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Sabharwal, Pallavi, and Handanahal S. Savithri. "Functional Characterization of Pepper Vein Banding Virus-Encoded Proteins and Their Interactions: Implications in Potyvirus Infection." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091037.
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Pepper vein banding virus (PVBV) is a distinct species in the Potyvirus genus which infects economically important plants in several parts of India. Like other potyviruses, PVBV encodes multifunctional proteins, with several interaction partners, having implications at different stages of the potyviral infection. In this review, we summarize the functional characterization of different PVBV-encoded proteins with an emphasis on their interaction partners governing the multifunctionality of potyviral proteins. Intrinsically disordered domains/regions of these proteins play an important role in their interactions with other proteins. Deciphering the function of PVBV-encoded proteins and their interactions with cognitive partners will help in understanding the putative mechanisms by which the potyviral proteins are regulated at different stages of the viral life-cycle. This review also discusses PVBV virus-like particles (VLPs) and their potential applications in nanotechnology. Further, virus-like nanoparticle-cell interactions and intracellular fate of PVBV VLPs are also discussed.
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Ravi, K. S., J. Joseph, N. Nagaraju, S. Krishna Prasad, H. R. Reddy, and H. S. Savithri. "Characterization of a Pepper Vein Banding Virus from Chili Pepper in India." Plant Disease 81, no. 6 (June 1997): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.673.
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A survey conducted in pepper-growing tracts of Karnataka State, covering 165 fields in 33 villages, revealed the occurrence of many pepper mosaic diseases. Based on reactions on selected test plants, the viruses were identified as pepper vein banding virus (PVBV), pepper veinal mottle virus, potato virus Y, cucumber mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Among these, PVBV was the most prevalent. PVBV was purified from infected leaves of Capsicum annuum cv. California Wonder. Electron microscopy revealed flexuous rod-shaped particles in the purified preparations. The coat protein (CP) molecular weight was 35,000, which is similar to members of the Potyvirus group. As in other potyviruses, the CP underwent proteolytic degradation to a fragment with a molecular weight of 31,000. Both of these bands cross-reacted with antibodies against tobacco etch virus in Western blots. Polyclonal antibodies were produced against PVBV. Cross-reactivity studies with other potyviral antisera showed that PVBV is serologically closer to peanut mottle virus than to peanut stripe virus or sorghum potyvirus. N-terminal sequence analysis of the intact CP and trypsin-resistant core revealed that PVBV is a distinct member of the Potyvirus group.
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Wainaina, James M., Elijah Ateka, Timothy Makori, Monica A. Kehoe, and Laura M. Boykin. "A metagenomic study of DNA viruses from samples of local varieties of common bean in Kenya." PeerJ 7 (March 15, 2019): e6465. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6465.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the primary source of protein and nutrients in the majority of households in sub-Saharan Africa. However, pests and viral diseases are key drivers in the reduction of bean production. To date, the majority of viruses reported in beans have been RNA viruses. In this study, we carried out a viral metagenomic analysis on virus symptomatic bean plants. Our virus detection pipeline identified three viral fragments of the double-stranded DNA virus Pelargonium vein banding virus (PVBV) (family, Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus). This is the first report of the dsDNA virus and specifically PVBV in legumes to our knowledge. In addition two previously reported +ssRNA viruses the bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNVA) (Potyviridae) and aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) (Dicistroviridae) were identified. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the Badnavirus (PVBV) using amino acid sequences of the RT/RNA-dependent DNA polymerase region showed the Kenyan sequence (SRF019_MK014483) was closely matched with two Badnavirus viruses: Dracaena mottle virus (DrMV) (YP_610965) and Lucky bamboo bacilliform virus (ABR01170). Phylogenetic analysis of BCMNVA was based on amino acid sequences of the Nib region. The BCMNVA phylogenetic tree resolved two clades identified as clade (I and II). Sequence from this study SRF35_MK014482, clustered within clade I with other Kenyan sequences. Conversely, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ALPV was based on nucleotide sequences of the hypothetical protein gene 1 and 2. Three main clades were resolved and identified as clades I–III. The Kenyan sequence from this study (SRF35_MK014481) clustered within clade II, and nested within a sub-clade; comprising of sequences from China and an earlier ALPV sequences from Kenya isolated from maize (MF458892). Our findings support the use of viral metagenomics to reveal the nascent viruses, their viral diversity and evolutionary history of these viruses. The detection of ALPV and PVBV indicate that these viruses have likely been underreported due to the unavailability of diagnostic tools.
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Bara Filho, Mauricio, Débora Andrade, Renato Miranda, Juan L. Núñez, José Martín-Albó, and Paulo Roberto Ribas. "Preliminary validation of a brazilian version of the sport motivation scale." Universitas Psychologica 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2010): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-2.pvbv.
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The Sport Motivation Scale was firstly developed in French and later translated into English and validated by Pelletier et al. (1995). It is based on the principles of self-determination theory. The present study translated the English version into Portuguese to access and validate it with Brazilian athletes using a sample of 419 athletes (127 women and 292 men) from ten sports. The Brazilian version of the scale showed satisfactory levels of internal consistency and temporal stability over a four-week period. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis partially supported the seven-factor structure. Finally, gender differences were found in all subscales. Taken together, these findings support the use of the Brazilian version of the scale for the assessment of motivation in sport.
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Anindya, R., J. Joseph, T. D. S. Gowri, and H. S. Savithri. "Complete genomic sequence of Pepper vein banding virus (PVBV): a distinct member of the genus Potyvirus." Archives of Virology 149, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-003-0236-0.
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Su, Wei-Chen, Yu-Shian Wu, Chih-Feng Wang, and Shiao-Wei Kuo. "Self-Assembled Structures of Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends through Multiple Complementary Hydrogen Bonds." Crystals 8, no. 8 (August 19, 2018): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8080330.
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A poly(styrene-b-vinylbenzyl triazolylmethyl methyladenine) (PS-b-PVBA) diblock copolymer and a poly(vinylbenzyl triazolylmethyl methylthymine) (PVBT) homopolymer were prepared through a combination of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerizations and click reactions. Strong multiple hydrogen bonding interactions of the A···T binary pairs occurred in the PVBA/PVBT miscible domain of the PS-b-PVBA/PVPT diblock copolymer/homopolymer blend, as evidenced in Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The self-assembled lamellar structure of the pure PS-b-PVBA diblock copolymer after thermal annealing was transformed to a cylinder structure after blending with PVBT at lower concentrations and then to a disordered micelle or macrophase structure at higher PVBT concentrations, as revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy.
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de Vries, H., and J. D. Opsteegh. "Resonance in Optimal Perturbation Evolution. Part II: Effects of a Nonzero Mean PV Gradient." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 695–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3868.1.
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Abstract Optimal perturbations are constructed for a two-layer β-plane extension of the Eady model. The surface and interior dynamics is interpreted using the concept of potential vorticity building blocks (PVBs), which are zonally wavelike, vertically confined sheets of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity. The results are compared with the Charney model and with the two-layer Eady model without β. The authors focus particularly on the role of the different growth mechanisms in the optimal perturbation evolution. The optimal perturbations are constructed allowing only one PVB, three PVBs, and finally a discrete equivalent of a continuum of PVBs to be present initially. On the f plane only the PVB at the surface and at the tropopause can be amplified. In the presence of β, however, PVBs influence each other’s growth and propagation at all levels. Compared to the two-layer f-plane model, the inclusion of β slightly reduces the surface growth and propagation speed of all optimal perturbations. Responsible for the reduction are the interior PVBs, which are excited by the initial PVB after initialization. Their joint effect is almost as strong as the effect from the excited tropopause PVB, which is also negative at the surface. If the optimal perturbation is composed of more than one PVB, the Orr mechanism dominates the initial amplification in the entire troposphere. At low levels, the interaction between the surface PVB and the interior tropospheric PVBs (in particular those near the critical level) takes over after about half a day, whereas the interaction between the tropopause PVB and the interior PVBs is responsible for the main amplification in the upper troposphere. In all cases in which more than one PVB is used, the growing normal mode configuration is not reached at optimization time.
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Mathur, C., V. K. Jimsheena, S. Banerjee, K. Makinen, L. R. Gowda, and H. S. Savithri. "Functional regulation of PVBV Nuclear Inclusion protein-a protease activity upon interaction with Viral Protein genome-linked and phosphorylation." Virology 422, no. 2 (January 2012): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.10.009.
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Abdiev, Umirbek Begmatovich, and Boysori Abdikholikovich Yuldoshov. "INSPECTION ELECTRICAL AND HEAT PARAMETERS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC-THERMAL BATTERY, STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/5/1.
