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Published: 1 June 2024

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1

Sarker, Md Rashedul H., Jorge L. Silva, Mariana Castañeda, Bethany Wilburn, Yirong Lin, and Norman Love. "Characterization of the pyroelectric coefficient of a high-temperature sensor." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 5 (August 1, 2017): 938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17721376.

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Temperature is one of the most important thermodynamic properties measured and controlled in energy generation systems. To operate the energy system at optimum operating conditions for lower emission and higher efficiency, it is important to measure real-time temperatures. Furthermore, temperature sensing in intense environments is necessary since most sensors in energy systems get exposed to elevated temperatures, corrosive environments, and elevated pressures. One of the solutions for developing harsh environment sensors is to use ceramic materials, especially functional ceramics such as pyroelectrics. Pyroelectric ceramics could be used to develop active sensors for both temperature and pressure due to their capabilities in coupling energy among mechanical, thermal, and electrical domains. In this study, Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) pyroelectric ceramic material was used to develop a temperature sensor for high-temperature applications. LiNbO3 has high Curie temperature (1210°C) compared to other pyroelectric ceramic materials. A high Curie temperature material is important since the polarization properties of the material break down above the Curie temperature. Hence, the use of a material with a higher Curie temperature, such as LiNbO3, makes it promising to be used as a sensing material for high-temperature applications. A study was performed to actively measure the temperature up to 500°C using a pyroelectric ceramic lithium niobate (LiNbO3) as a sensor material. Due to the non-linear pyroelectric response of LiNbO3, the temperature-dependent pyroelectric coefficient of LiNbO3 was measured with a dynamic pyroelectric coefficient technique in temperature ranges up to 500°C. Temperature-dependent pyroelectric coefficient of LiNbO3 was found to increase from −0.5 × 10−5 to −3.70 × 10−5 C/m2°C from room temperature to 500°C. The LiNbO3 sensor was then tested for higher temperature sensing at 220°C, 280°C, 410°C, and 500°C and has shown 4.31%, 2.1%, 0.4%, and 0.6% deviation, respectively, compared with thermocouple measurements.
2

Davydov C. Yu. "Pyroelectric coefficient estimations for aluminum and gallium compounds." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 5 (2022): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.05.53508.248.

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Analytical expression for pyroelectric coefficient p for the compounds with wurtzit structure is given. Obtained values of p for AlN and GaN are in satisfactory agreement with the first-principles calculations. Pyroelectric effect in the uniform epitaxial films and heterostructures is discussed. Keywords: pyroelectric coefficient, wurtzite structure, monocrystal, thin film, heterostructure.
3

Pintilie, L., I. Pintilie, and I. Matei. "Equivalent pyroelectric coefficient of a pyroelectric bimorph structure." Journal of Applied Physics 88, no. 12 (December 15, 2000): 7264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1327284.

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4

Liang, Ting, Si Jia Lin, Ying Li, Cheng Lei, and Chen Yang Xue. "Research on the Effect of Mechanical Processing on Lithium Tantalate Crystal Pyroelectric Coefficient." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.880.

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Lithium tantalate (LT) is a kind of excellent pyroelectric materials that can be made into high performance pyroelectric detector. As the detector voltage response and detection rate inversely proportional to the thickness of the infrared sensing element, So the thinning of lithium tantalate crystals becomes a key of success. This design uses CMP method to produce 50 μm thickness of LT wafer, and via charge integration method with computer automatic test system to test the pyroelectric coefficient of crystals with different thickness and surface roughness. The pyroelectric coefficient of crystal achieved 203 μC·m-2k-1 proves the favorable pyroelectric properties.
5

Fan, Mao Yan, Yang Yang Zhang, Qing Feng Zhang, Guang Zu Zhang, and Lin Lu. "Piezoelectric, Dielectric and Pyroelectric Property in Morphotropic Phase Boundary MnO2 Doped Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) 0-3 Composites." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.55.

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MnO2 doped Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) 0-3 composites with high pyroelectric coefficient were prepared for different volume fractions of MnO2 doped Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3 ceramic powder in P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer matrix. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and the piezoelectric coefficient increased as MnO2 doped Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3 ceramic volume fraction increased. The pyroelectric coefficient and figure of merit of Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) with different MnO2 amount and 0.8mol% MnO2 doped Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) as a function of ceramic volume fraction were studied respectively. The results indicated that 0.8mol% MnO2 doped Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) in 20vol% ceramic volume fraction show the best pyroelectric properties with pyroelectric coefficient p= 7.8×10-5C/m2K and figure of merit FD=11.4×10-6Pa-0.5.
6

Asaji, Tetsuo, and Alarich Weiss. "Pyroelectricity of Molecular Crystals: Benzene Derivatives." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0607.

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The pyroelectric coefficient at constant stress was measured for meta-nitroaniline, meta-amino-phenol, and 2,3-dichlorophenol in the temperature range 90 Ù T/ K ⪅ % melting point. A change in sign of the pyroelectric coefficient was observed in meta-nitroaniline and 2,3-dichlorophenol. At room temperature p3s is 9 m Cm−2 K−1 for meta-nitroaniline, 42 m Cm−2 K−1 for meta-aminophenol, and 0.3 m Cm−2 K−1 for 2,3-dichlorophenol (at 263 K for the latter one). By a classical harmonic oscillator model the contribution to the pyroelectric coefficient due to molecular dipole librational motions was estimated to be fairly small for meta-nitroaniline. The temperature dependence of the coefficient of meta-nitroaniline is discussed on the basis of Boguslawski's theory. The importance of internal polar optical modes for the temperature dependence of the pyroelectric coefficient of molecular crystals is shown.
7

Jiang, Zibo, and Zuo-Guang Ye. "Application study of Mn-doped PIN-PMN-PT relaxor ferroelectric crystal grown by Vertical Gradient Freeze method." Ferroelectrics 557, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2020.1713358.

