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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Stan, Radu V., Eugene Tkachenko, and Ingrid R. Niesman. "PV1 Is a Key Structural Component for the Formation of the Stomatal and Fenestral Diaphragms." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 8 (August 2004): 3615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0593.

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PV1 is an endothelial-specific integral membrane glycoprotein associated with the stomatal diaphragms of caveolae, transendothelial channels, and vesiculo-vacuolar organelles and the diaphragms of endothelial fenestrae. Multiple PV1 homodimers are found within each stomatal and fenestral diaphragm. We investigated the function of PV1 within these diaphragms and their regulation and found that treatment of endothelial cells in culture with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) led to upregulation of PV1. This correlated with de novo formation of stomatal diaphragms of caveolae and transendothelial channels as well as fenestrae upon PMA treatment. The newly formed diaphragms could be labeled with anti-PV1 antibodies. The upregulation of PV1 and formation of stomatal and fenestral diaphragms by PMA was endothelium specific and was the highest in microvascular endothelial cells compared with their large vessel counterparts. By using a siRNA approach, PV1 mRNA silencing prevented the de novo formation of the diaphragms of caveolae as well as fenestrae and transendothelial channels. Overexpression of PV1 in endothelial cells as well as in cell types that do not harbor caveolar diaphragms in situ induced de novo formation of caveolar stomatal diaphragms. Lastly, PV1 upregulation by PMA required the activation of Erk1/2 MAP kinase pathway and was protein kinase C independent. Taken together, these data show that PV1 is a key structural component, necessary for the biogenesis of the stomatal and fenestral diaphragms.
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2

Pogatzki-Zahn, E. "PV1. Pleanarvortrag: Transalationale Schmerzforschung." Perioperative Medizin 1, no. 4 (December 2009): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.periop.2009.08.012.

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3

Bell, Yolanda C., Bert L. Semler, and Ellie Ehrenfeld. "Requirements for RNA Replication of a Poliovirus Replicon by Coxsackievirus B3 RNA Polymerase." Journal of Virology 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 9413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.11.9413-9421.1999.

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ABSTRACT A chimeric poliovirus type 1 (PV1) genome was constructed in which the 3D RNA polymerase (3Dpol) coding sequences were replaced with those from coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). No infectious virus was produced from HeLa cells transfected with the chimeric RNA. Processing of the PV1 capsid protein precursor was incomplete, presumably due to inefficient recognition of the P1 protein substrate by the chimeric 3CD proteinase containing CVB3 3D sequences. The ability of the chimeric RNA to replicate in the absence of capsid formation was measured after replacement of the P1 region with a luciferase reporter gene. No RNA synthesis was detected, despite efficient production of enzymatically active 3Dpol from the 3D portion of the chimeric 3CD. The chimeric 3CD protein was unable to efficiently bind to the cloverleaf-like structure (CL) at the 5′ end of PV1 RNA, which has been demonstrated previously to be required for viral RNA synthesis. The CVB3 3CD protein bound the PV1 CL as well as PV1 3CD. An additional chimeric PV1 RNA that contained CVB3 3CD sequences also failed to produce virus after transfection. Since processing of PV1 capsid protein precursors by the CVB3 3CD was again incomplete, a luciferase-containing replicon was also analyzed for RNA replication. The 3CD chimera replicated at 33°C, but not at 37°C. Replacement of the PV1 5′-terminal CL with that of CVB3 did not rescue the temperature-sensitive phenotype. Thus, there is an essential interaction(s) between 3CD and other viral P2 or P3 protein products required for efficient RNA replication which is not fully achieved between proteins from the two different members of the same virus genus.
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4

Zhao, Yutong, and Jing Zhao. "PV1: Gatekeeper of Endothelial Permeability." American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 63, no. 4 (October 2020): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2020-0294ed.

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5

Stan, Radu V. "Multiple PV1 dimers reside in the same stomatal or fenestral diaphragm." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 4 (April 2004): H1347—H1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00909.2003.

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Several of the endothelium-specific structures that have been involved in microvascular permeability [such as caveolae, transendothelial channels (TECs), vesiculovacuolar organelles (VVOs), and fenestrae] can be provided with either a stomatal or fenestral diaphragm. In the case of fenestrae, the diaphragm has the presumed function of creating a permselective barrier for solutes from blood plasma and interstitium. PV1 is an endothelium-specific integral membrane glycoprotein that is associated with both the stomatal diaphragms of caveolae, TECs, and VVOs as well as the diaphragms of endothelial fenestrae. The intimate structure of these diaphragms has been shown to consist of a meshwork formed by radial fibrils. We have recently shown that PV1 is a key structural element of both types of diaphragms, with its expression being sufficient to form de novo stomatal and fenestral diaphragms in both endothelial and nonendothelial cell types in culture. We have further tested the role of PV1 in the structure of the diaphragms and demonstrate here that multiple PV1 homodimers reside in close proximity within the same diaphragm. Our data bring further support to the paradigm by which PV1 dimers would form the fibrils of the diaphragms with a function in the microvascular permeability.
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6

Cornell, Christopher T., Rushika Perera, Jo Ellen Brunner, and Bert L. Semler. "Strand-Specific RNA Synthesis Determinants in the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Poliovirus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 4397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.9.4397-4407.2004.

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ABSTRACT The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol) is highly conserved between the closely related enteroviruses poliovirus type 1 (PV1) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). In this study, we generated PV1/CVB3 chimeric polymerase sequences in the context of full-length poliovirus transcripts to determine the role of different subdomains within the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of PV1 that are required for functions critical for RNA replication in vitro and in cell culture. The substitution of CVB3 sequences in the carboxy-terminal portion (thumb subdomain) of the polymerase resulted in transcripts incapable of RNA replication. In contrast, three of the seven chimeras were capable of synthesizing RNA, albeit to reduced levels compared to that of wild-type PV1 RNA. Interestingly, one of the replication-competent chimeras (CPP) displayed an inability to generate positive strands, indicating the presence of amino-terminal sequences within the 3D polymerase and/or the 3D domain of the 3CD precursor polypeptide that are necessary for the assembly of strand-specific RNA synthesis complexes. In some constructs, the partial reestablishment of PV1 amino acid sequences in this region was capable of rescuing RNA replication in vitro and in cell culture.
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7

Simonet, Julien, and Christophe Gantzer. "Inactivation of Poliovirus 1 and F-Specific RNA Phages and Degradation of Their Genomes by UV Irradiation at 254 Nanometers." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 12 (October 13, 2006): 7671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01106-06.

