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1
Guo, Guodong. "Oscillators with Constant Frequency over PVT." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102392.
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This thesis is offered by Texas Instruments, Germany, aimed at designing an on-chip oscillator with constant frequency over process, voltage and temperature variation. RC relaxation oscillator is chosen to be the solution due to its small area and proper frequency accuracy. Two relaxation oscillators are implemented in the 70nm CMOS technology for comparison. One is the conventional double-grounded-capacitor oscillator, and the other one is the oscillator with voltage averaging feedback (VAF), which is a novel concept for relaxation oscillator design. The conventional oscillator is implemented step by step. The reference generation circuit is simplified with a voltage divider and a voltage-to-current converter; the enhanced output-impedance current mirror is chosen to ensure a high accuracy and high output impedance; the structure of the op amp and the comparators is chosen for low voltage design. Finally, a trimming scheme that is able to compensate a very large process variation with a high resolution is designed. After the schematic design of the whole circuit is done, the layout is finished as well. The simulation result shows that the designed conventional oscillator can achieve a frequency of 10MHz ±1.155% over PVT with a RMS period jitter of 149.7ps. The oscillator with VAF is superior to the conventional oscillator in that the VAF makes the oscillation frequency independent of the variation of comparator’s delay, which is the dominant contributor of frequency variation in conventional oscillator. Another merit of the oscillator with VAF is that the phase noise at low-offset frequency is suppressed by the VAF. Therefore, the oscillator with VAF can achieve better frequency accuracy and lower jitter than the conventional counterpart. In the actual implementation, the rail-to-rail op amp combining the op amps with both NMOS and PMOS input differential pair is adopted; the smaller resistor and capacitor for the integrator is chosen for a faster startup time; the similar trimming scheme to the conventional oscillator is applied on the capacitor and the reference coefficient. The simulation result confirms that oscillator with VAF has better performance on both frequency accuracy and jitter, which is 10MHz ±0.85% over PVT, with the RMS period jitter of 98.45ps. Finally, an example of possible application with the constant-frequency oscillator is demonstrated, which is to measure the frequency of a much higher clock signal. The clock frequency can be expressed by the product of the 8-bit counter’s final value and 10MHz. The accuracy of the measurement is dependent on the accuracy of the oscillator over PVT variation.
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Abd, Alrahman Chadi. "Evaluation of a PVT Air Collector." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Elektroteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-19831.
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Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) collectors are an emerging technology that combines PV and solar thermal systems in a single solar collector producing heat and electricity simultaneously. The focus of this thesis work is to evaluate the performance of unglazed open loop PVT air system integrated on a garage roof in Borlänge. As it is thought to have a significant potential for preheating ventilation of the building and improving the PV modules electrical efficiency. The performance evaluation is important to optimize the cooling strategy of the collector in order to enhance its electrical efficiency and maximize the production of thermal energy. The evaluation process involves monitoring the electrical and thermal energies for a certain period of time and investigating the cooling effect on the performance through controlling the air mass flow provided by a variable speed fan connected to the collector by an air distribution duct. The distribution duct transfers the heated outlet air from the collector to inside the building. The PVT air collector consists of 34 Solibro CIGS type PV modules (115 Wp for each module) which are roof integrated and have replaced the traditional roof material. The collector is oriented toward the south-west with a tilt of 29 ᵒ. The collector consists of 17 parallel air ducts formed between the PV modules and the insulated roof surface. Each air duct has a depth of 0.05 m, length of 2.38 m and width of 2.38 m. The air ducts are connected to each other through holes. The monitoring system is based on using T-type thermocouples to measure the relevant temperatures, air sensor to measure the air mass flow. These parameters are needed to calculate the thermal energy. The monitoring system contains also voltage dividers to measure the PV modules voltage and shunt resistance to measure the PV current, and AC energy meters which are needed to calculate the produced electrical energy. All signals recorded from the thermocouples, voltage dividers and shunt resistances are connected to data loggers. The strategy of cooling in this work was based on switching the fan on, only when the difference between the air duct temperature (under the middle of top of PV column) and the room temperature becomes higher than 5 °C. This strategy was effective in term of avoiding high electrical consumption by the fan, and it is recommended for further development. The temperature difference of 5 °C is the minimum value to compensate the heat losses in the collecting duct and distribution duct. The PVT air collector has an area of (Ac=32 m2), and air mass flow of 0.002 kg/s m2. The nominal output power of the collector is 4 kWppv (34 CIGS modules with 115 Wppvfor each module). The collector produces thermal output energy of 6.88 kWth/day (0.21 kWth/m2 day) and an electrical output energy of 13.46 kWhel/day (0.42 kWhel/m2 day) with cooling case. The PVT air collector has a daily thermal energy yield of 1.72 kWhth/kWppv, and a daily PV electrical energy yield of 3.36 kWhel /kWppv. The fan energy requirement in this case was 0.18 kWh/day which is very small compared to the electrical energy generated by the PV collector. The obtained thermal efficiency was 8 % which is small compared to the results reported in literature for PVT air collectors. The small thermal efficiency was due to small operating air mass flow. Therefore, the study suggests increasing the air mass flow by a factor of 25. The electrical efficiency was fluctuating around 14 %, which is higher than the theoretical efficiency of the PV modules, and this discrepancy was due to the poor method of recording the solar irradiance in the location. Due to shading effect, it was better to use more than one pyranometer.
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Elias, Junior Antonio 1980. "Caracterização PVT de petróleo contendo CO2." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265759.
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Orientador: Osvair Vidal TrevisanTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O presente trabalho trata da caracterização experimental de petróleo em misturas contendo diferentes conteúdos de CO2. Os resultados experimentais são analisados através de correlações de propriedades PVT e de simulação computacional. O trabalho visa atender a notável carência de dados públicos sobre propriedades termodinâmicas de petróleo contendo CO2. Os dados PVT avaliados neste estudo contemplam ponto de bolha, ponto de orvalho, razão de solubilidade do óleo, fator volume-formação do óleo, fator volume-formação do gás, fator de compressibilidade do gás, fator de inchamento do óleo, massa específica do óleo, densidade do gás, viscosidade do óleo. São também avaliadas as cromatografias do óleo do reservatório, recombinado e também as cromatografias dos gases coletados durante o ensaio de liberação diferencial. As correlações utilizadas na análise resultados foram as de Standing, Valko-McCain, Al-Shammasi, Dindoruk, Beggs-Robinson e Vasquez & Beggs. Os principais fatores de seleção das correlações foram o espectro de dados dos quais se originaram as correlações e a média do erro relativo absoluto. As correlações selecionadas reproduziram bem os resultados obtidos no laboratório para o fator volume-formação, a razão de solubilidade do gás, o ponto de bolha e a viscosidade. A simulação computacional foi aplicada na análise dos resultados e na obtenção do envelope de fases da mistura através do ajuste da equação de estado de Peng-Robinson. O método usado para a simulação foi o de Coats & Smart, porém foram feitas modificações desse método para um melhor ajuste. O método adaptado reproduziu adequadamente os dados experimentais, sendo que todos os ajustes apresentaram um desvio padrão percentual menor que 6%. O envelope de fases descrito pelo simulador é considerado representativo do sistema, com boa aproximação. Com os resultados obtidos, foram realizadas análises das propriedades da mistura e do comportamento do equilíbrio de fases em decorrência das variações das concentrações molares de CO2, da temperatura e da pressão. Foi a constatado o surgimento de uma terceira fase líquida em algumas condições de tese configurando um equilíbrio L-L-V
Abstract: The present work refers to the experimental characterization of petroleum mixtures with variable contents of CO2. The experimental results are, analyzed via PVT properties correlations and computer model simulations. The work aims to cover the remarkable lack of public data on thermodynamic properties of petroleum containing CO2. The PVT data analyzed in the study comprise bubble point, dew point, oil solubility rate, gas and oil formation volume factor, gas compressibility factor, swelling test, oil density, gas density, oil viscosity. The chromatography of the recombined reservoir oil and also the chromatography of gases mixture collected during the differential liberation test are also evaluated. The correlations used in the analysis of the results were Standing, Valko-McCain, Al-Shammasi, Dindoruk, Beggs-Robinson e Vasquez & Beggs. The principal criteria used in the selection of the correlations were the range of data which originated the correlations and the average absolute relative error. The correlations reproduced well the results obtained in the laboratory for the formation volume factor, gas solubility ratio, bubble point and viscosity. The computer model simulation was used to analyze the data and also to define the phase envelope of the mixture by adjusting Peng-Robinson's state equation. The method used in the simulation was developed by Coats & Smart, but some modifications were made to obtain a better match. The modified method reproduced adequately the experimental results, within a standard deviation less than 6%. The phase envelope obtained from the simulation is considered, with good approximation, representative of the system. Once with the results obtained were performed analyses of the properties and phase equilibrium behavior of the mixture related with the CO2 molar concentration, temperature and pressure. A third liquid phase was observed in some conditions of the tests configuring a L-L-V phase equilibrium
Doutorado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Zeid, Nayef. "An Overview of PVT Module for the Extraction of Electricity and Heat." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33998.
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The study sets out to review various literatures concerning photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) modules for the extraction of electricity and heat, it also reviews different PVT collectors as well as their performance. The study provides an understanding of a system that fully supports ecological society by promoting the use of solar modules from a different scope in future global resolutions. Furthermore, it looks into renewable energy in Sweden, solar energy and PVT systems, operational principles of hybrid PVT collectors, PVT applications, PVT market and legal face of PVT in Sweden among others. Among other social benefits, PVT system contributes enormously to energy savings and energy consumption which in turn lowers CO2 emissions. The review shows that PVT modules can provide homes and industries with 100% renewable electricity and heat that is affordable. This paper adopts systematic literature review, as it allows thorough cross-examination of various publications regarding the subject.
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Gammoh, Khalil Jacob. "PVT-Tolerant Stochastic Time-to-Digital Converter." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7692.
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Time-to-digital converters (TDC) are widely used in light-detection-and-ranging (LIDAR) systems to measure the time-of-flight. Conventional TDCs are sensitivity to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. Recent work utilizing the stochastic delay-line TDC architecture has demonstrated excellent robustness against PVT variations. But important issues affecting the linearity of a stochastic delay-line TDC has yet to be recognized and addressed.This thesis rigorously analyzes the problem of linearity of a stochastic delay-line TDC and formulates an intuitive theory to predict the linearity performance. Apolarvisualization of the phase distribution of a delay line is proposed to aid the analysis. Based on the results of this study, this thesis proposes a stochastic delay-line TDC employing a delay-locked loop (DLL) to guarantee linearity over PVT variations and to reduce the number of redundant bits. The proposed TDC is implemented in a 0.18 µm CMOS process to validate the linearity theory and the proposed solution. The 8-bit TDC samples at 60 MHz and demonstrates a linear-number-of-bit of 6.36 with only 2-bit redundancy. Consuming 25 mW from a 1.8 V supply, the TDC yields a figure-of-merit of 5.04 pJ/conversion-step. With the DLL turned off, the integral nonlinearity (INL) degrades by about a factor of two, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The TDC is measured at different temperatures and supply voltages to demonstrate robustness against PVT variations. The measurement results show excellent agreement with the behavioral simulations.
