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1
Eresanya, Emmanuel Olaoluwa, and Yuping Guan. "Structure of the Pacific Walker Circulation Depicted by the Reanalysis and CMIP6." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091219.
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The Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) is one of the most important components of large-scale tropical atmospheric circulations. The PWC and its influences have been studied extensively by numerical models and reanalysis. The newly released ERA5 and NCEP2 are the most widely used reanalysis datasets and serve as benchmarks for evaluation of model simulations. If the results of these datasets differ significantly, this could lead to a bias in projected long-term climate knowledge. For better understanding of future climate change, it is necessary to evaluate PWC reanalysis productions. As a result, we compared the PWC structures between the ERA5 and NCEP2 datasets from month to seasonal time scales. We used the zonal mass streamfunction (ZMS) over the equatorial Pacific to indicate the strength of the PWC. The PWC’s average monthly or seasonal cycle peaks around July. From February to June, the NCEP2 shows a higher PWC intensity, whereas the ERA5 shows greater intensity from July to December. The circulation center in the NCEP2 is generally stronger and wider than in the ERA5. The ERA5, however, revealed that the PWC’s west edge (zero line of ZMS over the western Pacific) had moved 10 degrees westward in comparison to the NCEP2. In addition, we compared the PWC mean state in the reanalysis and CMIP6 models; the mean state vertical structures of the tropical PWC in the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble (MME) are similar to those of the reanalyses in structure but weaker and wider than in the two reanalysis datasets. The PWC is broader in CMIP6, and the western boundary is 7 and 17 degrees farther west than in the ERA5 and NCEP2, respectively. This study suggests that, when using reanalysis datasets to evaluate PWC structural changes in intensity and western edge, extreme caution should be exercised.
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Ernest Raj, P., P. C. S. Devara, R. S. Maheskumar, G. Pandithurai, K. K. Dani, S. K. Saha, S. M. Sonbawne, and Y. K. Tiwari. "Results of Sun Photometer–Derived Precipitable Water Content over a Tropical Indian Station." Journal of Applied Meteorology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2149.1.
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Abstract A compact, hand-held multiband sun photometer (ozone monitor) has been used to measure total precipitable water content (PWC) at the low-latitude tropical station in Pune, India (18°32′N, 73°51′E). Data collected in the daytime (0730–1800 LT) during the period from May 1998 to September 2001 have been used here. The daytime average PWC value at this station is 1.13 cm, and the average for only the clear-sky days is 0.75 cm. PWC values between 0.75 and 1.0 cm have the maximum frequency of occurrence. There is a large day-to-day variability due to varied sky and meteorological conditions. Mainly two types of diurnal variations in PWC are observed. The one occurs in the premonsoon summer months of April and May and shows that forenoon values are smaller than afternoon values. The other type occurs in November and December and shows a minimum around noontime. There is a diurnal asymmetry in PWC in which, on the majority of the days, the mean afternoon value is greater than the forenoon value. This asymmetry is more pronounced in the summer and southwest monsoon months (i.e., March–June). Monthly mean PWC is highest in September and lowest in December. The increase in PWC from the winter (December–February) to summer (March–May) seasons is about 50% and from the summer to southwest monsoon seasons (June–September) is almost 98%. Sun photometer–derived PWC shows a fairly good relationship with surface relative humidity and radiosonde-derived PWC, with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.80.
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Sohn, Byung-Ju, Sukyoung Lee, Eui-Seok Chung, and Hwan-Jin Song. "The Role of the Dry Static Stability for the Recent Change in the Pacific Walker Circulation." Journal of Climate 29, no. 8 (April 5, 2016): 2765–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0374.1.
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Abstract There is an uncertainty in how the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) will change in response to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) warming. On average, climate models predict that the PWC will weaken. Observational evidence is mixed, with some evidence supporting the models while others do not. In this study, insight into the PWC trend is provided by examining the tropical dry static stability, a quantity that is inversely proportional to the strength of the PWC. For the 1979–2012 period, the static stability increased markedly in all phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models, far more so than in the satellite and global reanalysis data, which show a strengthening of the PWC. The stabilization is greater for a subset of models that simulate a significant weakening of the PWC. With the observed sea surface temperature as the lower boundary condition, over the western tropical Pacific, atmospheric models that belong to the weakening-PWC-CMIP5 group produce greater stabilization than those that belong to the strengthening-PWC-CMIP5 group. Compared with the latter group, the former group of atmospheric models simulates weaker trade winds over the western and central tropical Pacific and, consistent with the Bjerknes mechanism, the corresponding CMIP5 models produce a weaker west–east gradient in tropical SST. Given that the models’ convective parameterizations overstabilize the atmosphere compared with an explicit convection, the findings here suggest that the models’ representations of tropical convection and stability contribute to the models’ tendency to simulate a weakening of the PWC and an El Niño–like SST.
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Gosselin, Elizabeth, and David Ward. "Attention Performance in People Who Clutter: A Pilot Study." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 1581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_pers-sig17-2019-0019.
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Background Cluttering is a fluency disorder that is mainly characterized by an abnormally rapid or irregular rate of speech. Additional symptoms have also been linked to cluttering, making it challenging to define and diagnose. One such feature contributing to this difficulty is poor attention. However, little evidence exists that explores attention performance in people who clutter (PWC) compared to the typical adult populations. This pilot study aimed to expand the evidence base by using a Stroop task to investigate attention performance in PWC. Method Four PWC and 4 gender-matched typical language controls completed a Stroop color-word task that looked specifically at interference and reactive inhibition, 2 aspects of attention. A 2 Groups (typical language controls, PWC) × 4 Conditions (neutral, incongruent, incongruent probe, congruent) repeated-measures analysis of variance was carried out for both dependent variables of reaction time and accuracy. Results There were no significant differences between groups for reaction time or accuracy. However, Stroop tasks require large sample sizes to yield significant results. A closer inspection of mean reaction time and accuracy data as well as the pairwise comparisons indicated that PWC performed similarly to controls on the components of the task that investigated interference. However, PWC performed differently on aspects of the task that tested reactive inhibition. Conclusions The results from this study indicate that PWC may have reduced inhibition. However, findings are preliminary, and further research with larger cohorts is needed to explore inhibition in PWC. In the interim, greater attention difficulties should not be ruled out and should be given consideration in the diagnosis and management of PWC.
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Fernandez, Jeffrey E., Robert J. Marley, and Nancy B. Stubbs. "Lifting Physical Work Capacity as a Function of Frequency." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 12 (September 1987): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101207.
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A laboratory experiment using 15 male subjects was conducted to document lifting physical work capacity over the frequency range of 2 to 12 lifts per minute and to compare these values to bicycling physical work capacity. Results indicate that bicycling PWC is significantly higher than lifting PWC at the 0.05 level. A variation in lifting PWC as a function of frequency was observed. This could be attributed to lifting technique. Task design should, therefore, not only consider lifting PWC but also the frequency of lift.
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Alhaj, K. M. A., G. Biscontin, M. Z. E. B. Elshafie, and A. S. Osman. "Water retention and characteristic curves representing tropical clay soils from Africa." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501019.
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Soil water retention curves (SWRCs) form an essential component of frameworks coupling the hydromechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. The curves describe how suction changes with variables such as degree of saturation, void ratio and volumetric/gravimetric water content. SWRCs can be determined from incrementally drying initially saturated reconstituted samples to a final residual state, thus developing the primary drying curve (PDC). The primary wetting curve (PWC) is established from subsequent incremental wetting from residual state and is hysteretic compared with the PDC. SWRCs for reconstituted, high-plasticity, tropical clays from Africa (Sudan, Tanzania and South Africa) will be produced using suction measuring instruments, a tensiometer, filter paper and a dew point potentiometer. The development of SWRCs under various subsequent cycles of drying will be presented and discussed along with details concerning volumetric changes and cracking during drying. In order to investigate the uniqueness of the PDC and PWC and the effect of initial void ratio, SWRCs will be determined for samples formed by reconstituted from slurry under different applied energy levels.
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Hou, Xiaoya, Jianbo Cheng, Shujuan Hu, and Guolin Feng. "Interdecadal Variations in the Walker Circulation and Its Connection to Inhomogeneous Air Temperature Changes from 1961–2012." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120469.