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Introduction. The article discusses increasing the intensity of light incident on the surface of a photovoltaic battery (PVB) based on semiconductor solar battery, methods of cooling the PVB and protecting the surface from contamination have been investigated. To do this, the PVB is the planes that reflect light to the long sides, and a polycarbonate collector with a parallel channel on the back, this device looks like a photovoltaic-thermal battery (PVT). The article presents the results of the study of electrical and thermal parameters of PVT when changing (increasing) the intensity of solar radiation using reflective planes and cooling by means of a collector. The effects of cold water temperature, environmental characteristics, and atmospheric dust on PVT efficiency have been studied. Research methods and materials. The experiment compared the power of ordinary PVB, collector PVT, and PVTs with reflective planes and collectors. The temperature of the hot water in the collector PVT and the reflective planes and in the PVT with the collector is compared. Experiments have also been carried out to protect the surface of the PVB from dust. Initial measurements were made using PVBs with the same electrical parameters. PVBs are set horizontally, one of which is closed with a lid during the day. In the next experiment, it was studied that the degree of contamination of PVBs depends on the angle of installation. Two of them are horizontal, and the other three are at angles of 300, 450 and 600, respectively. Results and discussions. According to the measurement results, ordinary PVBs, PVBs with collector reflectors and PVTs with collectors have the highest electric power. The difference between the PVB with the collector and the reflection planes and the hot water outlet from the PVT with the collector was 200C. It was determined that the hot water temperature would not exceed 40°C in the absence of reflective planes. Besides, most of the dust on the surface of the PVB falls at night and the level of contamination of the PVB for the city of Termez has been determined. PVBs installed at different slope angles were tested for PVBs installed below 450 with moderate levels of contamination and high electrical parameters. Conclusion. The PVT was found to produce 1,5-1,6 times more electricity in the southern regions of the country than the traditional PVB. It has been shown that hot water can be obtained at temperatures above 40ºC in winter. Research and experiments conducted in the conditions of Termez have shown that it is possible to get the necessary amount of electricity and hot water throughout the year to create good conditions in a rural home. Besides, at night the surface of the PVBs was closed to prevent contamination.
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Abdallah, Faraj W., Pamela J. Morgan, Tulin Cil, Andrew McNaught, Jaime M. Escallon, John L. Semple, Wei Wu, and Vincent W. Chan. "Ultrasound-guided Multilevel Paravertebral Blocks and Total Intravenous Anesthesia Improve the Quality of Recovery after Ambulatory Breast Tumor Resection." Anesthesiology 120, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000436117.52143.bc.
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Abstract Background: Regional anesthesia improves postoperative analgesia and enhances quality of recovery (QoR) after ambulatory surgery. This randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial examines the effects of multilevel ultrasound-guided paravertebral blocks (PVBs) and total intravenous anesthesia on QoR after ambulatory breast tumor resection. Methods: Sixty-six women were randomized to standardized general anesthesia (control group) or PVBs and propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (PVB group). The PVB group received T1–T5 PVBs with 5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine per level, whereas the control group received sham subcutaneous injections. Postoperative QoR was designated as the primary outcome. The 29-item ambulatory QoR tool was administered in the preadmission clinic, before discharge, and on postoperative days 2, 4, and 7. Secondary outcomes included block success, pain scores, intra- and postoperative morphine consumption, time to rescue analgesia, incidence of nausea and vomiting, and hospital discharge time. Results: Data from sixty-four patients were analyzed. The PVB group had higher QoR scores than control group upon discharge (146 vs. 131; P < 0.0001) and on postoperative day 2 (145 vs. 135; P = 0.013); improvements beyond postoperative day 2 lacked statistical significance. None of the PVB group patients required conversion to inhalation gas–based general anesthesia or experienced block-related complications. PVB group patients had improved pain scores on postanesthesia care unit admission and discharge, hospital discharge, and postoperative day 2; their intraoperative morphine consumption, incidence of nausea and vomiting, and discharge time were also reduced. Conclusion: Combining multilevel PVBs with total intravenous anesthesia provides reliable anesthesia, improves postoperative analgesia, enhances QoR, and expedites discharge compared with inhalational gas- and opioid-based general anesthesia for ambulatory breast tumor resection.
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Wu, Qi, Wenhui Fan, and Chong Qin. "Generation and Superposition of Perfect Vortex Beams in Terahertz Region via Single-Layer All-Dielectric Metasurface." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173010.
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Terahertz (THz) orbital angular momentum (OAM) technology provides promising applications in future wireless communication with large bandwidth and high capacity. However, the ring radius of the conventional THz vortex beam is related to the topological charge, limiting the co-propagation of multiple OAM modes in the THz communication systems. Although the perfect vortex beam (PVB) based on traditional methods can solve this problem, they are usually bulky and unstable. Here, we demonstrate two PVB generators based on a single all-dielectric metasurface to obtain polarization-independent PVB and spin multiplexed PVB, respectively. The former regulates the propagation phase by using isotropic unit cells; the latter simultaneously manipulates the propagation and geometric phase to achieve the spin-decoupled phase control by arranging anisotropic unit cells. In addition, we also demonstrate the stable generation of a perfect Poincaré beam with arbitrary polarization and phase distribution on a hybrid-order Poincaré Sphere via a spin-decoupled metasurface, which is achieved by the linear superposition of two PVBs with orthogonal circular polarizations. The proposed scheme provides a compact and efficient platform for the generation and superposition of PVBs in THz region, and will speed up the progress of THz communication systems, complex light field generation, and quantum information sciences.
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de Vries, H., and J. D. Opsteegh. "Resonance in Optimal Perturbation Evolution. Part I: Two-Layer Eady Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 673–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3867.1.
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Abstract A detailed investigation has been performed of the role of the different growth mechanisms (resonance, potential vorticity unshielding, and normal-mode baroclinic instability) in the evolution of optimal perturbations constructed for a two-layer Eady model and a kinetic energy norm. The two-layer Eady model is obtained by replacing the conventional upper rigid lid by a simple but realistic stratosphere. To make an unambiguous discussion possible, generally applicable techniques have been developed. At the heart of these techniques lies a description of the linear dynamics in terms of a variable number of potential vorticity building blocks (PVBs), which are zonally wavelike, vertically localized sheets of potential vorticity. If the optimal perturbation is composed of only one PVB, the rapid surface cyclogenesis can be attributed to the growth of the surface PVB (the edge wave), which is excited by the tropospheric PVB via a linear resonance effect. If the optimal perturbation is constructed using multiple PVBs, this simple picture is modified only in the sense that PV unshielding dominates the surface amplification for a short time after initialization. The unshielding mechanism rapidly creates large streamfunction values at the surface, as a result of which the resonance effect is much stronger. A similar resonance effect between the tropospheric PVBs and the tropopause PVB acts negatively on the surface streamfunction amplification. The influence of the stratosphere to the surface development is negligible. In all cases reported here, the growth due to traditional normal-mode baroclinic instability contributes either negative or only little to the surface development up to the optimization time of two days. It takes at least four days for the flow to become fully dominated by normal-mode growth, thereby confirming that finite-time optimal perturbation growth differs in many aspects fundamentally from asymptotic normal-mode baroclinic instability.
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Sabharwal, Pallavi, Sistla Srinivas, and Handanahal S. Savithri. "Mapping the domain of interaction of PVBV VPg with NIa-Pro: Role of N-terminal disordered region of VPg in the modulation of structure and function." Virology 524 (November 2018): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.002.
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Knyazev, Boris, Valery Cherkassky, and Oleg Kameshkov. "“Perfect” Terahertz Vortex Beams Formed Using Diffractive Axicons and Prospects for Excitation of Vortex Surface Plasmon Polaritons." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020717.
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Transformation of a Bessel beam by a lens results in the formation of a “perfect” vortex beam (PVB) in the focal plane of the lens. The PVB has a single-ring cross-section and carries an orbital angular momentum (OAM) equal to the OAM of the “parent” beam. PVBs have numerous applications based on the assumption of their ideal ring-type structure. For instance, we proposed using terahertz PVBs to excite vortex surface plasmon polaritons propagating along cylindrical conductors and the creation of plasmon multiplex communication lines in the future (Comput. Opt. 2019, 43, 992). Recently, we demonstrated the formation of PVBs in the terahertz range using a Bessel beam produced using a spiral binary silicon axicon (Phys. Rev. A 2017, 96, 023846). It was shown that, in that case, the PVB was not annular, but was split into nested spiral segments, which was obviously a consequence of the method of Bessel beam generation. The search for methods of producing perfect beams with characteristics approaching theoretically possible ones is a topical task. Since for the terahertz range, there are no devices like spatial modulators of light in the visible range, the main method for controlling the mode composition of beams is the use of diffractive optical elements. In this work, we investigated the characteristics of perfect beams, the parent beams being quasi-Bessel beams created by three types of diffractive phase axicons made of high-resistivity silicon: binary, kinoform, and “holographic”. The amplitude-phase distributions of the field in real perfect beams were calculated numerically in the approximation of the scalar diffraction theory. An analytical expression was obtained for the case of the binary axicon. It was shown that a distribution closest to an ideal vortex was obtained using a holographic axicon. The resulting distributions were compared with experimental and theoretical distributions of the evanescent field of a plasmon near the gold–zinc sulfide–air surface at different thicknesses of the dielectric layer, and recommendations for experiments were given.