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ABSTRACT Several models (animal caliciviruses, poliovirus 1 [PV1], and F-specific RNA bacteriophages) are usually used to predict inactivation of nonculturable viruses. For the same UV fluence, viral inactivation observed in the literature varies from 0 to 5 logs according to the models and the methods (infectivity versus molecular biology). The lack of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of inactivation due to UV prevents us from selecting the best model. In this context, determining if viral genome degradation may explain the loss of infectivity under UV radiation becomes essential. Thus, four virus models (PV1 and three F-specific RNA phages: MS2, GA, and Qβ) were exposed to UV radiation from 0 to 150 mJ · cm−2. PV1 is the least-resistant virus, while MS2 and GA phages are the most resistant, with phage Qβ having an intermediate sensitivity; respectively, 6-log, 2.3-log, 2.5-log, and 4-log decreases for 50 mJ · cm−2. In parallel, analysis of RNA degradation demonstrated that this phenomenon depends on the fragment size for PV1 as well as for MS2. Long fragments (above 2,000 bases) for PV1 and MS2 fell rapidly to the background level (>1.3-log decrease) for 20 mJ · cm−2 and 60 mJ · cm− 2, respectively. Nevertheless, the size of the viral RNA is not the only factor affecting UV-induced RNA degradation, since viral RNA was more rapidly degraded in PV1 than in the MS2 phage with a similar size. Finally, extrapolation of inactivation and UV-induced RNA degradation kinetics highlights that genome degradation could fully explain UV-induced viral inactivation.
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8

Ponnuraj, Esther M., T. Jacob John, Myron J. Levin, and Eric A. F. Simoes. "Sabin attenuated LSc/2ab strain of poliovirus spreads to the spinal cord from a peripheral nerve in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata)." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-6-1329.

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Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis is a serious concern while using the live attenuated oral polio vaccine for the eradication of poliomyelitis. The bonnet monkey model of poliovirus central nervous system (CNS) infection following experimental inoculation into the ulnar nerve allows the comparative study of wild-type and attenuated poliovirus invasiveness. Dosages ⩾104 TCID50 of Mahoney strain of poliovirus type 1 [PV1(M)] result in paralysis. In contrast, even with 107 TCID50 of Sabin attenuated strain of poliovirus type 1 (LSc/2ab), no paralysis occurs, but virus spreads into the CNS where viral RNA is found in spinal cord neurons. While wild-type PV1(M) viral RNA replicates in neurons (and possibly in glial cells) and in cells around vessel walls, which may be mononuclear or endothelial cells, attenuated viral RNA is detected only in neurons. Systemic viraemia and gastrointestinal virus shedding occurs only in PV1(M)-infected animals. While a systemic serologic response is detected in both groups of animals, cerebrospinal fluid antibodies are detected only in animals infected with PV1(M). Both the PV1(M) and LSc/2ab strains spread to the cervical spinal cord and then to the lumbar spinal cord following ulnar nerve inoculation. Neuronophagia and neuronal loss are only seen in PV1(M)-infected monkeys in whom clinical paralysis is observed. Infection with LSc/2ab does not result in neuronophagia, neuronal loss or clinical paralysis. Spread of attenuated poliovirus in spinal cord neurons without causing paralysis following inoculation into the ulnar nerve is an important finding.
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9

Larocca, Angela Maria Vittoria, Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Anna Bozzi, Silvio Tafuri, Pasquale Stefanizzi, and Cinzia Annatea Germinario. "Long-Term Immunogenicity of Inactivated and Oral Polio Vaccines: An Italian Retrospective Cohort Study." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081329.

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Oral and inactivated poliovirus (PV) vaccines have contributed toward the global eradication of wild PV2 and PV3, as well as the elimination of PV1 in most countries. While the long-term (>5–10 years) persistence of protective antibodies in ≥80% of the population vaccinated with ≥3–4 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been demonstrated, the duration of immunity in people vaccinated with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is still unclear. This study evaluated the seroprevalence of anti-PV neutralizing antibodies and the long-term immunogenicity conferred by OPV and IPV in a sample of medical students from the University of Bari (April 2014–October 2020). The levels of neutralizing PV1, PV2, and PV3 antibodies in blood samples taken during the assessments were evaluated. Neutralizing antibodies against PV1, PV2, and PV3 were present in >90% of the study participants, with rates of >99%, >98%, and ~92–99%, respectively. IPV resulted in a higher immunological response than OPV against PV3. Protective antibodies against all three viruses persisted for at least 18 years after administration of the last vaccine dose. Until PV1 is completely eradicated, maximum vigilance from public health institutions must be maintained.
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Nagata, Noriyo, Takuya Iwasaki, Yasushi Ami, Yoshio Tano, Ayako Harashima, Yuriko Suzaki, Yuko Sato, et al. "Differential localization of neurons susceptible to enterovirus 71 and poliovirus type 1 in the central nervous system of cynomolgus monkeys after intravenous inoculation." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.79883-0.

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Poliovirus and enterovirus 71 (EV71) are both neurotropic enteroviruses that cause serious neurological diseases, such as poliomyelitis and encephalitis. The neurovirulence of EV71 in cynomolgus monkeys was demonstrated previously by intraspinal inoculation. In this study, an improved simian model of EV71 infection was established by using intravenous inoculation, which revealed clinical and neuropathological similarities between this model and human cases of encephalitis. Experimental EV71 infection induced direct neurological manifestations, such as tremor, ataxia and brain oedema, but not non-neurological complications, such as pulmonary oedema and cardiac failure. Using this model of EV71 infection, the neurotropic characteristics of the prototype strains of EV71 and poliovirus type 1 (PV1) were compared. Three monkeys were inoculated intravenously with 105·5 TCID50 EV71 and all developed neurological disease signs within 4–6 days of inoculation. However, after inoculation with 105·5 TCID50 PV1 strain OM1 (PV1-OM1), the major manifestation was flaccid paralysis, starting from the lower limbs 6–9 days post-inoculation. Histopathological and virological analyses of moribund monkeys revealed that disseminated EV71 infection was characterized by severe panencephalitis involving both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. In contrast, the lesions induced by PV1-OM1 were mainly restricted to the pyramidal tract, particularly the spinal motor neurons, thalamus and motor cortex. In conclusion, neuropathological involvement in this model correlated well with the apparent differences in neurological disease induced by EV71 and PV1-OM1. Thus, intravenous inoculation with EV71 is an excellent model to study the neuropathology of EV71 and to evaluate candidate vaccines and potential antiviral agents.
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11

Bennett, H. B., H. D. O'Dell, G. Norton, G. Shin, F. C. Hsu, and J. S. Meschke. "Evaluation of a novel electropositive filter for the concentration of viruses from diverse water matrices." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.819.

