Journal articles: 'Pyroclast generation'

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Shea, Thomas, Lucia Gurioli, Bruce F. Houghton, Raffaello Cioni, and Katharine V. Cashman. "Column collapse and generation of pyroclastic density currents during the A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius: The role of pyroclast density." Geology 39, no. 7 (July 2011): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32092.1.

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Thouret, J. C., J. Ramírez C., B. Gibert-Malengreau, C. A. Vargas, J. L. Naranjo, J. Vandemeulebrouck, F. Valla, and M. Funk. "Volcano–glacier interactions on composite cones and lahar generation: Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, case study." Annals of Glaciology 45 (2007): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282589.

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AbstractThe catastrophic lahars triggered by the 13 November 1985 eruption of the ice-clad Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, demonstrate that the interaction of hot pyroclasts with snow and ice can release 30–50 millionm3 of meltwater in 30–90 minutes. The 1985 eruption caused a 16% loss in area and a 9% loss in volume of snow, firn and ice. Turbulent pyroclastic density currents mechanically mixed with snow and produced meltwater at a rate of 0.5–1.6mms–1. Laboratory experiments suggest that turbulent, fluidized pyroclastic density currents exert mechanical and thermal scour, thereby efficiently transferring heat from hot pyroclasts to snow. Ice cap loss at Nevado del Ruiz continued between 1985 and 2000, representing a ∽52% decline in area and a ∽30% fall in volume. Ice 60–190m thick caps the east and southeast summit plateau, whereas an ice field < 30m thick and devoid of snow is retreating on the north, northeast and west edges. This asymmetrical distribution of ice reflects combined long-term effects of the 1985 eruption and of the post-1985 ice cap retreat. Should volcanic activity resume, steep-sided glaciers can fail and pyroclastic flows and surges can sweep the snowpack and generate mixed avalanches and lahars. Although the potential source of meltwater has decreased since 1985, extensive debris at the ice cap margins can be incorporated to future lahars.

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Huguet, David, Jean-Claude Thouret, Pierre Nehlig, Jeannine Raffy, and Pierre Rochette. "Les lahars du strato-volcan du Cantal (Massif central, France); stratigraphie, modes de mise en place et implications paleo-geomorphologiques." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.5.573.

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Abstract Introduction: The study of lahar (Lh) deposits (a) describes sedimentary facies associations in a volcano-sedimentary system, (b) establishes the identification of criteria to recognize epiclastic deposits in fossil volcanic successions [Thouret, 1999] and (c) reconstructs paleo-landforms (stratocones, paleovalleys, and volcaniclastic fans) in an old volcanic massif. Lh deposits form the "complexe conglomeratique superieur" ("upper conglomeratic complex") [Brousse et al., 1972, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1989] associated with pyroclastic deposits and streamflow deposits above the "breche inferieure" ("lower breccia"), reinterpreted as debris-avalanche (DAv) deposits. From 9.5 to 6.5 Ma, a trachyandesitic stratovolcano has been built up. Several sector collapses generated DAv and an explosive activity produced pyroclastic-flow deposits. Pyroclastic deposits and both Lh and DAv deposits built up volcaniclastic fans. The study aims (a) to determine Lh deposit generations associated with paleo-landforms and (2) to use Lh deposits as landmarks to recognize some geomorphologic stages in the history of Cantal volcano (45 degrees N-2.5 degrees E; 2500 km 2 , approximately 380 km 3 , 1 855 m). Lahar generations: Lh deposits (9 km 3 ) cover 280 km 2 (fig. 1). They show two facies, clast-supported and matrix-supported debris-flow deposits (fig. 2 and 3), located as far as 20 km from the geographic centre (Puy Griou). Firstly, field observations and geochronological data enable us to distinguish as much as five Lh deposit generations. Secondly, geometric and stratigraphic relations, between Lh deposits and both pyroclastic and DAv deposits, allow us to decipher the genetic relations between distinct volcaniclastic formations. The Cere valley shows three Lh generations. The "Faillitoux" generation is interbedded with the schistose basement and the lava and pyroclastic deposits of the Elanceze massif (1571 m) (fig. 4). An ankaramitic lava (9.53+ or -0,5 Ma, K/Ar) [Nehlig et al., 1999], fitting into Lh deposits of the Elanceze massif post-dates the apparition of the first lahar generation. The "Curebourse" generation was emplaced above DAv deposits (fig. 2A and 5). Both DAv and Lh deposits of the "Curebourse" generation filled the paleo-Cere valley about 7.1 Ma. The "Thiezac" generation (>6.7 Ma, K/Ar) [Nehlig et al., 1999] (fig. 2C) overlies a thick pyroclastic deposit (fig. 4) and is not related to the DAv and the "Curebourse" generation. The fourth generation (Impradine valley) is stratigraphically and genetically associated with pyroclastic deposits located in the upper Impradine valley (fig. 5). These pyroclastic deposits are older than 7.96 Ma (K/Ar age on a trachyandesitic lava overlying Lh deposits) and result from pyroclastic deposits removed as Lh deposits downvalley. The fifth identified lahar generation is located in the Petite-Rhue valley, to the north of the volcano, where a 5-m-thick pumiceous pyroclastite (7.6+ or -0.03 Ma; 40 Ar/ 39 Ar) [Platevoet, 2000] is interstratified with Lh deposits in Cheylade. Genetic relations with pyroclastic deposits: To determine the nature of the relationships between Lh deposits and DAv deposits, we observed geometric relationships between both formations. Some Lh deposits of "Curebourse" generation filled paleothalwegs (fig. 6) cut into DAv deposits suggesting a remission stage after emplacement of DAv deposits. We did not identify sedimentologic features such as dewatering structures indicating that lahars evolved from the top or the front of DAv deposits. Thus, no obvious genetic link was clearly determined between Lh and DAv deposits. In the Impradine valley, we observe the transformation of these pyroclastic deposits in Lh deposits. A proximal pyroclastic facies (upper Impradine) (fig. 5), intruded by numerous dykes and intercalated with trachyandesitic lava, shows the proximity of a stratocone located 1,5 km to the South-East. Field observations indicate a stratigraphic link between pyroclastic and Lh deposits. Debris flows have removed pyroclastic deposits over a 6 km distance. Lh deposits are ungraded or inversely graded and show matrix- or clast-supported facies. About 50% of dense subrounded to rounded clasts were incorporated during the flow. The remaining 50% are dense trachyandesitic juvenile clasts derived from primary pyroclastic-flow deposits. Geomorphological implications: Determinations of five Lh deposit generations and observations of geometrical relations with volcaniclastic deposits (DAv and pyroclastic deposits) enable us to reconstruct paleo-landforms and some stages of the geomorphic evolution of Cantal. In this way, the Impradine volcaniclastic unit is a fragment of a volcaniclastic fan facing north-east (fig. 7). In the Cere valley, the "Faillitoux" generation is the remnant of a proximal section of a volcaniclastic fan facing south-west. These lahars flowed from a trachyandesitic stratocone located close to the Elanceze massif about 9.5 Ma ago (fig. 7). These paleo-stratocones were eroded and are no longer visible in the present geomorphic landscape. Lh deposits allow us to determine geomorphic inheritances, contemporaneous with the activity of the stratovolcano from 9.5 to 6.5 Ma. About 7.1 Ma, the paleo-Cere valley was filled with DAv and Lh deposits of the "Curebourse" generation. The "Curebourse" generation formed a volcaniclastic fan on the top of DAv deposits. DAv and Lh deposits, that are less resistant than the trachyandesitic Elanceze massif and Plomb-du-Cantal range, have been eroded. Accordingly, the Cere valley is being exhumed. The present-day drainage pattern occupies the paleothalweg. However, in distal positions, paleo-landforms are not as well preserved. The current drainage pattern does not use any more paleothalwegs in contrast to what is seen in proximal position (fig. 8).