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The tropical Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) is fundamentally important to global atmospheric circulation, and changes in it have a vital influence on the weather and climate systems. A novel three-pattern decomposition of a global atmospheric circulation (3P-DGAC) method, which can be used to investigate atmospheric circulations including the PWC, was proposed in our previous study. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the capability of this 3P-DGAC method to acquire interdecadal variations in the PWC and its connection to inhomogeneous air temperature changes in the period from 1961–2012. Our findings reveal that interdecadal variations in the PWC, i.e., weakening (strengthening) between the periods 1961–1974 and 1979–1997 (1979–1997 and 1999–2012), can be observed using the zonal stream function (ZSF) derived from the 3P-DGAC method. Enhancement of the PWC is also associated with the strengthening and weakening of zonal circulations in the tropical Indian Ocean (IOC) and Atlantic (AOC), respectively, and vice versa, implying a connection between these zonal overturning circulations in the tropics. The interdecadal variations in the zonal circulations correspond well to inhomogeneous air temperature changes, i.e., an enhancement of the PWC is associated with a warming (cooling) of the air temperature from 1000 to 300 hPa in the western (mid–eastern) Pacific Ocean and a cooling (warming) of the air temperature in the tropopause in the western (mid–eastern) Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, a novel index for the PWC intensity based on air temperature is defined, and the capability of the novel index in representing the PWC intensity is evaluated. This novel index is potentially important for the prediction of the PWC by using dynamic equations derived from the 3P-DGAC method.
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Macková, Dominika, and Jana Peráčková. "Effect of Heat Transfer between Potable Water Cold and the Environment Inside Building on Water Quality." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032100.
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Abstract In the face of a coronavirus pandemic, many buildings or facilities are closed. The sudden closing of schools, factories or offices has caused a reduction in the water consumption inside buildings. The lack of chlorinated water flowing through the pipes, combined with temperature changes, poses a real risk to potable water from the bacteria multiplication point of view. The contribution focuses on the requirements for the temperature of potable water cold (PWC) in the water pipeline system inside buildings. The main goal of the research is to evaluate the effect of heat transfer between the PWC and the surrounding air during the water stagnation. Temperature differences between the PWC and the indoor air in building are leading to the heat transfer by convection. The result of the heat transfer is an undesired increase of the PWC temperature. The paper assesses the increase in PWC temperature over time using two methodologies - mathematical analysis and computer simulation. The results show that with an increasing pipe diameter and insulation thickness, the temperature of PWC during stagnation increases more slowly. The article points out the fact that the first 10 mm of insulation has the greatest impact on preventing the heating of PWC from the surrounding environment. Regarding the material design of the pipeline, only small deviations in the results were calculated between steel and plastic pipe. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation show that the issue of PWC stagnation in the pipeline has a significant effect on the temperature and thus the quality of water in buildings.
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PARASNIS, SURENDRA S. "VARIATIONS IN PRECIPITABLE WATER CONTENT IN LOWER TROPOSPHERE AT PUNE DURING SUMMER MONSOON." MAUSAM 45, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v45i2.2012.
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Variation. in Precipitable Water Content (pWC) at Pune (lse32'N. 73·S1'E..ssg m u 1)duri ngIUmmer mon aoon aealOM of 1980 and 1981. have been studied. Spectrum of PWC values in layen 9OQ..650 bPashowed peals at period. 2-3 and '·8 days. The periodicities observed in PWC ~comparable with these observed. in other mckorolOlical parameters.
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Fields, Jeb S., William C. Fonteno, Brian E. Jackson, Joshua L. Heitman, and James S. Owen. "Hydrophysical Properties, Moisture Retention, and Drainage Profiles of Wood and Traditional Components for Greenhouse Substrates." HortScience 49, no. 6 (June 2014): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.6.827.
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Pine tree substrates (PTSs) may provide growers with sustainable substrate component options. Improved processing of PTS components has provided new materials with little scientific evaluation or understanding of their hydrophysical behavior and properties. Moisture retention characteristics were developed for two PTSs and four traditional greenhouse components: sphagnum peat, coconut coir, perlite, pine bark, shredded-pine-wood (SPW), and pine-wood-chips (PWC). Mixtures of peat containing 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of perlite, SPW, or PWC were also characterized. Hydrophysical properties were measured, allowing for comparison of the PTS components to the more traditional substrate components (peat, coir, perlite, and pine bark). The SPW was constructed to retain water similarly to peat and pine bark, whereas the PWC was made to increase drainage like perlite. Shredded pine wood had higher total porosity and more easily available water than did PWC components. Total porosities of SPW and PWC were similar to pine bark and coir; air space and drainage were higher than peat and coir because of the lower percentage of fine particles in the PTS components. The two PTS components had a greater influence on water drainage and retention dynamics than did perlite when amended with peat as an aggregate. Water release patterns of SPW or PWC components at low tensions were lower than peat and greater than pine bark; drainage was similar to perlite at higher tensions. Equilibrium capacity variable models predicted similar physical properties (and trends) across multiple container sizes for peat mixes amended with perlite, SPW, or PWC. The impact of PWC on drainage and aeration was similar to perlite in all containers, but these effects were greater in smaller containers.
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Schürholz, Dirk, and Dorothee Mundorf-Unkrig. "PwC Deutsche Revision AG." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 32, no. 1 (2003): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2003-1-66.
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Gaede, Kirsten. "PwC rüstet Gesundheitssparte auf." kma - Klinik Management aktuell 15, no. 11 (November 2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1575790.
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Ma, Shuangmei, and Tianjun Zhou. "Robust Strengthening and Westward Shift of the Tropical Pacific Walker Circulation during 1979–2012: A Comparison of 7 Sets of Reanalysis Data and 26 CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 29, no. 9 (April 19, 2016): 3097–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0398.1.
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Abstract In this study, the zonal mass streamfunction Ψ, which depicts intuitively the tropical Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) structure characterized by an enclosed and clockwise rotation cell in the zonal–vertical section over the equatorial Pacific, was used to study the changes of PWC spatial structure during 1979–2012. To examine the robustness of changes in PWC characteristics, the linear trends of PWC were evaluated and compared among the current seven sets of reanalysis data, along with a comparison to the trends of surface climate variables. The spatial pattern of Ψ trend exhibited a strengthening and westward-shifting trend of PWC in all reanalysis datasets, with the significantly positive Ψ dominating the western Pacific and negative Ψ controlling the eastern Pacific. This kind of change is physically in agreement with the changes of the sea level pressure (SLP), surface winds, and precipitation derived from both the reanalyses and independent observations. Quantitative analyses of the changes in the PWC intensity and western edge, defined based on the zonal mass streamfunction, also revealed a robust strengthening and westward-shifting trend among all reanalysis datasets, with a trend of 15.08% decade−1 and 3.70° longitude decade−1 in the ensemble mean of seven sets of reanalysis data, with the strongest (weakest) intensification of 17.53% decade−1 (7.96% decade−1) in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (NCEP-2) and largest (smallest) westward shift of −4.68° longitude decade−1 (−2.55° longitude decade−1) in JRA-55 (JRA-25). In response to the recent observed La Niña–like anomalous SST forcing, the ensemble simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), with 26 models in the ensemble, reasonably reproduced the observed strengthening and westward-shifting trend of PWC, implying the dominant forcing of the La Niña–like SST anomalies to the recent PWC change.
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Fomel, Sergey, and Antoine Guitton. "Regularizing seismic inverse problems by model reparameterization using plane-wave construction." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 5 (September 2006): A43—A47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2335609.
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We define plane-wave construction (PWC), an operator for generating data aligned along predefined locally variable slopes, as the inverse of plane-wave destruction, an operator used for measuring the slopes. PWC can be applied for efficient regularization of seismic estimation problems. Using simple examples, we demonstrate how PWC enhances the coherency of seismic images, improves velocity estimation methods, and separates primaries and multiples with a pattern-based approach.
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Nguyen, Minhtri K., Vahram Ornekian, Anthony W. Butch, and Ira Kurtz. "A new method for determining plasma water content: application in pseudohyponatremia." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 292, no. 5 (May 2007): F1652—F1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00493.2006.
