaijan." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.5.423.

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Abstract Introduction. – The clay sediments of the Maykop Series accumulated during the Oligocene-Lower Miocene in eastern Paratethys are considered as one of the major source rocks of Precaucasus and Azerbaijan. As numerous marine source rocks, petrographical observations showed that amorphous organic matter (AOM) is widely predominant in these sediments [Fadeeva, 1973; Saint-Germès, 1998]. However, the geochemical characteristics (TOC, HI) of the Maykop Series vary widely [Polster et al. 1960; Sidorenko, 1964; Larskaya, 1966; Saint-Germès et al., 2000a, b]. The integrated geochemical and petrographical investigations were carried out in order to establish the origin of AOM in the Maykopian sediments. Moreover, the organic matter preservation in these sediments deposited in the dysoxic-anoxic paleoenvironments may result from several processes as revealed recently [Sinninghe-Damsté et al., 1989; Largeau et al., 1990; Derenne et al., 1991; Lee, 1992; Keil et al., 1994]. Analysis of the sulphur content in the kerogens and ultrastructural observations by transmission electron microscope (TEM) of AOM particles were performed to determine the involved preservation processes. Materials and methods. – The studied sediments come from western and eastern Precaucasus and Azerbaijan where the Maykop Series is mainly composed of grey-brown clay with sandstone and silts (fig. 1). In Azerbaijan, over several dozens metres of interbedded of grey-greenish carbonated clay (10–30 cm) and black shales (< 1 cm) were observed in the basal part of the series (fig. 2). In all regions, only the samples containing immature or low mature organic matter were selected by Rock-Eval pyrolysis (259 samples) and are examined in this paper. In addition, analyses of the palynofacies (85 samples), Rock-Eval pyrolysis (50 samples) and elemental analyses (15 samples) of kerogens were performed. Finally, TEM observations and GC-MS analyses of the extracted hydrocarbons were carried out on samples with contrasted morphological and geochemical features. Results. – The palynofacies analysis shows that in the Precaucasus the AOM widely predominates (60–100 %) in the Oligocene sediments. On the other hand, the morphologically recognizable fraction of continental origin is more abundant (> 50 %) in the Lower Miocene sediments. In Azerbaijan, AOM predominates (> 80 %) in all the sediments. The palynofacies of the black shales of the basal part of the Maykop Series only comprises AOM (fig. 3A). In grey clays the morphologically recognizable fraction occurs in very limited amount (< 5 % ; fig. 3B). Rock-Eval pyrolysis shows variable TOC contents (0.7–7.2 %) and HI values (30–580 mg HC/g TOC) in Oligocene sediments of Precaucasus, whereas in the Lower Miocene sediments, the TOC contents (0.4–2.3 %) and HI values (30–200 mg HC/g TOC) are lower. In Azerbaijan samples, TOC contents range from 0.4 to 5.7 % and HI values from 40 to 530 mg HC/g TOC. The black shales always exhibit high TOC contents (9.3–17.8 %) and important HI values (580–670 mg HC/g TOC; fig. 2), whereas in the carbonated grey clays the TOC (< 1 %) and HI (< 150 mg HC/g TOC) values are low. Indeed, these studies show important variations of the geochemical parameters in the samples although the latter are always highly dominated by the AOM. However, a large effect of the mineral matrix in the Maykopian sediments is revealed by the Rock-Eval pyrolysis of the isolated kerogens (fig. 6). This effect decreases with increasing TOC concentrations ; however, it remains significant up to about 7 %. The HI values of the isolated kerogens of the grey clays of the lowermost sediments of Maykop Series in Azerbaijan are much more important that the ones observed in the bulk rocks, whereas in the black shales, the mineral matrix has no influence (fig. 7). Comparison of the HI values in the kerogens with the percentage of AOM in the palynofacies shows a positive correlation between these two parameters (fig. 5). According to the elemental analyses of the kerogens, the H/C atomic ratios range from 1.1 to 1.3 in the Precaucasus and from 1.2 to 1.4 in Azerbaijan (table I) and show a predominant marine origin for the OM. The comparison between the Sorg/C atomic ratios which vary from 0.01 to 0.07 in the studied kerogens and the HI values of kerogens shows that a positive trend can be detected between these two parameters (fig. 8). Nevertheless, some samples with high HI values (e. g. A and A1) show highly variable contents in organic sulphur. Moreover, 3 samples of the lowermost sediments of the Maykop Series in Azerbaijan (A-C, fig. 2) with palynofacies comprising more than 95 % of AOM, but with sharply different geochemical characteristics, were observed by TEM. This study showed that the AOMs are set apart by their ultrastructural characteristics (fig. 9) and that a relationship appears between the geochemical characteristics and the nanoscopic aspect of the studied organic matter. The increase in the HI values goes together with the abundance of the ultralaminar structures. Finally, GC-MS analysis of the saturated hydrocarbons of the black shales (A) and grey clay (C) showed similarities in their molecular composition (fig. 10 and 11). Thus, the contrasted morphological features revealed by TEM cannot be explained by differences in organic matter sources. Discussion Origin and type of organic matter The maykopian sediments are characterized by very different, but generally middle and low TOC contents and HI values. However, the apparent contradiction between the low HI values of the bulk rocks and the AOM abundance in the palynofacies is mainly explained in these sediments by the absorption onto the argillaceous matrix of the hydrocarbon compounds constituting the S2 peak. After destruction of the mineral matrix, the isolated kerogens generally show considerably higher HI values, which points to the presence of organic matter of mainly marine origin in the maykopian sediments. The existing correlation between the HI values of the kerogens and the AOM percentages in the palynofacies (fig. 5B) shows that petroleum quality of the maykopian sediments is directly due to the AOM preserved in these sediments. The high H/C atomic ratios confirm that the AOM prevalent in the Oligocene sediments of the deep zones of the maykopian basin is primarily of marine origin. In the lowermost sediments of the Maykop series in Azerbaidjan, the prevalence of the marine organic matter in the samples having different TOC contents and HI values is also highlighted by the GC-MS analysis of the saturated fraction. Preservation pathways of organic matter . – There is, in the Maykop Series, an overall positive trend between HI values and organic sulphur contents (fig. 8) which suggests that the incorporation of sulphur in the lipidic compounds, enabling them to acquire a greater resistance to microbial degradation [Sinninghe Damsté et al., 1989], would have favoured the formation of some kerogens with high oil potential, in the dysoxic-anoxic sediments of the Maykop Series. On the other hand, the low organic sulphur content observed in sample A of black shale from Azerbaïdjan with high HI value shows that the natural sulfuration of the kerogens is not the only mechanism having led to the preservation of the organic matter in the maykopian sediments. TEM observations show that the increase of the HI values in these sediments is related to an increase in the abundance of laminar ultrastructures in the kerogens. Consequently, the high HI values observed in these sediments must also reflect the better preservation of the biomacromolecules of algal origin. Indeed, these macromolecules are highly aliphatic and thus lead to kerogens characterised by high HI values [e.g. Derenne et al., 1991]. In addition to these two mechanisms, our studies highlighted that the argillaceous minerals of the maykopian sediments have a strong ability of absorption of organic compounds. This makes possible to suppose that absorption on the argillaceous matrix should have also played a significant role in the preservation of organic matter in the maykopian sediments. Conclusion. – The present studies show that the AOM which prevails in the Oligocene sediments of Precaucasus and in the maykopian sediments of various ages of Azerbaidjan is mainly of marine origin. The low values of HI observed in most of these sediments result from a significant mineral matrix effect. This explains the apparent discordance between the data of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis of the bulk rocks and the AOM abundance in the palynofacies. Several mechanisms alternated, even coexisted, leading to the preservation of the marine organic matter in the maykopian sediments: the natural sulfuration, the more limited degradation of aliphatic macromolecules, as well as protection by the argillaceous matrix.