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Gomes, Garben Bravim. "Análise estatística de correlações PVT de petróleos." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6238.
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Previous issue date: 2008-10-08Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Uma estimação precisa do comportamento do reservatório é necessária para a avaliação das reservas de hidrocarbonetos, previsão de desempenho futuro desenvolvimento das instalações de produção e planejamento de métodos eficazes de recuperação de óleo. No entanto, a medição de todas as propriedades do petróleo durante a operação de um poço exploratório é inviável por causa do tempo demandado para a completa caracterização. O problema é contornado com a medição de algumas propriedades, a partir das quais se estimam outras. Com esta finalidade diversos modelos foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos para relacionar, de forma eficiente, as propriedades do fluido do reservatório como, por exemplo, fator volume de formação, razão de solubilidade, pressão de saturação, temperatura, grau API, densidade etc. Estes modelos são conhecidos na literatura e indústria como correlações PVT, dentre as quais as mais conhecidas são de Standing, Glaso e Vazquez-Beggs. Diversas modificações dessas correlações têm sido introduzidas nos últimos anos por De Ghetto, Al Marroun, Petrosky, dentre outros. Neste trabalho apresentamos, com aplicação de um ferramental estatístico adequado, uma análise destas das correlações PVT que estimam a pressão de saturação propostas por Standing, Glaso e Vazquez-Beggs. Os dados experimentais utilizados são os apresentados por De Ghetto et al. (1995).
A precise estimation of a reservoir behavior is very important for the correct evaluation of hydrocarbons amount, prediction of the performance, development of production facilities and planning of efficient recuperation methods. But direct evaluation of all petroleum properties is not viable during operation of an exploratory well bore. This problem is solved by estimating some properties from others whose evaluation in laboratory is easier. Several correlations were proposed and commented in the literature for correlating oil formation volume factor, solubility ratio, bubble point pressure, reservoir temperature, oil gravity, gas gravity, and so on. These models have been nominated PVT correlations, although sometimes the include some non PVT properties as oil and gas viscosity. The most famous correlations is that proposed by Standing, Glaso and Vazquez-Beggs, which have been modified by other researchers as, for example, De Gheto, Al Marroun and Petrosky. In this work, we present statistical analysis of some correlations (for bubble point pressure estimation) for Standing, Glaso and Vazquez-Beggs correlations. The experimental data are that presented by De Gheto in 1995.
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Feitosa, Filipe Xavier. "Development of PVT methodology and mounting experimental apparatus." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14029.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorThe aim of this work was to assemble an experimental apparatus PVT skilled labor in obtaining phase equilibria at high pressures and determining efficient methodology. Tests were performed mounting apparatus in order to develop methodology. During these tests, the data bubble point of pure carbon dioxide were determined at temperatures of 25, 26, 27 and 28 Â C and compared with data obtained for similar equipment, providing average deviation of 0.4 Bar, 0.6% on the extent being of the same order of magnitude compared to similar equipment. For testing systems in which one liquid component is introduced at ambient pressure in the analysis phase equilibrium torque was analyzed ethanol-CO2 at 40 Â C, and also compared with the literature data. The results obtained in steps preliminary analyzes showed that the system was capable of developing new data phase equilibrium. The study continued with the application development methodology for systems of viscera from fish oil + carbon dioxide oil, fish viscera + carbon dioxide + ethanol, corn oil + carbon dioxide and corn oil + ethanol + carbon dioxide at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 110 Â C for systems without ethanol at temperatures of 40, 60, 80 and 110 Â C, for others. The phase diagrams obtained for all systems studied were of type IV according to the classification of Von Konynen and Scott, which is similar to that found in literature phase diagrams for systems consisting of triglycerides and carbon dioxide, showing the ability development of new data for the set-apparatus developed methodology.
O objetivo desta dissertaÃÃo foi montar um aparato experimental PVT hÃbil ao trabalho na obtenÃÃo de equilÃbrio de fases em altas pressÃes e a determinaÃÃo de metodologia eficiente. Testes de montagem no aparato foram realizados com o intuito de desenvolver a metodologia. Durantes estes testes, dados do ponto de bolha do diÃxido de carbono puro foram determinados em temperaturas de 25, 26, 27 e 28 ÂC e comparados com dados obtidos para equipamentos similares, fornecendo desvio mÃdio de 0,4 Bar, 0,6 % relativo à medida, sendo da mesma ordem de grandeza em relaÃÃo a equipamentos similares. Para testes de sistemas em que um componente lÃquido à pressÃo ambiente fosse introduzido nas anÃlises de equilÃbrio de fases o binÃrio etanol-CO2 foi analisado a 40 ÂC, e tambÃm comparado com dados da literatura. Os resultados obtidos nas etapas de anÃlises preliminares mostraram que o sistema estava apto a desenvolver novos dados de equilÃbrio de fases. Os estudos prosseguiram com o desenvolvimento da aplicaÃÃo da metodologia para os sistemas de Ãleo de vÃscera de peixe + diÃxido de carbono, Ãleo de vÃscera de peixe + etanol + diÃxido de carbono, Ãleo de milho + diÃxido de carbono e Ãleo de milho + etanol + diÃxido de carbono nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 110 ÂC para os sistemas sem etanol e nas temperaturas de 40, 60, 80 e 110 ÂC, para os demais. Os diagramas de fases obtidos para todos os sistemas estudados foram do tipo IV de acordo com a classificaÃÃo de Von Konynen e Scott, o que se assemelha ao encontrado na literatura de diagramas de fase para sistemas constituÃdos de triglicerÃdeos e diÃxido de carbono, mostrando a capacidade de desenvolvimento de novos dados para o conjunto metodologia-aparato desenvolvido.
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Feitosa, Filipe Xavier. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia PVT e montagem de aparato experimental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11739.
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FEITOSA, F. X. Desenvolvimento de metodologia PVT e montagem de aparato experimental. 2013. 63 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Química) – Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.Submitted by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2015-04-30T16:33:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_fxfeitosa.pdf: 2304310 bytes, checksum: 49ed305b16022c556ad3acdf7a9eaf50 (MD5)
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The aim of this work was to assemble an experimental apparatus PVT skilled labor in obtaining phase equilibria at high pressures and determining efficient methodology. Tests were performed mounting apparatus in order to develop methodology. During these tests, the data bubble point of pure carbon dioxide were determined at temperatures of 25, 26, 27 and 28 ° C and compared with data obtained for similar equipment, providing average deviation of 0.4 Bar, 0.6% on the extent being of the same order of magnitude compared to similar equipment. For testing systems in which one liquid component is introduced at ambient pressure in the analysis phase equilibrium torque was analyzed ethanol-CO2 at 40 ° C, and also compared with the literature data. The results obtained in steps preliminary analyzes showed that the system was capable of developing new data phase equilibrium. The study continued with the application development methodology for systems of viscera from fish oil + carbon dioxide oil, fish viscera + carbon dioxide + ethanol, corn oil + carbon dioxide and corn oil + ethanol + carbon dioxide at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 110 ° C for systems without ethanol at temperatures of 40, 60, 80 and 110 ° C, for others. The phase diagrams obtained for all systems studied were of type IV according to the classification of Von Konynen and Scott, which is similar to that found in literature phase diagrams for systems consisting of triglycerides and carbon dioxide, showing the ability development of new data for the set-apparatus developed methodology
O objetivo desta dissertação foi montar um aparato experimental PVT hábil ao trabalho na obtenção de equilíbrio de fases em altas pressões e a determinação de metodologia eficiente. Testes de montagem no aparato foram realizados com o intuito de desenvolver a metodologia. Durantes estes testes, dados do ponto de bolha do dióxido de carbono puro foram determinados em temperaturas de 25, 26, 27 e 28 °C e comparados com dados obtidos para equipamentos similares, fornecendo desvio médio de 0,4 Bar, 0,6 % relativo à medida, sendo da mesma ordem de grandeza em relação a equipamentos similares. Para testes de sistemas em que um componente líquido à pressão ambiente fosse introduzido nas análises de equilíbrio de fases o binário etanol-CO2 foi analisado a 40 °C, e também comparado com dados da literatura. Os resultados obtidos nas etapas de análises preliminares mostraram que o sistema estava apto a desenvolver novos dados de equilíbrio de fases. Os estudos prosseguiram com o desenvolvimento da aplicação da metodologia para os sistemas de óleo de víscera de peixe + dióxido de carbono, óleo de víscera de peixe + etanol + dióxido de carbono, óleo de milho + dióxido de carbono e óleo de milho + etanol + dióxido de carbono nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 110 °C para os sistemas sem etanol e nas temperaturas de 40, 60, 80 e 110 °C, para os demais. Os diagramas de fases obtidos para todos os sistemas estudados foram do tipo IV de acordo com a classificação de Von Konynen e Scott, o que se assemelha ao encontrado na literatura de diagramas de fase para sistemas constituídos de triglicerídeos e dióxido de carbono, mostrando a capacidade de desenvolvimento de novos dados para o conjunto metodologia-aparato desenvolvido
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ASSIS, G. J. A. "Análise Estatística de Correlações de Propriedades PVT de Petróleos." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/4127.
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Previous issue date: 2008-10-08Uma estimação precisa do comportamento do reservatório é necessária para a avaliação das reservas de hidrocarbonetos, previsão de desempenho futuro desenvolvimento das instalações de produção e planejamento de métodos eficazes de recuperação de óleo. No entanto, a medição de todas as propriedades do petróleo durante a operação de um poço exploratório é inviável por causa do tempo demandado para a completa caracterização. O problema é contornado com a medição de algumas propriedades, a partir das quais se estimam outras. Com esta finalidade diversos modelos foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos para relacionar, de forma eficiente, as propriedades do fluido do reservatório como, por exemplo, fator volume de formação, razão de solubilidade, pressão de saturação, temperatura, grau API, densidade etc. Estes modelos são conhecidos na literatura e indústria como correlações PVT, dentre as quais as mais conhecidas são de Standing, Glaso e Vazquez-Beggs. Diversas modificações dessas correlações têm sido introduzidas nos últimos anos por De Ghetto, Al Marroun, Petrosky, dentre outros. Neste trabalho apresentamos, com aplicação de um ferramental estatístico adequado, uma análise destas das correlações PVT que estimam a pressão de saturação propostas por Standing, Glaso e Vazquez-Beggs. Os dados experimentais utilizados são os apresentados por De Ghetto et al. (1995). Palavras chaves: Correlações, Propriedades PVT, Reservatórios de Petróleo.
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Lämmle, Manuel [Verfasser], and Hans-Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Henning. "Thermal management of PVT collectors : : development and modelling of highly efficient glazed, flat plate PVT collectors with low emissivity coatings and overheating protection." Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1168145651/34.
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Silva, Marcelo Bacci da. "Desenvolvimento de um simulador PVT para caracterizar misturas de hidrocarbonetos." [s.n.], 1991. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264331.