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A 3-inch Mn:PIN-36%PMN-32%PT (Generation III) relaxor ferroelectric crystal was grown using the Vertical Gradient Freeze method. Crystals of [1, 11] and [111] orientations were prepared and studied, evaluating their dielectric constants, piezoelectric coefficients, electromechanical coupling coefficients, loss tangents and pyroelectric coefficients. It is shown that in pyroelectric applications, [111]-poled crystals are particularly suitable for high performance sensors due to a relatively high pyroelectric coefficient, low loss tangent. In addition, the specific heat is lower as compared to LiTaO3. It is also shown that the alternating current (AC) poling has a more significant effect on the [001]-poled crystal than on the [011]- and [111]-poled crystals due to the lattice distortion induced by a strong electric field along the [001] direction.
8

Sharofidinov Sh. Sh., Kukushkin S. A., Staritsyn M. V., Solnyshkin A. V., Sergeeva O. N., Kaptelov E. Yu., and Pronin I. P. "Structure and properties of composites based on aluminum and gallium nitrides grown on silicon of different orientations with a buffer layer of silicon carbide." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 5 (2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.05.53510.250.

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The microstructure and pyroelectric properties of AlxGa1-xN composite epitaxial layers grown on SiC/Si(111) and SiC/Si(110) hybrid substrates by the chloride-hydride epitaxy have been studied. The phenomenon of spontaneous formation of a system of heterojunctions consisting of periodic AlxGa1-xN layers of different composition located perpendicular to the direction of growth, was discovered during the growth of layers. Measurements of the pyroelectric coefficients of these heterostructures have shown that regardless of the orientation of the initial Si substrate and their pyroelectric coefficients have close values of the order of γ~(0.7-1)·10-10 C/cm2K. It is shown that to increase the magnitude of the pyroresponse it is necessary to deposit an AlN layer with a thickness exceeding 1 μm on the AlxGa1-xN/SiC/Si surface. This leads to record values of the pyroelectric coefficient γ~18·10-10 C/cm2K for AlN crystals and films. Keywords: silicon carbide-on-silicon substrates, chloride-hydride epitaxy, AlGaN epitaxial layers, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, pyroelectric properties.
9

Hesterberg, Rolf, Michel Bonin, Martin Sommer, Matthias Burgener, Bernhard Trusch, Dragan Damjanovic, and Jürg Hulliger. "Vapour growth, morphology, absolute structure and pyroelectric coefficient of meta-nitroaniline single crystals." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671900414x.

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The growth speed of (hkl) faces in the vapour phase, the absolute structure obtained by X-ray crystallography, and the value and the sign of the pyroelectric coefficient of meta-nitroaniline (mNA) were analysed in detail. The in situ observation of morphologically well developed faces of several mNA crystals growing in evacuated ampoules reveals no pronounced growth speed anisotropy for polar faces defining the unique axis 2 of the mm2 group. Scanning pyroelectric microscopy confirms mono-domain mNA crystals. X-ray measurements in the space group Pca21 show that the molecular planes coincide with the {\bar 211} and {\bar 2\bar 1\bar 1} faces, and the nitro groups cover the {201} face in the opposite direction to the crystal tip, characterizing the polar habitus studied here. At room temperature, the sign of the pyroelectric coefficient is positive for a measured effective value of 6.3 µC m−2 K−1, in good agreement with values reported by other authors. From previous elastic and piezoelectric published data, the secondary pyroelectric effect was calculated to be positive and far greater than the effective one, yielding a negative value for the primary pyroelectric coefficient.
10

Шарофидинов, Ш. Ш., С. А. Кукушкин, М. В. Старицын, А. В. Солнышкин, О. Н. Сергеева, Е. Ю. Каптелов, and И. П. Пронин. "Структура и свойства композитов на основе нитридов алюминия и галлия, выращенных на кремнии разной ориентации с буферным слоем карбида кремния." Физика твердого тела 64, no. 5 (2022): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2022.05.52331.250.

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The microstructure and pyroelectric properties of AlxGa1-xN composite epitaxial layers grown on SiC/Si(111) and SiC/Si(110) hybrid substrates by the chloride-hydride epitaxy have been studied. The phenomenon of spontaneous formation of a system of heterojunctions consisting of periodic AlxGa1-xN layers of different composition located perpendicular to the direction of growth, was discovered during the growth of layers. Measurements of the pyroelectric coefficients of these heterostructures have shown that regardless of the orientation of the initial Si substrate and their pyroelectric coefficients have close values of the order of γ ~ (0.7-1)•10-10 С/cm2K. It is shown that to increase the magnitude of the pyroresponse it is necessary to deposit an AlN layer with a thickness exceeding 1 μm on the AlxGa1-xN/SiC/Si surface. This leads to record values of the pyroelectric coefficient γ ~ 18•10-10 С/cm2K for AlN crystals and films
11

Pal, M., R. Guo, and A. S. Bhalla. "Effective Pyroelectric Coefficient of Layered Structures." Ferroelectrics 472, no. 1 (November 18, 2014): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2014.964121.

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12

Jachalke, S., E. Mehner, H. Stöcker, J. Hanzig, M. Sonntag, T. Weigel, T. Leisegang, and D. C. Meyer. "How to measure the pyroelectric coefficient?" Applied Physics Reviews 4, no. 2 (June 2017): 021303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4983118.

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13

Smith, Brian, and Cristina Amon. "Simultaneous Electrothermal Test Method for Pyroelectric Microsensors." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 4 (August 19, 2007): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2804101.