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Swisher, Matthew W., Anne M. Wallace, Jacklynn F. Sztain, Engy T. Said, Bahareh Khatibi, Maryann Abanobi, John J. Finneran IV, et al. "Erector spinae plane versus paravertebral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia after breast surgery: a randomized clinical trial." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 45, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2019-101013.
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BackgroundParavertebral nerve blocks (PVBs) are frequently used to treat pain during and following breast surgery, but have various undesirable risks such as pneumothorax. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) also provides perioperative breast analgesia, but is purported to be easier to administer with a favorable safety profile. However, it remains unknown if the new ESPB provides comparable analgesia as the decades-old PVB technique.MethodsSubjects undergoing unilateral or bilateral non-mastectomy breast surgery were randomized to a single-injection ESPB or PVB in a subject-blinded fashion (ropivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine; 20 mL unilateral or 16 mL/side for bilateral). We hypothesized that (1) analgesia would be non-inferior in the recovery room as measured on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) with ESPB, and (2) opioid consumption would be non-inferior in the operating and recovery rooms with ESPB.ResultsBoth pain scores and opioid consumption were higher in subjects with ESPBs (n=50) than PVBs (n=50; median NRS 3.0 vs 0; 95% CI −3.0 to 0; p=0.0011; and median morphine equivalents 2.0 vs 1.5 mg; 95% CI −1.2 to −0.1; p=0.0043). No block-related adverse events occurred in either group.ConclusionsPVBs provided superior analgesia and reduced opioid requirements following non-mastectomy breast surgery. To compare the relatively rare complications between the techniques will require a sample size 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than the current investigation; however, without a dramatic improvement in safety profile for ESPBs, it appears that PVBs are superior to ESPBs for postoperative analgesia after non-mastectomy breast surgery.Trial registration numberNCT03549234.
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Fang, Zhonghua, and Mao Zhang. "E-Health Ultrasonic Diagnostic Monitoring for Analysis of Cardiac Insufficiency and Neuronal Regulation in Patients with Sepsis in Emergency Department under Image Reconstruction Algorithm." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (January 6, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9415694.
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An anisotropic diffusion filtering- (ADF-) ultrasound (ADF-U) for ultrasound reconstruction was constructed based on the ADF to explore the diagnostic application of ultrasound imaging based on electronic health (E-health) for cardiac insufficiency and neuronal regulation in patients with sepsis. The 144 patients with sepsis were divided into an experimental group (78 patients with cardiac insufficiency) and a control group (66 patients with normal cardiac function), and another 58 healthy people were included in a blank control. The ultrasound examination was performed on all patients. In addition, new ultrasound image reconstruction and diagnosis were performed based on ADF and E-health, and its reconstruction effects were compared with those of the Bilateral Filter-ultrasonic (BFU) algorithm and the Wavelet Threshold-ultrasonic (WTU) algorithm. The left and right ventricular parameters and neuropeptide levels were detected and recorded. The results show that the running time, average gradient (AG), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (PSNR) of the ADF-U algorithm were greater than those of the Bilateral Filter-ultrasonic (BFU) and Wavelet Threshold-ultrasonic (WTU), but the mean square error (MSE) was opposite ( P < 0.05 ); the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and the vertical distance between the mitral valve E-point to septal separation (EPSS) in the experimental group were higher than those in the control and blank group, while the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were opposite ( P < 0.05 ); the systolic peak velocity of right ventricular free wall tricuspid annulus (Sm) and pulmonary valve blood velocity (PVBV) in the experimental group were lower than those of the control group and blank group ( P < 0.05 ); the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and Cocain and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was higher than the mRNA IN control group and blank group ( P < 0.05 ). In short, the ADF-U algorithm proposed in this study improved the resolution, SNR, and reconstruction efficiency of E-health ultrasound images and provided an effective reference value for the diagnosis of cardiac insufficiency and neuronal adjustment analysis in patients with sepsis in the emergency department.
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Ranganath, Yatish S., Vendhan Ramanujam, Yoshiko Onodera, John Keech, Evgeny Arshava, Kalpaj R. Parekh, and Rakesh V. Sondekoppam. "Impact of paravertebral blocks on analgesic and non-analgesic outcomes after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: A propensity matched cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e0252059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252059.
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Background Regional analgesic techniques such as paravertebral blocks (PVBs) have been popularized for analgesia following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). In this single center retrospective propensity matched cohort of subjects, we investigate the impact of paravertebral blocks on the analgesic and non-analgesic outcomes. Methods Institutional database was queried to identify all patients undergoing VATS between January 2013 and July 2019 and these patients were divided into those who received paravertebral blocks in combination with general anesthesia (GA) [PVB group] and those who received GA without paravertebral blocks [GA group]. Propensity score matching based on common patient confounders were used to identify patients in each group. Primary outcomes of the study were average pain scores and opioid consumption in the first 24 hours. Secondary analgesic outcomes included pain scores and opioid requirements at other timepoints over the first 48 hours. Non analgesic outcomes were obtained from STS General Thoracic Surgery Database and included length of hospital stay, need for ICU admission, composite outcome of any complication during the hospital course and 30-day mortality. Exploratory analyses were conducted to investigate the impact of PVB on analgesia following different types of surgery and as to whether any other covariates had a greater influence on the included patient centered outcomes. Main results After propensity score matching, a total of 520 patients (260 per group) were selected for the study out of 1095 patients. The opioid consumption in terms of oral morphine milligram equivalent (MME) [Median (IQR)] for the first 24 hours was significantly lower with the use of PVB [PVB group– 78.5 (96.75); GA group—127.0 (111.5); p<0.001] while the average pain scores in the first 24 hours did not differ significantly [PVB group—4.71 (2.28); GA group—4.85 (2.30); p = 0.70]. The length of hospital stay, opioid requirements at other timepoints, need for ICU admission in the immediate post-operative period and the composite outcome–‘any complication’ (35% vs 48%) were significantly lower with the use of PVB. Subgroup analysis showed a longer duration of benefit following major lung surgeries compared to others. Conclusion Paravertebral blocks reduced the length of stay and opioid consumption up to 48 hours after VATS without significantly impacting pain scores.
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Chaluvadi, Sashank, Rakesh Raut, and Bhaskar B. Gardas. "Measuring the performance efficiency of banks in a developing economy." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 575–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-10-2016-0157.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure and evaluate the performance efficiency of 44 Indian commercial banks, out of which 26 banks belong to the public sector, and 18 banks are from the private sector for the period of 2008-2013. Design/methodology/approach The two-stage network data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach (i.e. variable return to scale and constant return to scale) is used for the measurement of performance in the Indian banking sector. To verify the robustness of the proposed study, sensitivity analysis is also performed. Findings A comparative study between public sector banks (PSBs) and private sector banks (PVBs) showed that latter being more productive compared to the former. The investigation highlighted that two banks are most efficient among the PSBs, and eight banks from PVBs are found to be most effective. On the other side, the performance of State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur and Lakshmi Vilas Bank is discovered to be less significant from PSB and PVB category, respectively. Research limitations/implications This study will guide the Indian banks to improve upon the factors in which they are lagging, for the improvement of their overall performance. The quality category parameters, i.e. quality of service, quality of equipment, are not considered due to unavailability of information in the output measures, and the methodology used for the study does not identify the causes or remedies for the inefficiency of the banks. Originality/value The developed DEA model would help the decision maker to take decisions on the issues related to the performance of the banks. This paper discusses very practical issues in an analytic manner.
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Yang, Bing Bing, Yan Shi, and Zhi Feng Fu. "Effect of Selective Solvents on Self-Assembly of Cationic Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymers Q-PVBC-b-PS-B-Q-PVBC." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.245.
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Self-assembly behavior of an cationic amphiphilic triblock copolymer Q-PVBC -b-PS-b-Q-PVBC in DMF/water and DMF/methanol were studied. Well defined triblock copolymer PVBC-b-PS-b-PVBC was synthesized by RAFT polymerization and the cationic amphiphilic block copolymers Q-PVBC-b-PS-b-Q-PVBC was obtained by the quaternization of hydrophobic precursors with triethylamine. It is concluded that that selective solvents had a great effect on the self-assemble morphologies of the polymer. Comparing to the micelles treating water as the selective solvent, the aggregates using methanol were irregular spheres and had larger diameter.