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Human enteric viruses are important agents of waterborne illness. They are diffusely distributed in environmental waters, necessitating concentration of tens to hundreds of litres for effective detection. This study evaluates the novel ViroCap disposable capsule filter for concentration of coliphage MS2 and poliovirus (PV1) from deionised (DI) water and artificial seawater, as well as natural ground, surface, and seawater. Retention and recoveries for the ViroCap were compared with two well-characterised filters: the 1MDS for DI water, and the OptiCap XL for artificial seawater. The mean adsorption for MS2 by the ViroCap was 88%. Recovery of MS2 was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.01) than alternative filters tested: 65% from DI water and 63% from artificial seawater, compared to 30% for the 1MDS and 15% for the OptiCap for the respective matrices. Recovery of PV1 from DI water (37%) was similar to that of the 1MDS (51%). PV1 recoveries from artificial seawater were significantly greater (p ≤ 0.01) for the ViroCap (44%) than the OptiCap (11%). Recovery of MS2 from seeded environmental samples yielded 44% from groundwater, 53% from surface water, and 51% from seawater. ViroCap disposable filter is efficient for concentrating MS2 and PV1 from diverse matrices and is robust across a range of ionic concentrations.
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12

Stone, Jeffrey K., Rene Rijnbrand, David A. Stein, Yinghong Ma, Yan Yang, Patrick L. Iversen, and Raul Andino. "A Morpholino Oligomer Targeting Highly Conserved Internal Ribosome Entry Site Sequence Is Able To Inhibit Multiple Species of Picornavirus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 6 (June 2008): 1970–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00011-08.

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ABSTRACT Members of the genera Enterovirus and Rhinovirus (family Picornaviridae) cause a wide range of human diseases. An established vaccine is available only for poliovirus, and no effective therapy is available for the treatment of infections caused by any pathogenic picornavirus. Peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMO) are single-stranded DNA-like antisense agents that readily enter cells. A panel of PPMO was tested for their antiviral activities against various picornaviruses. PPMO targeting conserved internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence were highly active against human rhinovirus type 14, coxsackievirus type B2, and poliovirus type 1 (PV1), reducing PV1 titers by up to 6 log10 in cell cultures. Comparative sequence analysis led us to design a PPMO (EnteroX) targeting 22 nucleotides of IRES sequence that are perfectly conserved across greater than 99% of all human enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. EnteroX reduced PV1 replication in cell culture to an extent similar to that of other IRES-specific PPMO. Resistant PV1 arose in cell cultures after 12 passages in the presence of EnteroX and were found to have two mutations within the EnteroX target sequence. Nevertheless, cPVR transgenic mice treated once daily by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with EnteroX before and/or after i.p. infection with 3 × 108 PFU (three times the 50% lethal dose) of PV1 had an approximately 80% higher rate of survival than the controls. The viral titer in tissues taken at day 5 postinfection showed that animals in the EnteroX-treated group averaged over 3, 4, and 5 log10 less virus in the small intestine, spinal cord, and brain, respectively, than the amount in the control animals. These results suggest that EnteroX may have broad therapeutic potential against entero- and rhinoviruses.
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Jones, Joshua H., Emily Friedrich, Zhigang Hong, Richard D. Minshall, and Asrar B. Malik. "PV1 in Caveolae Controls Lung Endothelial Permeability." American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 63, no. 4 (October 2020): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2020-0102oc.

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14

Michielin, Olivier, Emanuela Romano, Solange Peters, Alexandra Paillusson, Johann Weber, Katia Muehlethaler, Keith Harshman, Daniel E. Speiser, Sylvain Pradervand, and Donata Rimoldi. "Coexistence of multiple escape mechanisms in a BRAFV600E-mutated cutaneous melanoma treated with vemurafenib." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 9014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.9014.

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9014 Background: Mechanisms of acquired resistance to vemurafenib are the subject of intense research. Here we report, for the first time, two coexisting yet mutually exclusive mechanisms of escape in a melanoma patient who presented an excellent clinical response following reintroduction of vemurafenib. Methods: To investigate the mechanisms of resistance to vemurafenib, we performed whole-exome sequencing using the Illumina technology of a pre-treatment paraffin-embedded lymph node metastasis (Pre) and of two progressing subcutaneous snap-frozen metastases of the right arm (PV1 and PV2). The tumor samples, along with germline controls, were sequenced at high coverage (mean range 268x-356x). Results: We identified 107 exonic somatic Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) in Pre, 139 SNVs in PV1, and 127 SNVs in PV2, generating a set of 202 different SNVs, 82 of which were common to all 3 samples. The non-synonymous to synonymous ratios were higher for PV1 (1.82) than for PV2 (1.46), and lower for Pre (1.31). C>T transitions, largely predominated in the samples, indicating light-induced damage. Two independent NRAS escape mutations (Q61K and Q61R) where observed in PV1, whereas appearance of a BRAF splice variant (lack of exon 4-10) was present in PV2. Most importantly, these 2 escape mechanisms were mutually exclusive, i.e. no BRAF splice variant was observed by PCR in PV1 and no NRAS mutation found in PV2. Conclusions: Our results clearly demonstrate that multiple molecular escape mechanisms can be both coexistent and mutually exclusive. These findings have clinical implications: firstly, local treatment of isolated progressing lesions and continuation of vemurafenib could be supported by the fact that the resistance mechanisms are not necessarily shared. This approach is currently being tested within clinical trials with preliminary results that seem to support this hypothesis. Secondly, the coexistence of divergent escapes within the same patient strongly argues that single biopsy analysis at progression might not reflect the molecular complexity of tumor progression, and therefore might not be sufficient to guide selection of second-line optimal combination therapy.
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Dubrou, S., H. Kopecka, J. M. Lopez Pila, J. Maréchal, and J. Prévot. "Detection of Hepatitis a Virus and other Enteroviruses in Wastewater and Surface Water Samples by Gene Probe Assay." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0071.

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Enteroviruses were specifically detected by dot blot hybridization when using poliovirus type 1 (PV1) derived subgenomic radiolabeled cRNA probes (riboprobes) in environmental water specimens and in the cell cultures in which the viruses were amplificated. The riboprobe corresponding to the 5' noncoding sequence detected the majority of enteroviruses. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was specifically detected by an HAV cRNA probe corresponding to the 5' noncoding region of its genome. By this test, the limit of detection of coxsackievirus B5 and echovirus 7 seeded in mineral water was 103 to 104 PFU/spot. In cell cultures, positive signals were observed in the lysates of cells infected by one PFU. Higher positive signals were obtained with a short PV1 probe (nt 221-670) corresponding to the 5' noncoding region, which is a well preserved sequence among the enteroviruses, than with PV1 genomic probe. Hybridization allowed a good detection of enteroviral RNAs in wastewater specimens, but with a lower efficiency in surface water. In this case, amplification of viruses in the cell cultures gave significant hybridization results.
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ROSENFIELD, SORAYA I., and LEE-ANN JAYKUS. "A Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for the Detection of Foodborne Viruses†." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.10.1210.

