Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'PyPy'
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Roghult, Alexander. "Benchmarking Python Interpreters : Measuring Performance of CPython, Cython, Jython and PyPy." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183547.
Full textDet existerar flera olika implementationer och interpreterare för programmeringsspråket Python. I detta examensarbete evalueras prestandan avseende exekveringstid för fyra av dessa; CPython, Cython, Jython och PyPy. Prestandan mättes i en testsvit som skapades i detta projekt. Testsviten bestod av tester för Pythons dictionary, list, tuple, generator och objekt. Varje test kördes med bå de heltal och objekt som testdata med varierande problemstorlek. Varje test var implementerat i programmeringsspråket Python. För Cython och Jython implementerades ytterliggare en version av testerna som innehöll syntax och datatyper specifika för dessa interpreterare. Resultaten visade att Jython och PyPy var snabbast för en majoritet av testerna som endast använde sig av Pythons syntax och datatyper. Cython använder sig av Pythons C/API och är därför beroende av CPython. Prestandan av Cython var därför lik CPythons. Cython presterade bättre på vissa av testerna som utnyttjade Cythons syntax och datatyper, då den därmed kunde minska sitt beroende av CPython. Varje interpreterare lyckades prestera snabbast på minst ett test. Detta visar att det inte finns en interpreterare som är mest lämpad för alla problem.
Kannisto, A. (Antti). "Pysy paikallasi vai älä liiku?:myönteisen ja kielteisen imperatiivilauseen ero." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201602161207.
Full textJaramillo, Melba Concepcion Corrales, and Melba Concepcion Corrales Jaramillo. "Manganese Porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP5+, Enhances Chemotherapeutic Response in Hematologic Malignancies." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626138.
Full textSouza, Nathalia Lucas Tavares de [UNESP]. "Tekoá Pyay: território de luta e resistência Guarani no Jaraguá (SP)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/127708.
Full textO objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir a relação mítica de território étnico a partir do contexto das aldeias indígenas Guarani - Tekoá Ytu e Tekoá Pyau. Contribui de maneira salutar a reflexão da questão indígena no Brasil, pois envolve uma área de preservação permanente, expansão urbana e ocupação tradicional de direito originário. Adota concepção husserliniana na fenomenologia para avaliação da interação sujeito e natureza, bem como, de sua reprodução e reafirmação no espaço social que não o afasta da sua relação com o território. A pesquisa identifica os principais problemas que envolvem a área do Jaraguá (SP) com relação a população Guarani e como estes permanecem em área de espaço exíguo, conseguindo manter seus costumes e tradicionais em condições inóspitas, confrontando os dispositivos legais que regem o direito de posse sobrea terra no Brasil. Não obstante, traz o quadro exclusivo da aldeia indígena Tekoá Pyau, menor área indígena do Brasil que enfrenta ações de reintegração de posse, proibição de uso da área do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá, reserva florestal de Mata Atlântica, mas que ainda assim, firmam-se no espaço geográfico atribuindo lhe toda efetividade cultural e étnica
The aim of this study is to discuss the mythical relationship of ethnic territory from the context of Guarani indigenous villages - Tekoá Ytu and Tekoá Pyau; and thus contribute to the reflection of indigenous issues in Brazil, because it involves an area of permanent preservation, urban growth and traditional occupation of original right. It adopts husserliniana conception on phenomenology to evaluate the subject and nature interaction, as well as of its reproduction and reassertion in the social space which not departs from its relationship with the territory. The research identifies the main problems involving the Jaragua (SP) area regarding the Guarani population and how they remain in a limited space area, and managed to keep their old traditions in inhospitable conditions, comparing the legal mechanisms which govern the right of possession over land in Brazil. Nevertheless, provides the unique context of the Tekoá Pyau Indian village, smaller indigenous area in Brazil, which faces repossession actions, forbidding use of the Parque Estadual do Jaraguá area, a forest reserve of Atlantic Forest, but still, they set in the geographical space assigning it all the cultural and ethnic meaning
Souza, Nathalia Lucas Tavares de. "Tekoá Pyay : território de luta e resistência Guarani no Jaraguá (SP) /." Rio Claro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/127708.
Full textBanca: Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri Ortigoza
Banca: Vilma Terezinha de Araújo Lima
Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir a relação mítica de território étnico a partir do contexto das aldeias indígenas Guarani - Tekoá Ytu e Tekoá Pyau. Contribui de maneira salutar a reflexão da questão indígena no Brasil, pois envolve uma área de preservação permanente, expansão urbana e ocupação tradicional de direito originário. Adota concepção husserliniana na fenomenologia para avaliação da interação sujeito e natureza, bem como, de sua reprodução e reafirmação no espaço social que não o afasta da sua relação com o território. A pesquisa identifica os principais problemas que envolvem a área do Jaraguá (SP) com relação a população Guarani e como estes permanecem em área de espaço exíguo, conseguindo manter seus costumes e tradicionais em condições inóspitas, confrontando os dispositivos legais que regem o direito de posse sobrea terra no Brasil. Não obstante, traz o quadro exclusivo da aldeia indígena Tekoá Pyau, menor área indígena do Brasil que enfrenta ações de reintegração de posse, proibição de uso da área do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá, reserva florestal de Mata Atlântica, mas que ainda assim, firmam-se no espaço geográfico atribuindo lhe toda efetividade cultural e étnica
Abstract: The aim of this study is to discuss the mythical relationship of ethnic territory from the context of Guarani indigenous villages - Tekoá Ytu and Tekoá Pyau; and thus contribute to the reflection of indigenous issues in Brazil, because it involves an area of permanent preservation, urban growth and traditional occupation of original right. It adopts husserliniana conception on phenomenology to evaluate the subject and nature interaction, as well as of its reproduction and reassertion in the social space which not departs from its relationship with the territory. The research identifies the main problems involving the Jaragua (SP) area regarding the Guarani population and how they remain in a limited space area, and managed to keep their old traditions in inhospitable conditions, comparing the legal mechanisms which govern the right of possession over land in Brazil. Nevertheless, provides the unique context of the Tekoá Pyau Indian village, smaller indigenous area in Brazil, which faces repossession actions, forbidding use of the Parque Estadual do Jaraguá area, a forest reserve of Atlantic Forest, but still, they set in the geographical space assigning it all the cultural and ethnic meaning
Mestre
Hurskainen, K. (Karri). "”Entä jos ei pysy pinnalla?”:tutkimus 6–12-vuotiaiden lisäuimaopetuksen järjestämisestä Oulun kaupungissa." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201911163096.