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Pseudohyponatremia is a clinical condition characterized by an increased fraction of protein or lipid in plasma, thereby resulting in an artificially low plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]p). Since the automated method of measuring [Na+]pin most laboratories involves the use of an indirect ion-selective electrode (I-ISE), this method does not correct for elevated protein or lipid concentrations. In I-ISE, the plasma sample is diluted before the actual measurement is obtained, and the [Na+]pis determined based on the assumption that plasma is normally composed of 93% plasma water. Therefore, the [Na+]pas determined by I-ISE will be artificially low in clinical conditions when the plasma water content (PWC) is <93%. In contrast, the plasma is not diluted when the [Na+]pis measured using direct ISE (D-ISE). This method directly measures Na+activity in plasma water and is therefore unaffected by the proportion of plasma occupied by water. In this study, we report a novel quantitative method for determining the PWC utilizing I-ISE and D-ISE. To validate this new method experimentally, we altered the PWC in vitro by dissolving varying amount of salt-free albumin in human plasma. We then measured PWC gravimetrically in each sample and compared the gravimetrically determined PWC with the ISE-determined PWC. Our findings indicate that the PWC can be accurately determined based on differences in the [Na+]pas measured by I-ISE and D-ISE and that this new quantitative method can be a useful adjunct in the analysis of the dysnatremias.
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Hu, Wei, and Bing Si. "Technical Note: Improved partial wavelet coherency for understanding scale-specific and localized bivariate relationships in geosciences." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-321-2021.
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Abstract. Bivariate wavelet coherency is a measure of correlation between two variables in the location–scale (spatial data) or time–frequency (time series) domain. It is particularly suited to geoscience, where relationships between multiple variables differ with locations (times) and/or scales (frequencies) because of the various processes involved. However, it is well-known that bivariate relationships can be misleading when both variables are dependent on other variables. Partial wavelet coherency (PWC) has been proposed to detect scale-specific and localized bivariate relationships by excluding the effects of other variables but is limited to one excluding variable and provides no phase information. We aim to develop a new PWC method that can deal with multiple excluding variables and provide phase information. Both stationary and non-stationary artificial datasets with the response variable being the sum of five cosine waves at 256 locations are used to test the method. The new method was also applied to a free water evaporation dataset. Our results verified the advantages of the new method in capturing phase information and dealing with multiple excluding variables. Where there is one excluding variable, the new PWC implementation produces higher and more accurate PWC values than the previously published PWC implementation that mistakenly considered bivariate real coherence rather than bivariate complex coherence. We suggest the PWC method is used to untangle scale-specific and localized bivariate relationships after removing the effects of other variables in geosciences. The PWC implementations were coded with Matlab and are freely accessible (https://figshare.com/s/bc97956f43fe5734c784, last access: 14 January 2021).
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Foster, Josh, James W. Smallcombe, Simon Hodder, Ollie Jay, Andreas D. Flouris, Lars Nybo, and George Havenith. "An advanced empirical model for quantifying the impact of heat and climate change on human physical work capacity." International Journal of Biometeorology 65, no. 7 (March 5, 2021): 1215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02105-0.
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AbstractOccupational heat stress directly hampers physical work capacity (PWC), with large economic consequences for industries and regions vulnerable to global warming. Accurately quantifying PWC is essential for forecasting impacts of different climate change scenarios, but the current state of knowledge is limited, leading to potential underestimations in mild heat, and overestimations in extreme heat. We therefore developed advanced empirical equations for PWC based on 338 work sessions in climatic chambers (low air movement, no solar radiation) spanning mild to extreme heat stress. Equations for PWC are available based on air temperature and humidity, for a suite of heat stress assessment metrics, and mean skin temperature. Our models are highly sensitive to mild heat and to our knowledge are the first to include empirical data across the full range of warm and hot environments possible with future climate change across the world. Using wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) as an example, we noted 10% reductions in PWC at mild heat stress (WBGT = 18°C) and reductions of 78% in the most extreme conditions (WBGT = 40°C). Of the different heat stress indices available, the heat index was the best predictor of group level PWC (R2 = 0.96) but can only be applied in shaded conditions. The skin temperature, but not internal/core temperature, was a strong predictor of PWC (R2 = 0.88), thermal sensation (R2 = 0.84), and thermal comfort (R2 = 0.73). The models presented apply to occupational workloads and can be used in climate projection models to predict economic and social consequences of climate change.
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Foster, Josh, James W. Smallcombe, Simon Hodder, Ollie Jay, Andreas D. Flouris, Lars Nybo, and George Havenith. "Quantifying the impact of heat on human physical work capacity; part III: the impact of solar radiation varies with air temperature, humidity, and clothing coverage." International Journal of Biometeorology 66, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02205-x.
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AbstractHeat stress decreases human physical work capacity (PWC), but the extent to which solar radiation (SOLAR) compounds this response is not well understood. This study empirically quantified how SOLAR impacts PWC in the heat, considering wide, but controlled, variations in air temperature, humidity, and clothing coverage. We also provide correction equations so PWC can be quantified outdoors using heat stress indices that do not ordinarily account for SOLAR (including the Heat Stress Index, Humidex, and Wet-Bulb Temperature). Fourteen young adult males (7 donning a work coverall, 7 with shorts and trainers) walked for 1 h at a fixed heart rate of 130 beats∙min−1, in seven combinations of air temperature (25 to 45°C) and relative humidity (20 or 80%), with and without SOLAR (800 W/m2 from solar lamps). Cumulative energy expenditure in the heat, relative to the work achieved in a cool reference condition, was used to determine PWC%. Skin temperature was the primary determinant of PWC in the heat. In dry climates with exposed skin (0.3 Clo), SOLAR caused PWC to decrease exponentially with rising air temperature, whereas work coveralls (0.9 Clo) negated this effect. In humid conditions, the SOLAR-induced reduction in PWC was consistent and linear across all levels of air temperature and clothing conditions. Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature and the Universal Thermal Climate Index represented SOLAR correctly and did not require a correction factor. For the Heat Stress Index, Humidex, and Wet-Bulb Temperature, correction factors are provided enabling forecasting of heat effects on work productivity.
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Marathe, Shweta N., Deepali S. Yakkundi, and Hemraj Patil. "Assessing usefulness of ‘participatory audit and planning process on improving functioning of patient welfare committees in select public health institutes from Maharashtra." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 5 (April 24, 2018): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181693.
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Background: Social audit is being increasingly recognized and used as a tool for ensuring accountability and transparency in various social sectors. Building upon social audit concept, retaining its core with appropriate modifications in the context of patients’ welfare committee (PWC) funds in public health institutions the ‘participatory audit and planning (PAP) process’ was developed and conducted in nine health institutes from Maharashtra by civil society organisations. The aim of the PAP was to improve the overall functioning of PWC. At state level, it has been decided to implement the process in 140 health institutions implementing CBMP of Health in Maharashtra. With such recognition of the process at state level, it was felt necessary to study the usefulness of the PAP process on functioning of PWCs.Methods: Hence a descriptive study was conducted for assessing changes after introducing the PAP process on functioning of PWC in six out of nine health institutions, with the objectives to understand the change in pattern of expenditure of PWC funds for three consecutive years (2013-2016) in the context of conduction of PAP process and to understand opinions and experiences of various stakeholders of the PWC regarding usefulness of PAP process for improving functioning of PWC.Results: This study signifies the usefulness of PAP process in the view of various stakeholders, especially on improving participatory planning of funds, bringing transparency in expenditure, record keeping and hence ensuring effective utilisation of PWC funds in the view of patients need.Conclusions: Scaling up of PAP process shall be considered by the state officials to improve accountability regarding use of PWC funds and ensure it’s pro-people expenditure.
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Alarcon castillo, Vania. "filosofía y niños: ¿para o con?" childhood & philosophy 16, no. 36 (July 21, 2020): 01–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/childphilo.2020.51240.
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In this paper, two different philosophical proposals to introduce and carry out philosophy in school spaces which include the participation of children are compared, these are: Philosophy for Children (P4C), mainly developed by Matthew Lipman and Ann Sharp, and Philosophy with Children (PwC), which is actually a set of “second generation” (counter)proposals –as described by Vansieleghem and Kennedy (2011), based on Reed and Johnson (1999)–, among which those created by Walter Kohan and Karin Murris, to mention a few, stand out. The text begins with some similarities between both proposals, before comparing them in each of their dimensions. First, P4C is discussed. Second, PwC. Their ideas about education, school, philosophical education, their concept of childhood, the role given to teachers and their relation with politics are the main focus. Third, PwC’s critique of the P4C programme is studied. Finally, the paper concludes with some ideas on the issue of introducing philosophy to the school space. Particularly, PwC’s proposal is supported, fundamentally because of its coherent acknowledgment of the autonomy of teachers and of the political element in education, since philosophical experience with children is particularly questioning, defying, and, therefore, it has the possibility of bringing about important transformations, both at a personal-individual level, as well as a collective one.