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A multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of the human enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk virus (NV). Poliovirus type 1 (PV1) was chosen as a model for the human enterovirus group. Three different sets of primers were used to produce three size-specific amplicons of 435 bp, 270 bp, and 192 bp for PV1, NV, and HAV, respectively. RT-PCR products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and amplicon identity was confirmed by Southern transfer followed by DNA hybridization using nonradio-active, digoxigenin-labeled internal probes. When tested on mixed, purified virus suspensions, the multiplex method achieved detection limits of ≤1 infectious unit (PV1 and HAV) or RT-PCR-amplifiable unit (NV) for all viruses. With further streamlining efforts such as single tube amplification and liquid hybridization, multiplex PCR offers advantages over cell culture methodology and monoplex PCR because it allows for rapid and cost-effective detection of several human enteric viruses in a single reaction tube.
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Arita, Minetaro, Yasushi Ami, Takaji Wakita, and Hiroyuki Shimizu. "Cooperative Effect of the Attenuation Determinants Derived from Poliovirus Sabin 1 Strain Is Essential for Attenuation of Enterovirus 71 in the NOD/SCID Mouse Infection Model." Journal of Virology 82, no. 4 (December 5, 2007): 1787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01798-07.

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ABSTRACT Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and is also associated with serious neurological disorders. An attenuated EV71 strain [EV71(S1-3′)] has been established in the cynomolgus monkey infection model; this strain contains the attenuation determinants derived from the type 1 poliovirus vaccine strain, Sabin 1 [PV1(Sabin)], in the 5′ nontranslated region (NTR), 3D polymerase, and 3′ NTR. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the attenuation determinants of PV1(Sabin) on EV71 infection in a NOD/SCID mouse infection model. We isolated a mouse-adapted EV71 strain [EV71(NOD/SCID)] that causes paralysis of the hind limbs in 3- to 4-week-old NOD/SCID mice by adaptation of the virulent EV71(Nagoya) strain in the brains of NOD/SCID mice. A single mutation at nucleotide 2876 that caused an amino acid change in capsid protein VP1 (change of the glycine at position 145 to glutamic acid) was essential for the mouse-adapted phenotype in NOD/SCID mice. Next, we introduced attenuation determinants derived from PV1(Sabin) along with the mouse adaptation mutation into the EV71(Nagoya) genome. In 4-week-old mice, the determinants in the 3D polymerase and 3′ NTR, which are the major temperature-sensitive determinants, had a strong effect on attenuation. In contrast, the effect of individual determinants was weak in 3-week-old NOD/SCID mice, and all the determinants were required for substantial attenuation. These results suggest that a cooperative effect of the attenuation determinants of PV1(Sabin) is essential for attenuated neurovirulence of EV71.
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Cantera, Jason L., Wilfred Chen, and Marylynn V. Yates. "Detection of Infective Poliovirus by a Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Flow Cytometry Method Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 2 (November 20, 2009): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01851-09.

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ABSTRACT The rapid and effective detection of virus infection is critical for clinical management and prevention of disease spread during an outbreak. Several methods have been developed for this purpose, of which classical serological and viral nucleic acid detection are the most common. We describe an alternative approach that utilizes engineered cells expressing fluorescent proteins undergoing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) upon cleavage by the viral 2A protease (2Apro) as an indication of infection. Quantification of the infectious-virus titers was resolved by using flow cytometry, and utility was demonstrated for the detection of poliovirus 1 (PV1) infection. Engineered buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells expressing the cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) substrate linked by a cleavage recognition site for PV1 2Apro were infected with different titers of PV1. After incubation at various time points, cells were harvested, washed, and subjected to flow cytometry analysis. The number of infected cells was determined by counting the number of cells with an increased CFP-to-YFP ratio. As early as 5 h postinfection, a significant number of infected cells (3%) was detected by flow cytometry, and cells infected with only 1 PFU were detected after 12 h postinfection. When applied to an environmental water sample spiked with PV1, the flow cytometry-based assay provided a level of sensitivity similar to that of the plaque assay for detecting and quantifying infectious virus particles. This approach, therefore, is more rapid than plaque assays and can be used to detect other viruses that frequently do not form clear plaques on cell cultures.
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DIX, ALISSA B., and LEE-ANN JAYKUS. "Virion Concentration Method for the Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Extracts of Hard-Shelled Clams†." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.4.458.

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A method to extract and concentrate intact human enteric viruses from oyster extracts for detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to hard-shelled clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). Fifty-gram clam samples were processed by an adsorption-elution-precipitation method and then seeded with 101 to 105 PFU of poliovirus 1 (PV1) and/or hepatitis A virus (HAV). Seeded viruses in extracts were purified by fluorocarbon (Freon) extraction and concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and elution. Efficiency of virion recovery from PEG precipitates was dependent upon PEG concentration and elution buffer volume, with optimized variables yielding recoveries as high as 99% for PV1 and 45% for FIAV, as evaluated by cell culture infectivity assay. To further concentrate viruses, remove inhibitors, and reduce sample volumes, the protein-precipitating agent Pro-Cipitate was used in an adsorption-elution-precipitation scheme. The final concentrate was of low volume (<1 ml) and directly compatible with viral genomic amplification using RT-PCR. When extracts from 50-g clam samples were seeded and processed by the combined concentration and purification scheme, direct RT-PCR detection of viral genomic RNA was possible at initial inoculum levels of 103 PFU for PV1 and HAV. Corresponding virus recoveries based on cell culture infectivity were 7 to 50% and 0.3 to 8% for PV1 and HAV, respectively. When extracts of clams were artificially contaminated with the Norwalk virus, direct detection of virion RNA using RT-PCR and subsequent oligoprobe hybridization was possible at levels as low as 450 RT-PCR amplifiable units of the Norwalk virus per extract of 50-g clam sample.
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Sano, Daisuke, and Tatsuo Omura. "Construction of a Cloning System for the Mass Production of a Virus-Binding Protein Specific for Poliovirus Type 1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 5 (May 2005): 2608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.5.2608-2615.2005.

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ABSTRACT In our previous study, virus-binding proteins (VBPs) demonstrating the ability to strongly bind poliovirus type 1 (PV1) were recovered from a bacterial culture derived from activated sludge. The isolated VBPs would be useful as viral adsorbents for water and wastewater treatments. The VBP gene of activated sludge bacteria was isolated, and the cloning system of the VBP was established. The isolation of the VBP gene from DNA libraries for activated sludge bacteria was achieved with the colony hybridization technique. The sequence of the VBP gene consisted of 807 nucleotides encoding 268 amino acids. Fifteen amino acid sequences were retrieved from 2,137,877 sequences by a homology search using the BLAST server at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The protein encoded in the isolated genome was considered to be a newly discovered protein from activated sludge culture, because any sequences in protein databases were not perfectly matched with the sequence of the VBP. It was confirmed that Escherichia coli BL21 transformed by pRSET carrying the isolated VBP gene could extensively produce the VBP clones. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that the VBP clone exhibited the binding ability with intact particles of PV1. The equilibrium binding constant between PV1 and VBP in the ELISA well was estimated to be 2.1 × 107 (M−1), which also indicated that the VBP clones have a high affinity with the PV1 particle. The VBP cloning system developed in this study would make it possible to produce a mass volume of VBPs and to utilize them as a new material of the specific adsorbent in several technologies, including virus removal, concentration, and detection.
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Khan, Shaukat, Xiaozhong Peng, Jiang Yin, Ping Zhang, and Eckard Wimmer. "Characterization of the New World Monkey Homologues of Human Poliovirus Receptor CD155." Journal of Virology 82, no. 14 (May 14, 2008): 7167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02664-07.