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15

Bekeshev, Amirbek, Anton Mostovoy, Yulia Kadykova, Marzhan Akhmetova, Lyazzat Tastanova, and Marina Lopukhova. "Development and Analysis of the Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Diorite-Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152421.

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The aim of this paper is to study the effect of a polyfunctional modifier oligo (resorcinol phenyl phosphate) with terminal phenyl groups and a dispersed mineral filler, diorite, on the physicochemical and deformation-strength properties of epoxy-based composites. The efficiency of using diorite as an active filler of an epoxy polymer, ensuring an increase in strength and a change in the physicochemical properties of epoxy composites, has been proven. We selected the optimal content of diorite both as a structuring additive and as a filler in the composition of the epoxy composite (0.1 and 50 parts by mass), at which diorite reinforces the epoxy composite. It has been found that the addition of diorite into the epoxy composite results in an increase in the Vicat heat resistance from 132 to 140–188 °C and increases the thermal stability of the epoxy composite, which is observed in a shift of the initial destruction temperature to higher temperatures. Furthermore, during the thermal destruction of the composite, the yield of carbonized structures increases (from 54 to 70–77% of the mass), preventing the release of volatile pyrolysis products into the gas phase, which leads to a decrease in the flammability of the epoxy composite. The efficiency of the functionalization of the diorite surface with APTES has been proven, which ensures chemical interaction at the polymer matrix/filler interface and also prevents the aggregation of diorite particles, which, in general, provides an increase in the strength characteristics of epoxy-based composite materials by 10–48%.

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Burnham, Alan K. "Comments on “The effects of the mineral matrix on the determination of kinetic parameters using modified Rock-Eval pyrolysis” by H. Dembicki Jr, and the resulting comment by R. Pelet." Organic Geochemistry 21, no. 8-9 (August 1994): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90058-2.

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Pelet, Régis. "Comments on the paper “The effects of the mineral matrix on the determination of kinetic parameters using modified Rock-Eval pyrolysis” by H. Dembicki Jr, Org. Geochem., 18, 531–539 (1992)." Organic Geochemistry 21, no. 8-9 (August 1994): 979–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90056-6.

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18

Ghanizadeh, Amin, Christopher R. Clarkson, Katherine M. Clarke, Zhengru Yang, Behrad Rashidi, Atena Vahedian, Chengyao Song, et al. "Effects of Entrained Hydrocarbon and Organic-Matter Components on Reservoir Quality of Organic-Rich Shales: Implications for “Sweet Spot” Identification and Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Applications in the Duvernay Formation (Canada)." SPE Journal 25, no. 03 (March 29, 2020): 1351–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/189787-pa.