Full textPritchard, Iain David. "PYY(3-36) analogues : structure-activity relationships in energy homeostasis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9243.
Full textDevanathan, Savitha. "Structure-function relationship in photoactive yellow protein (PYP) from Ectothiorhodospira halophila." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284094.
Full textHartmuth, Sonya. "Characterisation of the MAPK phospatase Pyp2 and its role in the regulation of mitotic entry." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518445.
Full textMoe, Sandar Yothin Sawangdee. "Influence of maternal factors on duration of breastfeeding : case study of Pyay district of Myanmar /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd392/4838761.pdf.
Full textEllis, Sandra Mary. "The effect of administration & nutrient-stimulated release of PYY on appetite." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441387.
Full textCastan-Laurell, Isabelle. "Le récepteur du peptide YY (PYY) de l'adipocyte : caractérisation et rôle physiologique." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30127.
Full textSam, Seyed Amir H. "Investigating the physiological role of PYY-expressing cells in the gut and pancreas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6937.
Full textCyr, Marie-Josee. "Effects of high meal frequency on body weight loss, appetite regulation and PYY levels." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27826.
Full textBlädel, Inga [Verfasser], and Marcus Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "Charakterisierung des regulatorischen Pyp-Netzwerkes in Yersinia enterocolitica / Inga Blädel. Betreuer: Marcus Alexander Schmidt." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029742855/34.
Full textGOUMAIN, MATHIEU. "Les recepteurs intestinaux du peptide yy (pyy) et des peptides apparentes chez le rat." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112028.
Full textSalem, Victoria. "Anorectic gut hormones PYY and GLP-1 on brain appetite pathways : a human fMRI study." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10552.
Full textEstabile, Priscila Costa. "Avaliação das incretinas GLP-1 e PYY em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus 2 submetidos a Duodenal Swicth Parcial." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2012. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/966.
Full textFundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
The Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, as well as the metabolic syndrome (MS), is a multifactorial and metabolic disorder that now presents itself as a worldwide pandemic with effects on morbidity and mortality, possibly as a result of the mismatch between biological and cultural evolution of man. Was the object of research of this study to analyze the tissue expression of incretin hormones glucagon Pepitide Like-1 (GLP1) and Pepitide YY (PYY3-36), to identify and quantify L cells along the gastrointestinal tract in patients with DM2 subjected to adaptative gastroenteromentectomia with intestinal bipartition (Partial Duodenal Switch - DSP). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of UEPG and patients informed and educated about the research objectives. The volunteer group consisted of 7 patients aged between 35 and 65 years, body mass index> 25 kg/m2 with T2DM on dietary treatment and medication for a minimum of 2 years and with difficulty on glycemic control and hypertriglyceridemia associated. Samples were obtained from the intestinal mucosa (jejunum and ileum) of DSP in patients undergoing preoperative and postoperative condition of fasting for 12 hours (three and twelve months respectively), through incisional biopsy. These biopsies were designed to test immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR (Quantitative Real Time PCR) and Western Blott. The results were consistent and indicate a very significant differential expression between the state of pre-and postoperative tests for qRT-PCR (p = 0.1669) and Western Blot (p = 0.1569). Immunohistochemistry also showed low significance (p = 0.0043) of immune marked L cells for the same patients under the same conditions. These data can be interpreted in light of the fast imposed on patients. In addition the results are unprecedented for the immunostaining of L-cells of the human gastrointestinal tract, the data indicate that these cells have basal secretion for GLP-1, even after 12 hours without feed stimulation. In addition, the patients showed normalization of blood glucose levels in the post-surgery, suggesting metabolic improvement. It was also found that the number of L cells marked increases in density along the gastrointestinal tract toward the distal portion of the ileum (p = 0.0409). With these results it was possible to identify, locate and investigate different levels of expression and secretion from intestinal L cells in patients with DM2 and subjected to surgical control.
Diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM2), assim como a Síndrome Metabólica (SM), é uma desordem metabólica e multifatorial que atualmente se apresenta como pandemia mundial com reflexos na morbimortalidade, possivelmente em decorrência do descompasso entre a evolução biológica e cultural do homem. Foi objeto de investigação do presente estudo analisar a expressão tecidual dos hormônios incretínicos Glucagon Like Pepitide-1 (GLP1) e Pepitide YY (PYY3-36), visando identificar e quantificar células L ao longo do trato gastrointestinal, de pacientes portadores de DM2 submetidos a gastroenteromentectomia adaptativa com bipartição intestinal (Duodenal Switch Parcial - DSP). O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da UEPG e os pacientes informados e esclarecidos sobre os objetivos da pesquisa. O grupo de voluntários foi composto de 7 pacientes com idade entre 35 e 65 anos, Índice de Massa Corporal > 25 Kg/m2, com DM2 em tratamento dietético e medicamentoso por um período mínimo de 2 anos e com dificuldade de controle glicêmico e hipertrigliceridemia associada. Foram obtidas amostras da mucosa intestinal (jejuno e íleo) dos pacientes submetidos à DSP no pré-operatório e no pós-operatório em condição de jejum de 12 horas (três e doze meses, respectivamente), através de biópsia incisional. Estas biópsias foram destinadas aos ensaios de Imunohistoquímica, qRT-PCR (Quantitative Real Time PCR) e Western Blott. Os resultados obtidos foram congruentes e apontam uma expressão diferencial pouco significativa entre o estado de pré- e pós-operatório para os ensaios de qRT-PCR (p=0,1669) e Western Blott (p=0,1569). A imunohistoquímica mostrou também baixa significância (p=0,0043) de células L imuno marcadas para os mesmos pacientes, nas mesmas condições. Estes dados podem ser interpretados a luz do jejum imposto aos pacientes. Além dos resultados serem inéditos para a imunomarcação de células L do trato gastrointestinal humano, os dados obtidos indicam que estas células apresentam secreção basal para GLP-1, mesmo após 12 horas sem estímulo alimentar. Em adição, os pacientes apresentaram normalização dos níveis de glicemia no estado pós-operado, sugerindo melhora metabólica. Foi ainda constatado que o número de células L marcadas aumenta em densidade ao longo do trato gastrointestinal em direção à porção mais distal do íleo (p=0,0409). Com estes resultados foi possível identificar, localizar e investigar diferentes níveis de expressão e secreção das células L intestinais em pacientes portadores de DM2 e submetidos a controle cirúrgico.