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Lube, Gert, Eric C. P. Breard, Jim Jones, Luke Fullard, Josef Dufek, Shane J. Cronin, and Ting Wang. "Generation of air lubrication within pyroclastic density currents." Nature Geoscience 12, no. 5 (April 8, 2019): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0338-2.

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Olivares, Lucio, Emilia Damiano, Nadia Netti, and Martina de Cristofaro. "Geotechnical Properties of Two Pyroclastic Deposits Involved in Catastrophic Flowslides for Implementation in Early Warning Systems." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010024.

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Air-fall pyroclastic deposits on steep slopes in Campania (Southern Italy) are periodically subjected to rainfall-induced landslides that may evolve into catastrophic flowslides. To protect built-up areas, early warning systems (EWSs) have been implemented which are essentially based on pluviometric thresholds or models unable to accurately monitor the physical phenomena responsible for flowslide generation in pyroclastic deposits. Over the last 20 years, landslides with no evolution in flows occurred in this area and the alarms generated by existing EWSs in the cases of rainfall were both false and highly costly, thus eroding public trust in EWSs. To improve existing EWSs, two complex models for pyroclastic soils (Cervinara and Sarno) are proposed in this paper. These two models allow correct simulation of the physical processes, such as saturation increase due to rainwater infiltration and mechanical degradation as far as undrained instability, which govern postfailure evolution. The paper concludes with the presentation of a framework proposal to be used in defining a soil database, as well as a framework for flowslide generation forecast to be used for implementation within EWSs.

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Sulpizio, Roberto, Pierfrancesco Dellino, Daniela Mele, and Luigi La Volpe. "Generation of pyroclastic density currents from pyroclastic fountaining or transient explosions: insights from large scale experiments." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 3 (October 1, 2008): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/3/1/012020.

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Kaminski, Édouard, and Claude Jaupart. "Marginal stability of atmospheric eruption columns and pyroclastic flow generation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, B10 (October 10, 2001): 21785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000215.

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8

De Angelis, S., V. Bass, V. Hards, and G. Ryan. "Seismic characterization of pyroclastic flow activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, 8 January 2007." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 4 (July 23, 2007): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-467-2007.

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Abstract. A partial dome collapse with concurrent pyroclastic flow (PF) activity occurred at Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat on 8 January 2007. Pyroclastic density currents were observed to propagate from the Northwest and West sectors of the summit dome into the heads of Tyres Ghaut and Gages Valley, respectively. Between 10:00 and 10:15 UTC pyroclastic flows entered Tyres Ghaut and from there descended into the Belham Valley reaching a distance of about 5 km from the source. Pyroclastic flow activity on the Northwest and West side of the edifice continued at high levels over the following 1.5 h, although run-out distances of individual flows did not exceed 1.5 km. Subsequent observations showed that material had been removed from the lower Northwest side of the dome leaving an amphitheatre-like structure cutting through the old crater rim. The seismic waves excited by the propagation of pyroclastic flows were recorded by the Montserrat Volcano Observatory's network of broadband seismometers. The seismic records show the onset of a continuous signal before 09:30 UTC with gradually increasing amplitudes and spectral energy in the 1–8 Hz band. The signal rapidly increased in amplitude and a characteristic spindle-shaped waveform with broadband energy (1–25 Hz) was observed accompanying large PF that descended along the slopes of the volcano. The main phase was followed by a sequence of individual seismic pulses which correlated well with visual observations of PF. PF are a major hazard at SHV and pose significant risk for the population living in the proximity of the volcano. They can occur with little or no warning and have the potential to reach inhabited areas to the Northwest. The study of the seismic activity associated with the generation and propagation of pyroclastic flows can help to identify characteristic precursory seismic sequences providing valuable information to improve the understanding of the hazards posed by the SHV and to allow better warning to be given to the authorities.

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Sato, Hiroaki, Toshitsugu Fujii, and Setsuya Nakada. "Crumbling of dacite dome lava and generation of pyroclastic flows at Unzen volcano." Nature 360, no. 6405 (December 1992): 664–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360664a0.

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Tinti, S., G. Pagnoni, and A. Piatanesi. "Simulation of tsunamis induced by volcanic activity in the Gulf of Naples (Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 5 (October 31, 2003): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-311-2003.

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Abstract. The paper explores the potential of tsunami generation by pyroclastic flows travelling down the flank of the volcano Vesuvius that is found south of Naples in Italy. The eruption history of Vesuvius shows that it is characterised by large explosive eruptions of plinian or subplinian type during which large volume of pyroclastic flows can be produced. The most remarkable examples of such eruptions occurred in 79 AD and in 1631 and were catastrophic. Presently Vesuvius is in a repose time that, according to volcanologists, could be interrupted by a large eruption, and consequently proper plans of preparedness and emergency management have been devised by civil authorities based on a scenario envisaging a large eruption. Recently, numerical models of magma ascent and of eruptive column formation and collapse have been published for the Vesuvius volcano, and propagation of pyroclastic flows down the slope of the volcanic edifice up to the close shoreline have been computed. These flows can reach the sea in the Gulf of Naples: the denser slow part will enter the waters, while the lighter and faster part of the flow can travel on the water surface exerting a pressure on it. This paper studies the tsunami produced by the pressure pulse associated with the transit of the low-density phase of the pyroclastic flow on the sea surface by means of numerical simulations. The study is divided into two parts. First the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Gulf of Naples as regards the propagation of long waves are analysed by studying the waves radiating from a source that is a static initial depression of the sea level localised within the gulf. Then the tsunami produced by a pressure pulse moving from the Vesuvius toward the open sea is simulated: the forcing pulse features are derived from the recent studies on Vesuvian pyroclastic flows in the literature. The tsunami resulting from the computations is a perturbation involving the whole Gulf of Naples, but it is negligible outside, and persists within the gulf long after the transit of the excitation pulse. The size of the tsunami is modest. The largest calculated oscillations are found along the innermost coasts of the gulf at Naples and at Castellammare. The main conclusion of the study is that the light component of the pyroclastic flows produced by future large eruptions of Vesuvius are not expected to set up catastrophic tsunamis.

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Schwarzkopf, L. M., O. Spieler, B. Scheu, and D. B. Dingwell. "Fall-experiments on Merapi basaltic andesite and constraints on the generation of pyroclastic surges." eEarth 2, no. 1 (January 4, 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ee-2-1-2007.

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Schwarzkopf, L. M., O. Spieler, B. Scheu, and D. B. Dingwell. "Fall-experiments on Merapi basaltic andesite and constraints on the generation of pyroclastic surges." eEarth Discussions 1, no. 2 (July 14, 2006): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/eed-1-81-2006.

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KARACIK, ZEKIYE, and SENGUL C. GENÇ. "Volcano-stratigraphy of the extension-related silicic volcanism of the Çubukludağ Graben, western Turkey: an example of generation of pyroclastic density currents." Geological Magazine 151, no. 3 (July 19, 2013): 492–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000435.