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Pyroelectric film materials, including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers (e.g., P(VDF/trifluoroethylene)), are attractive candidates for low-cost infrared detection and imaging applications due to their compatibility with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processing and inexpensive packaging requirements compared to semiconductor-based detectors. The pyroelectric coefficient (p) describes the material’s electric response to a change in sensor temperature and is the main contributor to the sensitivity and detectivity of the system. However, this value can vary greatly with film fabrication and poling processes, and its measurement is often highly coupled to the material’s thermal diffusivity. This paper describes a new approach to film characterization that combines the popular “3-omega” technique for thermal characterization with a modified version of the laser intensity modulation method for determining the film’s pyroelectric coefficient. The new method is capable of simultaneously measuring film conductivity, diffusivity, and pyroelectric coefficient. It could increase the accuracy of the pyroelectric measurements by providing in situ thermal data to the electrical model instead of relying on published values or thermal measurements of a different sample. We also present a fabrication process that can be used to pole and measure a variety of pyroelectric materials and a mathematical framework to study the thermal phenomena of the setup. The thermal model is used to highlight the methodology’s sensitivity to uncertainties in the geometric and material property values of the layers surrounding the pyroelectric film.
14

Vasilyev, V., J. Cetnar, B. Claflin, G. Grzybowski, K. Leedy, N. Limberopoulos, D. Look, and S. Tetlak. "Al1-x ScxN Thin Film Structures for Pyroelectric Sensing Applications." MRS Advances 1, no. 39 (2016): 2711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.510.

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ABSTRACTAlN thin film structures have many useful and practical piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. The potential enhancement of the AlN piezo- and pyroelectric constants allows it to compete with more commonly used materials. For example, combination of AlN with ScN leads to new structural, electronic, and mechanical characteristics, which have been reported to substantially enhance the piezoelectric coefficients in solid-solution AlN-ScN compounds, compared to a pure AlN-phase material.In our work, we demonstrate that an analogous alloying approach results in considerable enhancement of the pyroelectric properties of AlN - ScN composites. Thin films of ScN, AlN and Al1-x ScxN (x = 0 – 1.0) were deposited on silicon (004) substrates using dual reactive sputtering in Ar/N2 atmosphere from Sc and Al targets. The deposited films were studied and compared using x-ray diffraction, XPS, SEM, and pyroelectric characterization. An up to 25% enhancement was observed in the pyroelectric coefficient (Pc = 0.9 µC /m2K) for Sc1-xAlxN thin films structures in comparison to pure AlN thin films (Pc = 0.71 µC/m2K). The obtained results suggest that Al1-x ScxN films could be a promising novel pyroelectric material and might be suitable for use in uncooled IR detectors.
15

Malyshkina O.V., Guseva O.S., Mitchenko A. S., and Kislova I. L. "Effect of SrTiO3, KTaO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-, and LiTaO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- modifier on the dielectric properties of Ca-=SUB=-0.3-=/SUB=-Ba-=SUB=-0.7-=/SUB=-Nb-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-6-=/SUB=- ceramics." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 7 (2022): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.07.54585.313.

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Using the method of solid-phase synthesis, we obtained ceramic samples with a structure like tetragonal tungsten bronzes, pure Ca0.3Ba0.7Nb2O6 (CBN30) and with modifying additives SrTiO3, KTaO3, or LiTaO3. The dispersion of the permittivity in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 10 MHz, the temperature dependences of the permittivity (in the given frequency range) and the pyroelectric coefficient are studied. It is shown that if the introduction of the LiTaO3 impurity into the composition of CBN30 destabilizes the dielectric characteristics at frequencies above 100 kHz, then the SrTiO3 impurity increases both the permittivity and the pyroelectric coefficient, significantly reducing dielectric losses at low (1-10 Hz) frequencies. At the same time, both of these impurities (SrTiO3 and LiTaO3) lead to sample depolarization during heating above 150oC, while the KTaO3 impurity, which slightly increases the permittivity and pyroelectric coefficient, does not affect the stability of the polarized state during heating up to higher temperatures. Keywords: piezoelectric ceramics, barium-calcium niobate, lead-free materials, permittivity dispersion, pyroelectric effect.
16

Mafi, Elham, Nicholas Calvano, Jessica Patel, Md Sherajul Islam, Md Sakib Hasan Khan, and Mukti Rana. "Electro-Optical Properties of Sputtered Calcium Lead Titanate Thin Films for Pyroelectric Detection." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121073.

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We report the deposition and characterization of calcium lead titanate (PCT) thin films for pyroelectric detectors. PCT films of thicknesses ranging from ~250 to 400 nm were deposited on both silicon and Si/SiN/Ti/Au substrates at 13 mTorr pressure by 200W radio frequency sputtering in an Ar + O2 environment. Substrates were kept at variable temperatures during the deposition. The PCT films were annealed at various temperatures in an O2 environment for 15 min. X-ray diffraction results confirm the polycrystalline nature of these films. Energy dispersive spectroscopy function of scanning electron microscope showed that the films are stoichiometric (Ca0.43Pb0.57) TiO3 (Ca/Ti = 0.5, Pb/Ti = 0.66). Temperature dependence of capacitance, pyroelectric current, and pyroelectric coefficient was investigated for different PCT films. Our results show that films deposited at 550 °C and 600 °C demonstrate better quality and larger values of the pyroelectric coefficient. On the other hand, the capacitance fabricated on the PCT films at 550 °C showed the highest value of pyroelectric current and pyroelectric coefficient which were 14 pA and at 30 °C was ~2 µC/m2K respectively at a higher temperature. In addition, we used density functional theory to determine the atomic and band structure, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and refractive index, and absorption and reflection constants with energy.
17

Wang, Jun, Wei Zhi Li, and Zhi Ming Wu. "Measurement System of Pyroelectric Coefficient for Pyroelectric Material Using Dynamic Current Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 510 (February 2014): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.510.232.