Khan, Shahbaz Javaid. "Studies on conformational changes of transient intermediate species of PYP photoreaction by transient grating and transient lens methods." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144212.
Full textFerrier, Laurent. "Etude du role physiologique du pyy, un mediateur de l'effet des acides gras a chaine courte (doctorat : physiologie digestive)." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT12VS.
Full textVoisin, Thierry. "Le recepteur du pyy : analyse moleculaire et expression au cours de la differenciation epitheliale de l'intestin grele de rat." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112174.
Full textMulligan, Sandra. "Teacher evaluation as a tool to support on-going teacher development and improvement within the context of IB PYP schools." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687317.
Full textEspagne, Agathe. "Photoisomérisation ultrarapide du chromophore et de la protéine jaune photoactive : effets de structure et d' environnement." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066500.
Full textMaucksch, Ute. "Untersuchungen zur Radiotoxizität von Tc-99m-markierten Radiotracern in vitro an FRTL-5- und A431-Zellen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-212996.
Full textIntroduction In addition to gamma radiation, 99mTc emits approximately 5 low energy Auger and internal conversion electrons per decay, resulting in high ionization density proximal to the radionuclide’s decay position. Low-energy Auger electrons with path lengths of only nanometers cannot be utilized for diagnostic procedures; however, they have frequently been discussed for therapeutic applications. To achieve a radiobiological effect, an intracellular accumulation and distribution in relevant cell compartments of the Auger electron emitter is required. Aim The aim of the thesis was the comparison of different [99mTc]Tc-labeled compounds concerning their intracellular uptake, subcellular distribution and retention in vitro. Furthermore the radiotoxicity caused by the Auger effect has to be investigated. Material and Methods The intracellular radionuclide uptake, subcellular distribution (ProteoExtract®-Kit) and retention of [99mTc] pertechnetate ([99mTc]TcO4-), [99mTc]TcO4- after pre-incubation of perchlorate ([99mTc]TcO4-/ClO4-), [99mTc]TcO4- after pre-incubation of stannous pyrophosphate ([99mTc]TcO4-/Sn-PYP), [99mTc]Tc-hexamethyl-propylene-aminoxime ([99mTc]Tc-HMPAO) and [99mTc]Tc-hexakis-2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile ([99mTc]Tc-MIBI) were quantified in sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)-positive rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. Basing on these results the mean absorbed nucleus dose was calculated. Radiotoxicity was investigated using phosphorylated histone H2AX (gH2AX foci), clonogenic cell survival and cell cycle analyzes. Additionally the radiotoxicity of [99mTc]Alexa(488)-C225-Cyclooctin-Dpa-Tc(CO)3 ([99mTc]Tc-C225) was compared with the one of [99mTc]TcO4- and [99mTc]Tc -HMPAO depending on the subcellular distribution in EGFR-positive A431 cells. Results and Discussion For the analyzed [99mTc]Tc-labeled compounds we detected differences in the time courses of the uptake kinetics caused by different uptake mechanisms into the FRTL-5 cells. The radionuclide uptake of [99mTc]TcO4- was blocked in the presence of perchlorate and increased by a factor of approximately 22 after pre-incubation of Sn-PYP. The lipophilic complexes [99mTc]Tc-MIBI and [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO crossed the cell membrane through passive transport via diffusion. The compartmental analysis indicated that [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO and [99mTc]TcO4-/Sn-PYP revealed a comparable high uptake in the nucleus and in the membrane/organelle fraction. [99mTc]TcO4- and [99mTc]Tc-MIBI were preferentially distributed in the cytosol, with lower amounts of the accumulated activity in both the membranes/organelles and the nucleus compared with the other compounds. In good agreement with the subcellular distribution [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO, [99mTc]TcO4-/Sn-PYP showed a nearly complete retention and [99mTc]TcO4-, [99mTc]Tc-MIBI a low retention. Due to the differences mentioned above the following sequence of the calculated mean nucleus dose for identical activity concentrations was determined: [99mTc]TcO4- < [99mTc]Tc-MIBI < [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO < Sn PYP/ [99mTc]TcO4-. [99mTc]TcO4- and [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO caused a similar reduction of the cell survival and a dose dependent G2-arrest. [99mTc]Tc-MIBI and Sn-PYP/ [99mTc]TcO4- are both less radiotoxic in terms of the estimated nucleus dose compared with [99mTc]TcO4- and [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO. Despite the similar effect on the cell survival [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO induced only half of the residual gH2AX foci than [99mTc]TcO4-. These findings reveal that clonogenic cellular survival is not solely determined by the DNA-DSB response, which may suggest the involvement of extra-nuclear radiosensitive targets in cell inactivation. A possible extra-nuclear radiosensitive target is the cell membrane. That’s why the aim of the second part of the thesis is the investigation of the radiosensitivity of the cell membrane. Therefore the radiotoxic influence of [99mTc]Tc-C225 was analyzed at EGFR-positive A431 cells. [99mTc]Tc-C225 was taken up over the EGFR and the lipophilic [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO was transported via diffusion over the cell membrane. In contrast, [99mTc]TcO4- did not show any intracellular uptake into the NIS-negative cells and therefore was used as extracellular reference. An incubation of [99mTc]Tc-C225 for one hour resulted to a membrane binding of only 10 %, which was reduced to 1.9 % after 24 hours. This demonstrated a fast internalization into A431-cell. Therefore only in the case of a very short incubation time [99mTc]Tc-C225 leads to a specific targeting of the cell membrane. [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO did not bind to the cell membrane. Furthermore the incubation of increasing concentrations of activity and antibody resulted in a saturation of the EGFR, leading to a significant lower nucleus dose in comparison to the incubation of [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO. Concerning the clonogenic cell survival no differences in the radiotoxicity of [99mTc]Tc-C225 and [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO were observed for equal nucleus dose. Thus only an amplification of the radiotoxic effects of [99mTc]Tc-C225 in comparison to the extracellular distribution in A431 cells of 99mTc-pertechnetate was observed. Conclusion The investigation of the radiotoxic effect of [99mTc]Tc-C225 did not allow any conclusions about the radiosensitivity of the cell membrane under the given experimental conditions. For clarifying if the radiosensitivity of the cell membrane is comparable to the one of the nucleus DNA further experiments for the development of a [99mTc]Tc-labeled specific target for the cell membrane are necessary. On the basis of the dosimetric considerations of the FRTL-5 cells and A431 cells used as model systems it can be concluded that because of an insufficient accumulation a therapeutic radiotoxic effect of the Auger electrons is not realistic. Therefore the clinical use of 99mTc should be limited to the diagnostics. Nevertheless specific accumulated Auger electrons of 99mTc could be applied in the field of investigation as nano-tools for the subcellular analysis of radiotoxicity
Jornada, Manoela Neves da. "Efeito de uma sobrecarga aguda de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e saturados nos níveis séricos de GLP-1 e PYY em ratos wistar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/69827.