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Tian, Zhiping, Tim Li, and Dabang Jiang. "Strengthening and Westward Shift of the Tropical Pacific Walker Circulation during the Mid-Holocene: PMIP Simulation Results." Journal of Climate 31, no. 6 (March 2018): 2283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0744.1.
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Based on the zonal mass streamfunction, the mid-Holocene annual and seasonal changes in the tropical Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) are examined using numerical simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phases 2 and 3. Compared to the preindustrial period, the annual mean of the PWC intensity strengthened (with an average increase of 0.26 × 1014 kg2 m−2 s−1 or 5%), and both the western edge and center of the PWC cell shifted westward (by an average of 4° and 3°, respectively) in the majority of the 29 models used for analysis during the mid-Holocene. Those changes were closely related to an overall increase in the equatorial Indo-Pacific east–west sea level pressure difference and low-level trade winds over the equatorial Pacific. Annual mean PWC changes come mainly from boreal warm seasons. In response to the mid-Holocene orbital forcing, Asian and North African monsoon rainfall was strengthened due to large-scale surface warming in the Northern Hemisphere in boreal warm seasons, which led to an intensified large-scale thermally direct east–west circulation, resulting in the enhancement and westward shift of the tropical PWC. The opposite occurred during the mid-Holocene boreal cold seasons. Taken together, the change in the monsoon rainfall over the key tropical regions of Asia and North Africa and associated large-scale east–west circulation, rather than the equatorial Pacific SST change pattern, played a key role in affecting the mid-Holocene PWC strength.
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Parajuli, Jyotsana, and Judith Hupcey. "Oncology Nurses’ Identified Educational Needs for Providing Palliative Care." Western Journal of Nursing Research 43, no. 9 (January 9, 2021): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945920986112.
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Oncology nurses are primary providers of care to persons with cancer (PWC) and play a crucial role in providing palliative care (PC) to this population. However, little is known about the educational needs of oncology nurses when providing PC to PWC. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively investigate oncology nurses’ educational needs in providing the eight domains of PC listed in the National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care (NCP) guidelines to PWC. A nationally representative sample of oncology nurses who are members of the Oncology Nursing Society responded to two open-ended questions. Results showed the majority of the 303 respondents defined the term “PC” as primarily being symptom management. Oncology nurses ( n = 246) expressed educational needs in all eight domains of PC. These nurses need additional education in the provision of PC in order to deliver holistic, person-centered care to PWC.
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Jefry, Jefry, and Carol Daniel Kadang. "Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja, Motivasi, Dan Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Divisi Assurance PWC Indonesia Di Jakarta." Jurnal Manajerial Dan Kewirausahaan 3, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmk.v3i3.13206.
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This study aims to determine the effect of the relationship of work environment, motivation and leadership on the job satisfaction of employees of PwC Indonesia assurance division in Jakarta. The research sample was 100 employees. This research method uses SmartPLS and by distributing questionnaires via google form. The results of this study are that there is a positive and significant influence of work environment, motivation and leadership on the job satisfaction of employees of PwC Indonesia assurance division in Jakarta.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah lingkungan kerja, motivasi dan kepemimpinan dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja karyawan PwC Indonesia divisi Assurance di Jakarta. Sampel penelitian adalah sebanyak 100 pegawai. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan SmartPLS dan dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner melalui google form. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan lingkungan kerja, motivasi dan kepemimpianan terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PwC Indonesia divisi Assurance di Jakarta.
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van Zaalen, Yvonne, and Isabella Reichel. "Clinical Success Using the Audio-Visual Feedback Training for Cluttering." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 1589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_pers-sig17-2019-0018.
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Purpose Among the best strategies to address inadequate speech monitoring skills and other parameters of communication in people with cluttering (PWC) is the relatively new but very promising auditory–visual feedback (AVF) training ( van Zaalen & Reichel, 2015 ). This study examines the effects of AVF training on articulatory accuracy, pause duration, frequency, and type of disfluencies of PWC, as well as on the emotional and cognitive aspects that may be present in clients with this communication disorder ( Reichel, 2010 ; van Zaalen & Reichel, 2015 ). Methods In this study, 12 male adolescents and adults—6 with phonological and 6 with syntactic cluttering—were provided with weekly AVF training for 12 weeks, with a 3-month follow-up. Data was gathered on baseline (T0), Week 6 (T1), Week 12 (T2), and after follow-up (T3). Spontaneous speech was recorded and analyzed by using digital audio-recording and speech analysis software known as Praat ( Boersma & Weenink, 2017 ). Results The results of this study indicated that PWC demonstrated significant improvements in articulatory rate measurements and in pause duration following the AVF training. In addition, the PWC in the study reported positive effects on their ability to retell a story and to speak in more complete sentences. PWC felt better about formulating their ideas and were more satisfied with their interactions with people around them. Conclusions The AVF training was found to be an effective approach for improving monitoring skills of PWC with both quantitative and qualitative benefits in the behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social domains of communication.
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Owen, W. Garrett, Brian E. Jackson, Brian E. Whipker, and William C. Fonteno. "Paclobutrazol Drench Activity Not Affected in Sphagnum Peat-based Substrates Amended with Pine Wood Chip Aggregates." HortTechnology 26, no. 2 (April 2016): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.2.156.
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Processed pine (Pinus sp.) wood has been investigated as a component in horticultural substrates (greenhouse and nursery) for many years. Specifically, pine wood chips (PWC) have been uniquely engineered/processed into a nonfiberous blockular particle size, suitable for use as a substrate aggregate. The purpose of this research was to determine if paclobutrazol drench efficacy is affected by PWC used as a substitute for perlite in a peat-based substrate. Paclobutrazol drench applications of 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/pot were applied to ‘Pacino Gold’ sunflower (Helianthus annuus); 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/pot to ‘Anemone Safari Yellow’ marigold (Tagetes patula); and 0.0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/pot to ‘Variegata’ plectranthus (Plectranthus ciliates) grown in sphagnum peat-based substrates containing 10%, 20%, or 30% (by volume) perlite or PWC. Efficacy of paclobutrazol drenches for controlling growth of all three species was unaffected by substrate composition. We concluded that substituting PWC for perlite as an aggregate in peat-based substrates should not reduce paclobutrazol drench efficacy, variability in PWC products indicates that efficacy should be tested before large-scale use. The variability results from wood components not being engineered and processed the same across manufacturers, meaning that they are often incapable of improving/influencing the physical and chemical behavior of a substrate similarly.
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Misios, Stergios, Lesley J. Gray, Mads F. Knudsen, Christoffer Karoff, Hauke Schmidt, and Joanna D. Haigh. "Slowdown of the Walker circulation at solar cycle maximum." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 15 (March 29, 2019): 7186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815060116.
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The Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC) fluctuates on interannual and multidecadal timescales under the influence of internal variability and external forcings. Here, we provide observational evidence that the 11-y solar cycle (SC) affects the PWC on decadal timescales. We observe a robust reduction of east–west sea-level pressure gradients over the Indo-Pacific Ocean during solar maxima and the following 1–2 y. This reduction is associated with westerly wind anomalies at the surface and throughout the equatorial troposphere in the western/central Pacific paired with an eastward shift of convective precipitation that brings more rainfall to the central Pacific. We show that this is initiated by a thermodynamical response of the global hydrological cycle to surface warming, further amplified by atmosphere–ocean coupling, leading to larger positive ocean temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific than expected from simple radiative forcing considerations. The observed solar modulation of the PWC is supported by a set of coupled ocean–atmosphere climate model simulations forced only by SC irradiance variations. We highlight the importance of a muted hydrology mechanism that acts to weaken the PWC. Demonstration of this mechanism acting on the 11-y SC timescale adds confidence in model predictions that the same mechanism also weakens the PWC under increasing greenhouse gas forcing.