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A dynamic current method used to measure pyroelectric coefficient (p) for pyroelectric material is described in detail in this paper. The hardware part of the system includes pre-converting circuit, post amplifier circuit, wave-filter circuit, analog-to-digital conversion circuit, temperature test circuit and LCD display panel circuit. The maximum magnification time of amplifier circuit of system is 11300 and the band-stop frequency center for wave-filter circuit is 50 Hz and it's second harmonics 100 Hz. Finally, the measurement system is used to test p parameter of LiTaO3crystal slice. The lowest p parameter of LiTaO3crystal with a value of 6.08×10-9C/cm2 oC is achieved at 32.5°C.
18

Szperlich, Piotr. "Piezoelectric A15B16C17 Compounds and Their Nanocomposites for Energy Harvesting and Sensors: A Review." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 6973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226973.

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Interest in pyroelectrics and piezoelectrics has increased worldwide on account of their unique properties. Applications based on these phenomena include piezo- and pyroelectric nanogenerators, piezoelectric sensors, and piezocatalysis. One of the most interesting materials used in this growing field are A15B16C17 nanowires, an example of which is SbSI. The latter has an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.8, a piezoelectric module of 2000 pC/N, and a pyroelectric coefficient of 12 × 10−3 C/m2K. In this review, we examine the production and properties of these nanowires and their composites, such as PAN/SbSI and PVDF/SbSI. The generated electrical response from 11 different structures under various excitations, such as an impact or a pressure shock, are presented. It is shown, for example, that the PVDF/SbSI and PAN/SbSI composites have well-arranged nanowires, the orientation of which greatly affects the value of its output power. The power density for all the nanogenerators based upon A15B16C17 nanowires (and their composites) are recalculated by use of the same key equation. This enables an accurate comparison of the efficiency of all the configurations. The piezo- and photocatalytic properties of SbSI nanowires are also presented; their excellent ability is shown by the high reaction kinetic rate constant (7.6 min−1).
19

KUANG, FANG-GUANG, XIAO-YU KUANG, and BAO-BING ZHENG. "PYROELECTRIC AND PHASE TRANSITION PROPERTIES OF A FINITE ALTERNATING FERROELECTRIC SUPERLATTICE WITH THREE SURFACE LAYERS." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 15 (June 20, 2011): 1321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911026243.

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The pyroelectric and phase transition properties of a finite alternating ferroelectric superlattice with three surface layers are studied on the basis of the transverse Ising model by using the mean field approximation. The temperature-dependence of the polarization and pyroelectric coefficient of the superlattice with various inter-layer exchange interaction constants are given. The profiles of the polarization as well as the pyroelectric coefficient of the superlattice are shown. By taking into account the effects of the exchange interaction and transverse field parameters on the phase diagrams, we find that the phase transition properties of the superlattice are sensitive to the changes of transverse Ising model parameters.
20

Moroz, L., and Anna Maslovskaya. "Simulation of Nonlinear Pyroelectric Response of Ferroelectrics near Phase Transition: Fractional Differential Approach." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.843.

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The paper is devoted to mathematical modeling pyroelectric current of ferroelectric single crystal under the conditions of intensive light heating in view of fractal behavior of these materials. The proposed approach is based on numerical simulation of thermal distribution in a ferroelectric sample using time fractional operator as well as computation of pyroelectric response. The simulation results for typical TGS ferroelectric crystal were described in one-dimensional case of the model in comparison with experimental data. Pyroelectric signals depending on temperature pyroelectric coefficient and thermal physical characteristics were also analyzed.
21

Alexandru, H. V., C. Berbecaru, L. Ion, A. Dutu, F. Ion, L. Pintilie, and R. C. Radulescu. "Pyroelectric coefficient manipulation in doped TGS crystals." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 1 (October 2006): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.06.013.

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22

Давыдов, С. Ю. "Оценки пироэлектрических коэффициентов нитридов алюминия и галлия." Физика твердого тела 64, no. 5 (2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2022.05.52329.248.

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Analytical expression for pyroelectric coefficient for the compounds with wurtzit structure is given. Obtained values of for AlN and GaN are in satisfactory agreement with the first-principles calculations. Pyroelectric effect in the uniform epitaxial films and heterostructures is discussed.
23

Lan, De Jun, Yi Chen, Qiang Chen, Yi Hang Jiang, Ding Quan Xiao, and Jian Guo Zhu. "The Crystalline, Dielectric and Pyroelectric Properties of (1-x)Pb(Sc0.5Ta0.5)O3-xPb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 Relaxor Ferroelectric Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.169.

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The (1-x)PST-xPZT(PSTZT) complex perovskite relaxor ferroelectric ceramics were prepared by wolframite precursor process(named two-step-sintering method, TSSM) and conventional oxides mixing method (named one-step-sintering method, OSSM), respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that pure perovskite PSTZT ceramics could be acquired by OSSM or TSSM. The temperature dependence of permittivity and dielectric loss of PSTZT ceramics indicated that PSTZT ceramics are relaxor ferroelectric ceramics with a complete diffusive phase transition. The pyroelectric properties of PSTZT ceramics prepared by OSSM and TSSM were also investigated via quiet-state method. It was found that the larger the x value of (1-x)PST-xPZT is, the lower the pyroelectric coefficient of PSTZT ceramics is. The pyroelectric coefficient of 0.9PST-0.1PZT ceramics is about (8~25) × 10-8C/cm2·K at room temperature. The pyroelectric figure of merit of PSTZT ceramics was also discussed.
24

Yang, H. g., D. f. Zhang, W. c. Chen, and Y. y. Li. "Absolute configuration, polarity, morphology and optical activity of α-LiIO3." Journal of Applied Crystallography 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889888013007.