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Orientador: Fernando Rodriguez de la GarzaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho é desenvolvido um simulador PVT para modelar o comportamento de fases de misturas naturais de hidrocarbonetos. O simulador consiste de um programa computacional que baseia-se em equações que representam o comportamento de fases da mistura, no equilíbrio, em processos termodinâmicos de expansão a massa constante ou de liberação a volume constante, em condições diversas de pressão e temperatura. Usa-se a equação-de-estado de Peng-Robinson para determinar o comportamento de fases da mistura. Apresenta-se também, uma metodologia de ajuste automático dos parâmetros da equação-de-estado para reproduzir dados experimentais do comportamento de fases de uma mistura. A metodologia consiste em determinar as propriedades críticas da fração pesada C+, através de correlações disponíveis na literatura e ajustar os parâmetros na e nb do metano (C H 4) e da fração mais pesada (C+) e o coeficiente de interaçâo binária entre esses componentes, fiCH{-c+, de acordo com o seguinte procedimento: primeiro, mantendo os valores teóricos dos parâmetros na e nb, calcula-se o fiCH{-C+ que reproduz a pressão de saturação da mistura. Numa segunda etapa, os parâmetros na e nb são ajustados através de uma técnica de regressão não-linear com mínimos quadrados, usando dados da região de uma fase. O procedimento de ajuste foi testado em amostras de fluidos do tipo gás e condensado e óleo volátil e verificou-se uma boa concordância entre os dados experimentais e os valores preditos pelo simulador na região de duas fases. Constatou-se que o coeficiente de interaçâo fic H{-c+, é o parâmetro relevante para o ajuste da pressão de saturação. Análises dos parâmetros de regressão indicam que as variáveis rel~vantes na regressão não-linear são na e nb do metano
Abstract: In this work a simulator is developed to model the phase behavior of reservoir hydrocarbon mixtures. The simulator consists of a computer program, that is based on equations that represent the phase behavior of the mixture, at equilibrium, under flash and differential liberation processes and various pressure and temperature conditions. The Peng-Robinson EOS is used to predict the phase behavior of the mixture. We also propose a methodology for the automatic fitting of EOS parameters for phase behavior matching. Critical properties of the heaviest, C+, fraction are obtained from available correlations and fitting of EOS parameters, na and nb, for C H4 and C+ as well as of the binary interaction coefficient, bCHi-C+' are performed according to the following procedure : First, keeping the theoretical values of na and nb, we calculate the interaction coefficient bCHi-C+ that matches the saturation pressure of the mixture. In a second stage, the parameters na and nb for the C H 4 and c+ fractions are fitted through a non-linear leasts squares regression technique to match PVT experimental data in the one-phase region. The above procedure was used to adjust the Peng-Robinson EOS to four reservoir hydrocarbon fluid samples, which include gas condensate and volatile oils. Phase behavior in the two-phaseo region predicted with the EOS was verified to match PVT laboratory data obtained under flash and differentialliberation processes. It was verified that the interaction coefficient, bCHi-C+' is the relevant parameter for saturation pressure matching. Analysis of regressed parameters indicate, in alI four applications, that relevant parameters in the non-linear regression fitting are na and nb af the C H4, fraction
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Petróleo
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Barbosa, Neto Antonio Marinho 1989. "Desenvolvimento de um simulador PVT composicional para fluidos de petróleo." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265808.
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Orientador: Antonio Carlos BannwartDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Fluidos de petróleo, incluindo gás, condensado e óleo leve, são misturas complexas de hidrocarbonetos. O conhecimento sobre o comportamento de fases destas misturas é de interesse para a indústria de petróleo, desde o reservatório, produção, transporte, até o processamento e refino de petróleo. Além disso, pacotes termodinâmicos computacionais para predizer o comportamento de tais misturas são de grande interesse nesta indústria. Neste sentido, uma ferramenta computacional para prever com precisão as propriedades termodinâmicas utilizando cálculos de equilíbrio de fases pode desempenhar um papel importante para aplicações de projeto e operações de campo. Equações de estado cúbicas tem sido amplamente utilizada para predizer o comportamento de fases e propriedades volumétricas de fluidos de petróleo devido a sua simplicidade e alto desempenho computacional. Diante deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal desenvolver um simulador PVT composicional, de fácil manuseio, porém completo, capaz de avaliar o comportamento volumétrico e de fases de fluidos de petróleo em diferentes condições operacionais (P, T) a partir da modelagem do equilíbrio líquido-vapor e do equilíbrio líquido-líquido-vapor. A ferramenta computacional foi desenvolvida na linguagem de programação Visual Basic Applications (VBA) em aplicativo Excel. Uma interface gráfica foi construída em aplicativo Excel. O programa, denominado PVTpetro, consiste basicamente em três módulos computacionais e suas funções auxiliares. O módulo de cálculo de flash (P, T) 2 fases isotérmico para misturas de hidrocarbonetos consiste no equilíbrio líquido-vapor (ELV) para sistemas óleo-gás multicomponentes. O módulo de cálculo de flash (P, T) 3 fases isotérmico avalia sistemas envolvendo óleo, água e gás (OWG). E, o módulo de cálculo de propriedades volumétricas de fluidos de petróleo que calcula o peso molecular, o volume e a massa específica das fases existentes no sistema. A ferramenta foi validada via comparação entre os resultados de pacotes termodinâmicos comerciais (Wimprop, Hysys, COMThermo) e os do programa desenvolvido. Os resultados gerados pelo PVTpetro foram avaliados através do cálculo do desvio relativo em relação às respostas dos softwares comerciais. Desta forma, verificou-se para o módulo de cálculo flash (P, T) 2 fases que os valores de desvio em relação ao Wimprop e Hysys foram inferiores a 1% para os estudos realizados. Enquanto que, para o módulo de cálculo flash (P, T) 3 fases os valores de erro relativo se concentraram na faixa de 0 ¿ 5% quando comparados com os pacotes termodinâmicos Hysys e COMThermo. De uma maneira geral, os resultados gerados pelo PVTpetro apresentaram-se satisfatórios em todos os cálculos propostos. Na validação do módulo de cálculo das propriedades volumétricas, feita de forma qualitativa, observou-se que o comportamento das propriedades em função da pressão e em diferentes temperaturas, gerado pelo PVTpetro, reproduziram as curvas fornecidas pelo Hysys, em todas as condições investigadas. Portanto, além de se apresentar confiável em seus cálculos o PVTpetro mostrou ser de fácil manuseio e intuitivo para o usuário, facilitando assim o trabalho em vários casos
Abstract: Petroleum fluids, which include gas, condensate and light oil, are complex hydrocarbons mixtures. There is a great deal of interest in the oil industry in computational thermodynamic packages able to predict the phase behavior of such mixtures, from the reservoir, production, transportation until the oil processing and refining. In this sense, a computational tool that accurately predicts thermodynamic properties using phase equilibrium calculations have an important role in designing applications and field operations. Cubic equations of state have been widely used to predict the phase behavior and bulk properties of petroleum fluids due to its simplicity and high computational performance. This study focused on developing a PVT compositional simulator, easy to use, able to assess the bulk properties and phase behavior of petroleum fluids at different operating conditions (P, T) from the modeling of the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and the vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium (VLLE). The computational tool was developed in Visual Basic Applications (VBA) programming language, with a graphic interface built in Excel. The program, named PVTpetro, consists in three basic computational modules and their auxiliary functions. The isothermal two phase flash (P, T) module calculation to hydrocarbon mixtures consists of VLE for multi-component oil-gas systems. The isothermal three phase flash (P, T) module calculation evaluates oil, water and gas (OWG) systems. Lastly, the bulk properties of petroleum fluids calculation module calculates the molecular weight, the volume and density of the system phases. The tool has been validated through the comparison between the results of commercial thermodynamic packages (Wimprop, Hysys, COMThermo) with the developed program. The results were evaluated by the relative deviation calculation between these commercial software and PVTpetro results. For the isothermal two-phase flash (P, T) calculation module were observed deviations below 1% for Wimprop and Hysys results. For the isothermal three phase flash (P, T) calculation module the deviations were about 0 and 5% for Hysys and COMThermo. For the bulk properties calculation module the results by PVTpetro and Hysys showed a good agreement in all investigated conditions, ensuring the PVTpetro reliability
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Magrini, Luca. "Simulazione energetica di un edificio con pannello solare ibrido PVT." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Lo scopo di questo elaborato è fare un quadro complessivo della tecnologia PVT e fornire, poi, i risultati della simulazione energetica di un edificio con un pannello PVT. Vengono proposti grafici che rappresentano lo stato dell'arte di questa tecnologia, schemi funzionali e circuiti elettrici dei moduli. Successivamente, vengono riportati i risultati della simulazione eseguita su Trnsys.
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Schön, Gustav. "NUMERICAL MODELLING OF A NOVEL PVT COLLECTOR AT CELL RESOLUTION." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212731.
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Solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) modules produce heat and power via a heat exchanger attached to the rear of the PV cells. The novel PVT collector in this study is previously untested and therefore its behaviour and thermo-electric performance due to fluid channel configuration and in various climate and operating conditions are unknown. Moreover, the working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger cause a temperature gradient across the module such that a cell near the inlet and a cell near the outlet may have significant temperature differences. PV cells are sensitive to temperature; however the most common way to simulate power output from a PVT is to use the average temperature and ignore the gradient. In this study, a single diode PV model is incorporated into a commercial thermal solver to co-simulate the thermal and electrical output of a novel PVT module design with cell level resolution. The PVT system is modelled in steady state under various wind speeds, inlet temperatures, ambient temperatures, flow rates, irradiation, convection coefficients from coolant and back of the module and two different fluid channel configurations. The results show that of the controllable variables, the inlet temperature has the highest influence of the total power output and that a parallel flow of the fluid channel configuration is preferable. The difference between the cell resolution and the module resolution simulations do not motivate the use of a higher resolution numerical simulation.En kombinerad solcellspanel och solvärmefångare (PVT) producerar värme och elenergi på samma yta genom att en värmeväxlare upptar värmen från baksidan av solcellspanelen. Den PVT som berörs i denna studien är nyutvecklad och har aldrig tidigare testats, vilket medför att data för hur den beter sig samt dess termo-elektiska prestanda saknas för olika driftförhållanden samt flödeskonfigurationer. Vidare ger mediet som flödar genom värmeväxlaren upphov till en temperaturgradient, vilken kan innebära en påtaglig skillnad i temperatur mellan solcellerna i solcellspanelen vid mediets in- respektive utlopp. Trots solcellers temperaturkänslighet, så sker simulering i allmänhet med avseende på panelens medeltemperatur istället för att hänsyn tas till denna temperaturgradient. I den här studien implementeras en så kallad ”single diode”-modell i en kommersiell numerisk mjukvara termiska beräkningar för att samsimulera termiskt och elektriskt effektuttag ur den nyutvecklade PVT-designen. Designen modelleras statiskt under givna variationer av vindhastighet, inloppstemperatur, omgivande temperatur, flödeshastighet, solinstrålning och konvektionskoefficienter för mediet samt baksidan av modulen. Resultaten visar att kontrollerbara variabler som inloppstemperatur har högst inverkan på den totala effekten samt att en parallell flödeskonfiguration lämpar sig bäst. Studien visar också att skillnaden mellan simulering på cellnivå och modulnivå inte motiverar en numerisk beräkningsmetod med upplösning satt till solcellsnivå.
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Linde, Daniel. "Evaluation of a Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Collector prototype." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24061.