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AbstractWestern Turkey's extension-related Cumaovası volcanic rocks (Lower Miocene, 17 Ma) are excellent examples of silicic eruptions. The sub-aerial silicic volcanism at Çubukludağ Graben between İzmir and Kuşadası in west–central Anatolia is mainly in the form of rhyolite domes, lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. The initial features of volcanism derived from phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions from silicic magma that came into contact with lake waters during Neogene times. Most of the volcanic succession represents pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), known as the Kuner ignimbrite. The deposits are fine grained and laminated at the base and pass laterally and vertically into deposits displaying well-developed traction structures, soft sediment deformation and/or erosion channels in the NE part of the region. Alternate deposits of massive, diffusely stratified lapilli and ash are the main products of the later explosive stage. Massive lithic breccias forming the top of the sequences are the proximal facies of the PDCs. The lava phase mainly consists of rhyolite extruded as dome and fissure eruptions of lavas, aligned along NE–SW-trending faults as well as from extensional cracks that are nearly perpendicular to the main graben faults. Considering the tectono-stratigraphical aspects and geochemical nature of the study area, we propose that the Cumaovası silicic volcanism was produced by extension-related crustal melting during the Late–Early Miocene period (17 Ma).

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Belousov, Alexander, Boris Behncke, and Marina Belousova. "Generation of pyroclastic flows by explosive interaction of lava flows with ice/water-saturated substrate." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 202, no. 1-2 (April 2011): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.004.

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Chigira, Masahiro. "Geologic factors contributing to landslide generation in a pyroclastic area: August 1998 Nishigo Village, Japan." Geomorphology 46, no. 1-2 (July 2002): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(02)00058-2.

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Hornby, Adrian, Ulrich Kueppers, Benedikt Mauer, Carina Poetsch, and Donald Dingwell. "Experimental constraints on volcanic ash generation and clast morphometrics in pyroclastic density currents and granular flows." Volcanica 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.03.02.263283.

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Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are a prominent hazard of volcanic activity; however, fully quantitative observations are lacking and little direct evidence exists to constrain the parameters controlling ash production and runout. Here, we use rotary tumbling experiments to investigate ash generation efficiency and clast morphometrics in the dense basal flow of PDCs. We observe greater ash generation with periodic ash removal and with higher starting mass. By scaling to the bed height and clast diameter we obtain a general description for ash production in all experiments as a function of flow distance that we parameterise in dimensionless space. We also show that ash production correlates with clast shape changes and with the Inertial number for our experiments. This work introduces some of the first systematic and generalizable experimental parameterizations of ash production and clast evolution in PDCs and should advance the ability to understand flow mobility and associated hazards.

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Galindo, Rubén, Miguel Ángel Millán, Luis E. Hernández-Gutiérrez, Claudio Olalla Marañón, and Hernán Patiño. "Bearing Capacity of Volcanic Pyroclasts Using the Discontinuity Layout Optimization Method." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413733.

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The failure criterion of low-density volcanic rocks differs radically from that of conventional rocks by manifesting collapse under isotropic stress. In this way, the shapes of the failure model do not reveal a continuously increasing growth of deviating stress with the isotropic stress, but they reach a maximum value, after which they decrease until they vanish under the isotropic collapse pressure. As a consequence, engineering applications require the implementation of numerical codes and the resolution of associated numerical difficulties. This article presents the problem of the bearing capacity of a foundation on a low-density volcanic rock using the DLO (discontinuity layout optimization) numerical method. The analysis of results shows the ability of the DLO method to solve the numerical difficulties associated with the complex failure criteria, so that the convergence and stability of the solution can be achieved without generating high computational costs. Additionally, a discussion of the DLO results is also presented, demonstrating forms of failure on the ground following the real collapses in these volcanic materials. In addition, numerical validation was performed with the finite difference method, using FLAC, and with an analytical method using simplified configurations, obtaining good contrast results, with the DLO method performing better. In this way, an adequate and reliable resolution technique is provided to face the problem of bearing capacity in low-density volcanic rocks, overcoming limitations referred to in the technical literature regarding the difficulty of treating highly non-linear and non-monotonic numerical criteria, which allows the introduction of isotropic collapse failure.

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Calder, E. S., R. Luckett, R. S. J. Sparks, and B. Voight. "Mechanisms of lava dome instability and generation of rockfalls and pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 21, no. 1 (2002): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2002.021.01.08.

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Cole, P. D., E. Fernandez, E. Duarte, and A. M. Duncan. "Explosive activity and generation mechanisms of pyroclastic flows at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica between 1987 and 2001." Bulletin of Volcanology 67, no. 8 (February 16, 2005): 695–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0402-6.

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Waythomas, C. F., and C. A. Neal. "Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska." Bulletin of Volcanology 60, no. 2 (August 28, 1998): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050220.

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Paris, Raphaël. "Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2053 (October 28, 2015): 20140380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0380.

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Volcanic tsunamis are generated by a variety of mechanisms, including volcano-tectonic earthquakes, slope instabilities, pyroclastic flows, underwater explosions, shock waves and caldera collapse. In this review, we focus on the lessons that can be learnt from past events and address the influence of parameters such as volume flux of mass flows, explosion energy or duration of caldera collapse on tsunami generation. The diversity of waves in terms of amplitude, period, form, dispersion, etc. poses difficulties for integration and harmonization of sources to be used for numerical models and probabilistic tsunami hazard maps. In many cases, monitoring and warning of volcanic tsunamis remain challenging (further technical and scientific developments being necessary) and must be coupled with policies of population preparedness.

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Kyselevych, L. "Lithofacial composition and distribution of middle albian strata within the Crimean Plains." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 1 (64) (2014): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.64.01.6-11.

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The Middle Albian sedimentary complex is deposited on Middle Albian rocks, commonly with no evident unconformity, and includes, along with sedimentary rocks, volcanic activity products. Middlle Albian sediments are distributed almost everywhere within the North Crimean paleodepression. They occur at a depth of 2-5 km and are represented by sedimentary-volcanogenic formations whose generation was caused by intense activity of 6 stratovolcanoes and 3 shield volcanoes. Such formations fail to occur only on a few local sites of the paleodepression and in its northern nearside zone. Sediments are characterized by wide development in their section, along with sedimentary rocks, of pyroclastic and effusive formations whose generation was caused by volcanic activity. The volcanic activity was at its highest during the Middle Albian, which resulted in accumulations of facies-variable volcanogenic-sedimentary strata. Volcanogenic and volcanogeno-clastic Middle Albian sediments occur among marine clay formations as lens-shaped bodies, sheets and flows sometimes stretching over dozens of kilometers, their thickness ranging from a few metres to hundreds. Structural features of volcanogenic-sedimentary strata of different regions depend on their proximity to the centers of volcanic activity and are determined by the nature and characteristics of paleovolcanic eruptions. A closer proximity to paleovolcanoes accounts for an increase in volcanic rocks in the section, with effusive rocks being mostly abundant among them. At a longer distance from the centers of volcanic activity, pyroclastic, volcanogenic-sedimentary and sedimentary deposits become more abundant in the section. Synthesis and analysis of the lithological and petrographic characteristics of Middle Albian sediments, which were based on analyzing deep parametrical and exploration drilling data, made it possible to define 10 main Middle Albian types of lithofacies. These differ in their composition and the share of volcanic activity products found in marine clay sediments. Lithological-facies types of the Middle Albian sediment sections have been defined, as well as the limits of their lateral distribution within the North Crimean paleodepression of the Crimean plains.