Full textBackground: The increased prevalence of chronic diseases has risen due to obesity. Gut peptides, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), play an important role controlling food intake in response to a meal. GLP-1 exerts the known incretin effect stimulating the release of insulin in a glucosedependent manner. Besides its insulinotropic effects, it is well established that GLP-1 slows gastric emptying, and also inhibits inappropriate glucagon release, additionally improves satiety. Both PYY and GLP-1 are produced by L cells of the distal ileum and colon. Objective: Demonstrate an increased secretion of PYY and GLP-1 after oral overload of different types of lipids, compared to negative (water) and positive (glucose) control. Methods: We conducted a controlled experimental study in Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups according to oral overload: MUFA group (olive oil), SAT group (lard:), carbohydrates group (glucose) and CONT group (water), It was evaluated the serum concentration of active GLP-1 and PYY3-36 in the times: 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Overloads were isovolumetric and isocaloric, but the control group. Results: It was verified a higher peak secretion of GLP-1 in MUFA group at 120' after overload vs. CONT and carbohydrates (p ≤ 0.001) and at 30' when compared to its baseline (p=0,01). It was shown a higher secretion peak of GLP-1 after MUFA overload at time 120’ vs CONT e GLUC (p≤0,001) and at time 30’ when compared to its baseline. It was also verified a PYY release peak in MUFA vs CONT at time 30’ (p=0,015); 60’ vs CONT e GLUC (p=0,019) and 120’ vs CONT e SAT (p=0,02). PYY release load presented higher in MUFA group when compared to CONT (p=0,04). A strong correlation was seen between baseline PYY and GLP-1 (r=0,57; p= 0,02) as their AUC’s (r=0,39; p≤0,001). GLP-1/PYY proportion release presented a mean coefficient of 3, 77(±2,04).Conclusion: monounsaturated fatty acids promoted a release peak of GLP-1 in a faster manner and concerning PYY this peak was more sustained. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether distinct diet fatty acids can ameliorate these gut peptides release and their role on satiety.
Kaura, Patrik. "Implementace nástroje pro analýzu lokálních struktur DNA." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402549.
Full textBlankenburg, Larissa [Verfasser], Jens [Gutachter] Bredenbeck, and Josef [Gutachter] Wachtveitl. "Light induced local structure changes and dynamics of the photoreceptor PYP studied by thiocyanate as IR label / Larissa Blankenburg ; Gutachter: Jens Bredenbeck, Josef Wachtveitl." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224544706/34.
Full textViardot, Alexander Garvan Institute of Medical Research Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "The role of insulin, peptide YY and the immune system in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42886.
Full textAntunes, Luciana da Conceição. "Perda da resposta secretória intestinal de PYY à sobrecarga oral de gordura saturada após indução de resistência à insulina por dieta hiperlipídica em ratos wistar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/97175.
Full textBackground: PYY is a gut peptide released by L-cells from the intestine after a meal. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute overloads of saturated fatty acids (SAT) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on PYY release in normal and diet induced insulin resistant wistar rats. Methods: a nineteen weeks experiment was conducted with 30 wistar rats that were allocated into two groups: high fat diet (HFD group) (n=15) with diet composition of 55% of lard and 45% standard chow and control group (CG) (n=15). Both groups received water and food ad libitum. Later a cross-over experiment was conducted to evaluate PYY secretory response 60 minutes after two different lipid overloads (SAT-lard; MUFAolive oil) and water (CONT), adjusted by weight, all isovolumetric and lipids were isocaloric, randomly administered in different days. Mean differences were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and association by simple linear regression. Results: Both MUFA and SAT overloads significantly increased PYY release in the CG in comparison with baselines: MUFA-Baseline 2,18±0,24 vs. MUFA-60min 2,30±0,26pg/ml and SAT-baseline 2,21±0.25pg/ml vs. SAT-60min 2,29±0,22 pg/ml ANOVA multiple entry p=0,019 intra-group, however without difference between MUFA and SAT (ANOVA multiple entry inter-group p=0,314). In the other hand, HFD SAT overload significantly decreased PYY release: SAT-baseline 2,16±0.21 pg/ml vs. SAT-60min 2,11±0,30 pg/ml (p=0,01,intra-group) while MUFA overload was able to keep the increase on PYY release MUFA-baseline 2,15pg/ml vs. MUFA-60min 2,22±0.22 pg/ml. p=0,019 (intra-group). Water overload (CONT) also reduced PYY release in comparison with baseline in both CG (p=0,0091) and HFD (p=0,0091), without difference between them (p= 0,7433). Conclusion: MUFA and SAT overloads increase PYY release after 60 minutes in normal wistar rats. However, when became high fat diet induced insulin resistant the SAT overload looses the capacity to stimulate PYY release, while MUFA response keeps preserved. This paradoxal finding to saturated fatty acids could indicate a cellular damage caused by insulin resistance in the intestinal tissue which compromises PYY secretory apparatus in response to this nutrient. Studies in the intestinal tissue must be conducted in order to identify possible factors involved and its implications in satiety signals PYY mediated in insulin resistance individuals.