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This Master thesis, in collaboration with Morgonsol Väst AB, was completed as a part of the Solar Energy engineering program at Dalarna University. It analyses the electrical and thermal performance of a prototype PVT collector developed by Morgonsol Väst AB. By following the standards EN 12975 and EN ISO 9806 as guides, the thermal tests of the collector were completed at the facility in Borlänge. The electrical performance of the PVT collector was evaluated by comparing it to a reference PV panel fitted next to it. The result from the tests shows an improved electrical performance of the PVT collector caused by the cooling and a thermal performance described by the linear efficiency curve ηth=0.53-21.6(Tm-Ta/G). The experimental work in this thesis is an initial study of the prototype PVT collector that will supply Morgonsol Väst with important data for future development and research of the product.
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Scuderi, Ignazia. "Design of a water PVT system integrated into prefabricate concrete." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4052.
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Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collectors (PV/T) are devices that convert solar energy simultaneously into thermal and electric energy. As a general rule, they consist of common PV panels refrigerated by means of a suitable coolant fluid, that is collected and made available for appropriate uses. Thus, one can improve the electric efficiency of the PV cells while recovering low-grade heat; hence, PVT collectors are expected to show very interesting energy performance.
In this study, a preliminary analysis was carried out to determine the size of the cross section, the depth of the water duct, the thick and the material of the absorber-plate maintaining the overall performance at a satisfactory level. By means of a thermo-fluid dynamic modeling software Comsol Multiphysics it was also possible to determine the temperature distribution throughout the PVT collector . In addition, this work shows the results of an experimental campaign, carried out on a prototype of PVT collector. The prototype consists of two panels, where a stainless steel absorber plate is cooled by means of a water flow circulating into square channels. On the top side of the absorber plate, polycrystalline PV cells are applied by lamination.
The prototype has been tested during the summer 2013 in the premises of a factory situated near Catania. In order to get controlled operating conditions, the panels have been fed with water at constant temperature, thanks to an appropriate control system. The main parameters acquired during the measurement campaign were: absorber plate temperature, inlet and outlet fluid temperature, available solar radiation and outdoor air temperature.
Now, from the examination of the experimental data, and from the simulations carried out with a mathematical model implemented on Mathcad, it is possible to identify too high temperatures on the absorber plate, as well as a quite low efficiency for the heat recovery. This is due to a series of constructive faults, and mainly to the bad contact between the absorber plate and the channels where the coolant flows.
For this reason, the mathematical model has been modified, in order to introduce an additional thermal resistance. A parametric analysis has allowed to tune the model and to identify the value of this thermal resistance that minimizes the discrepancy between simulated and experimental results.
Starting from the results of this investigation, it was possible to construct a new PVT panel lacking any construction fault, and whose performance are very promising and significantly better than the prototype tested so far.
Finally, in this dissertation, the Second Law analysis of a real PVT and an improved PVT collectors are presented to study a crucial problem for the optimal exploitation of this technology: since the electricity production from PV cell is favoured by low temperatures, whereas the usability of the thermal energy gets higher at high temperatures.
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Qvarfordt, Jonas, and Jon Karlsen. "Solhybridassisterad bergvärmepump för svenska villor : Simuleringsmodell för dimensionering och parameteranalys." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84623.
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Minskat behov av köpt energi i svenska småhus kan komma att bli en viktig del i EU:s mål att effektivisera energianvändning och minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. Solhybridpaneler (eng. Photovoltaic thermal collector, förkort. PVT) kombinerat med bergvärmepump kan bidra till målen genom att minska värmepumpens elbehov, producera el för egenanvändning och leverera överskottsproduktion till elnätet. I svenska småhus finns det mer än 440 000 installerade berg-, jord- och sjövärmepumpar. I dagsläget är det vanligaste att en ny värmepump ersätter en äldre värmepump. Vid byte av bergvärmepump finns risk att det befintliga borrhålet är underdimensionerat i förhållande till den nya värmepumpen. PVT består av en konventionell solcellspanel (PV) för elproduktion kompletterad med en termisk kollektor som hämtar termisk energi från PV-modulen och omgivande luft. Genom att överföra termisk energi från PVT till värmepumpens värmekälla minskar värmepumpens elbehov samtidigt som PV-modulens elproduktion ökar. Arbetet görs tillsammans med företaget Samster som bland annat är konstruktör och återförsäljare av PVT. Samster efterfrågar ett beräkningsverktyg för att underlätta projektering av PVT-assisterade bergvärmepumpar avsedda för villor. Verktyget ska bedöma prestanda,miljönytta och elkostnader utifrån platsspecifika förutsättningar och PVT-anläggningens dimensionering. Slutprodukt från arbetet består av en simuleringsmodell för dimensionering av PVT-assisterad bergvärme konstruerad i mjukvaran Simulink. Med simuleringsmodellen utförs analyser avyttre förutsättningar och systemkomponenter. Simuleringar under varierande förutsättningar utförs för att visa PVT-anläggningens påverkan på elanvändning och bergvärmepumpens effektivitet. Genomförda analyser visar att geografiskt läge och temperaturförloppet i borrhålet har störst inverkan på PVT-assisterad bergvärme och att PVT är mest effektiva när de kopplas till en värmepump som hämtar energi från ett underdimensionerat borrhål. För en villa i Göteborgmed befinligt borrhål på 100 m och årligt värmebehov på 25 000 kWh kan komplettering med9,9 m2 PVT öka SPFVP från 2,65 till 2,82. Att komplettera bergvärmepump med 9,9 m2 PVTbidrar till att reducera villans elkostnad med 14 % och koldioxidutsläpp från elanvändning reduceras med 14 %. Kylning av PVT bidrar till att öka elproduktionen med 4 - 5 % på årsbasis. Riktvärde för lämplig dimension av PVT för att termiskt assistera bergvärmepump är 0,4 – 0,5 m2/MWh totalt uppvärmningsbehov.Reducing the need for purchased energy in Swedish detached houses may become an important part of the EU's goal of streamlining energy use and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT collector) combined with a borehole ground source heat pump can contribute to reaching the climate goals by reducing the heat pump's electricity demand, producing electricity for private use and generating a surplus production going into the electricity grid. In Swedish detached houses, there are more than 440,000 installed ground and lake water source heat pumps. At present, a new heat pump usually replaces an older heat pump. When replacing a borehole ground source heat pump, there is a risk that the existing borehole is undersized in relation to the new heat pump. PVT collectors consists of a conventional solar cell panel (PV) for electricity production supplemented with a thermal collector that collects thermal energy from the PV module and the surrounding air. By transferring thermal energy from PVT collector to the heat pump's heat source, the heat pump's electricity demand decreases while the PV module's electricity production increases. This thesis is a collaboration with Samster, a company that, among other things, designs PVTcollectors. Samster is requesting a calculation tool to facilitate the planning of PVT-assisted ground source heat pumps installations, intended for detached houses. The tool needs to assess performance, environmental benefits and electricity costs based on site-specific conditions and the dimensioning of the PVT collector installation. Finished product from the work consists of a simulation model for dimensioning PVTassisted geothermal heat systems constructed in the Simulink software. With the simulation model, analyses of external conditions and system components are performed. Simulations under varying conditions are performed to show the impact on electricity use and efficiency of the heat pump when PVT collectors are installed. Performed analysis show that geographical location and the temperature variations in the borehole have the greatest impact on the system performance and that PVT collectors are most effective when connected to a heat pump that draws energy from an undersized borehole. For a Swedish detached house located in Gothenburg with a 100-meter boreholeand an annual heat demand of 25,000 kWh, supplementation with 9.9 m2 PVT collectors can increase the heat pump´s SPFVP (seasonal performance factor) from 2.65 to 2.85. The electricity cost for the household is reduced by 14 % and carbon dioxide emissions from electricity use are reduced by 14 %. Cooling of the PVT collectors PV cells contributes to increasing electricity production by 4 -5 % on an annual basis. Guide value for suitable dimensions for PVT collectors that assist a borehole ground source heat pump is 0,4 - 0,5 m2/MWh of total heating demand.
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Ebrahim, Mila. "Performance Evaluation of a Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) Collector with Numerical Modelling." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302122.
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In Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) technology, both PV and solar thermal technology are integrated in the same module for simultaneous electricity and heat production. Research has shown that there are multiple benefits from integrating PVT collectors with a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system, since it allows for seasonal storage of thermal energy over the year. Furthermore, it leads to reduced operating temperatures for the PVT collectors which can increase efficiency and lifetime. The aim of this study is to present the electric and thermal performance of a PVT collector developed by Solhybrid i Småland AB, for different environmental and fluid inlet conditions that can occur when PVT collectors are connected to a GSHP system. Furthermore, the performance of this PVT design is evaluated with ASHRAE (Standard 93-2003), to allow for comparison with other PVT collector designs, with values on the overall heat loss coefficient (UL) and heat removal factor (FR). The modelling tool used for the study is the software COMSOL Multiphysics, which uses the finite element method to solve the partial differential equations in heat transfer and fluid flow problems. Based on the performance curves, the thermal and electrical efficiency of the collector is approximately 48.0-53.4% and 19.0-19.2% respectively at a reduced temperature of zero and irradiance levels of 800-1000 W/m2 for the mass flow rate of 0.026 kg/sm2 which was determined as most suitable to increase thermal performance. Furthermore, these results resulted in a heat removal factor (FR) and overall heat loss coefficient (UL) of 0.56-0.62 and 53.4-53.5 W/m2 K respectively. The results on the performance of the PVT collector in different weather conditions shows that the inlet water temperature can significantly affect operating time and the amount of thermal energy that can be extracted during the year, especially if the collector operates in a colder climate like Sweden. To assess the accuracy of the created model, future work includes experimental testing of the studied PVT collector.En panel med kombinerad teknik av både solceller och termisk solfångare (PVT) kan producera både elektricitet och värme samtidigt. Forskning har visat att det kan finnas flera fördelar med att integrera PVT-paneler med ett bergvärmesystem, eftersom det mjliggör lagring av termisk energi över året. Dessutom leder ett sådant system till lägre drifttemperaturer som kan öka PVT-panelens effektivitet och livslängd. Syftet med studien är att presentera den elektriska och termiska prestandan av en PVT-panel utvecklat av Solhybrid i Småland AB för olika driftförhållanden som kan uppstå på grund av olika väderförhållanden och inlopps-temperaturer när panelerna är kopplade till ett bergvärmesystem. Vidare utvärderas prestandan för denna panel med ASHRAEmetoden (standard 93-2003), för att möjliggöra jämförelse med andra PVT-paneler. Modelleringsverktyget som använts i studien är mjukvaran COMSOL Multiphysics, som använder finita elementmetoden för att lösa partiella differentialekvationer i värmeöverförings-och flödesproblem. Baserat på prestandakurvorna som presenteras i resultatet, är den termiska och elektriska verkningsgraden approximativt 48.0-53.4% respektive 19.0-19.2% för en reducerad temperatur med värdet noll, en solstrålning mellan 800-1000 W/m2, för en massflödeshastighet på 0.026 kg/sm2 som beslutades som den mest lämpliga för att öka den termiska prestandan. Resultaten resulterade i en värmeavledningsfaktor (FR) och total värmeförlustkoefficient (UL) på 0.56-0.62 respektive 53.4-53.5 W/m2 K. Resultaten på PVT-panelens prestanda under olika väderförhållanden visar att vattnets inloppstemperatur kan påverka drifttiden och mängden termisk energi som kan extraheras under året avsevärt, speciellt i nordiskt klimat. För att bedöma korrektheten i resultaten och den skapade modellen rekommenderas experimentell testning av den studerade PVT-panelen.