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MORRONE, CONSUELE, ROSANNA DE ROSA, EMILIA LE PERA, and KATHLEEN M. MARSAGLIA. "Provenance of volcaniclastic beach sand in a magmatic-arc setting: an example from Lipari island (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian Sea)." Geological Magazine 154, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 804–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681600042x.

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AbstractLipari, an active volcanic island in the Aeolian magmatic arc, is an excellent area to determine the effects of multiple source lithology, climate, weathering, transport and depositional environment on epiclastic sand composition. Volcaniclastic sand samples from 12 modern beaches were petrographically characterized using the Gazzi–Dickinson method, and the proportions of source rocks in combination with topography in associated coastal drainage basins were quantified using GIS. Several types of bedrock in the 12 drainage basins that are the likely prominent sources for sand at each sampled beach were recognized, and divided into two categories of provenance lithotypes: lavas and pyroclastic rocks ranging in composition from basaltic andesitic, to andesitic, to rhyolitic. Volcanic lithic fragments from Lipari beach sand consist of colourless and black glassy volcanic fragments with lathwork, felsitic, vitric and microlitic textures. Moreover, high amounts of detrital less durable minerals, such as pyroxene, olivine and Fe oxides, illustrate how the analysed sands preserve the source rock(s) provenance signals. Applying the concept of Sand Generation Index we see that these lithotypes have different propensities to create detritus, in terms of both grain-size and composition. Clastic contribution from pyroclastic rock outcrops such as pumice is not found in the size ranges studied, suggesting that these pumiceous source rocks probably only produce gravel or very fine sand and silt. This finding has implications for the stratigraphic record because pumice clasts, ranging from medium to fine grain-size, could be underrepresented in older volcaniclastic deposits and overrepresented in other size fractions.

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Fries, Allan, Olivier Roche, and Guillaume Carazzo. "Granular mixture deflation and generation of pore fluid pressure at the impact zone of a pyroclastic fountain: Experimental insights." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 414 (June 2021): 107226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107226.

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Mellors, Robin A., Richard B. Waitt, and Donald A. Swanson. "Generation of pyroclastic flows and surges by hot-rock avalanches from the dome of Mount St. Helens volcano, USA." Bulletin of Volcanology 50, no. 1 (February 1988): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01047505.

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Waythomas, C. F., P. Watts, and J. S. Walder. "Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 5 (July 26, 2006): 671–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-671-2006.

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Abstract. Many of the world's active volcanoes are situated on or near coastlines. During eruptions, diverse geophysical mass flows, including pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, and lahars, can deliver large volumes of unconsolidated debris to the ocean in a short period of time and thereby generate tsunamis. Deposits of both hot and cold volcanic mass flows produced by eruptions of Aleutian arc volcanoes are exposed at many locations along the coastlines of the Bering Sea, North Pacific Ocean, and Cook Inlet, indicating that the flows entered the sea and in some cases may have initiated tsunamis. We evaluate the process of tsunami generation by cold granular subaerial volcanic mass flows using examples from Augustine Volcano in southern Cook Inlet. Augustine Volcano is the most historically active volcano in the Cook Inlet region, and future eruptions, should they lead to debris-avalanche formation and tsunami generation, could be hazardous to some coastal areas. Geological investigations at Augustine Volcano suggest that as many as 12–14 debris avalanches have reached the sea in the last 2000 years, and a debris avalanche emplaced during an A.D. 1883 eruption may have initiated a tsunami that was observed about 80 km east of the volcano at the village of English Bay (Nanwalek) on the coast of the southern Kenai Peninsula. Numerical simulation of mass-flow motion, tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation for Augustine Volcano indicate only modest wave generation by volcanic mass flows and localized wave effects. However, for east-directed mass flows entering Cook Inlet, tsunamis are capable of reaching the more populated coastlines of the southwestern Kenai Peninsula, where maximum water amplitudes of several meters are possible.

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Smith, Gary A., and Danny Katzman. "Discrimination of eolian and pyroclastic-surge processes in the generation of cross-bedded tuffs, Jemez Mountains volcanic field, New Mexico." Geology 19, no. 5 (1991): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0465:doeaps>2.3.co;2.

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28

Nestor, Houssou N’Guessan, Kouadio Fossou Jean Luc Herve, Allialy Marc Ephrem, Kouassi Brice Roland, and Adingra Martial Pohn Koffi. "Geochemistry of Volcano-sedimentary and Plutonic Formations of the Agbaou Gold Deposit, Ivory Coast." Earth Science Research 11, no. 1 (August 7, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v11n1p76.

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Located in the south-west part of the Fettekro greenstone belt, Agbaou gold deposit is marked by three major lithological units: (i) a volcano-plutonic unit composed of basaltic to andesitic lavas, amphibolites, chlorite-schists and sills of microdiorite and microgabbro; (ii) a volcano-sedimentary unit containing pyroclastic lavas (basaltic and dacitic) and sediments (shale and grauwacke); (iii) the late felsic dikes (rhyolite and rhyodacite) probably contemporary with the formation of granitoids form the third unit. These host rocks are mostly intensely deformed and altered. Alteration phenomena were revealed by the high values in fire loss, the decreasing of silica contents, the sometimes high values of alkaline for rocks also basic, the constant depletion in LREE and LILE. The Eu and Nb negative anomalies reveal a crustal contamination of magmatic series. Basaltic lavas are volcanic arc tholeiites nearing N-MORB type; they are associated to a magmatogenesis of ocean floor. Their magmatic source would probably be spinel lherzolitic type. Andesites have a calc-alkaline composition and seem far link to active subduction margin. Geodynamics context would be that of an area where transcurrent faults of lithospheric extension generate heat corridors able of generating by fusion the andesitic calc-alkaline magma. This context would probably be the one that prevailed during the establishment of the gold mineralization. Pyroclastic rocks of dacitic composition as acid lavas (rhyolite and rhyodacite) have also evolved in this same geotectonic context. Plutonic rocks are located in arc-volcanic granites field, while metasediment are linked to active continental margin field.

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29

Nestor, Houssou N’Guessan, Kouadio Fossou Jean Luc Herve, Allialy Marc Ephrem, Kouassi Brice Roland, and Adingra Martial Pohn Koffi. "Geochemistry of Volcano-sedimentary and Plutonic Formations of the Agbaou Gold Deposit, Ivory Coast." Earth Science Research 11, no. 1 (August 7, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v11n1p76.