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ABSTRACT In contrast to Old World monkeys, most New World monkeys (NWMs) are not susceptible to poliovirus (PV), regardless of the route of infection. We have investigated the molecular basis of restricted PV pathogenesis of NWMs with two kidney cell lines of NWMs, TMX (tamarin) and NZP-60 (marmoset), and characterized their PV receptor homologues. TMX cells were susceptible to infection by PV1 (Mahoney) and PV3 (Leon) but not by PV2 (Lansing). Binding studies to TMX cells indicated that the formation of PV/receptor complexes increased when measured first at 4°C and then at 25°C, whereas PV2 did not significantly bind to TMX cells at either temperature. On the other hand, NZP-60 cells were not susceptible to infection by any of the PV serotypes. However, a low amount of PV1 bound to NZP-60 cells at 4°C, but there was no increase of binding at 25°C. In contrast, both NWM cell lines supported genome replication and virion formation when transfected with viral RNAs of either serotype, an observation indicating that infection was blocked in receptor-virus interaction. To overcome the receptor block, we substituted 3 amino acids in the marmoset receptor (nCD155), H80Q, N85S, and P87S, found in the human PV receptor, hCD155. Cells expressing the mutant receptor (L-nCD155mt) were now susceptible to infection with PV1, which correlated with an increase in PV1-bound receptor complexes from 4°C to 25°C. L-nCD155mt cells were, however, still resistant to PV2 and PV3. These data show that an increase in the formation of PV/receptor complexes, when measured at 4°C and at 25°C, correlates with and is an indicator of successful infection at 37°C, suggesting that the complex formed at 25°C may be an intermediate in PV uptake.
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DeJesus, Nidia, David Franco, Aniko Paul, Eckard Wimmer, and Jeronimo Cello. "Mutation of a Single Conserved Nucleotide between the Cloverleaf and Internal Ribosome Entry Site Attenuates Poliovirus Neurovirulence." Journal of Virology 79, no. 22 (November 15, 2005): 14235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.22.14235-14243.2005.

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ABSTRACT The chemical synthesis of poliovirus (PV) cDNA combined with the cell-free synthesis of infectious particles yielded virus whose mouse neurovirulence was highly attenuated (J. Cello, A. V. Paul, and E. Wimmer, Science 297:1016-1018, 2002). Compared to the wild-type PV1 (Mahoney) [PV1(M)] sequence, the synthetic virus genome harbored 27 nucleotide (nt) changes deliberately introduced as genetic markers. Of the 27 nucleotide substitutions, the UA-to-GG exchanges at nucleotides 102/103, mapping to a region between the cloverleaf and the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′-nontranslated region, were found to be involved in the observed attenuation phenotype in mice. The UA/GG mutation at nt 102/103 in the synthetic PV1(M) [sPV1(M)] background conferred also a ts phenotype of replication to the virus in human neuroblastoma cells. Conversely, the exchange of GG to wild-type (wt) UA at 102/103 in an sPV1(M) background restored wt neurovirulence in CD155 transgenic (tg) mice and suppressed the ts phenotype in SK-N-MC cells. All poliovirus variants replicated well in HeLa cells at the two temperatures, regardless of the sequence at the 102/103 locus. Analyses of variants isolated from sPV(M)-infected CD155 tg mice revealed that the G102G103-to-G102A103 reversion alone reestablished the neurovirulent phenotype. This suggests that a single mutation is responsible for the observed change of the neurovirulence phenotype. sPV1(M) RNA is translated in cell extracts of SK-N-MC cells with significantly lower efficiency than PV1(M) RNA or sPV1(M) RNA with a G102-to-A102 reversion. These studies suggest a function for the conserved nucleotide (A103) located between the cloverleaf and the IRES which is important for replication of PV in the central nervous system of CD155 tg mice and in human cells of neuronal origin.
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Jia, Qingmei, James M. Hogle, Tsutomu Hashikawa, and Akio Nomoto. "Molecular Genetic Analysis of Revertants from a Poliovirus Mutant That Is Specifically Adapted to the Mouse Spinal Cord." Journal of Virology 75, no. 23 (December 1, 2001): 11766–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.23.11766-11772.2001.

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ABSTRACT SA virus, a mutant of the Mahoney strain of type 1 poliovirus (PV1/Mahoney), replicates specifically in the spinal cords of mice and causes paralysis, although the PV1/Mahoney strain does not show any mouse neurovirulence (Q. Jia, S. Ohka, K. Iwasaki, K. Tohyama, and A. Nomoto, J. Virol. 73:6041–6047, 1999). The key mutation site for the mouse neurovirulence of SA was mapped to nucleotide (nt) 928 of the genome (A to G), resulting in the amino acid substitution of Met for Ile at residue 62 within the capsid protein VP4 (VP4062). A small-plaque phenotype of SA appears to be indicative of its mouse-neurovirulent phenotype. To identify additional amino acid residues involved in the host range determination of PV, a total of 14 large-plaque (LP) variants were isolated from a single point mutant, Mah/I4062M, that showed the SA phenotype. All the LP variants no longer showed any mouse neurovirulence when delivered via an intraspinal inoculation route. Of these, 11 isolates had a back mutation at nt 928 (G to A) that restored the nucleotide of the PV1/Mahoney type. The reversions of the remaining three isolates (LP8, LP9, and LP14) were mediated by a second site mutation. Molecular genetic analysis involving recombinants between Mah/I4062M and the LP variants revealed that the mere substitution of an amino acid residue at position 107 in VP1 (Val to Leu) (LP9), position 33 in VP2 (Val to Ile) (LP14), or position 231 in VP3 (Ile to Thr) (LP8) was sufficient to restore the PV1/Mahoney phenotype. These amino acid residues are located either on the surface or inside of the virus particle. Our results indicate that the mouse neurovirulence of PV is determined by the virion surface structure, which is formed by all four capsid proteins.
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Linden, Yarrow S., Christine S. Fagnant-Sperati, Alexandra L. Kossik, Joanna Ciol Harrison, Nicola K. Beck, David S. Boyle, and John Scott Meschke. "Method Development for Enteric Virus Recovery from Primary Sludge." Viruses 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030440.