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Samide, Adriana, Claudia Merisanu, Bogdan Tutunaru, and Gabriela Eugenia Iacobescu. "Poly (Vinyl Butyral-Co-Vinyl Alcohol-Co-Vinyl Acetate) Coating Performance on Copper Corrosion in Saline Environment." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030439.
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Poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) named further PVBA was investigated as a protective coating for copper corrosion in 0.9% NaCl solution using electrochemical measurements such as, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization associated with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The PVBA coating on the copper surface (Cu-PVBA) was modeled in methanol containing PVBA. Its inhibitory properties against corrosion was comparatively discussed with those of the copper sample treated in methanol without polymer (Cu-Me) and of untreated sample (standard copper). A protective performance of PVBA coating of 80% was computed from electrochemical measurements, for copper corrosion in NaCl solution. Moreover, AFM images designed a specific surface morphology of coated surface with PVBA, clearly highlighting a polymer film adsorbed on the copper surface, which presents certain deterioration after corrosion, but the metal surface was not significantly affected compared to those of untreated samples or treated in methanol, in the absence of PVBA.
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Rauch, Jacob, Irineu Loturco, Nicholas Cheesman, Justin Thiel, Michael Alvarez, Nicholas Miller, Nathan Carpenter, et al. "Similar Strength and Power Adaptations between Two Different Velocity-Based Training Regimens in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players." Sports 6, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040163.
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This study investigated the effects of two different velocity-based training (VBT) regimens on muscular adaptations. Fifteen female college volleyball players were randomly assigned into either progressive velocity-based training (PVBT) or optimum training load (OTL). Both groups trained three times a week for seven weeks. PVBT performed a 4-week strength block (e.g., 0.55–0.70 m·s−1) followed by a 3-week power block (e.g., 0.85–1.0 m·s−1), whereas OTL performed training at ~0.85–0.9 m·s−1. 1RM and peak power output (PP) assessments on the back squat (BS), bench press (BP) and deadlift (DL) exercises were assessed pre and post training. There was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS and BP 1RM, (PVBT: 19.6%, ES: 1.72; OTL: 18.3%, ES: 1.57) and (PVBT: 8.5%, ES: 0.58; OTL: 10.2%, ES: 0.72), respectively. OTL increased DL 1RM to a greater extent than PVBT (p ≤ 0.05), (OTL: 22.9%, ES: 1.49; PVBT: 10.9%, ES: 0.88). Lastly, there was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS, BP and DL PP, (PVBT: 18.3%, ES: 0.86; OTL: 19.8%, ES: 0.79); (PVBT: 14.5%, ES: 0.81; OTL: 27.9%, ES: 1.68); (PVBT: 15.7%, ES: 1.32; OTL: 20.1%, ES: 1.77) respectively. Our data suggest that both VBT regimens are effective for improving muscular performance in college volleyball players during the offseason period.
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Jonkman, Annemijn H., Diana Jansen, Suvarna Gadgil, Christiaan Keijzer, Armand R. J. Girbes, Gert-Jan Scheffer, Johannes G. van der Hoeven, et al. "Monitoring patient-ventilator breath contribution in the critically ill during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist: reliability and improved algorithms for bedside use." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00071.2019.
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The patient-ventilator breath contribution (PVBC) index estimates the relative contribution of the patient to total tidal volume (Vtinsp) during mechanical ventilation in neurally adjusted ventilator assist mode and has been used to titrate ventilator support. The reliability of this index in ventilated patients is unknown and was investigated in this study. PVBC was calculated by comparing tidal volume (Vtinsp) and diaphragm electrical activity (EAdi) during assisted breaths (Vtinsp/EAdi)assist and during unassisted breaths (Vtinsp/EAdi)no-assist. Vtinsp was normalized to peak EAdi (EAdipeak) using 1) one assisted breath, 2) five consecutive assisted breaths, or 3) five assisted breaths with matching EAdi preceding the unassisted breath (N1PVBC2, X5PVBC2, and [Formula: see text], respectively). In addition, PVBC was calculated by comparing only Vtinsp for breaths with matching EAdi (PVBCβ2). Test-retest reliability of the different PVBC calculation methods was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using five repeated PVBC maneuvers performed with a 1-min interval. In total, 125 PVBC maneuvers were analyzed in 25 patients. ICC [95% confidence interval] values were 0.46 [0.23–0.66], 0.51 [0.33–0.70], and 0.42 [0.14–0.69] for N1PVBC2, X5PVBC2, [Formula: see text], respectively. Complex waveform analyses showed that insufficient EAdi filtering by the ventilator software affects reliability of PVBC calculation. With our new EAdi-matching techniques reliability improved (PVBCβ2 ICC: 0.78 [0.60–0.90]). We conclude that current techniques to calculate PVBC exhibit low reliability and that our newly developed criteria and estimation of PVBC—using Vtinsp of assisted breaths and unassisted breaths with matching EAdi—improves reliability. This may help implementation of PVBC in clinical practice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The patient-ventilator breath contribution (PVBC) index estimates the relative contribution of the patient to tidal volume generated by the patient and the mechanical ventilator during mechanical ventilation in neurally adjusted ventilator assist mode. It could be used to titrate ventilator support and thus to limit development of diaphragm dysfunction in intensive care unit patients. Currently available methods for bedside assessment of PVBC are unreliable. Our newly developed criteria and estimation of PVBC largely improve reliability and help to quantify patient contribution to total inspiratory effort.
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Modica, Gloria, Fabrizio Sollazzo, Massimiliano Bianco, Michela Cammarano, Riccardo Pella, Riccardo Monti, Vincenzo Palmieri, and Paolo Zeppilli. "Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Premature Ventricular Beats in Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 12188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912188.
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Background: The aim of this study was to identify a possible link between bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and premature ventricular beats (PVBs), particularly from left and right ventricular outflow tracts, and to investigate possible associations between these arrhythmias and echocardiographic abnormalities. Methods: A comparison of sportspeople with and without BAV was performed to identify PVBs’ occurrence in these two series. Then, subdividing the BAV group on the presence of cardiovascular complications due to BAV, we compared arrhythmic features between these two subgroups and echocardiographic findings between athletes with and without left and right outflow tract PVBs. Results: PVBs in 343 athletes with BAV were compared with 309 athletes without BAV, showing an increased frequency (29% vs. 11.8%, p < 0.001; OR 3.1; CI 2.1–4.7) and origin from the left (18.4% vs. 3.2%, p < 0.001, OR 6.7; CI 3.4–13.4) and right (15.2% vs. 3.6%, p < 0.001, OR 4.8; CI 2.5–9.5) outflow tracts compared to other ventricular areas (fascicular PVBs p = 0.81, other morphologies p = 0.58). No difference in PVBs’ occurrence was found between near normal valve BAV and pathological BAV, nor was a difference in echocardiographic characteristics found between patients with and without outflow tract arrhythmias. Conclusions: A possible causal link between BAV and PVBs was highlighted, but no association between PVBs and complicated BAV was emphasized.
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Liu, Shuang, Tingting Xu, Chong Wang, Tianchang Jia, and Qingli Zhang. "A Novel Picornavirus Discovered in White Leg Shrimp Penaeus vannamei." Viruses 13, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122381.
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Global shrimp farming is increasingly threatened by various emerging viruses. In the present study, a novel picornavirus, Penaeus vannamei picornavirus (PvPV), was discovered in moribund White leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) collected from farm ponds in China in 2015. Similar to most picornaviruses, PvPV is non-enveloped RNA virus, with a particle diameter of approximately 30 nm. The sequence of the positive single-stranded RNA genome with a length of 10,550 nts was characterized by using genome sequencing and reverse transcription PCR. The existence of PvPV related proteins was further proved by confirmation of viral amino acid sequences, using mass spectrometry analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length genomic sequence revealed that PvPV was more closely related to the Wenzhou shrimp virus 8 than to any other dicistroviruses in the order Picornavirales. Genomic sequence conservative domain prediction analysis showed that the PvPV genome encoded a large tegument protein UL36, which was unique among the known dicistroviruses and different from other dicistroviruses. According to these molecular features, we proposed that PvPV is a new species in the family Dicistroviridae. This study reported the first whole-genome sequence of a novel and distinct picornavirus in crustaceans, PvPV, and suggests that further studies of PvPV would be helpful in understanding its evolution and potential pathogenicity, as well as in developing diagnostic techniques.