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Åslund, David. "PVT-panelernas plats i samhället : En vidareutveckling av Evertechs ETX-paneler." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138788.
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Abstract To prevent that the climate influences reaches critical and irreversible levels in the near future, a change in our energy consumption and our energy sources is required. It will be a combination of multiple system solutions and several types of renewable sources, both at a personal and national levels. Every hour, the sun shines at the earth with the same amount that the world's population needs in a year. It is clearly a small part of this that we could use, but it is easy to see the potential. Evertech is a company in Umeå, whose strategy is to develop products to extract and recycle heat energy from the solar renewable resource. The company has several products and all are based on a heat exchange panel. Together with the company the possibility of combining a solar module with Evertech's solar panel was tested for a hybrid to get better effect on the solar cell by cooling. Hybrids are also called PVT-modules (photovoltaic thermal). A system setup was made with a simple prototype to measure surface temperature and power difference when the solar cell was cooled by the heat exchanger absorber. The measurement study showed an increased effect of 8 % on average and a maximum of 15 %. At the time of maximum, a surface temperature difference between the solar cell and the hybrid was determined to 20°C while the average was at 15°C. A temperature gradient at the cooled module was detected, which inhibited the power increase. This indicates that a future product would have the ability to obtain higher values. By combining the solar hybrid with a geothermal heating system, one could secure both the own heat supply and the electricity supply and at the same time have the possibility of recharge the mountain. This and how the systems can benefit from each other were studied in the simulation program Polysun. The primary goal of using a hybrid system is to create as high efficiency as possible on the solar cells and to improve the SPF value of the heat pump by allowing the heat carrier to circulate through the hybrids. The difference between the SPF-value of a hybrid system in conjunction with a geothermal system was 4.2 against the geothermal system 2.7. To cover up the increased electricity consumption that the circulation meant and the heat losses against a solar collector system did not become a problem. The results of the simulations and the economic study show that a PVT-panel built on Evertech's ETX-panel together with geothermal heat has equally good conditions for managing as solar cells or traditional solar collectors. The repayment period for a PVT module was 13,8 years for a 20 % solvency payment. For a solar cell plant of the same size it became 14,5 years. The PVT had the best return on investment of 1,2 % and an annual gain of 2000 Swedish kronor of the compared systems.
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Thakral, Garima. "Process-Voltage-Temperature Aware Nanoscale Circuit Optimization." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc67943/.
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Embedded systems which are targeted towards portable applications are required to have low power consumption because such portable devices are typically powered by batteries. During the memory accesses of such battery operated portable systems, including laptops, cell phones and other devices, a significant amount of power or energy is consumed which significantly affects the battery life. Therefore, efficient and leakage power saving cache designs are needed for longer operation of battery powered applications. Design engineers have limited control over many design parameters of the circuit and hence face many chal-lenges due to inherent process technology variations, particularly on static random access memory (SRAM) circuit design. As CMOS process technologies scale down deeper into the nanometer regime, the push for high performance and reliable systems becomes even more challenging. As a result, developing low-power designs while maintaining better performance of the circuit becomes a very difficult task. Furthermore, a major need for accurate analysis and optimization of various forms of total power dissipation and performance in nanoscale CMOS technologies, particularly in SRAMs, is another critical issue to be considered. This dissertation proposes power-leakage and static noise margin (SNM) analysis and methodologies to achieve optimized static random access memories (SRAMs). Alternate topologies of SRAMs, mainly a 7-transistor SRAM, are taken as a case study throughout this dissertation. The optimized cache designs are process-voltage-temperature (PVT) tolerant and consider individual cells as well as memory arrays.
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Ariyawong, Kanaparin. "Modélisation des procédes de croissance de SiC en phase gazeuse (PVT) et en phase liquide (TSSG)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI030/document.
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Le carbure de silicium (SiC) est l'un des matériaux les plus prometteurs pour les dispositifs électroniques de puissance. Même si la modélisation a prouvé sa capacité à assister le développement du procédé de croissance des cristaux de SiC, de nombreux aspects ne sont toujours pas décrits de façon satisfaisante. Cette thèse a pour but d'utiliser les outils de modélisation pour étudier les phénomènes fondamentaux ayant lieu dans la croissance massive du SiC, que ce soit en phase vapeur (PVT) ou en phase liquide (TSSG). Pour la méthode PVT, une attention particulière est portée sur la physico-chimie de l'interface solide-vapeur. Pour simuler la cristallisation stœchiométrique du SiC à partir d'une phase gazeuse non-congruente, phénomène mal décrit par le modèle d'Hertz-Knudsen, nous avons considéré le SiC comme une solution solide en utilisant la modélisation couplée du transfert de masse et de la thermodynamique. Cette approche donne une évaluation de la composition du cristal de SiC qui peut être liée à des paramètres contrôlables. De telles corrélations peuvent servir de base pour contrôler la densité de défauts ponctuels, la stabilité des polytypes et la concentration de dopage. Dans le cas du procédé TSSG, les effets de la vitesse de rotation du cristal et de la fréquence du champ magnétique sont étudiés. La convection électromagnétique est la principale contribution régissant les mouvements de fluide à basse fréquence alors que la convection naturelle et l'effet Marangoni deviennent dominants à haute fréquence. Dans les conditions expérimentales utilisant les basses fréquences, la vitesse de croissance du cristal pourrait encore être accrue en augmentant la vitesse de rotation. Une modélisation analytique, couplée aux calculs de dynamique des fluides a permis de décrire les interactions entre le flux de liquide et la direction de propagation des marches de croissance à la surface du cristal. Un paramètre de phase a été introduit comme critère d'apparition de macromarches, à l'origine d'instabilités morphologiquesSilicon Carbide (SiC) is one of the most desirable materials for power electronic devices. The development of the growth process, to achieve larger size and higher quality is on the way. Even if modeling has proved its ability to assist the optimization of the growth processes, there are still some strong issues which are not considered in a satisfactory way. This thesis aims to use the modeling tools to tackle those challenging fundamental and technological issues on both industrially used PVT and emerging TSSG processes. In the PVT process, special attention is paid to the physical chemistry at the solid-vapor interfaces. Especially, we investigated the way to model the stoichiometric crystallization of SiC from a non-congruent vapor as the Hertz-Knudsen model was shown to be not adapted. We thus considered SiC as a solid solution using coupled mass transport modeling and thermodynamics. This approach gives an assessment to the chemistry of the SiC crystal which can be linked to the controllable parameters. Such correlations may serve as a basis to control the points defect density, stable polytypes, and doping concentration. Concerning the TSSG process, the effects of crystal rotation speed and operating frequency are studied. The electromagnetic convection is the main contribution governing the growth process using low frequency while the combined buoyancy and Marangoni convections become dominant at high frequency. In the experimental conditions using low frequency, the crystal growth rate could still be enhanced by increasing the rotation speed. The phase parameter is also introduced using the combined fluid dynamics and analytical modeling. This provides a comprehensive visualization of the interactions between fluid flow and step flow and a guideline to improve the surface morphology of the crystal
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Mikolášek, Lukáš. "Návrh opatření pro posílení konkurenceschopnosti společnosti Škoda Auto Pvt. Ltd. v Indii." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223846.
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This thesis is focusing on increasing the competitiveness of Škoda Auto Pvt. Ltd. and its production in India. The theoretical part contains a definition of globalization, international business and cultural differences based on a theory of Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede. The practical part is analyzing specifications of the automobile industry in India and its growth. Furthermore it investigates the positions of Czech car producer Škoda Auto and its competitiveness within this industry. The data obtained were used in preparation of several variants. These variants are designed to improve the competitive position of Škoda Auto Pvt. Ltd. on the market.
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Abdel, Rahman Assem. "Electrical Evaluation of a Low Concentrating PVT Collector Based on Performance Ratio." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energi och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-17007.
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Photovoltaic Thermal/Hybrid collectors are an emerging technology that combines PV and solar thermal collectors by producing heat and electricity simultaneously. In this paper, the electrical performance evaluation of a low concentrating PVT collector was done through two testing parts: power comparison and performance ratio testing. For the performance ratio testing, it is required to identify and measure the factors affecting the performance ratio on a low concentrating PVT collector. Factors such as PV cell configuration, collector acceptance angle, flow rate, tracking the sun, temperature dependence and diffuse to irradiance ratio. Solarus low concentrating PVT collector V12 was tested at Dalarna University in Sweden using the electrical equipment at the solar laboratory. The PV testing has showed differences between the two receivers. Back2 was producing 1.8 energy output more than Back1 throughout the day. Front1 and Front2 were almost the same output performance. Performance tests showed that the cell configuration for Receiver2 with cells grouping (6- 32-32-6) has proved to have a better performance ratio when to it comes to minimizing the shading effect leading to more output power throughout the day because of lowering the mismatch losses. Different factors were measured and presented in this thesis in chapter 5. With the current design, it has been obtained a peak power at STC of 107W per receiver. The solar cells have an electrical efficiency of approximately 19% while the maximum measured electrical efficiency for the collector was approximately 18 % per active cell area, in addition to a temperature coefficient of -0.53%/ ˚C. Finally a recommendation was done to help Solarus AB to know how much the electrical performance is affected during variable ambient condition and be able to use the results for analyzing and introducing new modification if needed.
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Altieri, scarpato Mauricio. "Estimation de la performance des circuits numériques sous variations PVT et vieillissement." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT093/document.