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Located in the south-west part of the Fettekro greenstone belt, Agbaou gold deposit is marked by three major lithological units: (i) a volcano-plutonic unit composed of basaltic to andesitic lavas, amphibolites, chlorite-schists and sills of microdiorite and microgabbro; (ii) a volcano-sedimentary unit containing pyroclastic lavas (basaltic and dacitic) and sediments (shale and grauwacke); (iii) the late felsic dikes (rhyolite and rhyodacite) probably contemporary with the formation of granitoids form the third unit. These host rocks are mostly intensely deformed and altered. Alteration phenomena were revealed by the high values in fire loss, the decreasing of silica contents, the sometimes high values of alkaline for rocks also basic, the constant depletion in LREE and LILE. The Eu and Nb negative anomalies reveal a crustal contamination of magmatic series. Basaltic lavas are volcanic arc tholeiites nearing N-MORB type; they are associated to a magmatogenesis of ocean floor. Their magmatic source would probably be spinel lherzolitic type. Andesites have a calc-alkaline composition and seem far link to active subduction margin. Geodynamics context would be that of an area where transcurrent faults of lithospheric extension generate heat corridors able of generating by fusion the andesitic calc-alkaline magma. This context would probably be the one that prevailed during the establishment of the gold mineralization. Pyroclastic rocks of dacitic composition as acid lavas (rhyolite and rhyodacite) have also evolved in this same geotectonic context. Plutonic rocks are located in arc-volcanic granites field, while metasediment are linked to active continental margin field.

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30

Badurina, Luka, Branimir Šegvić, Oleg Mandic, and Giovanni Zanoni. "Smectitization as a Trigger of Bacterially Mediated Mn-Fe Micronodule Generation in Felsic Glass (Livno-Tomislavgrad Paleolake, Bosnia and Herzegovina)." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100899.

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Miocene tuffs preserved in argillaceous sediment interbedded with lacustrine successions are commonly encountered throughout the Dinarides Lake System (DLS) in south-eastern Europe. In this contribution the volcanic glass degradation and co-genetic Mn-Fe precipitation were studied in a 14.68 Ma felsic tuff from DLS Livno-Tomislavgrad Basin. Microbial activity has been involved in both reactions thus adding the interest of revealing effects of biotic and abiotic processes taking place during tuff eogenesis. X-ray diffraction and electron microbeam analysis with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the pitting or granular structures developed at glass rims along with smectite flakes protruding from a degrading glass. Mn-Fe mineralization emerges in the form of Mn-Fe coatings, an initial step to micronodule formation, where traces of biogenetic influence included a high content of phases rich in structural Mn (IV) (i.e., ranciéite and jacobsite) and presence of microbial microfossils. Co-genetic ties between glass degradation and Mn-Fe precipitation were established through the report of dioctahedral smectite formed out of altered glass; which then served as nuclei of the ongoing biotic and abiotic Mn-Fe mineralization. These processes manifest on a continuous involvement of microbial life in the course of eogenesis of pyroclastic material in lacustrine environments.

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31

Sparks, R. S. J., J. Barclay, E. S. Calder, R. A. Herd, J.-C. Komorowski, R. Luckett, G. E. Norton, L. J. Ritchie, B. Voight, and A. W. Woods. "Generation of a debris avalanche and violent pyroclastic density current on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 21, no. 1 (2002): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2002.021.01.18.

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32

Denlinger, Roger P. "A model for generation of ash clouds by pyroclastic flows, with application to the 1980 eruptions at Mount St. Helens, Washington." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 92, B10 (September 10, 1987): 10284–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb092ib10p10284.

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33

Hall, Minard L., Alexander L. Steele, Benjamin Bernard, Patricia A. Mothes, Silvia X. Vallejo, Guilhem A. Douillet, Patricio A. Ramón, Santiago X. Aguaiza, and Mario C. Ruiz. "Sequential plug formation, disintegration by Vulcanian explosions, and the generation of granular Pyroclastic Density Currents at Tungurahua volcano (2013–2014), Ecuador." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 306 (November 2015): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.009.

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34

Hidayati, Sri, Antonius Ratdomopurbo, Kazuhiro Ishihara, and Masato Iguchi. "Focal Mechanism of Volcano-tectonic Earthquakes at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Physics 19, no. 3 (November 3, 2016): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/itb.ijp.2008.19.3.3.

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Merapi (2968 m), located in central Java, is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in Indonesia. The volcano has repeated episodes of dome growth and collapse, producing pyroclastic flows during historical time. Volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes have been classified into deep (VTA) and shallow one (VTB). Since August 2000, number of VT events (M=1.0-1.6) had increased, and pyroclastic flows have successively occurred from the middle of January, 2001. The focal zone vertically extends to about 4 km deep beneath the summit. VTA events are located at the depth 2.2-4.1 km and the VTB ones at the depth shallower than 1.3 km. An aseismic zone is observed around 1.3-2.2 km deep between the hypocenter zones of the two types of VT earthquakes, interpreted as shallow magma storage. Focal mechanism of VT events was estimated by using both polarity and amplitude of P-wave first motions at 4 seismic stations, assuming double couple mechanism and homogenous medium. Determined focal mechanisms for VTA events are of normal-fault types. VTA events might originate by increase in horizontal tension when magma rose up from deeper portion. Orientation of their T-axes is nearly horizontal in NEE-SWW direction which might be affected by the E-W regional tectonic stress. As for the VTB, normal fault types dominate the deep VTB zone, while at the shallow part, both reverse fault and normal fault types are originated. The pressure increases at shallow magma storage may cause generation of deep VTB events of normal fault types. As VTB events frequently originated, corresponding to increase of multiphase (MP) events which are related to growth of lava dome, shallow VTB events of reverse fault type might be generated by horizontal compression related to pressure decrease in magma conduit due to extrusion of lava and gases, and occasionally by pressure increase at the shallow part due to accumulation of magma or volcanic gases.

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35

Tinti, S., G. Pagnoni, F. Zaniboni, and E. Bortolucci. "Tsunami generation in Stromboli island and impact on the south-east Tyrrhenian coasts." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 5 (October 31, 2003): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-299-2003.

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Abstract. Stromboli is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aeolian island arc in south Tyrrhenian sea, Italy. In the last 100 years the most relevant volcanic eruptions have beenaccompanied by local tsunamis, that have caused damage and casualties. In some cases the direct mechanism of local tsunami generation is clear, i.e. pyroclastic flows entering the sea. In some others it is uncertain and some speculation concerning the collapse of the eruptive column on the sea surface or the failure of some underwater mass can be made. But the ordinary activity is unlikely to generate large regional tsunamis. These can be produced by the lateral collapse of the volcanic cone that geomorphological and volcanological investigations have proven to have occurred repeatedly in the recent history of the volcano, with return period in the order of some thousands of years. The last episode is dated to less than 5 ka BP, and left the Sciara del Fuoco scar on the north-west flank of Stromboli. Based on previous studies, the possible collapse of the nortwestern sector of Stromboli and the consequent generation and propagation of a tsunami are explored. The impact on Stromboli and on the other islands of the Aeolian archipelago is estimated, as well as the impact on the coast of Sicily and the Tyrrhenian coasts of Calabria. The simulation is carried out by means of a double model: a Lagrangian block model to compute the motion of the collapsing mass, and a finite-element hydrodynamic model to compute the evolution of the tsunami. Two distinct tsunami simulations are carried out, one on a very fine grid around the source region to evaluate the tsunami near Stromboli, and one utilising a coarser grid covering the whole south-east Tyrrhenian sea to compute the tsunami propagation toward Sicily and Calabria. It is found that a huge-volume collapse of the north-western flank of the Stromboli cone is capable of producing a regional tsunami which is catastrophic at the source and devastating on long stretches of Tyrrhenian coasts, but particularly in the neighbouring islands of Panarea and Salina, and along the Calabria coasts around Capo Vaticano.

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36

Chékaraou, Mahamane M. S., and Moussa Konaté. "Permian Ages of “Younger Granites” from Mounio Province (Gouré area, Southeastern Niger)." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2, no. 6 (December 8, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2021.2.6.220.