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Harandi, Danial, Javier González-Benito, and Dania Olmos. "Consolidation of Fir Wood by Poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) Treatment: Study of Surface and Mechanical Characteristics." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051039.
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The ability of poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (PVBVA) to consolidate Fir wood was studied in terms of the surface and mechanical properties’ changes. Two variables were considered to treat the wood: (i) the concentration (5 and 10 wt.%) of PVBVA solutions and (ii) the method of application (brushing and immersion). The presence of PVBVA on the wood surfaces was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Surface roughness measured by optical profilometry did not reveal changes in the topography of the samples, and appropriate visual appearance was confirmed. Contact angle measurements showed that a droplet of the 10%-PVBVA solution needed ~50 s to reach the same contact angle decreasing rate as that measured for the 5%-PVBVA solution, suggesting there was some kind of induction time till the spreading process was no longer controlled by the viscosity, but by the solution-wood interactions. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements proved a more hydrophobic surface of the PVBVA-treated samples, compared to untreated wood. Mechanical characterization of the samples was done macroscopically by a three-point bending test and locally by the Shore D and Martens hardness (MH). Only results from MH experiments provided comparative results, indicating that treatment with PVBVA solutions increased wood hardness locally, being enhanced with solution concentration. The best surface mechanical properties were obtained for the samples immersed in the 10%-PVBVA solution.
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Okada, Ryo, Chee Keat Yong, Rodrigo A. Valverde, Sead Sabanadzovic, Nanako Aoki, Shunsuke Hotate, Eri Kiyota, Hiromitsu Moriyama, and Toshiyuki Fukuhara. "Molecular characterization of two evolutionarily distinct endornaviruses co-infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.044487-0.
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Two high-molecular-mass dsRNAs of approximately 14 and 15 kbp were isolated from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivar Black Turtle Soup. These dsRNAs did not appear to cause obvious disease symptoms, and were transmitted through seeds at nearly 100 % efficiency. Sequence information indicates that they are the genomes of distinct endornavirus species, for which the names Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 1 (PvEV-1) and Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 2 (PvEV-2) are proposed. The PvEV-1 genome consists of 13 908 bp and potentially encodes a single polyprotein of 4496 aa, while that of PvEV-2 consists of 14 820 bp and potentially encodes a single ORF of 4851 aa. PvEV-1 is more similar to Oryza sativa endornavirus, while PvEV-2 is more similar to bell pepper endornavirus. Both viruses have a site-specific nick near the 5′ region of the coding strand, which is a common property of the endornaviruses. Their polyproteins contain domains of RNA helicase, UDP-glycosyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which are conserved in other endornaviruses. However, a viral methyltransferase domain was found in the N-terminal region of PvEV-2, but was absent in PvEV-1. Results of cell-fractionation studies suggested that their subcellular localizations were different. Most endornavirus-infected bean cultivars tested were co-infected with both viruses.
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Hu, Weiyao, Li Qin, Haixia Yan, Weiguo Miao, Hongguang Cui, and Wenbo Liu. "Use of an Infectious cDNA Clone of Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus to Confirm the Etiology of a Disease in Capsicum chinense." Phytopathology® 110, no. 1 (January 2020): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-19-0307-fi.
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The pepper cultivar Yellow Lantern, one of the spiciest pepper varieties, is a local germplasm of Capsicum chinense, cultivated exclusively on Hainan Island, China. However, this variety is susceptible to viral diseases that severely affect its production. In this study, we report that pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) is associated with foliar chlorosis and rugosity symptoms in Yellow Lantern. To verify this correlation, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of a PVMV isolate named HNu. The virus progeny derived from the cDNA clone replicated and moved systemically in the pepper, inducing the same symptoms as those induced by PVMV-HNu in Yellow Lantern peppers in the field. The results support that PVMV-HNu is the causal agent of foliar chlorosis and rugosity disease in Yellow Lantern. This knowledge will help in the diagnosis and prevention of disease caused by PVMV. Furthermore, the cDNA clone serves as a reverse genetic tool to study the molecular pathogenesis of PVMV.
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Striegel, André M. "Mid-chain grafting in PVB-graft-PVB." Polymer International 53, no. 11 (September 28, 2004): 1806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1584.
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Adiguzel, Aysegul, Fatih Cakar, Bahire Senkal, Ozlem Cankurtaran, Yesim Gursel, and Ferdane Karaman. "Determination of glass transition temperature and surface properties of novel chalcone modified poly (styrene) based polymer." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 1 (2019): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180912343a.
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The novel chalcone modified poly (styrene) based polymer (PVBC-DMAC) has been prepared and characterized. By using the inverse gas chromatography method, we determined glass transition temperature and surface properties of PVBC-DMAC. The obtained glass transition temperature, Tg, is a good agree with the one obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. Also considering some isomeric alcohol and acetate solvents in the temperature range from 303.2 K to 353.2 K, we investigated the polymer selectivity. The parameters KA(acidic) and KD(basic) of the PVBC-DMAC surface were calculated. The obtained KA, KD values reflected that PVBC-DMAC surface has a basic character.
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Brunetti, Giulia, Alberto Cipriani, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Manuel De Lazzari, Barbara Bauce, Chiara Calore, Ilaria Rigato, et al. "Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Athletes with Premature Ventricular Beats." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020426.
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Premature ventricular beats (PVBs) in athletes are not rare. The risk of PVBs depends on the presence of an underlying pathological myocardial substrate predisposing the subject to sudden cardiac death. The standard diagnostic work-up of athletes with PVBs includes an examination of family and personal history, resting electrocardiogram (ECG), 24 h ambulatory ECG (possibly with a 12-lead configuration and including a training session), maximal exercise testing and echocardiography. Despite its fundamental role in the diagnostic assessment of athletes with PVBs, echocardiography has very limited sensitivity in detecting the presence of non-ischemic left ventricular scars, which can be revealed only through more in-depth studies, particularly with the use of contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. The morphology, complexity and exercise inducibility of PVBs can help estimate the probability of an underlying heart disease. Based on these features, CMR imaging may be indicated even when echocardiography is normal. This review focuses on interpreting PVBs, and on the indication and role of CMR imaging in the diagnostic evaluation of athletes, with a special focus on non-ischemic left ventricular scars that are an emerging substrate of cardiac arrest during sport.
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Yang, Yongfang, Zhanghao Niu, Hua Li, Yehui Ma, Yue Zhang, and Hefang Wang. "PVBA-UiO-66 using a flexible PVBA with multi-coordination groups as mixed ligands and their super adsorption towards methylene blue." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 18 (2018): 6538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt00184g.
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Geethanjali, R., and S. Subhashini. "Functionalization of PVA to synthesize p-vinyl benzene sulfonate terpolymers – a comparative study of anticorrosion, adsorption and activation properties of the terpolymers on mild steel in 1 M HCl." RSC Advances 6, no. 103 (2016): 100748–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19336f.
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Kasahara, Yuta, Tomoko Hashimoto, Ryo Yokomizo, Yuya Takeshige, Koki Yoshinaga, Mayumi Toya, Hideki Igarashi, Hiroshi Kishi, and Koichi Kyono. "Evaluation of Pregnancy Outcomes of Vitrified-Warmed Blastocyst Transfer before and after Endometrial Receptivity Analysis in Identical Patients with Recurrent Implantation Failure." Fertility & Reproduction 03, no. 02 (June 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318221500043.
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Background: The clinical value of personalized embryo transfer (pET) guided by the endometrial receptivity analysis (ERA) tests for recurrent implantation failure (RIF) cases is still unclear. The aim of this study is to clarify the efficacy of ERA leading to personalization of the day of embryo transfer (ET) in RIF patients. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for 94 patients with RIF who underwent ERA between July 2015 and December 2019. Pregnancy outcomes in a previous vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer (previous VBT) and a personalized vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer (pVBT) in identical patients were compared. The details of each pVBT were further analyzed between patients in a non-displaced group, which indicated “receptive” cases in ERA results and those who were in the displaced group, which indicated “non-receptive” cases. Results: When the pregnancy rate, both per patient and per transfer cycle, of previous VBT and pVBT were compared, a significant increase in pVBT was observed between the two methods (5.3% vs. 62.8%, 4.4% vs. 47.9%, respectively). The pregnancy rates, implantation rates, and clinical pregnancy rates of the first pVBT were significantly higher in the displaced group than the non-displaced group. The cumulative ongoing pregnancy rate of the displaced group tended to be higher compared to that of the non-displaced group in the first pVBT, although the difference was not statistically significant (51.0% vs. 31.1%, [Formula: see text] = 0.06). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that pVBT guided by ERA tests may improve pregnancy outcomes in RIF patients whose window of implantation (WOI) is displaced, and its effect may be more pronounced at the first pVBT. The displacement of WOI may be considered to be one of the causes of RIF, and its adjustment may contribute to the improvement of pregnancy outcomes in RIF patients.