Giménez, Palop Olga. "Síndrome de Prader-Willi como modelo de obesidad: Ghrelina, péptido YY, adiponectina y parámetros inflamatorios." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1095.
Full textEl control de la ingesta y del peso corporal es un proceso complejo en el que intervienen señales periféricas que informan sobre la adiposidad del organismo y otras que se producen en el tracto gastrointestinal que producen saciedad como el péptido YY (PYY). Por otra parte, la ghrelina, secretada en su mayoría por el estómago, estimula la ingesta. Finalmente, la adiponectina, fabricada en el tejido adiposo, y algunas proteínas relacionadas con la inflamación intervienen también en la regulación del metabolismo.
En esta tesis se estudian ghrelina, PYY, adiponectina y proteínas relacionadas con la inflamación (IL-6, IL-18, PCR, C3 y TNF-alfa) tanto en ayunas como tras la ingesta de una dieta líquida estándar en pacientes adultos con SPW y se compara con sujetos obesos de igual índice de masa corporal y sujetos con normopeso.
La ghrelina en ayunas fue superior en los pacientes con SPW. Tras la ingesta, la concentración de ghrelina disminuyó en los tres grupos pero en los pacientes con SPW, el descenso fue menos marcado, de forma que el área bajo la curva (AUC) de ghrelina fue superior en estos pacientes comparado con los sujetos obesos.
La concentración de PYY en ayunas fue inferior en los pacientes con SPW que en los otros dos grupos y, tras la ingesta, ascendió de forma menos marcada, a diferencia de lo observado en los sujetos obesos y con normopeso, en los que se produjo un pico de PYY a los 60 minutos. La concentración de PYY fue inversamente proporcional a la ghrelina en ayunas y al AUC de ghrelina, pudiendo además considerarse un predictor de esta última. El incremento de PYY tras la ingesta se correlacionó negativamente con el descenso de ghrelina en los pacientes con SPW en los minutos 60 y 120.
La concentración de adiponectina en ayunas fue inferior en los pacientes con SPW respecto a los sujetos con normopeso, pero superior a la de los sujetos obesos. No se observó ningún cambio en las concentraciones de adiponectina tras la ingesta ni en el grupo de sujetos obesos ni en el grupo con normopeso. Se observó un descenso del 13% en la adiponectina en el minuto 240 en el grupo con SPW. El AUC de adiponectina fue similar en los tres grupos.
Los sujetos obesos, con o sin SPW, mostraron concentraciones superiores en ayunas de algunos marcadores de inflamación comparado con el grupo de sujetos con normopeso. Además, comparado con los sujetos obesos, los pacientes con SPW mostraron concentraciones superiores de C3, IL-18, IL-6 y PCR, indicando que presentan aún un mayor grado de inflamación. No se observaron cambios tras la ingesta de ninguna de la proteínas de inflamación, de forma que persistieron elevadas aquellas que ya lo estaban en ayunas. La concentración de IL-18 se correlacionó negativamente con la testosterona en los varones con SPW. En conclusión, la hiperghrelinemia observada en los pacientes con SPW podría estar relacionada con una disminución de la concentración de PYY. La obesidad que acompaña al SPW, cursa con concentraciones de adiponectina y proteínas relacionadas con la inflamación superiores a los observados en la obesidad esencial.
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is considered as one of the most common causes of genetic obesity in humans. The characteristic clinical features include neonatal hypotony, mental retardation, behavioural abnormalities and excessive appetite with progressive massive obesity. The aim of the study was to investigate fasting and postprandial ghrelin, peptide YY, adiponectin and inflammation-related proteins levels in PWS patients as compared to obese and lean subjects and whether they could contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity in this syndrome. We studied 7 patients with PWS, 16 obese patients and 42 lean subjects for the fasting study. From this group, we evaluated 7 patients with PWS, 7 age-sex-BMI-matched obese non-PWS and 7 age-sex-matched lean subjects before and after the administration of 750 Kcal of a standard liquid meal. Fasting ghrelin levels were higher in PWS than in the other two groups. Fasting PYY levels were lower in patients with PWS than in lean subjects but similar to those in obese subjects. The postpradial decrease in ghrelin concentrations was lower in PWS as compared to the other two groups. PYY response after the meal was blunted in patients with PWS, but not in the other two groups. Fasting PYY levels correlated negatively with fasting ghrelin levels and with ghrelin AUC and they were the only predictor for ghrelin AUC. The increase in PYY correlated negatively with the decrease in ghrelin in times 60 min and 120 min in PWS. Fasting plasma adiponectin levels were lower in PWS than in lean subjects but higher than in obese patients. After the meal, adiponectin concentrations mildly decreased in PWS at time point 240 min, while in obese and lean subjects no changes were observed. However, the adiponectin AUC was similar in all three groups. Compared to non-PWS, PWS subjects showed higher plasma concentrations of CRP, C3, IL-18 and IL-6 that persisted postprandially elevated for CRP, C3 and IL-18. TNF-alpha did not differ between the three groups. These results were independent from IGF-1 levels, HOMA index, and BMI. In male subjects with PWS, testosterone levels correlated to IL-18.
Fällmar, Helena. "Studies of the Neuropeptide Y Receptor Y2 in Human and Zebrafish." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Farmakologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156635.
Full textWolch, Philip. "An examination of the effect of risk-taking as defined by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) Primary Years Program (PYP) on students' active participation in their own academic learning /." San Rafael, Calif. : Dominican University of California, 2002. http://www.ibo.org/.
Full textHedberg, Jakob. "Gastrointestinal Physiology and Results following Bariatric Surgery." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Gastrointestinalkirurgi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-131889.