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African formations intruded by the “Younger Granites” ring complex. In the study area, the “Younger Granites” are represented by volcanic to acid plutonic rocks with hyperalkaline trends (pyroclastic rocks, rhyolites, microgranites, granites, syenites), forming in the North, a circular structure called Gouré ring complex. Preliminary geochronological datings of the Mounio granites have yielded Carboniferous ages. However, recent investigations carried out in this province have identified structures similar to Pan-African deformation structures, such as folds and several generations of schistosity/foliation. Analysis of the relationship between deformation and magmatism has removed any ambiguity regarding the relative age of the deformation. This study focuses on the radiometric dating of the “Younger Granites” of Gouré area, in order to update the geochronological data. Thus, three samples (pyroclastitic rock, rhyolite, microgranite) were dated by the K-Ar method on total rock using a mass spectrometertype MI 1201 IG. Radiometric dating results assign a Lower Permian age (293-287 Ma) to the “Younger Granites” Ring Complex of the Mounio Province in Niger, classically considered to be Carboniferous in age.

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37

Leat, P. T. "Facies variations in peralkaline ash-flow tuffs from the Kenya Rift Valley." Geological Magazine 122, no. 2 (March 1985): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800031046.

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AbstractTwo late Quaternary ash-flow tuffs erupted as single flow units from the Menengai caldera volcano, Kenya, show marked facies variations. Dense welding of the tuffs close to source may have been promoted by their peralkaline trachyte compositions. Coarse, near-vent breccias are partly welded and were emplaced as lithic-rich parts of the body of pyroclastic flows. Non-welded tuff forms the bulk of the outflow sheets which include valley-fill deposits up to 520 m above the present caldera rim, indicating ash-flow generation by collapse of moderately high eruption columns. The flows overran varied topography which controlled development of ash-flow tuff facies. On hilly terrain, the flows became turbulent and separated into a lithic-rich, rapidly deposited part and a fine-grained lithic-and crystal-poor part which was subsequently deposited farther from source. Caldera walls belonging to an earlier caldera probably formed a major barrier to the spread of the second ash-flow from its site of collapse. There are many similarities in the facies variations in these peralkaline tuffs and subalkaline tuffs. Differences in welding characteristics and the shape of ash particles reflect the lower viscosity of peralkaline magma.

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Calvari, Sonia, Federico Di Traglia, Gaetana Ganci, Flora Giudicepietro, Giovanni Macedonio, Annalisa Cappello, Teresa Nolesini, et al. "Overflows and Pyroclastic Density Currents in March-April 2020 at Stromboli Volcano Detected by Remote Sensing and Seismic Monitoring Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183010.

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Between 28 March and 1 April 2020, Stromboli volcano erupted, with overflows from the NE crater rim spreading along the barren Sciara del Fuoco slope and reaching the sea along the NW coast of the island. Poor weather conditions did not allow a detailed observation of the crater zone through the cameras monitoring network, but a clear view of the lower slope and the flows expanding in the area allowed us to characterize the flow features. This evidence was integrated with satellite, GBInSAR, and seismic data, thus enabling a reconstruction of the whole volcanic event, which involved several small collapses of the summit cone and the generation of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) spreading along the slope and on the sea surface. Satellite monitoring allowed for the mapping of the lava flow field and the quantification of the erupted volume, and GBInSAR continuous measurements detected the crater widening and the deflation of the summit cone caused by the last overflow. The characterization of the seismicity made it possible to identify the signals that are associated with the propagation of PDCs along the volcano flank and, for the first time, to recognize the signal that is produced by the impact of the PDCs on the coast.

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39

Pascual, Emilio, Teodosio Donaire, Manuel Toscano, Gloria Macías, Christian Pin, and Michael Hamilton. "Geochemical and Volcanological Criteria in Assessing the Links between Volcanism and VMS Deposits: A Case on the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080826.

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VMS deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), Spain and Portugal, constitute the largest accumulation of these deposits on Earth. Although several factors account for their genetic interpretation, a link between volcanism and mineralization is generally accepted. In many VMS districts, research is focused on the geochemical discrimination between barren and fertile volcanic rocks, these latter being a proxy of VMS mineralization. Additionally, the volcanological study of igneous successions sheds light on the environment at which volcanic rocks were emplaced, showing an emplacement depth consistent with that required for VMS formation. We describe a case on the El Almendro–Villanueva de los Castillejos (EAVC) succession, Spanish IPB, where abundant felsic volcanic rocks occur. According to the available evidence, their geochemical features, εNd signature and U–Pb dates suggest a possible link to VMS deposits. However, (paleo)volcanological evidence here indicates pyroclastic emplacement in a shallow water environment. We infer that such a shallow environment precluded VMS generation, a conclusion that is consistent with the absence of massive deposits all along this area. We also show that this interpretation lends additional support to previous models of the whole IPB, suggesting that compartmentalization of the belt had a major role in determining the sites of VMS deposition.

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40

Adikari, Danda Pani. "Hydrogeological Features of Mount Fuji and the Surrounding Area, Central Japan: An Overview." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (November 8, 2015): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v19i1.13834.

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Mount Fuji (3776 m), Japan's highest mountain and one of the world's most picturesque stratovolcano was studied to give an overview of its hydrogeological features. The mountain was made from voluminous lava flows and pyroclastic materials produced through three generations of volcanic activities. The volcanic products, characterized by abundant pore spaces and fractures, play a role as productive aquifers by absorbing and storing rain and snow melt as groundwater and releasing it over a long period. Its foot slopes contain abundant water with Fuji-Five-Lakes in the north and hundreds of springs with enormous discharge to the south, leaving the upper slopes dry. Approximately 2.2 billion tons of rain and snow fall annually at Mt. Fuji, and ~4.5 million tons of groundwater is stored each day in average. The total amount of spring or groundwater discharge from Mt. Fuji is estimated at 6.55 x 106 m3/day and that in its southwestern slopes is ~1.76 x 106 m3/day. Rain and snow falling above the altitude of ~1,000 m is their main source of recharge. The water provides vital resources for the people living around it; however, over exploitation of this resource have already caused some decline in its quality and quantity.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(1): 96-105

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41

Seghedi, Ioan, Viorel M. Mirea, and Gabriel C. Ștefan. "Construction and Destruction of Bontău Composite Volcano in the Extensional Setting of Zărand Basin during Miocene (Apuseni Mts., Romania)." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020243.