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Lim, Andy Shing Seng, Kae Yi Tan, Naeem H. Quraishi, Saud Farooque, Zahoor Ahmed Khoso, Kavi Ratanabanangkoon, and Choo Hock Tan. "Proteomic Analysis, Immuno-Specificity and Neutralization Efficacy of Pakistani Viper Antivenom (PVAV), a Bivalent Anti-Viperid Antivenom Produced in Pakistan." Toxins 15, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040265.
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Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease prevalent in South Asia. In Pakistan, antivenoms are commonly imported from India despite the controversy over their effectiveness. To solve the problem, the locals have developed the Pakistani Viper Antivenom (PVAV), raised against Sochurek’s Saw-scaled Viper (Echis carinatus sochureki) and Russell’s Viper (Daboia russelii) of Pakistani origin. This study is set to evaluate the composition purity, immuno-specificity and neutralization efficacy of PVAV. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiling coupled with proteomic mass spectrometry analysis showed PVAV containing high-purity immunoglobulin G with minimum impurities, notably the absence of serum albumin. PVAV is highly immuno-specific toward the venoms of the two vipers and Echis carinatus multisquamatus, which are indigenous to Pakistan. Its immunoreactivity, however, reduces toward the venoms of other Echis carinatus subspecies and D. russelii from South India as well as Sri Lanka. Meanwhile, its non-specific binding activities for the venoms of Hump-nosed Pit Vipers, Indian Cobras and kraits were extremely low. In the neutralization study, PVAV effectively mitigated the hemotoxic and lethal effects of the Pakistani viper venoms, tested in vitro and in vivo. Together, the findings suggest the potential utility of PVAV as a new domestic antivenom for the treatment of viperid envenoming in Pakistan.
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Howell, D. D., J. L. James, W. F. Hartsell, M. Suntharalingam, M. Machtay, J. H. Suh, W. F. Demas, H. M. Sandler, L. A. Kachnic, and L. B. Berk. "Randomized trial of short-course versus long-course radiotherapy for palliation of painful vertebral bone metastases: A retrospective analysis of RTOG 97–14." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 9521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.9521.
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9521 Background: RTOG 97–14 [Hartsell et al, breast/prostate cancer patients (pts) with painful bone metastases randomized to 8 Gy/1 fraction or 30 Gy/10 fractions], revealed no difference in pain relief or narcotic use 3 months post randomization. The 8 Gy regimen resulted in fewer acute toxicities, but higher rates of retreatment for recurrent pain. Single 8 Gy fractions for painful vertebral bone mets have not been well accepted, possibly due to provider concerns about efficacy and toxicity. The present study evaluates treatment differences in the subset of pts treated specifically for painful vertebral bone mets (PVBM). Methods: PVBM were treated to the cervical, thoracic, and/or lumbar spine. Chi-square test was used to evaluate population differences between PVBM and non-PVBM. Amongst PVBM, differences in retreatment rates (cumulative incidence method, Gray's test) and in pain relief/BPI worst pain score, narcotic use, and toxicity 3 months post randomization (chi-square test) were evaluated. Results: Of 909 eligible pts, 235 (26%) were PVBM. PVBM and non-PVBM pts differed in % of males [55% vs. 47%,p=0.03] and pts with multiple painful sites [57% vs. 38%,p<0.01]. Amongst PVBM, more 30 Gy pts had multiple sites treated [65% vs. 49%, p=0.02]. T [10% vs. 20%, p=0.01] here was no statistically significant difference (8 vs. 30 Gy) in pain relief [70% vs. 62%, p=0.59] or narcotic use [27% vs. 24%, p=0.76] at 3 months. There were significant differences in acute grade 2–4 toxicityand acute grade 2–4 GI toxicity [6% vs. 14%, p=0.01] at 3 months, lower toxicity seen in 8 Gy. Late toxicity was rare, with 1 grade 3 CNS event (8 Gy) and 1 grade 4 lung event (30 Gy). 8 Gy showed significantly higher 3-year retreatment rates [15% vs. 5%, p=0.01]. Conclusions: Although a clinically different pt population, the results for PVBM are comparable to those of the entire study population. Both 8 Gy/1 fraction and 30 Gy/10 fractions resulted in comparable pain relief and narcotic use at 3 months. Both were well tolerated with few adverse effects. 8 Gy had less acute toxicity, and a higher need for retreatment than 30 Gy. This may have implications for future research comparing single fraction conventional radiation therapy with stereotactic spine radiosurgery. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Strugar, John G., Gregory R. Criscuolo, David Rothbart, and William N. Harrington. "Vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor expression in human glioma specimens: correlation with vasogenic brain edema and tumor-associated cysts." Journal of Neurosurgery 83, no. 4 (October 1995): 682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.4.0682.
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✓ Peritumoral vasogenic brain edema (PVBE) is a common accompaniment of malignant gliomas. It results from microvascular extravasation of plasma fluid and proteins through the interendothelial spaces. Tumor-associated cysts (TACs) are observed more commonly with benign gliomas that are not associated with PVBE. This study investigates the hypothesis that these morphologically distinct epiphenomena of microvascular extravasation are linked by a common pathophysiological mechanism involving vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor (VEG/PF), which has been implicated in vascular leak phenomena including ascites, malignant effusions, and brain edema. Furthermore, VEG/PF has been isolated from cultured glioma cells, and both VEG/PF protein and messenger RNA transcripts are expressed in brain tumor tissue. To further elucidate the relationship of VEG/PF to PVBE and TACs, the authors examined 34 pathological specimens for VEG/PF expression. Nineteen primary low-grade tumors, 11 primary high-grade tumors, and four gliosis controls were immunostained with a polyclonal anti-VEG/PF immunoglobulin G antibody. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantitate PVBE and to determine the presence of TACs and tumor enhancement. The study revealed that eight VEG/PF-negative specimens exhibited no significant edema, whereas 26 VEG/PF-positive tumors exhibited either significant PVBE or TACs. Notably, eight of nine benign TACs that were not associated with PVBE immunostained positive for VEG/PF. These data indicate a high degree of correlation between VEG/PF expression by gliomas and the occurrence of PVBE or TACs, irrespective of tumor grade, thus supporting VEG/PF's pivotal role as the common pathophysiological link between these processes.
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CHENG, SU-CHUN, CHIH-KUN HSIAO, JUI-YI TSOU, RUEY-MO LIN, and FONG-CHIN SU. "PREDICTING THE VERTEBRAL BODY POSITION BASED ON PALPATED SPINOUS PROCESS POSITION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 14, no. 01 (February 2014): 1450010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519414500109.
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Palpation is an essential skill of manual therapy. Clinical techniques of physical therapy usually assume that the movement direction of palpating spinous process (SP) is the direction of the vertebral body center (VBC). This study investigated the distance [SP–projected VBC (PVBC)] between the surface palpation of the five SPs and the radiographically projected vertebral center locations (PVBC) on the skin of the lumbar spine in 37 patients with low back pain (LBP). The measurement of SP–PVBC was intended to describe if palpation on SPs could explain the positions of the VBC. The SP–PVBC distance was the greatest at L1 (35.9 mm) and the smallest at L4 (15.1 mm). The predictive analysis investigated the relationships between SP–PVBC and the geometric measurements of the lumbar anatomical structures. The geometric characteristics of the lumbar spine affected the SP–PVBC distance in different levels, with the R2 values from 0.66–0.89, except 0.38 in the L4 level. Increases in the SP inclination as well as vertebral inclinations, and increases in the SP height (SPH) were factors that were found to be significantly related to the SP–PVBC distance (p < 0.05). The results indicate that the orientation of the VBC and the SP may not be the same, and tilting and rotation of the vertebrae may occur when applying manual techniques through SPs. Physical therapists need to be aware that the tilting or rolling effect of vertebrae may not be avoidable once the treatment is done via palpation on SPs.
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Ye, Jian, Lan Ping Sun, and Sheng Ping Gao. "Preparation of Poly(Vinylbenzyl Chloride)@Lead Sulfide (PVBC@PbS) Core-Shell Nanospheres and Adsorption of Phenol." Advanced Materials Research 704 (June 2013): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.704.270.