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The absolute configuration of α-LiIO3 crystals has been reinvestigated. The redetermination of the absolute configuration is in agreement with a report by Stadnicka, Glazer & Moxon [J. Appl. Cryst. (1985), 18, 237–240]. Special attention should be paid to the selection of Bijvoet pairs in these and similar crystals. The signs of the piezoelectric and pyroelectric coefficients have been verified and correlated with the spontaneous polarization. The pyroelectric coefficient p 3 was −4.4 × 10−5 C m−2 K−1 at 180 K. The correlation between the optical activity and the morphology of the crystals is discussed.
25

Vandana, Reema Gupta, R. P. Tandon, and Monika Tomar. "Enhanced Pyroelectric Coefficient in Ferroelectric Lead Zirconium Titanate Thick Films for Thermal Energy Harvesting Applications." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 023015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ac546c.

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Due to increase in growth population and energy demand, energy harvesting technology has become a sensational topic of research community. Amongst all the available energy harvesting technologies (mechanical, magnetic, wind, hydrothermal), harvesting waste heat has gained a lot of interest because of its cost effectiveness and availability of significant thermal fluctuations in industrial processes as well as in nearby surroundings. Therefore, efforts have been made on harvesting thermal energy through pyroelectric devices. Such devices have huge range of applications in fire alarms, heat sensors, infrared detectors, thermal imaging, gas analysis and so on. In the present study, the pyroelectric Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) thick films grown using modified sol-gel approach have been used for pyroelectric energy conversion. The effect of annealing temperature (450 °C, 450 °C and 650 °C) on the growth of PZT films has been monitored by investigating their dielectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties. An appreciable enhancement in saturation and remnant polarizations from 17μC cm−2 to 24μC cm−2 P s and 13μC cm−2 to 22 μC cm−2 P r has been obtained when annealed temperature is increased from 550 °C to 650 °C respectively. A visible change in dielectric constant is also observed from 207 to 325 from dielectric constant–frequency curves with very small change in dielectric losses from 0.06 to 0.10 with increase in the annealing temperature from 550 °C to 650 °C at 1 MHz. The pyro electric coefficient and figure of merit are found to increase from 25 × 10−3 Cm−2K−1 to 230 × 10−3 Cm−2K−1 (p) and from 2.2 m2C−1 to 20 m2C−1 for the optimized PZT thick film based pyroelectric device with increase in the external DC bias field from 0.5 V to 2.5 V. The enhanced results of pyroelectric coefficient and figure of merit achieved in the present work are good indication of electrical energy harvesting through pyroelectricity.
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Dishon, Shiri, Andrei Ushakov, Alla Nuraeva, David Ehre, Meir Lahav, Vladimir Shur, Andrei Kholkin, and Igor Lubomirsky. "Surface Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity in Centrosymmetric Materials: A Case of α-Glycine." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 4663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204663.

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Surface pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity induced by water incorporation during growth in α-glycine were investigated. Using the periodic temperature change technique, we have determined the thickness (~280 µm) of the near surface layer (NSL) and its pyroelectric coefficient (160 pC/(K × cm2) at 23 °C) independently. The thickness of NSL remains nearly constant till 60 °C and the pyroelectric effect vanishes abruptly by 70 °C. The piezoelectric effect, 0.1 pm/V at 23 °C measured with an interferometer, followed the same temperature dependence as the pyroelectric effect. Abrupt disappearance of both effects at 70 °C is irreversible and suggests that water incorporation to α-glycine forms a well defined near surface phase, which is different form α-glycine because it is polar but it too close to α-glycine to be distinguished by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The secondary pyroelectric effect was found to be <14% of the total, which is unexpectedly small for a material with a large thermal expansion coefficient. This implies that water incorporation infers minimal distortions in the host lattice. This finding suggests a path for the control of the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects of the crystals using stereospecific incorporation of the guest molecules.
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Гудков, Сергей Игоревич, Александр Валентинович Солнышкин, Роман Николаевич Жуков, and Дмитрий Александрович Киселев. "ELECTRICAL RESPONSE OF LITHIUM NIOBATE AND LITHIUM TANTALATE THIN FILMS TO MODULATED THERMAL RADIATION." Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Study of Clusters, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, no. 14 (December 15, 2022): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/pcascnn/2022.14.082.

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В работе проведены исследования пироэлектрической активности наноразмерных тонких поликристаллических пленок ниобата лития, изготовленных методом высокочастотного магнетронного распыления и методом лазерной абляции, а также тонких поликристаллических пленок танталата лития, изготовленных методом высокочастотного магнетронного распыления. С использованием динамического метода исследования пироэлектрического эффекта выяснено, что все образцы обладают самопроизвольной поляризацией, возникающей во время постростового термического отжига. Оценка пироэлектрического коэффициента показала, что значения пирокоэффициента тонких пленок ниобата лития и танталата лития в несколько раз меньше значений пирокоэффициента для объемных кристаллов соответствующих материалов. Это может быть связано с тем, что вектор поляризации части зерен лежит в плоскости пленки, а также с существующими в объеме пленки и на границе раздела пленка/подложка ловушками, на которых носители заряда рекомбинируют и не участвуют в генерации пироэлектрического тока. In this work, we studied the pyroelectric activity of thin polycrystalline lithium niobate films fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering and laser ablation, and thin polycrystalline lithium tantalate films fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Using the dynamic method of studying the pyroelectric effect, it was found that all samples have self-polarization that occurs during the post-growth thermal annealing of the structure. An estimate of the pyroelectric coefficient showed that the values of the pyroelectric coefficient of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate thin films are several times lower than the values of the pyroelectric coefficient for bulk crystals of the corresponding materials. This may be due to the fact that the polarization vector of some grains lies in the film plane, as well as to the traps existing in the film volume and at the film/substrate interface, on which charge carriers recombine and do not participate in the generation of the pyroelectric current.
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Chen, Hui, and Tia Min Cheng. "Influence of Semiconducting Electrodes on Dielectric and Pyroelectric Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1600.