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Rickels, Karl, Felipe Garcia-Espana, Laura A. Mandos, and George W. Case. "Physician Withdrawal Checklist (PWC-20)." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28, no. 4 (August 2008): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e31817efbac.
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Javed, Sarfaraz. "DOES ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR AFFECT PERFORMANCE OF AUDITING FIRMS?" International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i1.2018.51.
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The study examines the effect of organizational behaviour on auditing firms’ performance. It investigates the influence of Software Technology and customer relationship management on financial performance of PwC, Deloitte and KPMG testing four hypotheses. The data was from secondary sources of financial reports and statements of PwC, Deloitte and KGPM (2011-2016) and statistica.com. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation. SPSS version 17 was used to perform the multiple regression analysis while Smart PLS version 3.2.6 was used to carry out SEM. The first hypothesis revealed that relatively customer relationship negatively predicted financial performance of PwC while software technology positively predicted the financial performance of PwC. Hypothesis two shows that customer relationship and software technology did not jointly and relatively predicted financial performance of Deloitte while in hypothesis three, customer relationship and software technology did not jointly predicted financial performance of KPMG and in hypothesis four, customer relationship management and software technology positively jointly influenced financial performance of both PwC and Deloitte. There have been few studies to made use of Structural Equation Model (SEM) to examine the organizational behaviour in the auditing firms. In this paper, SEM was used to test the effect of Software Technology and Cost on customer relationship on financial performance of the auditing firms. This paper contributes to the impact of organizational behaviour in the auditing firms.
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Choi, Eui-Yul, and Woo Jeong Cho. "Personal Watercraft Incident Court Decisions: The Plaintiff’s Odds?" Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 5096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095096.
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A personal watercraft (PWC) is a vessel that uses an inboard motor powering a water jet pump as a source of power and is operated by a person sitting, standing, or kneeling. Maneuvering a PWC is different from operating a motor vehicle or boat. An obstacle cannot be avoided by slowing down and turning the watercraft; throttle power is required to turn or maneuver the PWC. The watercraft stops only by drifting or turning sharply. The study examined sixty court decisions published in LexisNexis databases of the United States over the last decade. Cases included individuals injured while operating a PWC as a driver, passenger, or as a result of contact with a watercraft. A content analysis identified items to be used in the study. Crosstab and logistic regression analyses were used to identify demographic information and the characteristics of those who succeeded in a court of law. One-third of the cases were successful; adults, males, and the party who sustained a severe injury were more successful in a court of law with the exception of the statistically significant factors (high risk maneuvers and sharp turns). Among the additional results, we should be aware that insurance companies may not pay; additionally, it is unwise to loan a PWC to a female who has no experience.
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Heinecke, Olaf. "Trinkkaltwasser-Zirkulation mit Kühlung." HLH 70, no. 05 (2019): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-5103-2019-05-56.
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Immer häufiger ist in Trinkwasser-Installationen festzustellen, dass die Temperaturen des Trinkwassers kalt (kurz PWC) unzulässig hoch sind. PWC-Temperaturen von 30 °C und höher stellen keine Ausnahmeerscheinung mehr dar und können unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen zu Hygieneproblemen beispielsweise mit Legio-nella species führen. Durch den Einsatz einer Trinkkaltwasser-Zir-kulationsanlage mit Kühlung kann hier Abhilfe geschaffen werden.
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Mekky, Ali. "Using Travel Demand Models and Pairwise Comparisons To Evaluate Alternative Transportation Networks in Niagara." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1645, no. 1 (January 1998): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1645-06.
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Evaluating various alternative transportation proposals is one of the most important stages in the transportation planning process. It represents the culmination of various efforts of data collection, goals and objectives formulation, and demand modeling. Some major problems in comparing alternatives are that their effects usually are numerous, affecting various socioeconomic groups in different ways; some effects are quantifiable and others are not; and the scale and the units of each effect may be different from the others. The pairwise comparisons (PWC) method, used for a Niagara-area study, offers a structured approach to deal with this situation. The Niagara study covers a large part of the peninsula between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. A travel demand model was calibrated and used to quantify network indicators. In the comprehensive evaluation, nonnetwork criteria also were used. The PWC evaluation methodology used in this study is discussed, along with the network and nonnetwork objectives, criteria, and measures. Sensitivity analysis on the ranking results is explained. Another method of obtaining the most reliable consensus of a group of experts is compared with the PWC method. The benefits of the PWC method and conclusions are given.
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Houdijk, J. G. M., D. H. Anderson, and I. Kyriazakis. "Induction of experimental sub-clinical post-weaning colibacillosis in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009959.
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Newly weaned pigs are at least partially protected against sub-clinical gastrointestinal disorders through the provision of in-feed antimicrobials. Possible associations with antibiotic resistance to life threatening bacterial infections in humans and environmental pollution will result in their ban. As a consequence, gut health and pig performance will be compromised. Current research is aimed at reducing, and eventually overcoming, such consequences through novel nutritional strategies. Effects of the latter on the consequences of sub-clinical infection may be assessed in an infection model, since the absence of in-feed antimicrobials does not always lead to gastrointestinal disorders, due to e.g. variation in infectious environmental conditions. A common gastrointestinal disorder is post-weaning colibacillosis (PWC), which is caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and is associated with diarrhoea and reduced food intake, and hence reduced performance. Existing ETEC infection models, which have yielded variable results and employed relatively large infective doses of ETEC, have focused on clinical PWC (Madec et al., 2000). The objective of our experiment was to assess whether sub-clinical PWC can be induced through experimental infection with ETEC, and whether such sub-clinical PWC is sensitive to the level of infection used.
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Little, Max A., and Nick S. Jones. "Generalized methods and solvers for noise removal from piecewise constant signals. I. Background theory." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2135 (June 8, 2011): 3088–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0671.
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Removing noise from piecewise constant (PWC) signals is a challenging signal processing problem arising in many practical contexts. For example, in exploration geosciences, noisy drill hole records need to be separated into stratigraphic zones, and in biophysics, jumps between molecular dwell states have to be extracted from noisy fluorescence microscopy signals. Many PWC denoising methods exist, including total variation regularization, mean shift clustering, stepwise jump placement, running medians, convex clustering shrinkage and bilateral filtering; conventional linear signal processing methods are fundamentally unsuited. This paper (part I, the first of two) shows that most of these methods are associated with a special case of a generalized functional, minimized to achieve PWC denoising. The minimizer can be obtained by diverse solver algorithms, including stepwise jump placement, convex programming, finite differences, iterated running medians, least angle regression, regularization path following and coordinate descent. In the second paper, part II, we introduce novel PWC denoising methods, and comparisons between these methods performed on synthetic and real signals, showing that the new understanding of the problem gained in part I leads to new methods that have a useful role to play.
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Aluisio, Leah, Lynn Yieh, Ewa Wajs, Allitia DiBernardo, Andrew Krystal, Wayne Drevets, Yun Wu, et al. "142 Withdrawal Symptom Assessment in an Esketamine Safety Study in Patients with Treatment-resistant Depression." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 2 (April 2020): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920000589.