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The Eastern part of the Miocene Zărand extensional basin witnessed the generation and evolution of the largest composite volcano in Apuseni Mts., named recently Bontău. The volcano is filling the basin at the junction between the South and North Apuseni Mountains. The Bontău Volcano is known to be active roughly between ~14–10. In spite of heavily forested and poorly exposed volcanic deposits, it was possible to identify its complex evolution. The volcano suggests an original oval-shaped edifice base currently showing a north-oriented horseshoe-shaped debris avalanche eroded crater. The early effusive volcanic activity was contemporaneous with the emplacement of individual and/or clustered volcanic lava Domes. Late-stage summit dome generation was followed by several volcanic collapses all around the volcanic edifice producing large volcanic debris avalanche deposits (DADs), accompanied by numerous debris flows all around the volcano periphery. Thick pumice pyroclastic flow deposits found below DADs at the periphery may suggest that the slope failures were proceeded by a Plinian eruption. The debris avalanche crater is the last event in the volcano evolution exposing several intrusive andesitic-dioritic bodies and associated hydrothermal and mineralization processes, most probably including the former central vent area of the volcano. The volcano proximal effusive and explosive deposits display a change in the composition of the erupting magma (increased SiO2 from 53.4% to 60.6%) that resulted in an increase of viscosity and the construction of the summit lava domes. Such domes are however only found as various size blocks in DADs. The volcanism connects with the two steps of geotectonic evolution of the Zărand Basin: The initial construction period during regional extension started ~16 Ma up to 12.3–12.1 when the Bontău volcano and surrounding domes were generated. The second period, younger than 12 Ma, corresponds to NW-SE compressional tectonics developed only in the Bontău volcano with summit dome generation and, finally, assists volcano destruction and DADs generation. Newly performed geochemical and Sr and Nd isotopic data studies attest to a calc-alkaline character and suggest an evolution via assimilation-fractional crystallization processes of a dominant MORB-like mantle source magma. Also, they confirm the amphibole (±pyroxene) andesites to be the most evolved lithology. The stepwise changes in fracture propagation in the Zărand extensional setting along with a change to more hydrated and fractionated magma favored in ~4 Myrs of the evolution of the Bontău volcano lead to multiple pulses of the longest-lived magma chamber in the whole Miocene volcanism of the Apuseni Mts.

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Goodwin, A. M., M. B. Lambert, and O. Ujike. "Geochemical and metallogenic relations in volcanic rocks of the southern Slave Province: implications for late Neoarchean tectonics." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1835–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-074.

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Late Neoarchean volcanic belts in the southern Slave Province include (1) in the east, the Cameron River – Beaulieu River belts, which are characterized by stratigraphically thin, flow-rich, classic calc-alkaline, arc-type sequences with accompanying syngenetic volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits; and (2) in the west, the Yellowknife belt, which is characterized by stratigraphically thick, structurally complex, pyroclastic-rich, adakitic, back-arc basin-type sequences, with accompanying epigenetic lode-gold deposits. The volcanic belt association bears persuasive chemical evidence of subduction-initiated magma generation. However, the greenstone belts, together with coeval matching patterned belts in Superior Province of the southern Canadian Shield, bear equally persuasive evidence of prevailing autochthonous–parautochthonous relations with respect to component stratigraphic parts and to older gneissic basement. The eastern and western volcanic belts in question are petrogenetically ascribed to a "westerly inclined" (present geography) subduction zone(s) that produced shallower (east) to deeper (west), slab-initiated, mantle wedge-generated, parent magmas. This early stage microplate tectonic process involved modest mantle subduction depths, small tectonic plates, and small sialic cratons. In the larger context of Earth's progressively cooling, hence subduction-deepening mantle, this late Neoarchean greenstone belt development (2.73–2.66 Ga) merged with the massive end-Archean tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite–granite (TTGG) "bloom" (2.65–2.55 Ga), resulting in greatly enhanced craton stability. Successive subduction-deepening, plate-craton-enlarging stages, with appropriate metallotectonic response across succeeding Proterozoic time and beyond, led to modern-mode plate tectonics.

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43

Abdel-Karim, Abdel-Aal M., El-Nuri M. Ramadan, and Mohamed R. Embashi. "Multiphase Alkaline Basalts of Central Al-Haruj Al-Abyad of Libya: Petrological and Geochemical Aspects." Journal of Geological Research 2013 (June 18, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/805451.

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Al-Haruj basalts that represent the largest volcanic province in Libya consist of four lava flow phases of varying thicknesses, extensions, and dating. Their eruption is generally controlled by the larger Afro-Arabian rift system. The flow phases range from olivine rich and/or olivine dolerites to olivine and/or normal basalts that consist mainly of variable olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and glass. Olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene form abundant porphyritic crystals. In olivine-rich basalt and olivine basalt, these minerals occur as glomerophyric or seriate clusters of an individual mineral or group of minerals. Groundmass textures are variably intergranular, intersertal, vitrophyric, and flow. The pyroclastic, clastogenic flows and/or ejecta of the volcanic cones show porphyritic, vitrophric, pilotaxitic, and vesicular textures. They are classified into tholeiite, alkaline, and olivine basalts. Three main groups are recorded. Basalts of phase 1 are generated from tholeiitic to alkaline magma, while those of phases 3 and 4 are derived from alkaline magma. It is proposed that the tholeiitic basalts represent prerift stage magma generated by higher degree of partial melting (2.0–3.5%) of garnet-peridotite asthenospheric mantle source, at shallow depth, whereas the dominant alkaline basalts may represent the rift stage magma formed by low degree of partial melting (0.7–1.5%) and high fractionation of the same source, at greater depth in an intra-continental plate with OIB affinity. The melt generation could be also attributed to lithosphere extension associated with passive rise of variable enriched mantle.

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Hasegawa, Takeshi, Akiko Matsumoto, and Mitsuhiro Nakagawa. "Evolution of the 120 ka caldera-forming eruption of Kutcharo volcano, eastern Hokkaido, Japan: Geologic and petrologic evidence for multiple vent systems and rapid generation of pyroclastic flow." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 321 (July 2016): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.030.

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45

Jones, Robbie, Vern Manville, Jeff Peakall, Melanie J. Froude, and Henry M. Odbert. "Real-time prediction of rain-triggered lahars: incorporating seasonality and catchment recovery." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 12 (December 13, 2017): 2301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2301-2017.

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Abstract. Rain-triggered lahars are a significant secondary hydrological and geomorphic hazard at volcanoes where unconsolidated pyroclastic material produced by explosive eruptions is exposed to intense rainfall, often occurring for years to decades after the initial eruptive activity. Previous studies have shown that secondary lahar initiation is a function of rainfall parameters, source material characteristics and time since eruptive activity. In this study, probabilistic rain-triggered lahar forecasting models are developed using the lahar occurrence and rainfall record of the Belham River valley at the Soufrière Hills volcano (SHV), Montserrat, collected between April 2010 and April 2012. In addition to the use of peak rainfall intensity (PRI) as a base forecasting parameter, considerations for the effects of rainfall seasonality and catchment evolution upon the initiation of rain-triggered lahars and the predictability of lahar generation are also incorporated into these models. Lahar probability increases with peak 1 h rainfall intensity throughout the 2-year dataset and is higher under given rainfall conditions in year 1 than year 2. The probability of lahars is also enhanced during the wet season, when large-scale synoptic weather systems (including tropical cyclones) are more common and antecedent rainfall and thus levels of deposit saturation are typically increased. The incorporation of antecedent conditions and catchment evolution into logistic-regression-based rain-triggered lahar probability estimation models is shown to enhance model performance and displays the potential for successful real-time prediction of lahars, even in areas featuring strongly seasonal climates and temporal catchment recovery.

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Poma, Stella, Adriana Ramos, Vanesa D. Litvak, Sonia Quenardelle, Emma B. Maisonnave, and Iris Díaz. "Southern Central Andes Neogene magmatism over the Pampean Flat Slab: implications on crustal and slab melts contribution to magma generation in Precordillera, Western Argentina." Andean Geology 44, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov44n3-a02.