Full textZajusz-Zubek, Elwira. "Ocena form występowania pierwiastków śladowych w pyle zawieszonym (PM10) i we frakcji respirabilnej (PM2,5) w otoczeniu pracujących elektrowni węglowych i koksowni w okresie letnim." Praca habilitacyjna, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, 2016. https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=72919.
Full textJackson, Glenda Joy. "Professional development in HIV prevention education for teachers using flexible learning and tutor support." Thesis, Curtin University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1602.
Full textIsomursu, M. (Marja). "Host–parasite interactions of boreal forest grouse and their intestinal helminth parasites." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526203645.
Full textTiivistelmä Loiset kuuluvat erottamattomana osana luonnonvaraisten lintujen elämään. Ne voivat aiheuttaa sairautta, kuolleisuutta tai hedelmällisyyden alentumista. Tyypillisesti loiset ovat levinneet isäntäpopulaatioon epätasaisesti ja monet isännän ominaisuudet (esim. ikä) vaikuttavat levinneisyyteen. Tietyissä oloissa loiset voivat jopa säädellä isäntäpopulaatiotaan. Suomalaiset metsäkanalinnut — metso Tetrao urogallus, teeri Lyrurus tetrix ja pyy Tetrastes bonasia — ovat useiden suolistoloismatolajien isäntiä. Metsäkanapopulaatiot ovat vaihdelleet syklisesti, mutta syklejä aiheuttavat mekanismit ovat yhä tuntemattomia. Tutkin metsäkanalintujen ja niiden suolistoloisten välisiä vuorovaikutuksia käyttäen metsästäjien vuosina 1995–2002 viidestä eri riistanhoitopiiristä keräämiä suolistonäytteitä. Yleisin loislaji näytteissä oli kanalintusuolinkainen, Ascaridia compar. Myös kolme heisimatolajia (Skrjabinia cesticillus, Paroniella urogalli ja Hymenolepis sp.) todettiin. Suuri koko, koirassukupuoli ja yli yhden vuoden ikä olivat yhteydessä suurempaan kanalintusuolinkaistartunnan todennäköisyyteen ja voimakkuuteen. Nuorilla (alle 1 v.) linnuilla heisimadot olivat yleisiä, kun taas aikuisilla tartunnat olivat varsin harvinaisia. Sisäsiittoisuuden vaikutusta loistartuntaherkkyyteen tutkittiin metsolla mikrosatelliittiheterotsygotian perusteella. Vähemmän heterotsygoottiset metsot olivat todennäköisemmin ja voimakkaammin suolinkaisten infektoimia, mikä viittaa sisäsiittoisuuden negatiiviseen vaikutukseen loisten vastustuskykyyn. Loisten epäsuora haitallinen vaikutus havaittiin, kun verrattiin koiran kanssa ja ilman koiraa metsästettyä lintusaalista. Heisimadot olivat selvästi yleisempiä linnuilla, jotka oli metsästetty koiran kanssa kuin ilman koiraa metsästetyillä. Heisimatotartunta näytti siis altistavan metsäkanoja koiraeläinten saalistukselle. Metsäkanalintu- ja loispopulaatioiden välistä vuorovaikutusta tutkittiin analysoimalla vuosittaisia metsäkanatiheyksiä ja loisten runsautta. Kanalintusuolinkainen oli yleisimmillään ja runsaimmillaan metsäkanatiheyden laskuvuosina. Metsäkanapopulaation vuosittainen kasvuvauhti korreloi negatiivisesti kanalintusuolinkaisen vuosittaisen runsauden kanssa. Suhteellinen elossasäilyvyys laski kanalintusuolinkaisen runsauden lisääntyessä, mutta lisääntymistuloksen suhteen ei ollut samaa ilmiötä. Löydökset viittaavat siihen, että kanalintusuolinkaisella on vaikutusta suomalaisten metsäkanalintukantojen vaihteluihin, vaikka syklisiä kannanvaihteluja ei enää havaitakaan
Kateusz, Przemysław. "Jakość wybranych pomiarów i obliczeń w technice zapylonych gazów." Praca habilitacyjna, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, 2018. https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=73246.
Full textCatherman, Colin M. "Short and Long Chain Free Fatty Acids Differentially Regulate Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Peptide YY Transcript Levels in Enteroendocrine Cells (STC-1)." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4797.
Full textJackson, Glenda Joy. "Professional development in HIV prevention education for teachers using flexible learning and tutor support." Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, 2004. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15246.
Full textThe study designed, disseminated and evaluated the implementation of a flexible learning professional development program for teachers of HIV education. The program was based on print-based distance learning, supported by a video and tutors. Five objectives were developed for the study. These objectives were: Objective One - To determine factors associated with teachers' enrolment in the Protect Yourself Program (PYP). Objective Two - To determine the association between factors related to entry characteristics, social integration, external attribution, academic integration and incompatibility and amount of PYP completed. Objective Three - To determine the association between amount of PYP completed and factors related to the teaching of HIV lessons. Objective Four - To examine the context in which intervention and comparison group teachers were operating for this study. Objective Five - To evaluate the process of teacher recruitment to PYP, satisfaction with the flexible learning methodology, satisfaction with the PYP materials and completion of PYP. A comprehensive theoretical framework was constructed to guide the development of the empirical study and the professional development program, as little evidence was found in the literature of similar empirically evaluated studies. This framework incorporated: Adult Learning Theory; the Model of Student Progress; the PRECEDEPROCEED Model; the Health Promoting Schools Framework; Diffusion of Innovation and the Communication Behaviour Change Model. The study was conducted in two parts. Firstly, an exploratory study was conducted which provided a basis upon which to implement the second, larger empirical study.