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La réduction des dimensions des transistors a augmenté la sensibilité des circuits numériques aux variations PVT et, plus récemment, aux effets de vieillissement, notamment BTI et HCI. De larges marges de sécurité sont donc nécessaires pour assurer un fonctionnement correct du circuit, ce qui entraîne une perte d'énergie importante. Les solutions actuelles pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique sont principalement basées sur des solutions de type «Adaptive Voltage and Frequency Scaling (AVFS)». Cependant, ce type de solution ne peut anticiper les variations avant qu'elles ne se produisent. Cette approche doit donc être amélioré pour traiter les problèmes de fiabilité liés au vieillissement. Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthodologie pour générer des modèles simplifiés pour estimer la fréquence maximale du circuit Fmax. Un premier modèle est créé pour estimer le délai de propagation du (des) chemin(s) critique(s) en fonction des variations PVT. Les effets BTI et HCI sont ensuite modélisés via une modification des paramètres du premier modèle. Construit à partir des modèles au niveau transistor, le modèle de vieillissement obtenu prend en compte tous les facteurs qui influent sur le vieillissement, à savoir, la topologie des circuits, l'application, la tension et la température. La méthodologie proposée est validée sur deux architectures en technologie 28nm FD-SOI. Les modèles peuvent être alimentés par des moniteurs de température et de tension, ce qui permet une évaluation précise de l'évolution de Fmax. Toutefois, ces moniteurs sont sensibles au vieillissement. Aussi, une méthode de recalibrage pour compenser les effets du vieillissement a été développée pour un moniteur numérique de température et de tension. Des exemples d'applications en ligne sont donnés. Les modèles sont également utilisés pour simuler des circuits complexes sous des variations de vieillissement, par exemple un circuit multi-cœur et un système AVFS. Cela permet d'évaluer différentes stratégies concernant la performance, l'énergie et la fiabilitéThe continuous scaling of transistor dimensions has increased the sensitivity of digital circuits to PVT variations and, more recently, to aging effects such as BTI and HCI. Large voltage guard bands, corresponding to worst-case operation, are thus necessary and leads to a considerable energy loss. Current solutions to increase energy efficiency are mainly based on Adaptive Voltage and Frequency Scaling (AVFS). However, as a reactive solution, it cannot anticipate the variation before it occurs. It has, thus, to be improved for handling long-term reliability issues. This thesis proposes a new methodology to generate simplified but nevertheless accurate models to estimate the circuit maximum operating frequency Fmax. A first model is created for the modelling of the propagation delay of the critical path(s) as a function of PVT variations. Both BTI/HCI effects are then modelled as a shift in the parameters of the first model. Built on the top of device-level models, it takes into account all factors that impact global aging, namely, circuit topology, workload, voltage and temperature variations. The proposed modelling approach is evaluated on two architectures implemented in 28nm FD-SOI technology. The models can be fed by temperature and voltage monitors. This allows an accurate assessment of the circuit Fmax evolution during its operation. However, these monitors are prone to aging. Therefore, an aging-aware recalibration method has been developed for a particular V T monitor. Examples of on-line applications are given. Finally, the models are used to simulate complex circuits under aging variations such a multi-core circuit and an AVFS system. This allows the evaluation of different strategies regarding performance, energy and reliability
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Zhou, Jingjun. "Automatic isochoric apparatus for PVT and phase equilibrium studies of natural gas mixtures." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1004.
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Guarracino, Ilaria. "Hybrid photovoltaic and solar thermal (PVT) systems for solar combined heat and power." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/58172.
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Solar is a particularly promising sustainable energy source in terms of its potential to displace the burning of fossil fuels for heat and power, heating and even cooling, albeit at a cost. The sun load-factor profile has a close and predictable match to the daily varying energy demand for heat and electricity, both thermal and electrical, and thermal storage for periods of low irradiance can be made readily available. In addition, solar thermal technologies can provide a significant fraction of the hot water demand in households, as well as space heating and cooling in residential buildings and for industrial facilities. In fact, solar heating has been proposed as one of the leading solutions in terms of its potential for greenhouse gas abatement [1]. At the small scale, photovoltaic systems presently dominate the domestic solar market with solar to electrical conversion efficiencies of around 15% and at a competitive cost for the building owner. Solar photovoltaic installations were encouraged in Europe at the local level with financial support and now constitute a large and mature market with continuously falling prices. Solar thermal systems are able to make use of a larger proportion of the solar resource as they convert solar energy into heat with a higher efficiency than the PV conversion efficiency. Moreover, the low temperature heat may be used to satisfying the largest portion of the demand for thermal energy that is currently met by fossil fuels. The development of the solar thermal market is strongly dependent on the availability of the local irradiance level and on the cost of the alternative sources of thermal energy. In some countries in Europe the solar thermal market is quite mature (e.g. Austria), whilst in others, such as in the UK, solar thermal energy still contributes marginally to the energy mix and solar thermal systems are not yet cost competitive. Due to the high costs of solar thermal energy systems, these constitute a relatively small market at present with the potential to grow substantially in the near future. A competitive solution for energy (heat and power) provision in buildings is the development of combined solar photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems which produce both electricity and heat simultaneously from the same aperture area. This solution is particularly suited to residential applications in urban areas, where the demand for electricity is accompanied by a demand for low temperature heat, and space for solar installations is scarce. Many alternative technologies for PVT integration exist and PVT units can be coupled with various systems for domestic hot water generation and/or space heating. At the design stage of a PVT system, decisions have to be made on the absorber characteristics (consisting of thermal collector and PV laminate), on the thermal to electrical yield ratio and on the application (industrial or residential application, stand alone or grid connected). These design parameters influence the requirements on the fluid temperature and electricity output, and the overall efficiency. In addition, system control can significantly impact the potential of such systems in terms of their performance characteristics in different applications. The aim of this present research effort was to demonstrate the technical and practical feasibility of a novel, high-efficiency hybrid PVT water system, by considering an affordable, small-scale, modular unit that can be scaled easily to cater to varying demand levels. The research investigated the technical issues related to PVT panel technology, by looking in particular at the optical efficiency of the PV cells, at the heat transfer from the PV cells to the fluid, and at the integration of such a unit in a heat and power provision system that attempts to match generation and local demand. A detailed numerical model was developed that constitutes a tool for testing various collector and system designs. The model was validated against experimental data. An experimental apparatus was designed and constructed for the purpose of evaluating the collector model and for collecting a database of performance data on PVT collectors. Collector performance data are scarce at the moment due to the relatively small market size, thus the work constitutes a reference for further development and analysis of this type of collectors. Steady-state tests and dynamic tests were performed on PVT collectors and the results were used to develop a reliable model of collector performance over a wide range of time-varying operating conditions. The model allowed for assessments of various solar PVT system designs under different operating conditions and control strategies. Result showed that such systems may underperform if their operation and design is not designed specifically for the local weather conditions and user-demand specific requirements. It is envisaged that emissivity control applied to the solar cells should be adopted for PVT system application, especially if higher operating temperatures are required (e.g. in combination with thermally driven/heat powered cooling systems). The numerical model confirms that solar cells a with low emissivity coating can maximise the thermal energy output of a PVT system. The potential of improved PVT systems is finally assessed from an economic perspective, in an analysis that considers the potential cost reduction of PVT systems in relation to alternative technologies used as a benchmark.
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Lima, Neto Epaminondas Gonzaga 1989. "Comportamento PVT de misturas de dióxido de carbono em emulsões base n-parafina." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265928.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O cenário das perfurações de poços de petróleo vem mudando ao longo do tempo. Tanto pela necessidade do suprimento da demanda crescente por petróleo e gás quanto pela queda na produção de campos maduros, a perfuração de poços tem se deparado com ambientes mais agressivos a cada dia: maiores temperaturas, maiores pressões, maior afastamento em relação à costa e ambientes quimicamente mais hostis. A presença considerável de dióxido de carbono - CO2 - nos reservatórios aponta para uma maior preocupação na perfuração de poços em tais formações uma vez que, se esse componente adentra ao poço numa situação de kick, sua interação com a lama de perfuração pode alterar características importantes desse fluido, tais como: densidade, viscosidade e acidez. Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o comportamento PVT de sistemas contendo CO2 e líquidos com composição similar aos fluidos de perfuração à base de óleo: n-parafina pura e emulsão inversa. Foram realizados um estudo experimental de tais sistemas, uma simulação computacional, uma análise estatística dos dados obtidos para esse sistema com o intuito de avaliar as melhores correlações matemáticas para representação dos dados experimentais e aplicações de tais correlações em exemplos de controle de poço. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a simulação consegue reproduzir bem os dados experimentais (desvios de até 16%), apenas subestimando-os em frações molares de CO2 mais elevadas. Comparando os dados para o CO2, obtidos neste trabalho, com dados para o metano, obtidos da literatura, observa-se que o sistema contendo CO2 apresenta, dentre outras características, maior fator de formação de volume e solubilidade até 15 vezes maior que o sistema contendo metano. Por fim, ao examinar os exemplos de controle de poço, percebe-se que quanto maior é o teor de CO2 no sistema, maior é o valor do pit gain, tornando a presença de CO2 no sistema favorável à detecção do kick
Abstract: The scenario of oil and gas well drilling has been changing over the years. Not only because the need of supplying the increasing demand for petroleum and gas but also due to the decrease on the production of mature fields, well drilling has been constantly facing aggressive environments: higher temperatures, higher pressures, higher offshore distances and hazardous chemical environments. The presence of carbon dioxide - CO2 - on reservoirs leads to a concern on well drilling in these formations because the entrance of this gas into the well, in a kick situation, and its interaction with the drilling fluid can change important characteristics of this fluid such as: density, viscosity and acidity. This work aims to evaluate the PVT behavior of the systems containing CO2 and liquids similar to the ones used as base for oil-based drilling fluids: n-paraffin and inverse emulsion. An experimental study of these systems, a computational simulation, a statistical analysis of the data acquired aiming to evaluate the best mathematical correlations to represent these data and applications of these correlations were carried out. The experimental results show that the simulation can reproduce satisfactorily the experimental data (deviations up to 16%), only underestimating them at higher CO2 molar fractions. When comparing the data for CO2, obtained in this work, and the ones for methane, obtained from literature, it is possible to notice that the system containing CO2 has, among other characteristics, higher oil volume formation factor and solubility 15 times greater than the system containing methane. Finally, by examining well control examples, one can notice that the pit gain assumes higher values as the CO2 content increases making the presence of CO2 in the system favorable to kick detection
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Shawger, Richard Elwood. "Comparative Analysis of PVT Scintillators for the Development of a Fast Neutron Imager." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460195672.
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Chen, Tianyu. "Simulation of the thermal and electrical performance of a novel PVT-PCM system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49210/.
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This study provides an insight into the fundamentals of PV performance enhancement under different environmental conditions. The study also presents a new concept of PCM integrated PVT system which has a better performance from both electrical and thermal perspectives. The study employs both analytical and computational techniques to investigate the PV performance under the effect of different parameters such as wind speed, solar radiation level, ambient temperature and additional cooling condition. A parametric analysis of the PCM is also carried out under different solar radiation level, water inlet temperature and flow speed. Additional analysis regarding to the effects of PCM’s thermal physical properties against its thermal performance is also presented. A validation analysis is carried out prior to the parametric analysis to ascertain the reliability of the CFD models used, the prediction result of the CFD model is compared with analytical calculations as well as data from literature. The study found that the active water cooling is the best solution which can provide guaranteed performance enhancement regardless effects of ambient conditions. The novel PVT-PCM system is found to have a noticeable electrical performance enhancement over conventional PV panel as well as having the ability to store a significant amount of thermal energy. It is found that the PVT-PCM system has much lower PV cell temperature (maximum temperature reduction of 36.5°C and 38.3°C respectively) compared to conventional PV systems when used in both Nottingham and Shanghai area, hence provide up to 5.4kWh (5.7kWh in Shanghai) more energy per unit module. The stored thermal energy could be utilized to provide moderate heating to air and/or water. The air preheated by PVT-PCM system could satisfy space heating requirement during April to October in Nottingham without any additional energy consumption. On the other hand, the preheated water could reduce boiler heating energy from up to 20% and 41% respectively for Nottingham and Shanghai climate. The overall performance benefits of the proposed PVT-PCM system could be greater if used in hotter climates. Finally, a cost analysis was carried to prove the whole system is financially feasible for use in both climates of Nottingham and Shanghai with a discounted payback period of 10.67 and 12.83 years respectively.
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Jallabert, Bastien. "Étude du comportement sous pression mécanique uniaxiale de la cellulose et de l’amidon (natif et amorphe) : influence de la température et du taux d’hydratation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0136/document.