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Abstract:Background:SUSTAIN-2 (NCT02497287) was an open-label, phase III trial evaluating the safety of esketamine (ESK) nasal spray plus a newly initiated oral antidepressant (AD) for up to 1 year in adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). ESK is a schedule III drug that acts via glutamate receptor modulation. ESK is rapidly cleared from the plasma, and with intermittent dosing there is no accumulation. Thus, no withdrawal syndrome is expected. The current analysis assessed potential withdrawal symptoms in patients who discontinued ESK after long-term, intermittent use. In the absence of a glutamatergic-specific withdrawal scale, the Physicians Withdrawal Checklist1 (PWC-20) was used. The PWC-20 was designed to assess new or worsening benzodiazepine-like discontinuation symptoms after stopping non-SSRI anxiolytics.Methods:ESK nasal spray was administered two times per week during a 4-week induction phase (IND). Responders entered the optimization/maintenance phase (O/M) where ESK nasal spray was dosed either weekly or every two weeks for up to 48 weeks. Patients entered a 4-week follow up period (F/U) after discontinuation from either phase, during which continuation of the AD was recommended. PWC-20 assessments were conducted at the last ESK dosing (endpoint of IND or O/M) and at weeks 1, 2 and 4 of F/U. Symptoms were rated using a 0-3-point scale (Not present = 0, Mild = 1, Moderate = 2, Severe = 3). To account for worsening of underlying depression, subset calculations were performed for depressive symptoms (PWC-DS: loss of appetite; anxiety or nervousness; irritability; dysphoric mood or depression; insomnia; fatigue, lethargy or lack of energy; restlessness or agitation; headaches; muscle aches or stiffness; weakness; difficulty concentrating or remembering; depersonalization-derealization) and withdrawal symptoms (PWC-WS: nausea and/or vomiting; diarrhea; poor coordination; diaphoresis; tremor or tremulousness; dizziness or light-headedness; increased acuity of sound, smell, or touch; paresthesias).Results:Data on 357 patients entering F/U were included in the analysis (91 completed treatment during the IND phase and 141 were treated during O/M). The mean (SD) PWC-20 total scores (range 0-60) at treatment endpoint, Week 1, 2 and 4 were 7.2 (6.8), 7.5(7.0), 7.4 (7.1) and 7.2 (6.9), respectively. At these same assessment times, mean PWC-WS scores (range 0-24) were 0.9 (1.7), 1.0 (1.7), 1.0 (1.8), and 0.9 (1.8). Mean PWC-DS scores (range 0-36) were 6.3 (5.6), 6.5 (5.7), 6.5 (5.8), and 6.3 (5.7), respectively. Complete analysis of data from the entire SUSTAIN-2 dataset will be presented.Conclusions:No indication of drug-specific withdrawal symptoms was seen after stopping up to 1-year of intermittent treatment with ESK nasal spray for TRD.Funding Acknowledgements:Janssen Research and Development
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Ng, Eric K. W., and Johnny C. L. Chan. "Geophysical Applications of Partial Wavelet Coherence and Multiple Wavelet Coherence." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 1845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00056.1.
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Abstract In this paper, the application of partial wavelet coherence (PWC) and multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) to geophysics is demonstrated. PWC is a technique similar to partial correlation that helps identify the resulting wavelet coherence (WTC) between two time series after eliminating the influence of their common dependence. MWC, akin to multiple correlation, is, however, useful in seeking the resulting WTC of multiple independent variables on a dependent one. The possible El Niño–Southern Oscillation–related impact of the large-scale atmospheric factors on tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific is used as an example. A software package for PWC and MWC has been developed. It also includes modified software that rectified the bias in the wavelet power spectrum and wavelet cross-spectrum. The package is available online (see http://www.cityu.edu.hk/gcacic/wavelet).
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Miyata, Osamu, Takeshi Kihara, Sadami Kanemaru, and Kazumi Iida. "Noise of PWC (Personal Water Craft)." JOURNAL OF THE MARINE ENGINEERING SOCIETY IN JAPAN 34, no. 3 (1999): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime1966.34.215.
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Ball, Kenneth, Nima Bigdely-Shamlo, Tim Mullen, and Kay Robbins. "PWC-ICA: A Method for Stationary Ordered Blind Source Separation with Application to EEG." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9754813.
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Independent component analysis (ICA) is a class of algorithms widely applied to separate sources in EEG data. Most ICA approaches use optimization criteria derived from temporal statistical independence and are invariant with respect to the actual ordering of individual observations. We propose a method of mapping real signals into a complex vector space that takes into account the temporal order of signals and enforces certain mixing stationarity constraints. The resulting procedure, which we callPairwise Complex Independent Component Analysis(PWC-ICA), performs the ICA in a complex setting and then reinterprets the results in the original observation space. We examine the performance of our candidate approach relative to several existing ICA algorithms for the blind source separation (BSS) problem on both real and simulated EEG data. On simulated data, PWC-ICA is often capable of achieving a better solution to the BSS problem than AMICA, Extended Infomax, or FastICA. On real data, the dipole interpretations of the BSS solutions discovered by PWC-ICA are physically plausible, are competitive with existing ICA approaches, and may represent sources undiscovered by other ICA methods. In conjunction with this paper, the authors have released a MATLAB toolbox that performs PWC-ICA on real, vector-valued signals.
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Afolabi, Funmilayo Juliana, Paul de Beer, and Joke A. Haafkens. "Physical work conditions and perceived health problems among informal automobile artisans." Work 70, no. 2 (October 26, 2021): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213584.
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BACKGROUND: Automobile car repair requires intensive activities. Several studies have described different work characteristics of automobile artisans’ work. However, the effects of physical work conditions (PWC) on worker health outcomes are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore which of the PWC have high negative impact on worker’s health outcomes, and whether the same conditions affected both illnesses and injuries. METHODS: A cross-sectional design and a multistage method were used to randomly select 632 workers. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to obtain information on dependent variables (illness/injuries) and independent variables (PWC). The results were analysed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis, while controlling for occupation. RESULTS: Workers who manually lifted heavy items or orally sucked petrol regularly reported illnesses and injuries. Long work experience and long working hours were significantly associated with illness, whereas prolonged standing was significantly related to injuries. Contrary to our initial expectation, workers who regularly worked at 2 m or higher above the ground level tended to report less illness and injury. CONCLUSIONS: PWCs were more significantly related to work-related illnesses than injuries. Therefore, interventional programs for automobile artisans should focus on the PWC that increase worker vulnerability to work-related illnesses.
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Ahmed, Naveed, and Raphael Chung. "Role of Early Thoracoscopy for Management of Penetrating Wounds of the Chest." American Surgeon 76, no. 11 (November 2010): 1236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481007601124.
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Most nonlife-threatening penetrating wounds of the chest (PWC) are treated with a chest tube alone. This may be inadequate because missed injuries, retained hemothorax, or foreign material may be difficult to address later. Early thoracoscopy should improve outcome. We conducted a retrospective review of 88 stable patients with PWC initially treated with a chest tube and had retained a hemothorax beyond 48 hours. Twenty-seven underwent an early video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS). Fifty-five were observed, chest tubes were manipulated, or an additional one placed. The outcome was compared with the National Trauma Data Bank and controlled for Injury Severity Score. Early VATS reduced length of stay (4.3 vs 9.4 days), days in the intensive care unit (1.3 vs 3.2), and open thoracotomy (0 vs 7). A chest tube undertreats a nonlife-threatening PWC correctable by timely VATs.
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Constantinou, Alexis. "The Peacebuilding Endeavours of Daniel Oliver and the Palestine Watching Committee in Mandate Palestine, 1930-48." Quaker Studies 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/quaker.2021.26.1.4.
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This paper analyses the peacebuilding efforts of the official British Religious Society of Friends representative in Mandate Palestine, Daniel Oliver, and the Palestine Watching Committee (PWC). Previously unexamined documentation stored in the Friends House library and Haverford College archives details the extensive negotiations by Oliver and the PWC, which he co-founded, to influence British, Arab and Jewish senior political and royal officials. Combining individual and collective Quaker values concerning the Peace Testimony with a deep focus on British government colonial policies proved problematic. Internal fractions developed over the conduct of British forces in Palestine and the issue of Jewish immigration. Oliver defended the British government and continued to press for peace, demonstrating how patriotism significantly influenced his own spiritually guided message, while the PWC reduced its activities and became despondent over their lack of success and the decline of the Mandate.
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Nie, Yungui, Wei Zhang, Yanbing Yang, Xiong Deng, Min Liu, and Chen Chen. "Pairwise Coded mCAP with Chaotic Dual-Mode Index Modulation for Secure Bandlimited VLC Systems." Photonics 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030141.
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In this paper, for the first time, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel pairwise coding (PWC)-based multiband carrierless amplitude and phase (mCAP) modulation with chaotic dual-mode index modulation (DM) for secure bandlimited visible light communication (VLC) systems. The combination of mCAP and DM can sustain a higher spectral efficiency (SE) compared with mCAP with conventional index modulation (IM), while PWC can be employed to efficiently mitigate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) imbalance caused by the low-pass frequency response of light emitting diodes (LEDs). Moreover, the DM is enhanced by a two-dimensional (2D) chaotic encryption scheme to guarantee the security of the useful information in VLC systems. Simulation and experimental results successfully verify the superiority of the proposed PWC-based mCAP-DM scheme with two-level chaotic encryption over other benchmark schemes.