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Summary The hydrocarbon (HC)-storage capacity of organic-rich shales depends on porosity and surface area, whereas pore-throat-size distribution and pore-throat-network connectivity control permeability. The pores within the organic matter (OM) of organic-rich shales develop during thermal maturation as different HC phases are generated and expelled from the OM. Organic-rich shales can potentially retain a large proportion of the HCs generated during the diagenesis process. Commercial HC production from liquid-rich shale reservoirs can be achieved using completion technologies such as multistage-fractured horizontal wells. However, the ability of industry to identify “sweet spots” along multistage-fractured horizontal wells for both primary and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is still hampered by insufficient understanding of the effects of type/content of entrained HC/OM components on reservoir quality. The primary objectives of the current study are therefore to establish an integrated experimental workflow to investigate the effect of entrained HC/OM on storage and transport properties of the organic-rich shales, and to provide examples of that experimental workflow through analyzing a selected sample suite from a prolific shale-oil reservoir (the Duvernay Formation) in western Canada. To accomplish this goal, a comprehensive suite of petrophysical analyses is performed on a diverse sample suite from the Duvernay Formation that differs in OM content (2.8 to 5 wt%; n = 5), before and after sequential pyrolysis by a revised Rock-Eval analysis [extended-slow-heating (ESH) Rock-Eval analysis]. Using the ESH cycle, different HC/OM components can be distinguished more easily and reliably during the pyrolysis process: free light oil (S1ESH; up to 150°C), fluid-like HC residue (FHR) (S2a; 150 to 380°C), and solid bitumen/residual carbon (S2b; 380 to 650°C). The characterization techniques used at each stage are helium pycnometry (grain density, helium porosity); low-pressure gas [nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2)] adsorption (LPA) [pore volume (PV), surface area, pore-size distribution (PSD) within micropores, mesopores, and smaller macropores]; crushed-rock gas [helium, CO2, N2] permeability; and rate-of-adsorption (ROA) analysis (CO2, N2). Scanning-electron-microscopy (SEM) analysis is further conducted to verify/support the petrophysical observations. Powder X-ray-diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed on all samples in the “as-received” state and after Stage S2b (thermal pyrolysis up to 650°C) to quantify variations in mineralogical compositions and their possible controls on the evolution of petrophysical properties (i.e., porosity/permeability). Organic petrography was conducted on selected samples to characterize the nature of OM. Compared with the “as-received” state, porosity, permeability, modal-pore-size distribution, and surface-area increase with sequential pyrolysis stages, associated with the expulsion and devolatilization of free light oil and FHR (S2a; up to 380°C). However, the change in petrophysical properties associated with the degradation of solid bitumen/residual carbon (S2b; up to 650°C) is variable and unpredictable. The observed reduction in porosity/permeability values after Stage S2b is likely attributed to the occlusion of PV with solid bitumen/residual carbon degradation (i.e., coking); sample swelling caused by water loss from the lattice structure of clay minerals (i.e., illite); and sample compaction as a result of OM removal from the rock matrix. Among various stages of the ESH Rock-Eval pyrolysis, the petrophysical properties that are measured after Stages S1ESH and S2a, as they are related to the expulsion of the lighter and heavier free-HC compounds from the rock matrix, are expected to be the most important for primary and EOR applications. Quantification of the evolution of reservoir quality with HC generation/expulsion has important implications for identifying petrophysical “sweet spots” within unconventional reservoirs, optimizing stimulation design, and targeting specific zones within the reservoir of interest with the OM content/type amenable to maximizing gas storage/transport during cyclic solvent injection for EOR applications. The integrated experimental workflow proposed herein could be of significant interest to the operators of organic-rich shale/mudstone plays (e.g., the Duvernay) as a screening tool for developing optimized stimulation treatments for improving primary and enhanced HC recovery.

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Shen, Yan, Volker Thiel, Pablo Suarez-Gonzalez, Sebastiaan W. Rampen, and Joachim Reitner. "Sterol preservation in hypersaline microbial mats." Biogeosciences 17, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-649-2020.

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Abstract. Microbial mats are self-sustaining benthic ecosystems composed of highly diverse microbial communities. It has been proposed that microbial mats were widespread in Proterozoic marine environments, prior to the emergence of bioturbating organisms at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition. One characteristic feature of Precambrian biomarker records is that steranes are typically absent or occur in very low concentrations. This has been explained by low eukaryotic source inputs, or degradation of primary produced sterols in benthic microbial mats (“mat-seal effect”). To better understand the preservational pathways of sterols in microbial mats, we analyzed freely extractable and carbonate-bound lipid fractions as well as decalcified extraction residues in different layers of a recent calcifying mat (∼1500 years) from the hypersaline Lake 2 on the island of Kiritimati, central Pacific. A variety of C27–C29 sterols and distinctive C31 4α-methylsterols (4α-methylgorgosterol and 4α-methylgorgostanol, biomarkers for dinoflagellates) were detected in freely extractable and carbonate-bound lipid pools. These sterols most likely originated from organisms living in the water column and the upper mat layers. This autochthonous biomass experienced progressive microbial transformation and degradation in the microbial mat, as reflected by a significant drop in total sterol concentrations, up to 98 %, in the deeper layers, and a concomitant decrease in total organic carbon. Carbonate-bound sterols were generally low in abundance compared to the freely extractable portion, suggesting that incorporation into the mineral matrix does not play a major role in the preservation of eukaryotic sterols in this mat. Likewise, pyrolysis of extraction residues suggested that sequestration of steroid carbon skeletons into insoluble organic matter was low compared to hopanoids. Taken together, our findings argue for a major mat-seal effect affecting the distribution and preservation of steroids in the mat studied. This result markedly differs from recent findings made for another microbial mat growing in the nearby hypersaline Lake 22 on the same island, where sterols showed no systematic decrease with depth. The observed discrepancies in the taphonomic pathways of sterols in microbial mats from Kiritimati may be linked to multiple biotic and abiotic factors including salinity and periods of subaerial exposure, implying that caution has to be exercised in the interpretation of sterol distributions in modern and ancient microbial mat settings.

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Dembicki, H. "Reply to comments by R. Pelet on the paper “The effects of the mineral matrix on the determination of kinetic parameters using modified Rock-Eval pyrolysis” by H. Dembicki Jr, Org. Geochem., 18, 531–539 (1992)." Organic Geochemistry 21, no. 8-9 (August 1994): 982–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90057-4.