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We have demonstrated the fabrication of novel poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)@lead sulfide (PVBC@PbS) core-shell nanospheres via the atom transfer reversible polymerization (ATRP) of lead dimethacrylate (Pb(MA)2) initiated from methyl chloride groups on surfaces of PVBC nanoparticles and subsequent reaction with ethanethioamide. The chemical structure of the PVBC@PbS nanospheres was confirmed by the fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the morphology of the nanospheres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average size of the nanospheres was determined to be about 100 nm. The PVBC@PbS nanospheres were able to absorb phenol in the solution, and the balanced adsorption capability of phenol to nanospheres could reach to 7.2 μg/mg.
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Corrado, Domenico, Jonathan A. Drezner, Flavio D'Ascenzi, and Alessandro Zorzi. "How to evaluate premature ventricular beats in the athlete: critical review and proposal of a diagnostic algorithm." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 19 (September 3, 2019): 1142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100529.
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Although premature ventricular beats (PVBs) in young people and athletes are usually benign, they may rarely mark underlying heart disease and risk of sudden cardiac death during sport. This review addresses the prevalence, clinical meaning and diagnostic/prognostic assessment of PVBs in the athlete. The article focuses on the characteristics of PVBs, such as the morphological pattern of the ectopic QRS and the response to exercise, which accurately stratify risk. We propose an algorithm to help the sport and exercise physician manage the athlete with PVBs. We also address (1) which athletes need more indepth investigation, including cardiac MRI to exclude an underlying pathological myocardial substrate, and (2) which athletes can remain eligible to competitive sports and who needs to be excluded.
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Moury, Benoît, Alain Palloix, Carole Caranta, Patrick Gognalons, Sylvie Souche, Kahsay Gebre Selassie, and Georges Marchoux. "Serological, Molecular, and Pathotype Diversity of Pepper veinal mottle virus and Chili veinal mottle virus." Phytopathology® 95, no. 3 (March 2005): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0227.
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Variability within the pepper-infecting potyviruses Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) and Chili veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) in Africa and Asia was investigated. Coat protein (CP) gene sequence diversity revealed three clades that corresponded to three geographic locations and there was no evidence of presence of the ChiVMV/Asian group in western or central Africa. These clades included closely related isolates that potentially belong to two viral species, which is consistent with current nomenclature. These clades could not be unambiguously identified with polyclonal antisera; however, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions allowed differentiation of the isolates into two species based on a large indel in the CP gene. PVMV and ChiVMV isolates were classified into three and two pathotypes, respectively, in relation to pepper genotypes carrying different resistance factors. Specificity of resistance only partially corresponded to molecular diversity of the isolates. Only one isolate of PVMV could infect pepper genotypes carrying the two recessive genes pvr6 and pvr2 2; however, these genotypes were not infected by PVMV in field trials in Senegal, despite a high prevalence of PVMV in the surrounding pepper plants.
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Donadei, Casatori, Bini, Galanti, and Stefani. "Diagnostic Pathway and Clinical Significance of Premature Ventricular Beats (PVBs) in Trained Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV) Athletes." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4040069.
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Purpose: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) represents a common congenital cardiac disease (1–2%) normally compatible with sports activity. In the case of competitive sports, eligibility can be barred by the presence of symptoms, aortic valve dysfunction, or arrhythmias. This investigation of a large cohort of BAV athletes aims to verify the prevalence of premature ventricular beats (PVBs) found in the exercise test (ET) at the first sports medicine clinical evaluation. Methods: A sample of 356 BAV athletes, regularly examined over a period of 10 years at the Sports Medicine Center of the University of Florence, was retrospectively evaluated for arrhythmic events found in the first sports medicine check-up carried out. The athletes (321 M and 79 F), aged between 8–50 years (mean age 21.8 ± 11.6), practised sports at high dynamic cardiovascular intensity (mainly soccer, basketball, and athletics). Criteria for participation included a 2D echocardiography and ET conducted at 85% of maximal effort. Ventricular arrhythmic events were reported if found to be ≥3 at rest and/or during the exercise test and for subjects with any other cardiac or systemic structural diseases. Individuals aged >50 were excluded from the study. The selected participants were matched with a control group of 400 athletes with similar levels of training (age 20.0 ± 9.9) without BAV. Results: Only 25 (7.02%) of BAV athletes showed PVBs at the ET. A total of 403 single PVBs and four monomorphic couples were observed; a polymorphic pattern was present in only three athletes, and only five had exercise-induced PVBs at peak. None had acute events or major arrhythmias. The difference in PVBs prevalence in BAV athletes vs. controls (PVBs 6.25%) was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of PVBs is low in BAV athletes and appears not to differ from athletes without BAV. Despite this, the behaviour of PVBs at the ET should be considered for the major suspicion for arrhythmic events. More data in this field could optimize the cost/effectiveness ratio for eventual ECG Holter indications.
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Zakaria, Mohammad, Kanta Shibahara, and Koji Nakane. "Melt-Electrospun Polyethylene Nanofiber Obtained from Polyethylene/Polyvinyl Butyral Blend Film." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020457.
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We prepared low-density polyethylene (LDPE) nanofiber, a few hundred nanometers in diameter, using polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and a laser melt-electrospinning (M-ESP) device. We blended PVB with LDPE via an internal melt mixer, removed the PVB after M-ESP by ethanol treatment, and studied the influence of PVB on fiber diameter. A substantial diameter reduction with improved crystallinity of LDPE fiber was observed with increased PVB content in the blend. PVB inclusion also increased the polarity of the LDPE/PVB blend, resulting in better spinnability. The removal of PVB from LDPE/PVB blend fiber caused a massive drop in the LDPE fiber diameter, due to fiber splitting, particularly in PVB-rich samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of fibers confirmed that the prepared nanofiber was the same as pure LDPE fiber.
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Tsai, W. S., I. K. Abdourhamane, and L. Kenyon. "First Report of Pepper veinal mottle virus Associated with Mosaic and Mottle Diseases of Tomato and Pepper in Mali." Plant Disease 94, no. 3 (March 2010): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-3-0378b.
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The aphid-transmitted Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) has been reported as causing an epidemic in solanaceous crops, including eggplant, pepper, and tomato in Africa (4). In West Africa, PVMV has been detected in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria (2). In April 2009, leaf yellowing, mosaic, mottle, and curling symptoms indicative of viral infection were common on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in home gardens and fields in Mali. Symptomatic leaf samples were collected from two sweet pepper and two tomato plants from Baguineda, four tomato plants and one chili pepper plant in Kati, and three chili pepper plants from Samanko. All samples except two chili pepper from Samanko and two sweet pepper and two tomato from Baguineda tested positive for begomovirus by PCR with primers PAL1v1978/PAR1c715 (3). PVMV was detected by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA using PVMV antibody (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) in both Baguineda sweet pepper, one Baguineda tomato, and one Samanko chili pepper sample. Three PVMV ELISA-positive samples, one each of sweet pepper, chili pepper, and tomato, were also confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and sequencing. The expected 1.8-kb viral cDNA was amplified from all three samples using the potyvirus general primer Sprimer1 (5′-GGNAAYAAYAGHGGNCARCC-3′), which was modified from the Sprimer (1) as upstream primer, and Oligo(dT) (5′-GCGGGATCCCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3′) as downstream primer. The sequences obtained from chili pepper (GenBank Accession No. GQ918274), sweet pepper (GenBank Accession No. GQ918275), and tomato (GenBank Accession No. GQ918276) isolates, excluding the 3′ poly-A tails, were each 1,831 nucleotides (nt) long, comprising the 3′-terminal of the NIb region (1 to 642 nt), the coat protein region (643 to 1,455 nt), and the 3′-untranslated region (1,456 to 1,831 nt). The sequences shared between 99.3 and 99.5% nucleotide identity with each other. A comparison of these sequences with corresponding sequences of potyviruses in GenBank revealed they had greatest nucleotide identity (96.5 to 96.6%) with a tomato isolate of PVMV from Taiwan (PVMV-TW; GenBank Accession No. EU719647), between 81.4 and 95.9% identity with other PVMV isolates, and only as much as 67.2% identity with other potyvirus isolates. Analysis of coat protein regions alone also revealed high nucleotide (96.6 to 96.8%) and amino acid (99.3 to 99.6%) identity with PVMV-TW. The PVMV Baguineda tomato isolate caused mosaic and mottle symptoms on tomato (line CLN1558A) and pepper (cv. Early Calwonder) plants following mechanical inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PVMV infecting plants in Mali and reinforces the need to take this virus into consideration when breeding tomato and pepper for this region. References: (1) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001. (2) C. Huguenot et al. J. Phytopathol. 144:29, 1996. (3) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993. (4) G. Thottappilly, J. Phytopathol. 134:265, 1992.