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Owen, W. Garrett, Brian E. Jackson, Brian E. Whipker, and William C. Fonteno. "Pine Wood Chips as an Alternative to Perlite in Greenhouse Substrates: Nitrogen Requirements." HortTechnology 26, no. 2 (April 2016): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.2.199.
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Processed pine wood (Pinus sp.) has been investigated as a component in greenhouse and nursery substrates for many years. Specifically, pine wood chips (PWC) have been uniquely engineered/processed into a nonfiberous blockular particle size, suitable for use as a substrate aggregate. In container substrates, nitrogen (N) tie-up during crop production is of concern when substrates contain components with high carbon (C):N ratios, like that of PWC that are made from fresh pine wood. The objective of this research was to compare the N requirements of plants grown in sphagnum peat–based substrates amended with perlite or PWC. Fertility concentrations of 100, 200, or 300 mg·L−1 N were applied to ‘Profusion Orange’ zinnia (Zinnia ×hybrida) and ‘Moonsong Deep Orange’ marigold (Tagetes erecta) grown in sphagnum peat–based substrates containing 10%, 20%, or 30% (by volume) perlite or PWC. Zinnia plant substrate solution electrical conductivity (EC) was not influenced by percentage of perlite or PWC. Perlite-amended substrates fertilized with 200 mg·L−1 N for growing zinnia, maintained a constant EC within optimal levels of 1.0 to 2.6 mS·cm−1 from 14 to 42 days after planting (DAP), and then EC increased at 49 DAP. In substrates fertilized with 100 and 300 mg·L−1 N, EC levels steadily declined and then increased, respectively. Zinnia plants grown in PWC-amended substrates fertilized with 200 mg·L−1 N maintained a constant EC within the optimal range from 14 to 49 DAP. Marigold substrate solution EC was only influenced by N concentration and followed a similar response to zinnia substrate solution EC. Zinnia and marigold substrate solution pH was influenced by N concentration and generally decreased with increasing N concentration. Plant growth and shoot dry weight were similar when fertilized with 100 and 200 mg·L−1 N. According to this study, plants grown in PWC-amended substrates fertilized with 100 to 200 mg·L−1 N can maintain adequate substrate solution pH and EC levels and sustain plant growth with no additional N supplements. Pine wood chips are engineered and processed to specific sizes and shapes to be functional as aggregates in a container substrate. Not all wood components are designed or capable of improving/influencing the physical and chemical behavior of a substrate the same. On the basis of the variability of many wood components being developed and researched, it is suggested that any and all substrate wood components not be considered the same and be tested/trialed before large-scale use.
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Nofrizal, Nofrizal. "THE PREFERENTIAL WELD CORROSION OF X65 CARBON STEEL PIPELINE UNDER CO2 ENVIRONMENT." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 42, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.42.1.387.
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Preferential weld corrosion (PWC) is a severe corrosion form of attack found in pipeline weldments in oil and gas industries. PWC occurs when the corrosion rate of the weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) is higher than the parent metal (PM). PWC was generated by galvanic corrosion mechanism due to dissimilarities in the composition and microstructure of the metal in the three weld regions.The aim of this research is to study the effect of flow rate on preferential weld corrosion (PWC) in X65 high strength pipeline steel using submerged jet impingement by investigating the mechanism of PWC on a weldment in artificial seawater saturated with carbon dioxide at 1 bar. A novel submerged jet impingement apparatus that consist of 3 rings (outer, inner and centre) was designed so that the parent material, heat affected zone and weld metal could be analysed in a high shear stress environment. Corrosion experiments were performed with X65 pipeline steel under no flow and flowing condition at 10 m/s at 30oC and pH4. The galvanic current characteristic between the weldment regions was recorded using a zero-resistance ammeter, and the self-corrosion was analysed by using linear polarisation resistance measurements. Total corrosion rates were calculated from the sum of the galvanic and self-corrosion contributions. The morphology, structure, chemical on the surface of X65 after corrosion process was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focus ion beam (FIB) to examine the corrosion product that form in brine containing dissolved carbon dioxide.In a no-flow condition, the result shows that the galvanic characteristics on all weldments were similar and the WM is cathodic and protected in comparison with the HAZ and PM. In flowing condition, the estimated flow rates associated with the different positions on the target vary depending on either (a) PM and HAZ or (b) the WM. The effects of target flow rate on WM have a similar trend, but the overall corrosion rates are greater due to PWC. The result of surface analysis after corrosion process showing that removal of hardened layer and subsurface cracking were causes of enhanced degradation.
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Owen, W. Garrett, Brian E. Jackson, William C. Fonteno, and Brian E. Whipker. "Liming Requirements of Greenhouse Peat-based Substrates Amended with Pine Wood Chips as a Perlite Alternative." HortTechnology 30, no. 2 (April 2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04506-19.
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Processed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) wood has been investigated as a component in greenhouse and nursery substrates for many years. Specifically, pine wood chips (PWCs) have been uniquely engineered/processed into a nonfibrous blockular particle size suitable for use as a substrate aggregate. The objective of this research was to compare the dolomitic limestone requirements of plants grown in peat-based substrates amended with perlite or PWC. In a growth trial with ‘Mildred Yellow’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium), peat-based substrates were amended to contain 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% (by volume) perlite or PWC for a total of 11 substrates. Substrates were amended with dolomitic limestone at rates of 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 lb/yard3, for a total of 55 substrate treatments. Results indicate that pH of substrates amended with ≥30% perlite or PWC need to be adjusted to similar rates of 9 to 12 lb/yard3 dolomitic limestone to produce similar-quality chrysanthemum plants. In a repeated study, ‘Moonsong Deep Orange’ african marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants were grown in the same substrates previously formulated (with the exclusion of the 50% ratio) and amended with dolomitic limestone at rates of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 lb/yard3, for a total of 54 substrate treatments. Results indicate a similar dolomitic limestone rate of 15 lb/yard3 is required to adjust substrate pH of 100% peatmoss and peat-based substrates amended with 10% to 40% perlite or PWC aggregates to the recommended pH range for african marigold and to produce visually similar plants. The specific particle shape and surface characteristics of the engineered PWC may not be similar to other wood products (fiber) currently commercialized in the greenhouse industry, therefore the lime requirements and resulting substrate pH may not be similar for those materials.
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Peng, Bo, Yuhong Xian, Quan Zhang, and Jingfeng Jiang. "Neural-network-based Motion Tracking for Breast Ultrasound Strain Elastography: An Initial Assessment of Performance and Feasibility." Ultrasonic Imaging 42, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0161734620902527.
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Accurate tracking of tissue motion is critically important for several ultrasound elastography methods. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using three published convolution neural network (CNN) models built for optical flow (hereafter referred to as CNN-based tracking) by the computer vision community for breast ultrasound strain elastography. Elastographic datasets produced by finite element and ultrasound simulations were used to retrain three published CNN models: FlowNet-CSS, PWC-Net, and LiteFlowNet. After retraining, the three improved CNN models were evaluated using computer-simulated and tissue-mimicking phantoms, and in vivo breast ultrasound data. CNN-based tracking results were compared with two published two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking methods: coupled tracking and GLobal Ultrasound Elastography (GLUE) methods. Our preliminary data showed that, based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, the improvements due to retraining were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all three CNN models. We also found that the PWC-Net model was the best neural network model for data investigated, and its overall performance was on par with the coupled tracking method. CNR values estimated from in vivo axial and lateral strain elastograms showed that the GLUE algorithm outperformed both the retrained PWC-Net model and the coupled tracking method, though the GLUE algorithm exhibited some biases. The PWC-Net model was also able to achieve approximately 45 frames/second for 2D speckle tracking data investigated.
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Gerges, Bahgat, Issam I. Raad, Joel Rosenblatt, Samuel Shelbume, Randal Prince, and Kenneth Rolston. "1077. In Vitro Activity of Delafloxacin Agent Against Bacterial Isolates Recovered from Patients with Cancer." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S628—S629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1271.