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21

Deng, Yang Bo, Zhen Xu, and Feng Min Su. "Pyrolysis Characteristics of Long Flame Coal." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1042.

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Applying thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry, a pyrolysis analysis of a long flame coal from Chinese Hami was carried out. The results show: In the temperature range between 400°C and 600°C, the degradation of the carbonaceous matrix and the evolution of relatively high molecular weight species result in the abundant release of CH4, C3H6, C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 and otherwise gas in the coal sample. The weight loss between 400°C and 600°C occupies a main proportion in the total weight loss. In the temperature range between 600°C and 900°C, the condensation of the aromatic ring and the decomposition of mineral matter result in the abundant release of H2, CO2, C6H6 and otherwise gas.

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22

Bogdanovich, Natalia, Elena Kozlova, and Tagir Karamov. "Lithological and Geochemical Heterogeneity of the Organo-Mineral Matrix in Carbonate-Rich Shales." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070295.

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The paper discusses the issues of interaction of the organic matter and the siliceous-carbonate mineral matrix in unconventional reservoirs of the Upper Devonian Domanik Formation of the Upper Kama Depression of the Volga-Ural Basin. The Domanik Formation is composed of organic-rich low-permeability rocks. Lithological and geochemical peculiarities of rocks were studied using light microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and evaporation method. Organic matter was examined by the Rock-Eval pyrolysis with quantitative and qualitative evaluation of generation potential and maturity degree. Integrated analysis of results of lithological and geochemical studies allowed identifying intervals in the studied section where organic matter can form a complex association with the siliceous-carbonate matrix. It was fixed experimentally that in some cases the mineral carbonate matrix and the organic matter form a one-whole high-molecular compound. The authors supposed that in the course of sedimentation, organic matter is immobilized into the structure of the mineral carbonate matrix. At the deposition and diagenesis stage, the carbonate matter interacts with acids of the organic matter and forms natural organo-mineral polymers. Special physicochemical properties of such organo-mineral associations shed new light onto the problems of producing from hard-to-develop nonconventional carbonate reservoirs and evaluating the associated risks.

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Liu, Quanrun, Haoquan Hu, Qiang Zhou, Shengwei Zhu, and Guohua Chen. "Effect of mineral on sulfur behavior during pressurized coal pyrolysis." Fuel Processing Technology 85, no. 8-10 (July 2004): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.11.031.

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Zhu, Yun Zhou, Ming Yuan, Zheng Ren Huang, Shao Ming Dong, and Dong Liang Jiang. "Effect of PCS Pyrolysis Process on C Fiber in C_f/SiC Composite." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1284.

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3-D braided C fiber preform was used to reinforce SiC matrix by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP). The effect of PCS pyrolysis process on the uncoated carbon fiber was studied. During the pyrolysis, amorphous SiCxOy and some free silicon yielded. The Si element diffused into the C fiber from the matrix because of the concentration gradient at high temperature and destroyed the intrinsic structure of the uncoated C fiber. At the same time, the free Si reacted with the uncoated C fiber. Thus, strong bonding between the fiber and matrix was formed. As a result, bending strength of the composite was decreased.

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Gulyaev, Vitaly, Vadim Barsky, and Natalya Gurevina. "Effect of Total Ash Content and Coals Ash Composition on Coke Reactivity." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.03.231.

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The article deals with the hypothesis of the influence of coals mineral components on coke reactivity. It has been shown that the reaction between carbon and carbon dioxide proceeds in kinetic area and its rate depends upon total ash content of coked coal. The data showing catalyst effect of coal mineral components upon their organic mass pyrolysis and consequently upon coke reactivity have been presented.

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Chlup, Zdeněk, Martin Černý, Adam Strachota, and Ivo Dlouhý. "Role of Pyrolysis Conditions on Fracture Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Composites." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.455.

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Fracture response of matrix prepared by pyrolysis of polysiloxane resin used for composite reinforced by long fibres was the main goal of this contribution. A set of composites with matrix prepared by partial pyrolysis of polysiloxane resin was studied. An effect of pyrolysis temperature on the composite behaviour and fracture resistance was monitored. An optimal procedure of pyrolysis was established. Heat treatment at 1550°C in air atmosphere was conducted on fully pyrolysed matrix to explore its high temperature potential. Determination of reliable parameters characterising microstructural changes in the matrix by instrumented indentation technique was used. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy was employed in microstructural observations and fracture mechanism qualification. Observation of indents and associated cracking caused by microstructural changes as well as 3D surface reconstruction using confocal microscopy was employed.

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Chen, T. C., D. A. Shea, and M. D. Morris. "Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching on Bone Mineral/Matrix Ratio." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 8 (August 2002): 1035–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370202760249774.

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It is shown that bone fluorescence reduction by bleaching in 30% hydrogen peroxide causes a change in the mineral/matrix ratio as measured by Raman spectroscopy. However, there are no observable spectral shifts in the mineral Raman spectrum or in the matrix Raman spectrum. Possible sources of the change in ratio are discussed. Peroxide bleaching is not recommended for fluorescence reduction in quantitative Raman spectroscopy.

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Heller-Kallai, L., I. Miloslavski, and Z. Aizenshtat. "Volatile products of clay mineral pyrolysis revealed by their effect on calcite." Clay Minerals 22, no. 3 (September 1987): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1987.022.3.08.

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AbstractThe volatiles produced when various clay minerals were pyrolysed under a stream of He or in vacuo were condensed and analysed. They contain a wide range of cations and anions in concentrations ranging from ppm to hundreds of ppm. The reactivity of these volatiles was demonstrated by their reaction with calcite. It is suggested that the water liberated on heating acts as a scavenger of various impurities present in the clay.