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Enteric viruses, such as poliovirus, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis, which causes 2–3 million deaths annually. Environmental surveillance of wastewater supplements clinical surveillance for monitoring enteric virus circulation. However, while many environmental surveillance methods require liquid samples, some at-risk locations utilize pit latrines with waste characterized by high solids content. This study’s objective was to develop and evaluate enteric virus concentration protocols for high solids content samples. Two existing protocols were modified and tested using poliovirus type 1 (PV1) seeded into primary sludge. Method 1 (M1) utilized acid adsorption, followed by 2 or 3 elutions (glycine/sodium chloride and/or threonine/sodium chloride), and skimmed milk flocculation. Method 2 (M2) began with centrifugation. The liquid fraction was filtered through a ViroCap filter and eluted (beef extract/glycine). The solid fraction was eluted (beef extract/disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid) and concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation. Recovery was enumerated by plaque assay. M1 yielded higher PV1 recovery than M2, though this result was not statistically significant (26.1% and 15.9%, respectively). M1 was further optimized, resulting in significantly greater PV1 recovery when compared to the original protocol (p < 0.05). This method can be used to improve understanding of enteric virus presence in communities without liquid waste streams.
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Fagnant, Christine Susan, Nicola Koren Beck, Ming-Fong Yang, Kilala Sayisha Barnes, David S. Boyle, and John Scott Meschke. "Development of a novel bag-mediated filtration system for environmental recovery of poliovirus." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 4 (May 31, 2014): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.032.

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Poliovirus (PV) is on the verge of global eradication. Due to asymptomatic shedding, eradication certification requires environmental and clinical surveillance. Current environmental surveillance methods involve collection and processing of 400-mL to 1-L grab samples by a two-phase separation method, where sample volume limits detection sensitivity. Filtration of larger sample volumes facilitates increased detection sensitivity. This study describes development of a pumpless in-field filtration system for poliovirus recovery from environmental waters. Recovery of PV types 1, 2, and 3 were compared for glass wool, ViroCap, and NanoCeram (PV1 only) filters. Seeded experiments were performed using 105 plaque forming units of PV inoculated into 10-L volumes of secondary effluent, surface water, or a 50:50 mixture of each at pH 7.0. Filter eluates were plated onto buffalo green monkey kidney cells for virus enumeration by plaque assay. Across all water types, recovery from glass wool filters for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 17%, 28%, and 6%, respectively. Recovery from ViroCaps for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 44%, 70%, and 81%, respectively. 10-L samples of moderate turbidity water were processed through ViroCap filters in less than 30 minutes using a pumpless, bag-mediated filtration system. Bag-mediated filtration offers a simple, compact, and efficient method for enhanced environmental PV surveillance.
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26

Mészár, Zoltán, Franck Girard, Clifford B. Saper, and Marco R. Celio. "The lateral hypothalamic parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV1) nucleus in rodents." Journal of Comparative Neurology 520, no. 4 (January 6, 2012): 798–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22789.

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27

Deharvengt, Sophie J., Dan Tse, Olga Sideleva, Caitlin McGarry, Jason R. Gunn, Daniel S. Longnecker, Catherine Carriere, and Radu V. Stan. "PV1 down-regulationviashRNA inhibits the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts." Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 16, no. 11 (October 29, 2012): 2690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01587.x.

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28

Kim, K., H. Katayama, M. Kitajima, Y. Tohya, and S. Ohgaki. "Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay combined with ethidium monoazide treatment for RNA viruses and its application to detect viral RNA after heat exposure." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.249.

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A method was developed for discriminating damaged viruses or naked viral RNA from intact viruses by ethidium monoazide (EMA) treatment before RT-PCR. The applied EMA treatment consisted of three steps: (1) EMA dose, (2) exposure to light, and (3) additional purification by spin-column gel filtration. Approximately 4-log reduction in viral RNA concentration was observed by adding a dose of 10 μg/mL-EMA with 300 s of light irradiation. Although residual EMA can be an inhibitor of RT-PCR, its effect was reduced by spin-column gel filtration or a QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Kit. EMA-RT-PCR was applied to the thermally treated PV1. Results of EMA-RT-PCR were similar to the plaque assay when PV1 was thermally inactivated. Although this is a preliminary study investigating applicability of the EMA-RT-PCR method for RNA viruses, the results suggest that the method is potentially applicable for the selective detection of epidemiologically important enteric viruses in water such as enteroviruses and noroviruses.
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Meschke, J. S., and M. D. Sobsey. "Comparative adsorption of norwalk virus, poliovirus 1 and F+ RNA coliphage MS2 to soils suspended in treated wastewater." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0538.

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Enteric viruses such as Norwalk virus (NV) are important agents of waterborne disease from faecally contaminated groundwater. Viruses are more resistant to inactivation than most enteric bacteria and they may not be removed efficiently during land application. Adsorption is one of the major factors in viral removal and persistence in soils. The adsorption of NV by soils suspended in wastewater has not been determined. Therefore, we determined the adsorption of NV to six soils (Cecil clay-loam, Corolla sand, Georgia Kaolinite (clay), Wyoming Bentonite (clay), Ponzer organic muck and Flushing Meadows sand-loam) suspended in treated wastewater and compared it to that of poliovirus 1 (PV1) (strongly adsorbed) and MS2 (weakly adsorbed). NV is shown to be less sorptive than PV1 and more sorptive than MS2. Furthermore, relative virus adsorption among soils was similar for all three enteric viruses with viruses most adsorbed by clays and least adsorbed by sand and organic soils.
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30

Jeřábek, Emil. "Approximate counting in bounded arithmetic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 72, no. 3 (September 2007): 959–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1191333850.

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AbstractWe develop approximate counting of sets definable by Boolean circuits in bounded arithmetic using the dual weak pigeonhole principle (dWPHP(PV)), as a generalization of results from [15]. We discuss applications to formalization of randomized complexity classes (such as BPP, APP, MA, AM) in PV1 + dWPHP(PV).
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31

LEGGITT, PARIS R., and LEE-ANN JAYKUS. "Detection Methods for Human Enteric Viruses in Representative Foods†." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1738.

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Although viral foodborne disease is a significant problem, foods are rarely tested for viral contamination, and when done, testing is limited to shellfish commodities. In this work, we report a method to extract and detect human enteric viruses from alternative food commodities using an elution-concentration approach followed by detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fifty-gram lettuce or hamburger samples were artificially inoculated with poliovirus type 1 (PV1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), or the Norwalk virus and processed by the sequential steps of homogenization, filtration, Freon extraction (hamburger), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. To reduce volumes further and remove RT-PCR inhibitors, a secondary PEG precipitation was necessary, resulting in an overall 10- to 20-fold sample size reduction from 50 g to 3 to 5 ml. Virus recoveries in secondary PEG concentrates ranged from 10 to 70% for PV1 and 2 to 4% for HAV as evaluated by mammalian cell culture infectivity assay. Total RNA from PEG concentrates was extracted to a small volume (30 to 40 μl) and subjected to RT-PCR amplification of viral RNA sequences. Detection limit studies indicated that viral RNA was consistently detected by RT-PCR at initial inoculum levels ≥102 PFU/50-g food sample for PV1 and ≥103 PFU/50-g food sample for HAV. In similar studies with the Norwalk virus, detection at inoculum levels ≥1.5 × 103 PCR-amplifiable units/50-g sample for both food products was possible. All RT-PCR amplicons were confirmed by subsequent Southern hybridization. The procedure reported represents progress toward the development of methods to detect human enteric viral contamination in foods other than shellfish.
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Savolainen-Kopra, Carita, Elena Samoilovich, Heidi Kahelin, Anna-Kaisa Hiekka, Tapani Hovi, and Merja Roivainen. "Comparison of poliovirus recombinants: accumulation of point mutations provides further advantages." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.010942-0.