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Abstract Background Fluoroquinolones have been used for infection prevention in patients with cancer (PWC). They are active against many Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) but are less active against Gram-positive organisms (GPO). Quinolone resistance is increasing and many institutions are using combination regimens for antimicrobial prophylaxis. We evaluated the in vitro activity of delafloxacin (DLX), a novel fluoroquinolone, and selected comparators against 560 bacterial isolates from PWC. Methods Isolates were from recent blood cultures. Susceptibility testing and time kill studies (TKS) were performed using CLSI approved methodology. Appropriate ATCC control strains were used. We calculated MIC50, MIC90, MIC ranges and percent susceptibility using FDA breakpoints when available. TKS were performed on 4 streptococcus mitis isolates at concentrations of MIC, 4x MIC, and 8x MIC. Results DLX was more active than ciprofloxacin (CIP) and levofloxacin (LEV) against methicillin-susceptible (MSSA), and resistant (MRSA) S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and viridans group streptococci (VGS), and had similar activity against beta-hemolytic streptococci. It also had low MICs for Bacillus species (SPP.), Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus spp., and Rothia spp. Overall GPO susceptibility was 73% to DLX, 42% to CIP, and 52% to LEV. The activity of DLX against Enterobacterales was similar to CIP and LEV. All 3 agents had moderate activity against Citrobacter spp., and non-MDR P. aeruginosa. Notably, all 3 quinolones had poor activity against E. coli, P. mirabilis, and MDR P. aeruginosa, all common pathogens in PWC. All 3 had low MICs for Acinetobacter spp. DLX and LEV achieved peak bactericidal activity at 6-8 h against all 4 VGS isolates (maximum activity at 8x MIC) but this was not always sustained at 24 h. Table 1. Percent Susceptibility of selected Gram-positive isolates to Delafloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin Table 2. Percent Susceptibility of selected Gram-negative isolates to Delafloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin Figure 1. Bactericidal Activity of DLX at 1x , 4x, and 8x MIC against VGS - Time Kill Study Conclusion DLX is more active than CIP and LEV against many GPO from PWC (including S. aureus and VGS), but like these agents there are significant gaps in its coverage against GNB. It is probably not suitable as a single agent for antimicrobial prophylaxis in high-risk PWC. The current practice of combining a quinolone with a beta-lactam probably still represents the best option in PWC who need prophylaxis. Disclosures Kenneth Rolston, MD, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals (Grant/Research Support)
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Lukyanchuk, V. V., and L. V. Polishchuk. "Cloning of sequence of homologous crt-cluster in Streptomyces globisporus 1912-бп." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 22 (September 9, 2018): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v22.962.
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Aim. The aim was to set influence to the additional homologous crt-cluster on carotenogenesis of cells of streptomycete recipient. Methods. For this purpose transformation by the hybrid plasmid pWC 9,6 was conducted. This plasmid contained the fragment of the crt-cluster sequence (9576 bp) of Crt+-mutant S. globisporus Crt4 in a Crt--recipient S. globisporus 1912-бп. To construct this hybrid plasmid, a fragment of PLR-copies of sequence of the crt-cluster of mutant S. globisporus 1912 Crt4 was cloned in the shuttle vector pWHM4 (6.6 kb). Insertion was done into unique restriction sites for endonucleases XbaI and HindIII in a polylinker of this vector. These endonucleases have not restriction sites into the crt-cluster sequence. Results. The plasmid pWC 9,6 (16.2 kb) that contains the crt-cluster sequence (9576 bp) of the Crt+-variant Crt4 of the strain S. globisporus 1912 was constructed. The plasmid successfully functions in the cells of both recipients (E. coli XL1 Blue and S. globisporus 1912-бп). It provides to them resistance to the corresponding antibiotics. The plasmid pWC 9,6 stably keeps its molecular size (16.2 kb). However, indisputable proofs of expression of the crt-clusters in transformants were not got. Conclusions. The plasmid pWC 9,6, that is able to transform and stably function in the cells of both recipient microorganisms (Streptomyces and E. coli) was constructed.
Keywords: crt-cluster, shuttle vector, cloning, resistance, PCR.
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Reichel, Isabella. "Introduction to the Forum on Cluttering: Rays of Hope Shine Around the World." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 1566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_pers-19-00065.
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Purpose In the 10 years since the International Cluttering Association (ICA) was created, this organization has been growing in the scope of its initiatives, and in the variety of resources it makes available for people with cluttering (PWC). However, the awareness of this disorder and of the methods for its intervention remain limited in countries around the world. A celebration of the multinational and multicultural engagements of the ICA's Committee of the International Representatives is a common thread running through all the articles in this forum. The first article is a joint effort among international representatives from five continents and 15 countries, exploring various themes related to cluttering, such as awareness, research, professional preparation, intervention, and self-help groups. The second article, by Elizabeth Gosselin and David Ward, investigates attention performance in PWC. In the third article, Yvonne van Zaalen and Isabella Reichel explain how audiovisual feedback training can improve the monitoring skills of PWC, with both quantitative and qualitative benefits in cognitive, emotional, and social domains of communication. In the final article, Hilda Sønsterud examines whether the working alliance between the client and clinician may predict a successful cluttering therapy outcome. Conclusions Authors of this forum exchanged their expertise, creativity, and passion with the goal of solving the mystery of the disconcerting cluttering disorder with the hope that all PWC around the globe will have access to the most effective evidence-based treatments leading to blissful and successful communication.
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Bratslavsky, Gennady, Joseph Jacob, Oleg Shapiro, Nick Liu, Elizabeth Kate Ferry, Julia Andrea Elvin, Jo-Anne Vergilio, et al. "Ductal (PDC), acinar (PAC) and neuroendocrine (PNC) carcinomas of the prostate: A comparative comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.5064.
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5064 Background: PDC, PAC and PNC are histologic subtypes of prostate cancer (PC). We queried whether these subsets would share similar genomic alterations (GA) reflecting their disease biology and clinical features. Methods: CGP was performed using a hybrid capture-based assay on 61 PDC, 4,132 PAC and 217 PNC. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was determined on 1.1 Mbp of sequenced DNA and microsatellite instability (MSI) was determined on 114 loci. Results: The age, GA per tumor and TP53 GA of PDC, PAC and PNC were similar (Table). RB1 GA were predominant in PNC. TMPRSS2:ERG fusions were most frequent in PNC, intermediate in PAC and lowest in PDC. AR GA were more often identified in PAC than PDC or PNC whereas PTEN GA were most frequent in PDC than PAC or PNC. Targetable GA were identified in all 3 groups when focused on BRCA2 (PARP inhibitors) and PIK3CA (MTOR inhibitors). ATM GA (PARP inhibitors) were more common in PAC than PDC or PNC. BRAF GA (BRAF/MEK inhibitors) were more frequent in PDC and PAC than PNC. CDK12 GA potentially associated with immunotherapy (IO) benefit were similar in PDC and PAC and low in PNC. Low frequencies of MSI-High and low median TMB levels were similar in all 3 groups. Conclusions: The pathologic features of PDC, PAC and PNC have been classically maintained as representative of 3 different tumor types with potentially contrasting histogenesis. In the current CGP based study, all 3 tumor types did not display significant differences in genomic signatures other than the high RB1 GA. CGP may reveal biomarkers that could direct patients to targeted (PARP, MTOR and BRAF/MEK inhibitors) or immunotherapies ( CDK12 GA, MSI-High or high TMB status) especially in PDC and PAC. [Table: see text]
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Oageng, Itumeleng, and Gagoitseope Power Mmopelwa. "Water consumption patterns in a rural setting in Ngamiland district, Botswana: the case of Boro village." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 4 (July 7, 2014): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.065.
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Water is a precious resource with a variety of uses, which include drinking, cooking, bathing, recreation, gardening, agriculture, hydropower generation, industry and maintenance of the environment. The focus of many empirical studies has been the identification of factors that determine demand for water in urban and semi-urban areas, with the aim of improving water resource planning and development. However, studies on water use patterns in rural areas, especially where water is obtained from open sources, are limited. This study aims to describe water use patterns and demand in the rural settlement of Boro in the Ngamiland district in Botswana. Data were collected from rural households using a structured questionnaire. The average per capita water use was estimated at 20.6 litres per person per day. Estimation of the water demand model showed a significant relationship between annual household income and per capita water consumed (PWC). Both the regression model and the scatter plot did not reveal any significant relationship between PWC and distance to the water source. The study recommends further work be done on the relationship between PWC and distances beyond the ‘threshold’ distance.