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29

Öztaş, N. A., and Y. Yürüm. "Pyrolysis of Turkish Zonguldak bituminous coal. Part 1. Effect of mineral matter." Fuel 79, no. 10 (August 2000): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(99)00255-0.

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30

Attaoui, Abdeljabbar. "COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR HYDRODESULPHURIZATION (HDS) AND HYDROGENATION OF THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS IN LACUSTRINE OIL SHALE DEPOSIT AT TIMAHDIT (MOROCCO)." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 01 (January 31, 2023): 1511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16172.

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Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) and hydrogenation are carried out by thermal treatment using hydrogen (H2) with the objective of either removing sulphur from the material, or improving the yield of the organic material, or finally forming hydrides by reaction of the elements contained in the mineral matrix with hydrogen. The reaction kinetics are simpler when hydrogen is used compared to pyrolysis, the order of the reaction is equal to unity (A. Attaoui: 1993). The Timahdit (Morocco) oil shale lake deposit is composed, apart from organic matter (kerogen), of a considerable number of metallic, metalloid and non-metallic elements constituting the mineral matrix. We carried out the hydrogen treatment in a dynamic regime (21Â°C/mn) in thermogravimetry by the Red-Croft balance (A. Attaoui et al: 2022). The choice of the Z1 layer of the Tarfaya marine deposit was made because of the similarity in the quantity of organic matter between this layer and that of the Timahdit deposit (M2).

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31

Chang, Zhibing, Mo Chu, Chao Zhang, Shuxia Bai, Hao Lin, and Liangbo Ma. "Influence of inherent mineral matrix on the product yield and characterization from Huadian oil shale pyrolysis." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 130 (March 2018): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.12.022.

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32

Tolonen, Helena, and Stig G�ran Sj�lind. "Effect of mineral fillers on properties of composite matrix material." Mechanics of Composite Materials 31, no. 4 (1996): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00632618.

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33

Xiao, Liang, Jinghua Wu, Wenhan Li, Guodong Yuan, Qing Xu, Jing Wei, and Fengxiang Han. "Mineral Coating Enhances the Carbon Sequestration Capacity of Biochar Derived from Paulownia Biowaste." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (September 11, 2023): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092361.

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Biochar holds great promise for carbon sequestration but is restricted by high costs. Here, we introduced the water–fire coupled method and developed a mineral coating technique for biochar production from paulownia waste (Paulownia fortune). Exposure time and mineral (lime) coating were assessed for their impacts on biochar properties. The former had a dominant adverse effect on carbon content, specific surface area, and carbon capture capacity of the biochar. In contrast, the latter alleviated the adverse impact on carbon capture capacity and specific surface area, the highest being 67.07% and 176.0 m2 g−1, respectively. Without a mineral coating (B), biochar functional groups reduced at the exposure time of 0–4 min (-COOH from 0.50 to 0.19 mol/kg, phenolic-OH from 0.43 to 0.14 mol/kg). In contrast, a mineral coating (B-Ca) increased -COOH from 0.25 to 0.83 mol/kg and phenolic-OH from 0.19 to 0.72 mol/kg. The pyrolysis process with a mineral coating is conceptualized as (1) wrapping the paulownia branch with the mineral, (2) enabling oxygen-limited pyrolysis inside the branch, and (3) ending the pyrolysis with water to form biochar. Ca2+ played multiple functions of ion bridging, complexation, and reduction of COx gas formation, thus enhancing the carbon capture capacity (the ratio of C in biomass converted to biochar) to 67%. This research would improve the feasibility of biochar use for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.

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Mou, Jianye, Lei Wang, Shicheng Zhang, Xinfang Ma, and Boyang Li. "A Research on the Effect of Heterogeneities on Sandstone Matrix Acidizing Performance." Geofluids 2019 (July 24, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6328909.

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Matrix acidizing is one of the common methods to enhance production in sandstone reservoirs. Conventional acidizing designs generally neglected the effect of heterogeneities of mineral and flow field distributions both in areal and vertical directions and assumed that the acid front propagates with a piston-like style. However, sandstone formations inevitably have small-scale heterogeneities of minerals and flow properties that may give rise to acid propagation in a manner much different from what is predicted based on homogeneous assumptions. In this paper, we conduct a research to numerically investigate how the heterogeneities affect acidizing performance under in situ conditions. Firstly, a heterogeneity model is built for mineral and porosity distributions by using the semivariogram model of geological statistics, based on which we generate spatially correlated porosity and mineral distributions. Next, a model of radial acid flooding is developed based on mass balance and the chemical reactions between the acids and minerals occurring during the acidizing process. The model is numerically solved to investigate the permeability response, acid distributions, precipitate distributions, and the effect of the heterogeneities on acidizing. The results show that the heterogeneities both in areal and vertical directions have a significant effect on acidizing. The flow field heterogeneities have a more serious impact than the mineral heterogeneities. In a plane, strong porosity heterogeneity can give rise to acid fingering and even channeling, which make the acid penetration distance longer than the homogeneous cases. The secondary precipitate has a significant effect when fast-reacting mineral content is high. Vertically, several-fold permeability contrast creates the acid break through the high-perm zone leaving the low-perm zone understimulated. Both flow field and mineral heterogeneities make it possible to create high-permeability channels during the acidizing process and to obtain a longer acid penetration distance.

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Wei, Lihong, Yanan Li, Baochong Cui, and Xiaolong Yang. "Effect of mineral extraction on the evolution of nitrogen functionalities during coal pyrolysis." Fuel 297 (August 2021): 120752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120752.