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A Miocene to Pliocene (13 to 4.6 Ma) mostly pyroclastic sequence is exposed along the Iglesia Valley, to the east of the former main volcanic arc. This area is a transitional region between Cordillera Frontal and Precordillera, over the f lat slab segment of the Southern Central Andes, at 29º30’ S to 30º00’ S. New radiometric ages, geochemical data, petrography and field relationships are evaluated to establish differences and similarities between Miocene arcrelated sequences across the main arc and its expansion towards a back arc position, in western Precordillera. Analyzed rocks have a magmatic arc signature partially like the former main volcanic arc to the west. The Iglesia Valley rocks are LREE-enriched (La/Sm: 3.7-6.5) with respect to HREE (Sm/Yb: 2.2-6.0) and define patterns with a pronounced slope. Sm/Yb ratios generally increase with time, as pressures increase, with retention of HREE in residual mineralogy, particularly garnet at Sm/Yb>4. Volcanic activity in Cordillera Frontal and the volcanic-volcaniclastic expression in Precordillera show a continuous increase in the La/Yb ratio with decreasing age. Variations in the residual mineralphase equilibrating with magmas would be related to the progressive increase in crustal thickness due to the tectonic compressive regime resulting from shallow subduction since Middle Miocene. The data presented suggest that the arc magmatic activity during the Miocene was expanded notably to the East in relation to the location of the main arc at Valle del Cura, in Cordillera Frontal. The extensive amplitude of the volcanic arc activity is indicative of the slab gradual f lattening. Particularly, the mantle-derived magmas from Lomas del Campanario Formation (Western Precordillera) are enriched by subduction related f luids but also by crustal components. It is interpreted that the cause of the geochemical differences between the back arc position rocks and the main arc lay in the heterogeneous composition of the underlying continental crust involved in both locations. Presence of volcanic rocks with adakitic geochemical affinity probably ref lect astenospheric-derived melts that interacted through a heterogeneous and thickened crust toward the surface.

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Hyman, David M., Andrea Bevilacqua, and Marcus I. Bursik. "Statistical theory of probabilistic hazard maps: a probability distribution for the hazard boundary location." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 1347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1347-2019.

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Abstract. The study of volcanic flow hazards in a probabilistic framework centers around systematic experimental numerical modeling of the hazardous phenomenon and the subsequent generation and interpretation of a probabilistic hazard map (PHM). For a given volcanic flow (e.g., lava flow, lahar, pyroclastic flow, ash cloud), the PHM is typically interpreted as the point-wise probability of inundation by flow material. In the current work, we present new methods for calculating spatial representations of the mean, standard deviation, median, and modal locations of the hazard's boundary as ensembles of many deterministic runs of a physical model. By formalizing its generation and properties, we show that a PHM may be used to construct these statistical measures of the hazard boundary which have been unrecognized in previous probabilistic hazard analyses. Our formalism shows that a typical PHM for a volcanic flow not only gives the point-wise inundation probability, but also represents a set of cumulative distribution functions for the location of the inundation boundary with a corresponding set of probability density functions. These distributions run over curves of steepest probability gradient ascent on the PHM. Consequently, 2-D space curves can be constructed on the map which represents the mean, median, and modal locations of the likely inundation boundary. These curves give well-defined answers to the question of the likely boundary location of the area impacted by the hazard. Additionally, methods of calculation for higher moments including the standard deviation are presented, which take the form of map regions surrounding the mean boundary location. These measures of central tendency and variance add significant value to spatial probabilistic hazard analyses, giving a new statistical description of the probability distributions underlying PHMs. The theory presented here may be used to aid construction of improved hazard maps, which could prove useful for planning and emergency management purposes. This formalism also allows for application to simplified processes describable by analytic solutions. In that context, the connection between the PHM, its moments, and the underlying parameter variation is explicit, allowing for better source parameter estimation from natural data, yielding insights about natural controls on those parameters.

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Lebedev, V. A., G. T. Vashakidze, A. V. Parfenov, and A. I. Yakushev. "The origin of adakite-like magmas in the modern continental ollision zone: evidence from pliocene dacitic volcanism of the Akhalkalaki lava plateau (Javakheti highland, Lesser Kaucasus)." Петрология 27, no. 3 (May 19, 2019): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5903273327-351.

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The paper reports the isotope-geochronological and petrological-geochemical studies of the Pliocene moderately-acid volcanism of the Akhalkalaki Plateau in the central part of the Lesser Caucasus (Javakheti highland, Georgia). K-Ar dating showed that young dacitic lavas and pyroclastic rocks were formed in the Mid-Pliocene (3.28 ± 0.10 Ma) in relation with the explosive–effusive eruptions of small composite volcanic cones and formation of minor extrusive domes confined mainly to the eastern margin of the region. Isotope-geochronological data in the combination with results of structural drilling indicate that the considered short-term pulse of the volcanic activity occurred during a short gap between two phases of the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene mafic magmatism widespread within the Akhalkalaki plateau. The studied Pliocene dacites were erupted at the post-collisional stage of the evolution of the Lesser Caucasus, but bear petrological-geochemical affinity of adakitic series. They are characterized by the steady presence of amphibole phenocrysts, the elevated contents of Sr, Ba, LILE and the lowered contents of Y, Nb, Ta, and HREE, and have depleted Sr isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr < 0.7045). Analysis of petrogenetic models earlier proposed to explain the generation of adakite-like magmas in the modern collision zones showed that the origin of the Pliocene dacitic lavas of the Akhlkalaki plateau is best described by the crystallization differentiation of watersaturated calc-alkaline basaltic melts with removal of common mafic rock-forming minerals (first of all, amphibole and pyroxene) and accessory phases (apatite, titanite, Ti-magnetite) as cumulus minerals. Crustal assimilation of evolved magmas only insignificantly contributed to the petrogenesis of the dacites.

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Maeno, F., and H. Taniguchi. "Spatiotemporal evolution of a marine caldera-forming eruption, generating a low-aspect ratio pyroclastic flow, 7.3 ka, Kikai caldera, Japan: Implication from near-vent eruptive deposits." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 167, no. 1-4 (November 2007): 212–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.003.

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Cui, X., and J. M. N. T. Gray. "Gravity-driven granular free-surface flow around a circular cylinder." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 720 (February 27, 2013): 314–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.42.

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AbstractSnow avalanches and other hazardous geophysical granular flows, such as debris flows, lahars and pyroclastic flows, often impact on obstacles as they flow down a slope, generating rapid changes in the flow height and velocity in their vicinity. It is important to understand how a granular material flows around such obstacles to improve the design of deflecting and catching dams, and to correctly interpret field observations. In this paper small-scale experiments and numerical simulations are used to investigate the supercritical gravity-driven free-surface flow of a granular avalanche around a circular cylinder. Our experiments show that a very sharp bow shock wave and a stagnation point are generated in front of the cylinder. The shock standoff distance is accurately reproduced by shock-capturing numerical simulations and is approximately equal to the reciprocal of the Froude number, consistent with previous approximate results for shallow-water flows. As the grains move around the cylinder the flow expands and the pressure gradients rapidly accelerate the particles up to supercritical speeds again. The internal pressure is not strong enough to immediately push the grains into the space behind the cylinder and instead a grain-free region, or granular vacuum, forms on the lee side. For moderate upstream Froude numbers and slope inclinations, the granular vacuum closes up rapidly to form a triangular region, but on steeper slopes both experiments and numerical simulations show that the pinch-off distance moves far downstream.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyroclast generation'

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