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The dielectric and pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films coated with two semiconducting electrodes are studied in the frame work of Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire theory. Due to the depolarization effect produced by the surface polar charges cannot be completely screened, the contribution of the semiconducting electrodes is included in the free-energy functional. The dielectric susceptibility and the pyroelectric coefficient are calculated respectively as functions of temperature and film thickness. A comparison with the results of investigations performed for perfectly conducting electrodes shows that the effects of semiconducting electrodes can induce a transition from the ferroelectric phase to paraelectric phase, changing the phase transition from the second order to first order, and greatly improving the dielectric susceptibility and pyroelectric coefficient.
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Engel, Sebastian, David Smykalla, Bernd Ploss, Stephan Gräf, and Frank Müller. "Polarization Properties and Polarization Depth Profiles of (Cd:Zn)S/P(VDF-TrFE) Composite Films in Dependence of Optical Excitation." Polymers 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10111205.

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The influence of optical excitation intensity on the electrical, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric-semiconductor-composites was investigated. For this purpose, composite thin films consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) and 10 vol % (Cd:Zn)S particles with a thickness of 34 µm were fabricated. The samples were used to measure the absolute pyrocoefficient and to determine the relative pyroelectric depth profile using Laser Intensity Modulated Method. It was shown that a polarization of the samples without an optical excitation at the utilized relatively small peak-to-peak voltages could not be verified by the Sawyer–Tower circuit and the measurement setup of the pyroelectric coefficient, respectively. Both remanent polarization and pyroelectric coefficients increased with increasing optical excitation intensity during poling as well as increasing peak-to-peak voltage. The pyrocoefficient shows a temporal decay in the first hours after poling. The specific heat and thermal conductivity or the thermal diffusivity are required for the calibration of the pyroelectric depth profile. Rule of mixture and photo-acoustic investigations proved that the thermal properties of the utilized composites do not differ significantly from those of the pristine polymer. Based on the pyroelectric depth profile which is proportional to the polarization profile, the existing “three phase model” has been extended to generate a replacement circuit diagram, explaining the local polarization due to the optical excitation dependency for both local resistivity and local field strength.
30

El-Shaer, A. M., A. K. Aboulseoud, M. Soliman, and Sh Ebrahim. "Fabrication of Infrared Detector Based on of Polyaniline/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Blend Films and their Pyroelectric Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.103.

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Infrared detection based on polymeric materials is continuously developed in order to be cheap and easy to processing and also having high pyroelectric coefficient to convert heat to electrical signal. PANI/DBSA was blended with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with different weight ratios to improve pyroelectric coefficient and electrical conductivity of PVDF. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity is measured in the range of 20-100 °C It was found that the pyroelectric coefficient increased from 1.5×10-8 C/m2 °C for pristine PVDF to 2.61×10-5 C/m2 °C at 25 wt.% PANI at 30 °C. The infrared detector circuit connected to the gate of a voltage follower JFET with high input impedance was designed to convert the high output impedance of the sensor into the output resistance. The output from the sensor and JFET is amplified in two stages of operational amplifier with high voltage gain with low noise.
31

Bai, Gang, Dongmei Wu, Qiyun Xie, Yanyan Guo, Wei Li, Licheng Deng, and Zhiguo Liu. "Pyroelectric property of SrTiO3/Si ferroelectric-semiconductor heterojunctions near room temperature." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 05, no. 04 (December 2015): 1550031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x15500319.

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A nonlinear thermodynamic formalism is developed to calculate the pyroelectric property of epitaxial single domain [Formula: see text] heterojunctions by taking into account the thermal expansion misfit strain at different temperatures. It has been demonstrated that the crucial role was played by the contribution associated with the structure order parameter arising from the rotations of oxygen octahedral on pyroelectricity. A dramatic decrease in the pyroelectric coefficient due to the strong coupling between the polarization and the structure order parameter is found at ferroelectric [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] phase transition. At the same time, the thermal expansion mismatch between film and substrate is also found to provide an additional weak decrease of pyroelectricity. The analytic relationship of the out-of-plane pyroelectric coefficient and dielectric constant of ferroelectric phases by considering the thermal expansion of thin films and substrates has been determined for the first time. Our research provides another avenue for the investigation of the pyroelectric effects of ferroic thin films, especially, such as antiferroelectric and multiferroic materials having two or more order parameters.
32

Fathipour, Morteza, Yanan Xu, and Mukti Rana. "Magnetron-Sputtered Lead Titanate Thin Films for Pyroelectric Applications: Part 2—Electrical Characteristics and Characterization Methods." Materials 17, no. 3 (January 25, 2024): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17030589.

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Pyroelectric materials are naturally electrically polarized and exhibits a built-in spontaneous polarization in their unit cell structure even in the absence of any externally applied electric field. These materials are regarded as one of the ideal detector elements for infrared applications because they have a fast response time and uniform sensitivity at room temperature across all wavelengths. Crystals of the perovskite lead titanate (PbTiO3) family show pyroelectric characteristics and undergo structural phase transitions. They have a high Curie temperature (the temperature at which the material changes from the ferroelectric (polar) to the paraelectric (nonpolar) phase), high pyroelectric coefficient, high spontaneous polarization, low dielectric constant, and constitute important component materials not only useful for infrared detection, but also with vast applications in electronic, optic, and MEMS devices. However, the preparation of large perfect and pure single crystals PbTiO3 is challenging. Additionally, difficulties arise in the application of such bulk crystals in terms of connection to processing circuits, large size, and high voltages required for their operation. In this part of the review paper, we explain the electrical behavior and characterization techniques commonly utilized to unravel the pyroelectric properties of lead titanate and its derivatives. Further, it explains how the material preparation techniques affect the electrical characteristics of resulting thin films. It also provides an in-depth discussion of the measurement of pyroelectric coefficients using different techniques.
33

Deb, K. K., M. D. Hill, and J. F. Kelly. "Pyroelectric characteristics of modified barium titanate ceramics." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 12 (December 1992): 3296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.3296.