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The roles of recombination and accumulation of point mutations in the origin of new poliovirus (PV) characteristics have been hypothesized, but it is not known which are essential to evolution. We studied phenotypic differences between recombinant PV strains isolated from successive stool specimens of an oral PV vaccine recipient. The studied strains included three PV2/PV1 recombinants with increasing numbers of mutations in the VP1 gene, two of the three with an amino acid change I→T in the DE-loop of VP1, their putative PV1 parent and strains Sabin 1 and 2. Growth of these viruses was examined in three cell lines: colorectal adenocarcinoma, neuroblastoma and HeLa. The main observation was a higher growth rate between 4 and 6 h post-infection of the two recombinants with the I→T substitution. All recombinants grew at a higher rate than parental strains in the exponential phase of the replication cycle. In a temperature sensitivity test, the I→T-substituted recombinants replicated equally well at an elevated temperature. Complete genome sequencing of the three recombinants revealed 12 (3), 19 (3) and 27 (3) nucleotide (amino acid) differences from Sabin. Mutations were located in regions defining attenuation, temperature sensitivity, antigenicity and the cis-acting replicating element. The recombination site was in the 5′ end of 3D. In a competition assay, the most mutated recombinant beat parental Sabin in all three cell lines, strongly suggesting that this virus has an advantage. Two independent intertypic recombinants, PV3/PV1 and PV3/PV2, also showed similar growth advantages, but they also contained several point mutations. Thus, our data defend the hypothesis that accumulation of certain advantageous mutations plays a key role in gaining increased fitness.
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33

Soofi, Sajid Bashir, Maureen Martinez, Noha H. Farag, William S. Hendley, Derek Ehrhardt, Imran Ahmed, Imtiaz Hussain, William Weldon, and Ahmed M. Kassem. "Poliovirus Immunity among Children Aged 6–11 and 36–48 Months in 14 Polio High-Risk Provinces of Afghanistan: A Health-Facility-Based Study." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2022): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101726.

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Afghanistan is one of two countries where wild poliovirus (WPV) type 1 remains endemic. We conducted a facility-based cross-sectional survey of antipoliovirus antibodies in children in 14 provinces of Afghanistan. The provinces were selected based on programmatic priorities for polio eradication. Children aged 6–11 and 36–48 months attending outpatient clinics were enrolled in the study. We collected venous blood, isolated serum, and conducted neutralization assays to detect poliovirus neutralizing antibodies. A total of 2086 children from the 14 provinces were enrolled. Among the enrolled children, 44.3% were girls; the median age in the 6–11-month group was 9.4 months, and in the 36–48-month group, it was 41.8 months. The most common spoken language was Pashtu (70.8%). Eighty-two percent of children were fully immunized against all the diseases in the vaccination schedule of Afghanistan. In the children aged 6–11 months, seroprevalence to poliovirus type 1 (PV1) was 96.5% and seroprevalence to poliovirus type 3 (PV3) was 93%; in children aged 36–48 months, seroprevalence to PV1 was 99.5% and to PV3 was 98%. Antipoliovirus antibody prevalence for poliovirus type 2 (PV2) was 70.5% in the younger group compared with 90.9% in the older children. Children from Herat and Laghman provinces had almost 100% seroprevalence to PV1, and other provinces also had high prevalence, ranging from 92.0% to 99.0%. A similar finding was seen for antibodies against PV3, ranging from 88% to 100% by province. On the contrary, antibodies to PV2 were low, ranging from 53% for children in the Khost province to around 89% in Kunduz. There was a cluster of 18 seronegative children in the Nuristan province. Overall, the polio eradication program of Afghanistan has been successful in achieving high seroprevalence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies in the parts of the country included in this study.
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Shin, G. A., and M. D. Sobsey. "Reduction of Norwalk virus, poliovirus 1 and coliphage MS2 by monochloramine disinfection of water." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0528.

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The reduction of Norwalk virus (NV) by a 2 mg/L dose of pre-formed monochloramine was determined at pH 8 and 5°C in bench-scale, batch disinfection experiments using quantitative RT-PCR for NV assays. Two other enteric viruses, poliovirus 1 (PV1) and coliphage MS2, were included for comparison and assayed by infectivity as well as RT-PCR. After 3h, reductions of PV1 and MS2 by infectivity assays were about 1 log10 but there were no reductions of these viruses by RT-PCR assays. Hence, RT-PCR underestimated virus inactivation by monochloramine. However, NV reduction by monochloramine was about 1 log10 by RT-PCR assay, suggesting that it is more susceptible to monochloramine than the other two viruses tested. Based on RT-PCR titre reduction, the CT99 value for NV was about 775 mg-min/L. If the reduction of NV infectivity by monochloramine is ever greater than the reduction of RT-PCR signals, the CT99 value would be smaller. However, the results of this study indicate that NV and the other enteric viruses tested are not rapidly and extensively reduced by disinfection with pre-formed monochloramine.
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35

Ali, M. I., S. Ahmed, I. Javed, N. Ali, N. Atiq, A. Hameed, and G. Robson. "Biodegradation of starch blended polyvinyl chloride films by isolated Phanerochaete chrysosporium PV1." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (March 26, 2013): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0220-5.

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Shin, Gwy-Am, and Mark D. Sobsey. "Removal of norovirus from water by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes." Water Supply 15, no. 1 (September 30, 2014): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.100.

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In this study, we determined the removal of a prototype human norovirus (Norwalk virus, NV) by bench-scale alum coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for norovirus assays. After determining optimum conditions for the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in terms of turbidity reduction, jar tests were performed using the same waters seeded with test viruses. For comparison, two other important health-related viruses, poliovirus 1 (PV1) and coliphage MS2, were included in this study. The removal of NV by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes based on RT-PCR assay in this study was 1.5 log10, which was similar to that of PV1 and a little lower than that of coliphage MS2 (2 log10) based on the same RT-PCR assay. The removal of NV in this study (1.5 log10) is considerably higher than the one in a recent study using recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (∼0.7 log10). Overall, the results of this study suggest that human noroviruses can be appreciably reduced by a properly-operated coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes and the contamination of drinking water by noroviruses should be controlled by conventional water treatment processes with conventional physico-chemical processes and disinfection.
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37

MAO, B., K. CHHENG, K. WANNEMUEHLER, E. VYNNYCKY, S. BUTH, S. C. SOEUNG, S. REEF, W. WELDON, L. QUICK, and C. J. GREGORY. "Immunity to polio, measles and rubella in women of child-bearing age and estimated congenital rubella syndrome incidence, Cambodia, 2012." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 9 (November 6, 2014): 1858–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002817.