A quasi-experimental study design was implemented due to restrictions placed upon the study by the WA Department of Health, the funding agency. The study sample was made up of teachers from government and independent, primary and second schools in WA. In total, 126 teachers were recruited to the intervention group and enrolled in the professional development program, and 128 to the comparison group, who completed some of the evaluation instruments, but did not participate in a professional development program. The professional development intervention program incorporated four comprehensive work modules, which were delivered in print form. A video and tutorial support supplemented the print materials. To evaluate the professional development program, seven instruments were developed. From these instruments five categories of variables were created, namely demographic, contextual, teacher characteristics, process and dependent. These variables were developed as single item variables, scales or indices. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and a combination of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques (logistic regression and analysis of covariance) were conducted. Qualitative data were analysed for themes. A binary logistic regression was conducted to evaluate Objective One: to determine factors associated with teachers’ enrolment in PYP. The analysis identified four factors which were associated with enrolment in PYP.
The teachers most likely to enrol in PYP had no pre-service training in health education and did not consider themselves to be a specialist or coordinator of health education. The majority of program participants had been teaching health education for between three and seven years and displayed a high level of acceptance of the flexible learning methodology. Objective Two: to determine the association between factors related to entry characteristics, social integration, external attribution, academic integration and incompatibility and amount of PYP completed was evaluated using a nominal logistic regression analysis with the intervention group sample only. Completion of the PYP program by participants was related to circumstances which were often beyond the control of the program, such as events occurring in a teacher’s personal life. However, teachers who showed a preference for flexible learning were found to be more successful in completing the program. The effects of PYP were measured by Objective Three: to determine the association between amount of PYP completed and factors related to the teaching of HIV lessons. Three of the six factors considered by this objective returned a significant association with program dose. Teacher perceived access to HIV education resources was found to be positively related to the dose of materials a participant completed.
Participants who completed a high dose of the program considered HIV resources to be relatively easier to access than participants completing a low dose. Teachers who completed a high dose of PYP reported being more comfortable to teach HIV lessons than teachers completing a mid dose. In addition, intervention group teachers showed a significant change in comfort with their ability to teach HIV lessons and specified HIV topics to Years 8, 9, and 10 classes and intervention group teachers of Year 8 students thought the HIV topics were less important for this level of students. The final variable to show a significant change over time when dose of the program was considered was teacher sexual conservativeness. Both high and mid dose participants reported being less sexually conservative than low or no dose participants from pre to midtest. The context of the teachers participating in the PYP study was investigated through Objective Four: to examine the context in which intervention and Comparison group teachers were operating for this study. Two factors were found to be associated with gender, six with school location and eleven with level of teaching. These associations provided important contextual information for interpreting the findings of the study. Objective Five evaluated the process of teacher recruitment to PYP, satisfaction with the flexible learning methodology, satisfaction with the PYP materials and completion of PYP. The recruitment strategies implemented for PYP were effective in having teachers from government and independent schools in WA recruited to PYP.
However, more than 90% of the intervention group were from government schools. Schools encouraged more than one teacher from a school to enrol, with nine primary schools, four district high schools, one community high school, one secondary college, four senior high schools and one combined independent primary and high school enrolling more than one teacher in the program. The flexible learning methodology was reported to be suitable for the needs of teachers who enrolled in PYP, as they felt comfortable with the learning methodology and appreciated the opportunity to choose when and where they completed the program. The opportunity for face-to-face contact, however, was still preferred by some teachers. The materials within the program were considered to be appropriate and useful. The writing style and activities were well received and the efforts of the tutors were welcomed by the majority of the intervention group. One third of teachers who enrolled in PYP completed at least some of the materials, but less than 10% completed the entire program. The most frequent suggestions made for increasing program completion rates were to set dates for completion of the program modules and to allow time release to complete the program. At baseline, this research showed that teachers considered it important for their students to have access to HIV education, but many of these teachers did not feel comfortable providing HIV education for their students.
As positive effects were observed in the PYP program of impact of program dose on factors affecting the implementation of HIV education, it would appear that flexible learning professional development was a suitable alternative to face-to-face professional development. Teachers' acceptance of flexible learning professional development as an alternate methodology, however, appears to be in its infancy and will require more empirical research. Future research, study design improvements and intervention design improvements can be informed by the following recommendations. Future research Recommendation 1: There be more rigorous investigation of flexible learning as a methodology for provision of professional development for teachers of health education. Recommendation 2: The status of claiming credit for professional development toward postgraduate qualifications for teachers continue to be investigated. Recommendation 3 : Further research be undertaken to evaluate available technologies and their acceptance by teachers as a delivery method for flexible learning professional development. Study design improvements Recommendation 4: design limitations of the PYP study. Future research be designed to overcome the study Intervention design improvements Recommendation 5: The findings of the PYP study and suggestions made by PYP participants be used to improve future health education professional development programs.
Wikström, Nermina. "Alternative assessment in primary years of international baccalaureate education." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Education, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8012.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to determine what alternative forms of assessments are being practiced in a public school with an international programme and to explore the teachers` attitudes towards the use of alternative assessment procedures. Various assessment models and strategies have been investigated and discussed, as pre¬senting a part of the educational practice in the primary classrooms that engage the International Baccalaureate/ Primary Years Programme at the elementary school level (age range 6-11) in the years 0-5.
While defining my research problem, I have started from hypothesis that practicing of alternative assessment has an important positive role in the international schools supporting, promoting and improving student learning.
International schools are facing both challenging and complexity of assessment pro¬cess while striving to apply both national and international programs` recom¬menda¬tions concerning the testing.
Alternative forms of assessments are being used in conjunction with other forms of assessment, such as standardised tests, in order to assess both student perfor¬mance and the intentions of the International Baccalaureate/ Primary Years Pro¬gramme.
This paper investigates what alternative assessment practices (portfolio, perfor¬mance assessment, Exhibition, self-assessment) are being applied and used in the same school where the standardised tests are also being applied and used (text book tests, teacher-made tests, local and national test).
The hypothesis was supported and the study findings suggest that various types of assessments are needed to be utilized in order to fairly evaluate students` needs as well as that alternative assessment has an important positive role meeting individual student’s needs supporting a process of learning.
Roberts, Geoffrey Peter. "The metabolic sequelae of oesophago-gastric resection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290135.
Full textWang, Kunshan. "Micro Virtual Machines: A Solid Foundation for Managed Language Implementation." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147871.