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BaZrO3 and BaHfO3 modified polycrystalline BaTiO3 are candidate materials for transverse mode and pyroelectric charge coupled device (CCD) arrays. Addition of 3–4% barium zirconate and barium hafnate to barium titanate alters the temperature of phase transformations and with it, dielectric and pyroelectric properties. These additions create a temperature range close to room temperature where the pyroelectric coefficient is extremely high relative to the dielectric permittivity. These materials show a very high figure of merit for dielectric bolometer applications that is competitive with existing materials, while being relatively easy to prepare.
34

Fleck, Silvia, Michael C. Böhm, and Alarich Weiss. "Dielectric and Pyroelectric Properties of Ammonium Hydrogen-DL-Malate Monohydrate, NH4(C4H5O5) H2O." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1987-0110.

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The dielectric and pyroelectric properties of ammonium hydrogen-DL-malate monohydrate NH⊕ (⊖OOCCHOHCH2COOH) • H20 were studied as a function of temperature and crystallographic direction. The components of the dielectric tensor at room temperature are within the limits 5.9 ≦ ε≦ 8.6. The pyroelectric coefficient |p| increases from ≈ 18 μC m-2 K-1 at T= 100 K to 32 μC m-2 K-1 at room temperature. The angular variation of p in the ac-plane of the crystal with symmetry Cc is ≈ 10°.Using an INDO procedure which includes crystal field effects in a self-consistent way (SCEF) the charge distribution in the solid was calculated. With the therefrom resulting dipole moment and together with the dielectric measurements the pyroelectric coefficient |p| and the change of |p| with temperature was calculated. Experiment and theoretical result agree satisfactory.
35

Acosta, Krystal L., William K. Wilkie, and Daniel J. Inman. "Characterizing the pyroelectric coefficient for macro-fiber composites." Smart Materials and Structures 27, no. 11 (September 25, 2018): 115001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aadc70.

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36

Gavrilova, N. D., E. G. Maksimov, V. K. Novik, and S. N. Drozhdin. "The low-temperature behaviour of the pyroelectric coefficient." Ferroelectrics 100, no. 1 (December 1989): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198908007918.

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37

Blinov, L. M., L. A. Beresnev, D. Z. Radzhabov, and S. S. Yakovenko. "A Technique for Local Measuring the Pyroelectric Coefficient." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 191, no. 1 (November 1990): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268949008038619.

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38

Gaska, R., M. S. Shur, and A. D. Bykhovski. "Pyroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of GaN-Based Materials." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 4, S1 (1999): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s1092578300002246.

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We review pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of GaN-based materials. Pyroelectric effects in GaN have been studied in two different regimes: (i) uniform sample heating regime and (ii) under applied temperature gradient along the sample. The modeling results show that the pyroelectric coefficient, Pv, in GaN (for c-axis along the contacts) can reach 7×105 V/m-K (compared to Pv = 5×105 V/m-K for the best-known high temperature pyroelectric/piezoelectric material LiTaO3). This points to a high potential of GaN-based sensors for high temperature pyroelectronics. Piezoelectric effects strongly affect the performance of electronic and light-emitting devices based on III-N materials. Piezoelectrically induced charge in heterostructures can be as large as 3 to 4×1013 cm−2. Hence, strong lattice polarization effects provide unique possibilities for utilizing GaN-based materials in high temperature piezoelectronics and for their applications in pyroelectric detectors.
39

Jachalke, Sven, Erik Mehner, Hartmut Stöcker, Tilmann Leisegang, and Dirk Meyer. "Evaluation of structural phase transition by pyroelectric measurements." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314099392.

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In non-centrosymmetric crystalline matter, marked by the pyroelectric effect, a change in temperature alters the materials spontaneous polarization, which further changes the charge density on the material's surface. This results in a current flow trough an external circuit, which differs drastically at the boundary between two crystallographic phases. Therefore, pyroelectric materials offer a great potential of low-temperature waste heat recovery by utilizing e.g. the Olsen-Cylce to convert residual heat into electric energy. A previous characterization is necessary to determine the operating conditions of the active material. This work presents a method to evaluate temperature depended pyroelectric properties, especially the pyroelectric coefficient p and the phase transition temperture TC, with the help of a computer controlled thermal/electrical stimulation and a simultaneously recording of the electrical response of the material. Here, the analysis with the Sharp-Garn-method [1] separates the pyroelectric from eventually disturbing non-pyroelectric signal, enabling the characterization of p and TC over a broad spectrum of materials, ranging from inorganic single crystals and ceramics to organic polymers.
40

Oleinik, A., M. Gilts, P. Karataev, A. Klenin, and A. Kubankin. "Peculiarities of the pyroelectric current generated using a LiNbO3 single crystal driven by low-frequency sinusoidal temperature variation." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 20 (November 28, 2022): 204101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124599.