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36

Ren, Qiangqiang, Changsui Zhao, Xin Wu, Cai Liang, Xiaoping Chen, Jiezhong Shen, Guoyong Tang, and Zheng Wang. "Effect of mineral matter on the formation of NOX precursors during biomass pyrolysis." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 85, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.08.006.

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37

Sert, Murat, Levent Ballice, Mithat Yüksel, and Mehmet Sağlam. "Effect of mineral matter on the isothermal pyrolysis product of Şırnak asphaltite (Turkey)." Fuel 90, no. 8 (August 2011): 2767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.04.007.

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38

Malko, M. V., K. V. Dobrego, S. V. Vasilevich, and D. V. Degterov. "Catalytic properties of some mineral salts in relation to the process of decomposition of pyrolysis tar." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 67, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2022-67-4-379-392.

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The paper discusses the results of an experimental study of the thermal decomposition of pyrolytic wood tar in a homogeneous process, as well as in the presence of a number of mineral substances: potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate and the mineral residue of the production of potassium salts. The experiments were carried out on a laboratory setup under isothermal conditions at temperatures of 300, 350, and 400 °C by two methods providing two-phase and three-phase contact with the catalyst, respectively. It has been established that the rate of decomposition of pyrolysis tar under the studied conditions obeys the laws described by the Avrami–Erofeev equation with a variable exponent n. The area of change of this indicator in various experiments includes values from 0.415 to 1.238. The mean n value calculated for all study options was 0.694 (95 % CI 0.605 to 0.783), and the median value was 0.639. It has been found that the decomposition rate of the pyrolysis tar increases when MOX particles, potassium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate are introduced into the reaction zone. No effect of monopotassium phosphate on the rate of decomposition of the pyrolysis tar was not found. It is shown that in the case of tailings of potassium salts production an increase in the rate of decomposition of pyrolysis tar is due to the catalytic effect of this substance. The most likely reason for the positive effect of potassium sulfate, as well as magnesium sulfate on the rate of decomposition of pyrolysis tar, is apparently also the catalytic effect of these substances. The Arrhenius parameters of the homogeneous process of thermal decomposition of the pyrolysis tar and the decomposition process in the presence of tailings of potassium salts production, as well as potassium and magnesium sulfates, were determined. According to the data obtained, the activation energy of the homogeneous process was 29.6 kJ/mol, and the pre-exponential factor was 3.15·101 min–1, respectively. The Arrhenius parameters of the decomposition of pyrolysis tar in the presence of tailings of potassium salts production, according to the data of the performed studies, were 23.0 kJ/mol and 1.82·101 min–1. The paper also determined the Arrhenius parameters of the decomposition of pyrolysis tar in the presence of K2SO4 and MgSO4. According to estimates, the activation energy in the presence of these substances was about 50–60 kJ/mol. The research results presented in the article can be used in the design of heat generating equipment, which includes a system for cleaning products of thermochemical conversion of vegetable raw materials.

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Karamov, Tagir, Viktoria White, Elizaveta Idrisova, Elena Kozlova, Alexander Burukhin, Andrey Morkovkin, and Mikhail Spasennykh. "Alterations of Carbonate Mineral Matrix and Kerogen Micro-Structure in Domanik Organic-Rich Shale during Anhydrous Pyrolysis." Minerals 12, no. 7 (July 9, 2022): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070870.

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The study of organic-rich carbonate-containing shales after heating is an important task for the effective application of in-situ thermal kerogen conversion technologies implemented for these types of rocks. This research was conducted to study changes in the rocks of the Domanik Formation after high-temperature treatment, taking into account the nature of structural changes at the micro level and chemical transformations in minerals. The sample of organic-rich carbonate-containing shales of the Domanik Formation was treated in stages in a pyrolizer in an inert atmosphere in the temperature range of 350–800 °C for 30 min at each temperature. By means of X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), HAWK pyrolysis, light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and computed micro-tomography, the characteristics of the rock before and after each heating stage were studied. The results showed significant alteration of the mineral matrix in the temperature range 600–800 °C, including the decomposition of minerals with the formation of new components, and structural alterations such as fracturing micropore formation. The organic matter (OM) was compacted at T = 350–400 °C and fractured. The evolution of void space includes fracture formation at the edges between rock components, both in organic matter and in minerals, as well as nanopore formation inside the carbonate mineral matrix. The results obtained show what processes at the microlevel can occur in carbonate-containing organic-rich shales under high-temperature treatment, and how these processes affect changes in the microstructure and pore space in the sample. These results are essential for modeling and the effective application of thermal EOR in organic-rich shales.

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Fu, Yu, and Zhongliang Feng. "Simulation of the Effect of Coal Microstructures on the Macroscopic Mechanical Behavior." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1025952.

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This paper investigates the influence of mineral structure on macromechanical behavior of coal under different loading conditions using X-ray CT scanning experimental and numerical methods. The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of coal was conducted to assess the spatial distribution characteristics of the mineral structure by AVIZO software. Based on fractal box dimension (BCD) and equivalent diameter, the mineral structures were quantitatively characterized. The 3D finite element models with three distribution characteristics of minerals were built, and the model was considered as a random heterogeneous two-phase material composed of coal matrix and mineral matter. The results show that the frequency of mineral structures decreases with the increase of equivalent diameter in the coal sample. The BCD of the original mineral structure in coal is greater than 2, but the BCD of each part of the minerals divided based on the screening principle is less than 2. Under uniaxial conditions, the elastic modulus, peak strength, and residual strength of coal are monotonically increasing with the size of the mineral structure. The larger the mineral structure size and the more complex the distribution are, the greater the area of stress concentration and the more uniformity the distribution will be. The failure (plasticity) first occurred at the interface between the matrix and the mineral, and the failure zone is significantly different due to the influence of different mineral structures. Under confining pressure, the presence of mineral structure decreases the brittleness of coal, and the variation of brittleness is related to the size and spatial distribution of mineral structures. The fitting relationship between confining pressure and brittleness index is linear, and the correlation coefficient exceeds 0.95.