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Le projet HYPMOBB vise à évaluer un procédé de mise en œuvre de matière végétale par thermo-compression. Dans le cadre de ce projet, les travaux présentés ont pour objectif d’étudier le comportement des polysaccharides sous haute contrainte mécanique (0-300 MPa) et thermique (25-200°C). Trois variétés de biopolymères ont été choisies : la cellulose, l’amidon natif de pomme de terre et ce même amidon après gélatinisation. Elles représentent trois modèles différents d’organisation: hautement cristalline sans fusion, semi-cristalline avec fusion et complétement amorphe. La démarche employée consiste dans un premier temps à analyser les données Pression-Volume-Température (PVT) obtenues à l’aide d’un dilatomètre. Les diagrammes PVT fournissent des indications précieuses sur les effets combinés de la température et de la pression. A ces deux paramètres a été ajouté l’impact de la teneur en eau sur les comportements lors de la compression. Des méthodes ont été mises au point afin d’extraire des mesures PVT, les différentes transformations thermiques (fusion, transition vitreuse) des trois polymères modèles. Pour chaque situation, l’objectif était de déterminer une tendance nette en fonction de l’humidité et de la pression puis de prédire par extrapolation les valeurs à pression nulle. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés aux analyses classiques DSC et la bonne concordance des mesures a permis de valider les méthodes mises au point. Dans un second temps, les diagrammes PVT ont été modélisés à l’aide de l’équation de Tait. Pour les polymères cristallins, l’ajustement des courbes expérimentales à l’aide de ce modèle n’a pas été concluant. Néanmoins, la bonne modélisation du comportement PVT de l’amidon amorphe et la cohérence des paramètres déterminés a permis de valider le modèle de Tait. Pour finir, dans le but d’étudier l’effet du traitement thermique et mécanique sur la morphologie et les propriétés des compacts mis en forme, des études AMD et DRX ont été réalisées. Bien que les échantillons aient été conditionnés dans des conditions identiques, les études ont montré que la matière gardait en mémoire les conditions de leur traitement. De plus, en accord avec les analyses PVT, les matières les plus organisées, ont présenté lors de la mise en forme à chaud, la formation de liaisons/fusions inter-particulaires qui permettent d’assurer leur cohésionThe HYPMOBB project aims to evaluate a vegetable material molding process by hot high pressure compression. In the context of this project, the objective of this work is to study the behaviour of carbohydrates under thermal and pressure constraints. Three biopolymer varieties have be chosen: cellulose, native potato starch and gelatinized starch which represented three different models of organisation: highly crystalline without fusion, semi-crystalline with fusion and totally amorphous. The approach used consists first into analysing the Pressure-Volume-Temperature data obtained by a dilatometer. PVT diagrams provide good indications of combined effects of temperature and pressure. In addition of these two parameters, the moisture content impact on the behaviour of these carbohydrates during thermal and mechanical treatment has been studied. Methods have been established in order to retrieve different thermal events (fusion, glass transition) of the three polymers from PVT measurements. For each situation, the objective was to determine a clear trend according to moisture content and pressure and then to predict by extrapolation these transition temperatures at atmospheric pressure. The obtained results have been compared to classical DSC analysis and the close concordance of the measurements allowed the validation of the established methods Secondly, diagrams have been modelled with Tait equation. For crystalline polymers, the experimental curves adjustment with this model hasn’t been concluant. However the good modelling of amorphous starch behaviour and the good concordance of the determined parameters has permitted to validate the Tait model. Finally, in order to study the effect of the compression treatment on compacts properties and morphologies, DMA and XRD analyses have been carried out. Even if the samples have been conditioned in the same conditions, the studies have shown that the materials keep the memory of the treatment conditions. Moreover, in accordance with the PVT analysis, the most organised raw materials have presented after compression molding the formation of interparticles necks/fusions allowing their cohesion
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Heimann, Paul [Verfasser], and Albrecht [Akademischer Betreuer] Winnacker. "Keimherstellung für die Aluminiumnitrid-Kristallzüchtung anhand des PVT-Verfahrens / Paul Heimann. Betreuer: Albrecht Winnacker." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1019250704/34.
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Herro, Ziad [Verfasser]. "Optimization of the PVT Process for Growth of High Quality SiC Crystals / Ziad Herro." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/117261007X/34.
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Kim, Nilo Ricardo 1962. "Estudo do comportamento PVT de misturas de metano e fluidos de perfuração base éster." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265558.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Campinas e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Durante uma perfuração convencional, a pressão dentro do poço deve ser sempre maior do que a pressão de poros do reservatório, sob pena da possibilidade de haver um kick, que é a invasão indesejada de fluidos da formação para o poço. Procedimentos inadequados durante a circulação do influxo para fora do poço podem levar a um blowout, ou seja, uma erupção descontrolada dos fluidos da formação. Condições especiais encontradas em águas profundas e ultraprofundas, cenários onde as grandes reservas brasileiras de óleo e gás estão localizadas, demandam o uso de fluidos de perfuração de base sintética devido a características técnicas como baixa toxicidade, alta lubricidade e pouca interação com a formação. Por outro lado, o gás do reservatório se dissolve no fluido de perfuração, tornando as operações de controle de poço muito mais complexas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi entender o comportamento PVT de misturas de metano, principal componente do gás natural, com emulsões de éster, um composto orgânico utilizado como base sintética para fluidos de perfuração, através da determinação experimental de propriedades como o ponto de bolha, a solubilidade, a massa específica e o fator de formação de volume, nas regiões saturada e subsaturada. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em um aparato de última geração, cuja principal característica é a visualização do fluido de teste, sob condições de alta temperatura, até 130 °C e alta pressão, até 103 MPa, encontradas no fundo do poço. Um procedimento original de enriquecimento de gás permitiu cobrir os intervalos de temperatura, pressão e concentração de metano com um único teste de longa duração, a partir de certa quantidade de líquido. Os resultados experimentais nas regiões de bolha e orvalho no envelope de fases foram modelados com a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson e uma discussão sobre o comportamento termodinâmico do sistema foi realizada. O presente trabalho estende os limites dos bancos de dados de propriedades termodinâmicas de sistemas metano-éster, além de proporcionar respostas para alguns problemas de controle de poço, encontrados quando a perfuração utilizar emulsões base éster.
Abstract: During conventional drilling operations, it is necessary to maintain the wellbore pressure greater than the reservoir pore pressure, otherwise a kick may occur. If the well control procedure is not effective during the circulation of the formation influx out of the well, a blowout could happen, which is a dangerous event concerning safety and environmental issues. Special conditions in deep and ultra deep water, scenarios where large Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located, demand for synthetic based drilling fluids because of technical characteristics such as toxicity, lubricity and shale inhibition. On the other hand, the formation gas will dissolve in the drilling fluid, making the well control operations much more complex. Methane is the major component of natural gas, while ester is an organic compound, used as the base of synthetic drilling fluids. The knowledge of the thermodynamic behavior of such gas-liquid mixtures under wellbore pressure and temperature conditions is very important for drilling operations and scientific purposes. The main objective of the present work is to understand the PVT behavior of methane and ester based drilling emulsions by experimental determination of bubble point, solubility, density and formation volume factor of the saturated and sub-saturated fluid mixture. PVT experiments were conducted on a last generation apparatus, whose main feature is the visualization of the sample fluid, under high pressure and high temperature testing conditions. Experimental tests were run up to 130 °C and up to pressures of 103 MPa. An original gas enrichment procedure was devised to cover temperature, pressure and methane concentration range with a long term, single liquid amount test. Experimental results in the bubble and dew region of the phase envelope were modeled with Peng-Robinson equation and a comprehensive discussion about the thermodynamic behavior of the system was pursued. The present work will enlarge the limited thermodynamic properties database about methane - ester system that is available in the literature and furnish scientific answers to the well control problems encountered when drilling with ester based emulsions.
Doutorado
Explotação
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Salducci-Bourda, Christine. "Croissance du semiconducteur... en configuration "3 zônes" par PVT aspects thermodynamique et hydrodynamique, caractérisations /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376009883.
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de, Sá Gondim Getúlio. "A violência no trânsito : um estudo de cado do PVT - Recife/PE 2000-2004." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2004. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/7818.
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Previous issue date: 2004A violência no trânsito tem se constituído em uma séria problemática para todos, cuja solução deve ser tratada no âmbito das políticas públicas. Este Trabalho de Conclusão de Mestrado teve como objeto de análise a violência no trânsito na cidade do Recife, no período de 2000 a 2004. Definiu como objetivo analisar se o Projeto Vida no Trânsito contribuiu para reduzir os índices de acidentes, a multiinstitucionalidade e a ação educativa conscientizadora por meio dos arte-educadores. A metodologia enfocou a análise documental dos diversos órgãos: Departamento Estadual de Trânsito DETRAN PE, Companhia de Trânsito e Transportes Urbanos CTTU, Empresa Metropolitana de Transporte Urbano EMTU e Batalhão de Polícia do Trânsito - BPTran. A investigação teve como foco a pesquisa elaborada pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Sociais, Políticas e Econômicas IPESPE, como parte da documentação institucional do DETRAN - PE. Os resultados demonstraram que nos últimos quatro anos as ações educativas e conscientizadoras, associadas a outros fatores como: o ambiente construído, as lombadas, redutores de velocidade e a fiscalização vêm, efetivamente, contribuir para a redução de acidentes em Recife - Pernambuco
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Bozorgzadeh, Manijeh. "Characterisation and determination of gas condensate dynamics from pressure transient data and fluid PVT properties." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638817.
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Monteiro, Eduardo Nascimento. "Estudo do comportamento PVT de misturas de metano e fluidos de perfuração base N-parafina." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263086.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Intituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: O estudo da interação entre o gás da formação produtora e o fluido de perfuração durante as operações é essencial para perfuração de cada fase do poço de forma segura e econômica. Aspectos ambientais e técnicos peculiares à perfuração em águas profundas e ultra profundas exigem o uso de fluidos de perfuração sintéticos, de baixa toxicidade. O principal objetivo, deste trabalho foi o estudo do comportamento PVT desses fluidos através da determinação experimental e modelagem de propriedades termodínâmicas, tais como solubilidade, densidade e fator volume de formação dos fluidos. Estas propriedades têm um impacto importante na detecção e circulação de um kick e devem ser consideradas no planejamento e execução do controle do poço. Os resultados experimentais foram obtidos em uma célula PVT pressurizada por injeção de mercúrio e com um limite operacional de 177°C e 70 MPa. O gás utilizado foi o metano e os líquidos foram emulsões e fluidos não adensados à base de n-parafina, testados a 70°C, 90 °C e 150°C. Os efeitos da temperatura e da composição do fluido foram analisados e os resultados experimentais para solubilidade e fator volume de formação foram comparados com predições baseadas na hipótese da aditividade e ajustes matemáticos nos resultados experimentais. Alguns exemplos de cálculo do volume ganho no tanque usando as expressões analíticas obtidas são discutidos.