Full textGuan, Shang-Ru, and 關尚儒. "A Precise Parameterized Pype Phecking Mechanism for Java." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95499136372687095842.
Full text國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
95
Java language is a typical object-oriented computer language. Programmers have gotten convenience in container declaration and usage since generics was supported by JDK5.0. As a result of using generalization to implement the generics support of new Java compiler. There could be difference between the source code and the real semantic in its class file. Java core reflection is also incomplete. The primal reason is that Java Virtual Machine doesn’t support parameterized type. In this thesis we bring up a light weight solution for parameterized type checking at runtime. It can also support runtime parameterized type reflection. This solution can work without modifying Java Virtual Machine.
Guan, Shang-Ru. "A Precise Parameterized Pype Phecking Mechanism for Java." 2007. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-2507200701184300.
Full textPýchová, Adéla. "Pyly vybraných alergenních rostlin a jejich didaktické využití ve výuce biologie na gymnáziích." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-436596.
Full textPýchová, Adéla. "Pyly vybraných alergenních rostlin a jejich didaktické využití ve výuce biologie na gymnáziích." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-405256.
Full textBoey, Dana School of Medicine UNSW. "The role of PYY in regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40835.
Full textSTOBBE, STEPHANIE. "A functional analysis of mitotic tyrosine phosphatases by site-directed mutagenesis." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8274.
Full textThesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-12 14:40:40.384
"An Inquiry into PYP Transdisciplinary Understanding in Two Remote Schools in Indonesia." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.54962.
Full textDissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Music Education 2019
Lima, Raquel Maria Coelho. "Efeitos Centrais da Secreção Periférica de GLP-1 e PYY no Controlo do Apetite." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82102.
Full textResumoIntrodução: O excesso de peso e obesidade são, atualmente, um grave problema de saúde pública. Os mecanismos do controlo do apetite envolvem sinalização cerebral, gastrointestinal e do tecido adiposo. É sugerido ainda que mediadores libertados perifericamente, como o Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon-1 (GLP-1) e o Peptídeo tirosina-tirosina (PYY), induzam alterações relevantes a nível central.O objetivo deste trabalho é reunir informação da literatura cientifica atual acerca dos efeitos centrais mediados pela secreção periférica de GLP-1 e PYY, relacionando-os com o controlo do apetite. Métodos: A revisão bibliográfica baseou-se na pesquisa de artigos publicados na base de dados PubMed desde 2011 até à atualidade, incluindo artigos publicados em anos anteriores. Foram ainda consultados livros do foro da Endocrinologia.Resultados e Discussão: GLP-1 e PYY são libertados pelas células L intestinais e ligam-se aos seus recetores no gânglio inferior do nervo vago, estabelecendo por esta via uma das formas de comunicação com o tronco cerebral e hipotálamo.O PYY 3-36, formado a partir da clivagem de PYY 1-36 pela enzima dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP-4), atravessa livremente a barreira hematoencefálica, atuando preferencialmente nos recetores Y2 no núcleo arqueado (ARC) do hipotálamo, conduzindo a inibição dos neurónios produtores de neuropeptídeo Y (NPY) e ativação dos neurónios pró-opio melanocortina (POMC), tendo como resultado final a redução do apetite. Pode também atuar por ativação do núcleo do trato solitário (NTS), após sinalização do trato gastrointestinal pelo nervo vago.Já o GLP-1, poderá ter influência no apetite por 3 vias: ativação do NTS pelo nervo vago após sinalização sensorial do trato gastrointestinal, ativação do NTS pelo nervo vago após sinalização neuronal proveniente da região hepatoportal ou acesso ao SNC através de falhas na barreira hematoencefálica como a área postrema (AP) e o órgão subfornical. Os neurónios do NTS, projetam-se para os núcleos ARC e núcleos paraventriculares (PVN), induzindo a perda de apetite.Considerações Finais: A administração periférica de GLP-1 e PYY 3-36 está associada a uma ação central no sentido da redução do apetite, corroborando a sua importância na modulação do peso corporal e a sua modulação no tratamento da obesidade.Uma das perspetivas futuras mais promissoras é a investigação recorrendo a ressonância magnética funcional (fRMN), no sentido de objetivar as zonas em que estes peptídeos atuam centralmente, possibilitando uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos inerentes e o eventual desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas.Palavras-chave: Peptídeo YY, Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon-1, Apetite e Efeitos Centrais.
AbstractIntroduction: Overweight and obesity are a public health problem. Appetite regulation involves brain, gastrointestinal and adipose tissue signaling. There is some evidence suggesting that the brainstem is an important site of action for peripheral Glucagon-Like Peptide-1(GLP-1) and Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY).This dissertation aimed to review the current knowledge of the central effects induced by peripheral secretion of GLP-1 and PYY on appetite control. Methodology: A review of the published literature through research using PubMed interface was conducted, to select references since 2011 until now, including some articles published in previous years selected by cross-reference. Endocrinology books were also consulted.Results and Discussion: GLP-1 is secreted together with PYY by L intestinal cells and trigger their receptors located at the lower ganglion of the vagus nerve, thereby reaching brainstem and hypothalamus.Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) cleaves PYY 1-36 forming PYY 3-36. PYY 3-36 is believed to cross the blood-brain barrier and binds with high affinity to the Y2 receptors on arcuate nucleus (ARC) within the hypothalamus, leading to appetite suppression by the inhibition of neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and activation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. This peptide can also act through the vagus nerve, which transmits information from the digestive tract to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).GLP-1 has effect on appetite through 3 pathways: activation of the NTS by the vagus nerve after sensorial signaling of the digestive tract, activation of the NTS by the vagus nerve after hepatoportal signaling and access to SNC through permeable areas in the blood-brain barrier such as area postrema (AP) and subfornical organ. NTS neurons project to the ARC and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), inducing loss of appetite. Final Remarks: Peripheral GLP-1 and PYY 3-36 are associated with central effects that suppress appetite, suggesting that their action may be modulated in the treatment of obesity. In the future, research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fRMN), may be used in order to establish, more specifically, the central targets of these peptides, making possible the development of new therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Peptide YY, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, Appetite and Central Effects