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Zhu, Xiaojun, Jingong Cai, Yongshi Wang, Huimin Liu, and Shoupeng Zhang. "Evolution of organic-mineral interactions and implications for organic carbon occurrence and transformation in shale." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 3-4 (July 25, 2019): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35223.1.

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Abstract Organic-mineral interactions are pervasive in sedimentary environments; however, the extent of these interactions is not constant and has a significant impact on organic carbon (OC) occurrence and transformation. To understand the evolution of organic-mineral interactions and the implications for OC occurrence and transformation in fine-grained sediments, several shale samples were selected and subjected to physical and chemical sequential treatments. The samples were subjected to pyrolysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and adsorption measurements to determine the organic parameters and the mineral surface area (MSA) of the shale samples. The results show that the organic fractions derived from sequential treatments have varying pyrolysis and FTIR characteristics. The correlation between the total OC content and MSA is positive, but it is split according to organic fractions with different attributes. Correlations between the different organic fractions and MSA indicate that the organic matter in shale is mainly adsorbed on mineral surfaces, while a certain portion of organic matter occurs in the pores and is adsorbed on the organic-mineral aggregates, suggesting variable interactions between the organic fractions with different attributes and minerals. From the pyrolysis and FTIR analysis, the organic fractions of different occurrence sites vary in their OC proportion, proclivity to form organic functional groups, and hydrocarbon generation potential. With increasing burial depth, the MSA and hydrogen index as well as OC loading per unit MSA are reduced, and the OC proportions of organic fractions with different attributes have regular trends. These observations indicate that the extent of organic-mineral interactions that can stabilize organic matter gradually decreases, resulting in transformation of the tightly mineral-combined OC into free OC. Our work reveals the heterogeneity in organic matter occurrence and the effect of the evolution of the organic-mineral interactions on OC occurrence and transformation, which is significant in the global carbon cycle and in petroleum systems.

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42

Kotha, S. P., and N. Guzelsu. "Effect of Bone Mineral Content on the Tensile Properties of Cortical Bone: Experiments and Theory." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1631586.

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The effect of mineral volume fraction on the tensile mechanical properties of cortical bone tissue is investigated by theoretical and experimental means. The mineral content of plexiform, bovine bone was lowered by 18% and 29% by immersion in fluoride solutions for 3 days and 12 days, respectively. The elastic modulus, yield strength and ultimate strength of bone tissue decreased, while the ultimate strain increased with a decrease in mineral content. The mechanical behavior of bone tissue was modeled by using a micro-mechanical shear lag theory consisting of overlapped mineral platelets reinforcing the organic matrix. The decrease in yield stress, by the 0.002 offset method, of the fluoride treated bones were matched in the theoretical curves by lowering the shear yield stress of the organic matrix. The failure criterion used was based on failure stresses determined from a failure envelope (Mohr’s circle), which was constructed using experimental data. It was found that the model predictions of elastic modulus got worse with a decrease in mineral content (being 7.9%, 17.2% and 33.0% higher for the control, 3-day and 12-day fluoride-treated bones). As a result, the developed theory could not fully predict the yield strain of bones with lowered mineral content, being 12.9% and 21.7% lower than the experimental values. The predicted ultimate stresses of the bone tissues with lower mineral contents were within ±10% of the experimental values while the ultimate strains were 12.7% and 26.3% lower than the experimental values. Although the model developed in this study did not take into account the presence of hierarchical structures, voids, orientation of collagen molecules and micro cracks, it still indicated that the mechanical properties of the organic matrix depend on bone mineral content.

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Ida Bagus Alit and Rudy Sutanto. "Effect of heat exchanger pipe diameter on the conversion of polypropylene plastic waste." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.8.2.0114.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the diameter of the heat exchanger on the formation of fuel oil from plastic waste. The raw material for plastic is polypropylene (PP), which is used to package mineral water. The research method used is an experiment to make plastic oil by pyrolysis. The procedure uses a kilogram of polyethylene. The raw material is cut into small pieces before being put into the pyrolysis tube. The result of this study is that the maximum temperature of the reactor (Tmax) is inversely proportional to the diameter of the heat exchanger used. The average volume of fuel oil produced in each variation of heat exchanger diameter is 0.625 L, 0.8 L, and 1 L, respectively. The average calorific value of the fuel produced in pyrolysis with a heat exchanger diameter of 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch, and 1 inch, respectively, is 10899.67 cal/gr, 10945.33 cal/gr, and 11062.33 cal/gr.

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44

Zhang, Shen, Yue Liang, Xiangqun Qian, David Hui, and Kuichuan Sheng. "Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/bamboo particle biocomposites: Effect of particle size distribution." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (June 6, 2020): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0037.

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AbstractBamboo particle (BP)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites were fabricated. The effect of the BP particle size distribution on the pyrolysis and mechanical properties of PLA biocomposites was evaluated. The optimum particle size of BP for improving the tensile strength PLA biocomposites is 200 mesh (16.6–84.5 µm). The pyrolysis mechanism and kinetics were studied according to the Coats–Redfern method. The addition of BP inhibited the pyrolysis process of PLA. The activation energy of biocomposites ranged from 120.7 to 151.5 kJ/mol, which is significantly higher than that of the neat PLA. The pyrolysis mechanisms of biocomposites are attributed to the chemical reaction at low pyrolysis temperature (270–400℃) and ash layer diffusion control at high pyrolysis temperature (400–600℃). Crystallization behavior of biocomposites showed that small BPs in PLA biocomposites generated more cross-linking points in the PLA matrix, which constrained the movement of the molecular chain and acted as an effective nucleating agent in promoting the crystallization process. The pyrolysis behavior and mechanical properties analysis provide critical information for potential large-scale production of the PLA biocomposites.