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Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single crystal is one of the pyroelectric materials, which can be applicable in energy storage and conversion devices. A theoretical and experimental study of the sinusoidal temperature variation of a single crystal of LiNbO3 with ultra-low frequency of 1–80 mHz is presented here. The previously unreported phenomenon of the optimal frequency range with the maximum amplitude of pyroelectric current oscillations is shown. It is noted that the observed effect is very sensitive to the thermal properties of the material. The impact of thermal properties of the crystal on the optimal frequency range is discussed. The accurate calculations of the pyroelectric coefficient using sinusoidal temperature variation are introduced. The observed phenomenon can be applied in pyroelectric energy converters and storage devices having a cycle time of 10–1000 s.
41

Hanrahan, Brendan, Yomery Espinal, Shi Liu, Zeyu Zhang, Alireza Khaligh, Andrew Smith, and S. Pamir Alpay. "Combining inverse and conventional pyroelectricity in antiferroelectric thin films for energy conversion." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 36 (2018): 9828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02686f.

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42

TYAGUR, IRYNA. "A BRIEF REVIEW OF Sn2P2(SexS1-x)6 CRYSTALLINE FAMILY PROPERTIES." Functional Materials Letters 02, no. 03 (September 2009): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604709000715.

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The Sn2P2S6 compound is a member of a large isomorphous ferroelectric family. This compound exhibits a strong piezoelectric effect, combining large photorefractive coefficients with a fast holographic response, a high pyroelectric coefficient and a bulk piezoelectric modulus, which make them promising materials in a wide temperature and pressure range for optical and acoustical applications and also interesting materials for sensor applications in modern electronics.
43

Mbisike, Stephen C., Lutz Eckart, John W. Phair, Peter Lomax, and Rebecca Cheung. "Amplification of pyroelectric device with WSe2 field effect transistor and ferroelectric gating." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 14 (April 14, 2022): 144101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086216.

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A WSe2 field effect transistor integrated with a lead zirconium titanate (PZT) pyroelectric device has been designed, fabricated, and tested and is described as the integrated pyroelectric device. The integrated device has been compared to a standalone pyroelectric device, which consists of PZT sandwiched between platinum electrodes. A pyroelectric coefficient of 1.755 × 10−4 C/m2K has been realized for our thin-film PZT (650 nm). The integrated device amplifies the output of the standalone device by over ten orders of magnitude as the current density calculated for the devices is 16 nA/mm2 and 1 nA/mm2, respectively. The interplay between the pyro- and ferro-induced polarization of the integrated device has been studied. From our observations, the ferroelectric gating controls directly the drain-source current output of the integrated device, showing anti-clockwise hysteresis behavior. The device shows promise for application in infrared sensing.
44

Fang, Bijun, Kun Qian, Zhihui Chen, Ningyi Yuan, Jianning Ding, Xiangyong Zhao, Haiqing Xu, and Haosu Luo. "Large strain and pyroelectric properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 ceramics prepared by partial oxalate route." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 05 (August 26, 2014): 1450059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604714500593.

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Partial oxalate route is an efficient method to synthesize complex perovskite ferroelectric ceramics, in which the synthesized (1 - x) Pb ( Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3) O 3–x PbTiO 3 (PMN–PT) ceramics exhibit rather pure perovskite structure, densified microstructure morphology, and excellent dielectric and piezoelectric properties. The PMN–PT ceramics synthesized by the partial oxalate route exhibit rather symmetric strain–electric (S–E) field hysteresis loops, where the strain is large and far less than saturated at 2 kV/mm. The PMN–PT ceramics exhibit excellent pyroelectric properties, in which the values of the pyroelectric coefficient and the calculated pyroelectric figures of merit maintain almost stable over the frequency range of 100 Hz–2000 Hz, and vary differently depending on composition with the increase of temperature. Such investigations reveal that high-performance piezoelectric and pyroelectric devices can be prepared by the partial oxalate route in low production cost.
45

Zhang, Deyin, Dagui Huang, and Jinhua Li. "Pyroelectric coefficient measurement of novel lithium tantalate thin film." JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT 2009, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1187.2009.01080.

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46

Corkovic, S., and Q. Zhang. "Enhanced pyroelectric coefficient of antiferroelectric-ferroelectric bilayer thin films." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 6 (March 15, 2009): 061610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3055350.

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47

Wu, Yin-Zhong, Dong-Lai Yao, and Zhen-Ya Li. "An Effective Pyroelectric Coefficient of a Ferroelectric Sandwich Structure." Integrated Ferroelectrics 43, no. 1 (January 2002): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713718185.

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48

Teyssedre, G., A. Bernes, and C. Lacabanne. "Temperature dependence of the pyroelectric coefficient in polyvinylidene fluoride." Ferroelectrics 160, no. 1 (October 1994): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199408007696.

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49

Popescu, S. T., A. Petris, and V. I. Vlad. "Interferometric measurement of the pyroelectric coefficient in lithium niobate." Journal of Applied Physics 113, no. 4 (January 28, 2013): 043101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4788696.

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50

Tang, Yan Xue, Yue Tian, Fei Fei Wang, and Wang Zhou Shi. "Deposition and Characterization of Pyroelectric PMN-PT Thin Films for Uncooled Infrared Focal Plane Arrays." Materials Science Forum 687 (June 2011): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.687.242.

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Modern uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (UFPA) development is oriented toward silicon microstructure monolithic arrays by employing pyroelectric thin films with continuing trends in high performance and miniaturization. In order to exploit high performance pyroelectric thin films, (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−xPbTiO3(PMN-PT) thin films withx= 0.26 were deposited on LaNiO3/Si substrates by the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. (110) preferred orientation thin films with pure perovskite structures were obtained at a substrate temperature of 500°C. The ferroelectric, dielectric and pyroelectric properties of the films were investigated. The films show a typical polarization – electric filed hysteresis loop with a large remnant polarization of 17.2 μC/cm2. At room temperature, the high pyroelectric coefficient of 3.1 × 10-4C/m2K together with low dielectric constant of 470 and loss tangent of 0.04 render the film promising for uncooled infrared device applications. The origin of the differences in electrical properties between the films and bulk materials has also been discussed.

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