Abstract: The study of the interaction between the formation gas and the drilling fluid during the operations is essential to safely and economically drill each phase of the well. The environmental regulatory issues and the peculiar technical aspects involved in deep and ultradeep waters require low toxicity' synthetic drilling fluids. The main objective ofthis study was to understand the PVT behavior of those fluids by the experimental determination and modeling of thermody'pamic properties such as: solubility, specific gravity and formation volume factor of the fluids. Those properties have a direct impact on kick detection and circulation out of the well, what sb.ould be addressed in wellcontrol planning and execution. The experimental data were obtained by means of a PVT cell pressurized by mercury injection with an operating capacity of 177 °C and 70 MPa. The gas used was methane and the liquids were n-paraffin based emulsions and unweighted drilling fluids, tested at 70 °C, 90 °C and 150 °c. The temperature and fluid composition influences had been analyzed and the experimental data for solubility and formation volume factor have been compared with predictions considering the additivity hypothesis and mathematical fittings based in the experimental data. Some pit gain calculation examples using the analytical expressions obtained are also discussed.
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Herro, Ziad. "Optimisation du processus de croissance PVT pour l'obtention des cristaux de SiC de haute qualité." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20052.
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Saizar, Zubeldia Xabier, and Montagut Gerard Vila. "Analysis of the Solarus C-PVT solar collector and design of a new prototype : Market review and Production process guideline." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21679.
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Finding cleaner and sustainable energy resources is one of the most important concerns for the development of humanity. Solar energy is taking an essential role in this matter as the production cost of solar collectors is decreasing and more solar installations are being set up every year throughout the world. One way of reducing the cost of solar panels is by using concentrators that are cheaper than the costly photovoltaic cells and can increase their output. Solarus AB designed a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) hybrid collector that uses this principle and which is a variation of the Maximum Reflector Collector (MaReCo) design and is a Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC). This thesis has two main objectives. The first one is to design variations of the actual Solarus’ design and some alternative MaReCo designs and pure parabola designs. These designs include new solar cell cuts which are based on 4 busbar solar cells. In this way a future in-depth analysis may be carried out by comparing different receiver designs and collector boxes. The second goal is to investigate the current electrical and thermal performance of the collectors from Solarus AB which are installed in the Hus 45 of HiG. The appropriate data of the installation has been obtained using simulations and specific software, and it has been analysed with Microsoft Excel®. Concerning the new designs of the receivers and boxes, everything has been prepared for the future construction of the prototypes. All the measurements and their adjustments have been taken into account to define the size of the components and the process of building has been set up. Moreover, some future work has been planned in order to move forward the project. Regarding the analysis of the HiG installation, both electrical and thermal performance have resulted to be significantly lower compared with their estimated simulation, being their real output around 60 % of the estimated one. In the thermal part, the losses in the pipeline result to be more than a third part of the produced heat. In the electrical part, the production varies a lot between different collectors due to some of them do not work properly, consequence of poor condition of the solar panels (broken cells, dirt, shading, etc.).
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Gonzales, Rachel A. "Weapons and tactics instructor course 2-16 sleep and performance study." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/52983.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One (MAWTS-1) command requested a sleep and performance study of the instructors and students of Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) course 2- 16. Specifically, MAWTS-1 leadership wanted to know whether crew rest periods were being used for sleep and whether fatigue posed a risk to personnel during the course. This thesis expanded upon prior studies in military educational environments. The WTI 2-16 study collected sleep and performance data via wrist-worn actigraphy and psychomotor vigilance tests (PVT). Sleep duration and efficiency remained high throughout the course, but participation waned before the study ended. Both instructors and students appeared to receive adequate sleep of good quality (overall mean 7.4 hrs/night). There was little variability in the sleep patterns (i.e., WTI participants were abiding by the crew rest regulations). Compliance posed a significant challenge and limited the ability to correlate sleep to performance. We also measured self-reported fatigue and mood using standardized questionnaires. Results from subjective assessments showed a significant increase in self-reported fatigue as the course progressed. This thesis outlines a detailed methodology and lessons learned for follow-on studies of this type and recommends improvements to future studies.
Major, United States Marine Corps
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Lukin, Gleb. "Entwicklung einer Hochtemperatur-Gasphasenepitaxie (HTVPE) für die Herstellung von GaN." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-235030.
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Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde eine neuartige Variante der Hochtemperatur-Gasphasenepitaxie (HTVPE) für die Herstellung von GaN entwickelt, die eine hohe Flexibilität und bessere Kontrolle des Züchtungsprozesses ermöglicht. Für die Realisierung des Konzeptes wurde eine Züchtungsanlage für die HTVPE entworfen und aufgebaut. Des Weiteren wurde ein numerisches Modell des Wärme- und Stofftransports entwickelt und für die Untersuchungen der Transportphänomene im HTVPE-Reaktor sowie für die Weiterentwicklung des Züchtungsreaktors verwendet. Die systematischen Züchtungsexperimente zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Simulationsergebnissen und lieferten ein besseres Verständnis der HTVPE und ihres Anwendungspotentials. Die versbesserte Prozesskontrolle ermöglichte die erstmalige Anwendung der Niedertemperatur-Nukleation für die heteroepitaktische Abscheidung von GaN auf Saphir mit der HTVPE. Weiterhin wurden Wachstumsraten über 80 µm/h erreicht und das Potential der HTVPE für die Herstellung von GaN-Volumenschichten demonstriert.
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Abid, Umair, Bilal Ahmed, and Shamaoun Semwoul. "Managing Finished Goods Inventory at regional level : A case study on Dalda Foods (Pvt.) Ltd. Pakistan." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-9787.
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Park, Simon S. "On-line measurement of the PVT properties of polymer/CO¦2 solutions using a gear pump." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/MQ46081.pdf.
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Langhans, Frank [Verfasser], Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Bickermann, Matthias [Gutachter] Bickermann, and Peter [Gutachter] Wellmann. "Extended defects in PVT-grown AlN / Frank Langhans ; Gutachter: Matthias Bickermann, Peter Wellmann ; Betreuer: Matthias Bickermann." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1156010926/34.
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Weerasiri, Udayani Priyadarshana. "A waste heat recovery steam power generation system for ACE Power Embilipitiya (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157832.
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In this study, the heat recovery from exhaust gas at the ACE Power Embilipitiya (Pvt) Ltd (APE) in Sri Lanka was conceptually proposed and evaluated. APE has an installed capacity of 100 MW comprising 14 units of 7.5MW medium speed diesel engines fired with heavy fuel oil. There is only a minimum recovery of waste heat in the plant at the moment, only for fuel preheating, whereas waste heat recovery (WHR) boilers of 750kWth are equipped on eight engines. The larger portion of the waste heat is dumped into the environment without being used in any reasonable way. The objective of this work was to design a HRSG system for the remaining six engines to recover maximum possible heat from the exhaust gas and select a suitable steam turbine according to the heat demand capacity of the proposed HRSG, for generating additional power and thus converting the APE plant into a sort of a combined cycle. At the initial stage of the investigation, the amount of recoverable waste heat was estimated by evaluating the known parameters of the engines at fully loaded condition. The maximum theoretical waste heat recovery potential from the exhaust gas stream of one engine was calculated as 9807.87 MJ/h, equivalent to a heat rate of 2724.4 kW. The modelling and optimization of the proposed HRSG was done using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, considering technical and practical limitations such as pinch point temperature difference, approach point temperature difference, terminal temperature difference and sulphur dew point in the stack. A commercially available steam turbine with a power output of 3.579 MW was selected as the optimum steam turbine for the desired conditions, utilising 12884.4 MJ/h of recovered waste energy amounting to 21.89% of the total available energy in the flue gas.
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Chang, Yu-Juey, and 張裕睿. "PVT-Tolerant CMOS Level Converters." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52767413142949322217.
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碩士國立中正大學
電機工程所
94
In this thesis we propose “Heuristic Transistor Sizing Guidelines“ to shorten the design time and encrease the design confidence of CMOS level converters(LC). Based on the developed design guidelines, we can systematically observe the performance of LCs under different process corners and different supply voltage offset for a wide temperature range in different Sub-micron and Nano CMOS Processes. Our analysis shows the LC is much more sensitive to PVT variations than commonly used logic gates such as the inverters, NAND gates, and NOR gates. This effect will severely affect the effectiveness of a dual-VDD CMOS design. In order to reduce the influence of PVT variations, we propose two PVT-Tolerant CMOS level converters for Full-custom design and Cell-based design, respectively.
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Ku, Cui-ru, and 古翠如. "PVT Properties of Oligomeric Solutions of." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72831220472126818635.
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Tham, Kevin Vun Kiat. "PVT Compensation for Single-Slope Measurement Systems." 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/915.
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A pulse-width locked loop (PWLL) circuit is reported that compensates for process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations of a linear ramp generator within a 12-bit multi-channel Wilkinson (single-slope integrating) Analog-to-Digital (ADC). This PWLL was designed and fabricated in a 0.5-um Silicon Germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS process. The PWLL architecture that is comprised of a phase detector, a charge-pump, and a pulse width modulator (PWM), is discussed along with the design details of the primary blocks. Simulation and silicon measurement data are shown that demonstrate a large improvement in the accuracy of the PVT-compensated ADC over the uncompensated ADC.
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Ciang-Syu, Ruo, and 徐若強. "Design and Development of PVT Pressing Die." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ptjtzc.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系
105
The PVT test, which is focus on three parameter, each were P (Pressure)、V (Volume)、T (Temperature), and testing these three parameter will be able to know the expansion and shrinkage of polymer in high temperature and high pressure, than draw the chat of PVT relation. The purpose of this study is design and simulation analysis of PVT test in different situations. Through the capability of the machine industry and academia commonly used, we are more focus on the present machine can’t satisfy the conditions (above 300℃ tests) and advantage (high cooling rates of sample), that to development the novelty of PVT machine, in understanding the machine after the necessary conditions, planning the hardware configuration and calculate the specifications of parts and equipment require, and through the simulation to analysis, which will lead to different results, because setting the different initial conditions, also investigate and improve design after simulation result, according to the simulation result can be obtained the pressing die thermal expansion and cooling rate of high-temperature type and high cooling rate type, high-temperature die can be heating up to 7.2℃/s、1.3℃/s, high cooling rates die cooling rates to 22℃/s、20℃/s at the first 10 seconds. Keywords: PVT test, plastic high cooling rate, mold flow analysis
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CHEN, BANG-LI, and 陳邦立. "A PVT Insensitive All-MOS Current Generator." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n6yr93.
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碩士國立臺北大學
電機工程學系
105
This paper proposes a new design of current source, which is All-MOS transistor designed without bipolar transistor and resistance component. Therefore, the current source has no negative effects of extra process variation and more mask cost.Considering various processes, voltages (1.4V to 1.98V) and temperature (-400C to 1200C), in these extreme conditions the error variation of current is much lower than 1%; therefore, the current source has a low sensitivity of process, voltage, temperature variation.In traditional application, the high frequency oscillator tail current is very sensitive to temperature variation, making the chip yields fall. Therefore, this current source circuit can be applied in oscillator to solve the issue because of low sensitivity of process, voltage and temperature. Moreover, this current source help oscillator to prove high-yield, low-power and high spread spectrum performance of the spread spectrum clock generator.The output frequency of the chip is 6GHz, and this chip was fabricated in TSMC 0.18um 1P6M process. The design in this paper uses 1.8V supply voltage, and chip area is 1.29 × 0.99mm2, and the total power consumption of the core circuit is about 20mW, and center operating frequency is 6GHz and downward expansion of 5000ppm, Electromagnetic interference suppression reduced 20dBm more.