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Potapova, Ekaterina, I. Korchunov, and S. Perepelitsyna. "Phase Transformations in Cement Matrix at Low Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.86.

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The paper presents the results of the phase composition and structure of cement, hardened under alternating freezing/thawing. The fluctuation in the density of the cement through the number of freezing/thawing cycles was determined by the method of helium pycnometry. It is shown that the average size of micropores changes in the presence of plasticizing additives. It is determined that the type and size of pores in the cement effect on frost resistance. The positive effect of mineral slag on the frost resistance of the binder is demonstrated. The positive effect of mineral and polymer additives on the frost resistance of the binder has been discovered and presented in this work.

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46

Fidchenko, M. M., M. B. Alekhina, A. N. Beznosyuk, A. D. Varnavskaya, and E. V. Mishchenko. "Development and Investigation of Carbon-Mineral Catalyst Based on Natural Clay and Tire Crush for Oxidative Decomposition of Nonionic Surfactants by Hydrogen Peroxide in Wastewater." Кинетика и катализ 64, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0453881123030036.

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Samples of a carbon-mineral catalyst based on natural clay and tire crumb for the reaction of oxidative decomposition of nonionic surfactants by hydrogen peroxide in wastewater have been developed and studied. The iron content in the samples varied in the range of 2.3–3.9 wt %. The effect of sample pyrolysis temperature in the range of 350–800°С on characteristics, the number and type of acid sites on the surface, and the ζ (zeta) potential of colloidal systems based on prepared samples was studied. Using model solutions under static and dynamic conditions, the effect of sample pyrolysis temperature on catalytic properties in the reaction of oxidative decomposition of H2O2 and nonionic surfactant (NS) nonoxynols N-9 by hydrogen peroxide was studied. The best result in the oxidation of nonoxynols N-9 with hydrogen peroxide was obtained in the presence of a carbon-mineral catalyst sample calcined at 650°C.

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47

Bouamoud, Rajaa, Ely Cheikh Moine, Raphaèl Mulongo-Masamba, Adnane El Hamidi, Mohammed Halim, and Said Arsalane. "Type I kerogen-rich oil shale from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: mineralogical description and pyrolysis kinetics." Petroleum Science 17, no. 1 (November 9, 2019): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-00384-2.

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Abstract The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds important reserves of oil shale which is still under geological status. Herein, the characterization and pyrolysis kinetics of type I kerogen-rich oil shale of the western Central Kongo (CK) were investigated. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TG/DTA) showed that CK oil shale exhibits a siliceous mineral matrix with a consistent organic matter rich in aliphatic chains. The pyrolysis behavior of kerogen revealed the presence of a single mass loss between 300 and 550 °C, estimated at 12.5% and attributed to the oil production stage. Non-isothermal kinetics was performed by determining the activation energy using the iterative isoconversional model-free methods and exhibits a constant value with E = 211.5 ± 4.7 kJ mol−1. The most probable kinetic model describing the kerogen pyrolysis mechanism was obtained using the Coats–Redfern and Arrhenius plot methods. The results showed a unique kinetic triplet confirming the nature of kerogen, predominantly type I and reinforcing the previously reported geochemical characteristics of the CK oil shale. Besides, the calculation of thermodynamic parameters (ΔH*, ΔS* and ΔG*) corresponding to the pyrolysis of type I kerogen revealed that the process is non-spontaneous, in agreement with DTA experiments.

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Messina, L. Gurevich, P. R. Bonelli, and A. L. Cukierman. "Effect of mineral matter removal on pyrolysis of wood sawdust from an invasive species." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 4 (February 8, 2016): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2013.799616.

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Watanabe, Hirotatsu, Kiyomi Shimomura, and Ken Okazaki. "Effect of high CO2 concentration on char formation through mineral reaction during biomass pyrolysis." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34, no. 2 (January 2013): 2339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.048.

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Lebedev, Mikhail S., Marina I. Kozhukhova, and Evgeniy A. Yakovlev. "The Effect of Composition and Fineness of Mineral Fillers on Structure of Asphalt Binder." Materials Science Forum 1017 (January 2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1017.81.

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Abstract:

Ultra-fine filler or mineral powder is the main mineral component responsible for structure formation in the bitumen-mineral system, therefore mineral and chemical composition, chemical reactivity, surface area, fineness, particle shape, porosity and density are the crucial parameters for structure formation of the composite. This work studied the effect of fineness and chemical and mineral composition of fillers on the structure of asphalt binder. It was demonstrated that an increase in surface area boosts porosity, and void content of the filler, but reduces the porous size. For carbonate fillers such as limestone and chalk with high fineness it was investigated that compaction applied to asphalt binder specimens showed very low water saturation. This can be explained by the film effect of water impermeable bitumen in the matrix and by small porous size with mostly close pores. An increase in surface area of silicate fillers improves the compaction of structure but cannot reach the same level of compaction degree demonstrated by the specimens with carbonate fillers. SEM analysis of microstructural characteristics for the asphalt binder showed that the incorporation of fine-fractioned chalk filler resulted in the formation of asphalt binder with high density and micro-and nanoporous matrix.

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