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Calaça, Priscilla Régia de Andrade, Elaine Cristina da Silva, Felipe Pereira de Melo, Dayane da Silva Santos, Ana Beatriz Lins Aragão, Pablo Eugênio da Costa e. Silva, Mércia Rodrigues Barros, Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto, and Maria Taciana Cavalcanti Vieira Soares. "Enterococcus faecium EF137V: uma nova fonte estratégica para o controle da saúde humana e animal contra espécies de Campylobacter." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): e529108853. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8853.
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O probiótico está relacionado a um suplemento alimentar, enquanto que os produtos vivos bioterapêuticos - PVBs são considerados medicamentos biológicos, ambos contêm micro-organismos vivos com substâncias ativas e que beneficiam o hospedeiro. O Enterococcus faecium apresenta muitas propriedades interessantes e funcionais para saúde humana e animal, entre elas a capacidade antimicrobiana, que ajuda em doenças de intoxicação alimentar como a Campilobacteriose. As espécies Campylobacter jejuni e C. coli, têm sido descritas neste contexto. Portanto, pela necessidade de desenvolver alternativas que permitam garantir a segurança dos produtos consumidos pela população, este trabalho propõe uma estratégia complementar para reduzir ou eliminar o Campylobacter por meio do uso de Enterococcus faecium EF137V, isolado de queijo “Coalho” artesanal de Pernambuco-Brasil. As análises foram realizadas in vitro. Dadas as condições adversas, como pH ácido e presença de sais biliares, nas quais EF137V foi exposto, verificou-se que a bactéria apresentou resistência a condições gastrointestinais, aderência às células epiteliais, atividade antimicrobiana pelos seus compostos metabólicos contra cepas de referência de C. jejuni e C. coli, bem como atividade antagonista, o que sugere que ambas as espécies não serão capazes de crescer desordenadamente na microbiota intestinal do hospedeiro, podendo assim controlar a esses microrganismos na comunidade bacteriana em frangos de corte e evitando novas infecções em humanos. Pode-se concluir que o EF137V é um PVB e probiótico promissor, apresentando grande capacidade para aplicações de biotecnologia.
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Zeidan, M., Noga Sikron, J. Cohen, and A. Gera. "Improved Detection of Petunia Vein Clearing Caulimovirus." HortScience 35, no. 7 (December 2000): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1279.
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Petunia vein clearing virus (PVCV), a possible member of the caulimovirus group, was detected in several cultivars of vegetatively propagated petunias (Petunia ×hybrida Hort. Volm.-Andr.) grown in commercial nurseries. Leaf dip preparations and ultrathin sections of leaf tissue were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spherical virus particles, 45-50 nm in diameter, were observed in samples taken from symptomatic petunia plants. The virus was purified and a polyclonal antiserum was prepared. In immuno-specific electron microscopy (ISEM), the PVCV antiserum-treated samples reacted with a distinct decoration on the virus suspect particles. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was used to detect PVCV in total nucleic acid extracts derived from infected petunia plants. Two primer pairs were designed to flank a 736-base-pair sequence located in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of the PVCV genome. A DNA fragment of predicted size was visualized in agarose gels. The authenticity of the amplified DNA fragment was confirmed by restriction analysis and by hybridization with the virus-specific PVCV DNA probe. The virus could be detected efficiently in high dilutions of sap extracted from infected petunia plants.
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Brahmaiah, Bezawada. "Credit Risk Management Practices of Indian Banking Industry: An Empirical Study." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 12, no. 2 (March 14, 2022): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.12968.
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The primary objective of this paper is to examine the risk management techniques and practices of credit risk management followed by Indian commercial banks for the period from 2021-17 to 2020-21. The other objective is to compare risk management practices followed by the public sector banks (PSBs) and private sector of banks (PVBs). The study uses a sample of twelve banks consisting of six largest public sector banks (PSBs) and six largest private sector banks (PVBs) for the study. The sample accounts for 78 per cent of the banking business of the country. The study finds that the scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) are facing credit risk, market risk and operational risk. The study finds that the credit risk management process and practices include risk identification, risk assessment, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk monitoring and risk control. The study finds that private sector banks (PVBs) have better credit risk management practices as compared to that of public sector banks (PSBs). The PSBs have more NPAs than PVBs whereas PVBs have better asset quality and better profitability ratios than PSBs during the study period.
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Mathew, Manjusha Elizabeth, Ishak Ahmad, Sabu Thomas, Muhammad Kassim, and Rusli Daik. "A Preliminary Study on the Synthesis of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) with Different Solvents." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-22.
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Polyvinyl benzyl chloride (PVBC) was synthesized by free radical polymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride using benzoyl peroxide initiator at 60 °C. PVBC was synthesised in different solvents such as toluene, xylene, 1,4-dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran. The polymers were structurally characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. The thermal property of the polymer was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA).The number average molecular weight, weight average molecular weight and polydispersity index of PVBC synthesised in different solvents were determined and compared by gel permeation chromatography technique.
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Ma, Xiu Ling, Zhen Yue Wu, Zhen Chen, and Sheng Chen. "Preparation of PVB/ β-CD/Silica Nanofibers Using Electrospinning Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2187.
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The PVB/ β-CD/silica nanofiber in the ratio of β-CD:PVB=1:3 and doping 5% nanosilica was fabricated by electrospinning techniques at 18 kV of the applied voltage. The morphologies and structures of PVB/β-CD/silica nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Chimb-shaped PVB/β-CD composite nanofiber was observed by SEM. The FTIR results showed that β-CD is present in PVB fiber matrix. EDS analyses of PVB/β-CD and PVB/β-CD/ silica nanofibers reveal the presence of Si in PVB/β-CD/ silica nanofiber.
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Shen, Shao Hua, Ying Xiang Duan, Qing Quan Liu, and Qiu Guao Xiao. "Preparation and Characterization of Poly (vinylbenzyl chloride)-b-poly (lactide) Copolymers via Nitroxide-Mediated Controlled Radical and Ring-Opening Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.295.
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Hydroxyl-terminated poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVBCOH) were synthesized using nitroxide-mediated controlled radical polymerization. Then, PVBCOH was used as a macro-initiator for ring-opening polymerization of lactide (LA) in the presence of stannous octanoate (Sn(Oct)2) as a catalyst. The structures, molecular weights and polydispersity index (PDI) of PVBCOH and PVBC-b-PLA were characterized by 1H-NMR, and GPC, respectively. The results indicated that PDI of PVBCOH and PVBC-b-PLA was 1.63 and 1.27, respectively. Moreover, the molecular weight and PDI of PVBCOH and PVBC-b-PLA could be well tuned by changing monomer-to-initiator ratio.
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de Borst, Gerrit J., Joep A. W. Teijink, Marlowe Patterson, Tino C. Quijano, and Frans L. Moll. "A Percutaneous Approach to Deep Venous Valve Insufficiency with a New Self-Expanding Venous Frame Valve." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 10, no. 2 (April 2003): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660280301000227.
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Purpose: To ascertain if a percutaneously delivered venous valve bioprosthesis (PVVB) can be implanted in the porcine venous system and function without complications. Methods: The PVVB is a glutaraldehyde-preserved, valve-bearing venous xenograft sutured inside a memory-coded nitinol frame (diameter 10, 12, or 14 mm). In 10 50-kg pigs, the external jugular vein was exposed, and a 16-F introducer sheath was positioned in the common iliac vein. One PVVB was inserted and deployed in each iliac vein under fluoroscopic control. After PVVB implantation, all animals were randomly given either vitamin K antagonists (1–2 mg/d) (group I) or a combination of aspirin (150 mg/d) and clopidogrel (75 mg/d) (group II), which were shown in a preliminary pilot study to be the most effective anticoagulation regimens in the pig model. Ascending and descending completion phlebograms were performed. PVVBs were evaluated with phlebography at 4 weeks to assess patency and competence; all PVVBs were explanted and processed for histological analysis. Results: In 8 animals, the PVVB was successfully deployed in both the left and right iliac veins. In 2 pigs, only 1 PVVB was inserted due to vascular anomalies. Completion phlebography demonstrated 18 patent and competent valves. At 2 weeks, bleeding complications occurred in 3 group I pigs; all 5 animals were terminated to prevent further complications. Of the 8 valves in this group, 7 were patent (3 competent) by phlebography; 1 PVVB had migrated due to known undersizing of the stent frame. At 4 weeks, group II (5 pigs, 10 valves) analysis revealed 5 patent (3 competent) valves; no bleeding complications occurred in this group. Histology showed thrombosis as the cause of occlusion in all 5 non-patent valves from group II. Conclusions: Deployment of a glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine vein sutured to a self-expanding nitinol stent in the porcine iliac vein is technically feasible. Development of a venous bioprosthesis that can be placed percutaneously may have important clinical applications as an endovascular treatment for chronic venous insufficiency when it is due to valvular incompetence.