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SUMMARYSignificant gaps in immunity to polio, measles, and rubella may exist in adults in Cambodia and threaten vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) elimination and control goals, despite high childhood vaccination coverage. We conducted a nationwide serological survey during November–December 2012 of 2154 women aged 15–39 years to assess immunity to polio, measles, and rubella and to estimate congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) incidence. Measles and rubella antibodies were detected by IgG ELISA and polio antibodies by microneutralization testing. Age-structured catalytic models were fitted to rubella serological data to predict CRS cases. Overall, 29·8% of women lacked immunity to at least one poliovirus (PV); seroprevalence to PV1, PV2 and PV3 was 85·9%, 93·4% and 83·3%, respectively. Rubella and measles antibody seroprevalence was 73·3% and 95·9%, respectively. In the 15–19 years age group, 48·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 42·4–54·1] were susceptible to either PV1 or PV3, and 40·3% (95% CI 33·0–47·5) to rubella virus. Based on rubella antibody seroprevalence, we estimate that >600 infants are born with CRS in Cambodia annually. Significant numbers of Cambodian women are still susceptible to polio and rubella, especially those aged 15–19 years, emphasizing the need to include adults in VPD surveillance and a potential role for vaccination strategies targeted at adults.
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Hakamada, Kazuaki, Manami Nakamura, Rio Midorikawa, Kyosuke Shinohara, Keiichi Noguchi, Hikaru Nagaoka, Eizo Takashima, et al. "PV1 Protein from Plasmodium falciparum Exhibits Chaperone-Like Functions and Cooperates with Hsp100s." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 8616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228616.

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Plasmodium falciparum parasitophorous vacuolar protein 1 (PfPV1), a protein unique to malaria parasites, is localized in the parasitophorous vacuolar (PV) and is essential for parasite growth. Previous studies suggested that PfPV1 cooperates with the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX) complex to export various proteins from the PV. However, the structure and function of PfPV1 have not been determined in detail. In this study, we undertook the expression, purification, and characterization of PfPV1. The tetramer appears to be the structural unit of PfPV1. The activity of PfPV1 appears to be similar to that of molecular chaperones, and it may interact with various proteins. PfPV1 could substitute CtHsp40 in the CtHsp104, CtHsp70, and CtHsp40 protein disaggregation systems. Based on these results, we propose a model in which PfPV1 captures various PV proteins and delivers them to PTEX through a specific interaction with HSP101.
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39

Bilella, Alessandro, Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado, and Marco R. Celio. "Coaxiality of Foxb1- and parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamic PV1-nucleus." Neuroscience Letters 566 (April 2014): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.028.

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40

Tse, Dan, David A. Armstrong, Ariella Oppenheim, Dmitry Kuksin, Leonard Norkin, and Radu V. Stan. "Plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein (PV1) modulates SV40 virus infectivity in CV-1 cells." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 412, no. 2 (August 2011): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.063.

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41

Tkachenko, Eugene, Dan Tse, Olga Sideleva, Sophie J. Deharvengt, Marcus R. Luciano, Yan Xu, Caitlin L. McGarry, et al. "Caveolae, Fenestrae and Transendothelial Channels Retain PV1 on the Surface of Endothelial Cells." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (March 5, 2012): e32655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032655.

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42

Velury, Vijaya, and David H. Spodick. "Axial correlates of PV1 in left atrial enlargement and relation to intraatrial block." American Journal of Cardiology 73, no. 13 (May 1994): 998–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(94)90155-4.

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43

Miura, Takayuki, Yoshifumi Masago, Daisuke Sano, and Tatsuo Omura. "Development of an Effective Method for Recovery of Viral Genomic RNA from Environmental Silty Sediments for Quantitative Molecular Detection." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 12 (April 22, 2011): 3975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02692-10.

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ABSTRACTNine approaches to recover viral RNA from environmental silty sediments were newly developed and compared to quantify RNA viruses in sediments using molecular methods. Four of the nine approaches employed direct procedures for extracting RNA from sediments (direct methods), and the remaining five approaches used indirect methods wherein viral particles were recovered before RNA extraction. A direct method using an SDS buffer with EDTA to lyse viral capsids in sediments, phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol to extract RNA, isopropanol to concentrate RNA, and magnetic beads to purify RNA resulted in the highest rate of recovery (geometric mean of 11%, with a geometric standard deviation of 0.02;n= 7) of poliovirus 1 (PV1) inoculated in an environmental sediment sample. The direct method exhibiting the highest rate of PV1 recovery was applied to environmental sediment samples. One hundred eight sediment samples were collected from the Takagi River, Miyagi, Japan, and its estuary from November 2007 to April 2009, and the genomic RNAs of enterovirus and human norovirus in these samples were quantified by reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR). The human norovirus genome was detected in one sample collected at the bay, although its concentration was below the quantification limit. Meanwhile, the enterovirus genome was detected in two samples at the river mouth and river at concentrations of 8.6 × 102and 2.4 × 102copies/g (wet weight), respectively. This is the first report to obtain quantitative data for a human pathogenic virus in a river and in estuarine sediments using RT-qPCR.
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44

Girard, F., Z. Meszar, C. Marti, F. P. Davis, and M. Celio. "Gene expression analysis in the parvalbumin-immunoreactive PV1 nucleus of the mouse lateral hypothalamus." European Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 12 (December 2011): 1934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07918.x.

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Gerig, Anna T., and Marco R. Celio. "The human lateral tuberal nucleus: Immunohistochemical characterization and analogy to the rodent PV1-nucleus." Brain Research 1139 (March 2007): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.093.

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Tuteja, Renu, Bruno Bembi, Eriberto Agosti, and Francisco E. Baralle. "1448C mutation linked to the Pv1. 1− genotype in Italian patients with Gaucher disease." Human Molecular Genetics 2, no. 6 (1993): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/2.6.781.

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Celio, Marco R., Alexandre Babalian, Quan Hue Ha, Simone Eichenberger, Laurence Clément, Christiane Marti, and Clifford B. Saper. "Efferent connections of the parvalbumin-positive (PV1) nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus of rodents." Journal of Comparative Neurology 521, no. 14 (July 25, 2013): 3133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23344.

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48

Celio, Marco R., Alexandre Babalian, Quan Hue Ha, Simone Eichenberger, Laurence Clément, Christiane Marti, and Clifford B. Saper. "Efferent connections of the parvalbumin-positive (PV1) nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus of rodents." Journal of Comparative Neurology 521, no. 14 (July 25, 2013): Spc1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23402.

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49

JAYKUS, LEE-ANN, RICARDO DE LEON, and MARK D. SOBSEY. "Development of a Molecular Method for the Detection of Enteric Viruses in Oysters." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 1357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.12.1357.

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Detection of enteric virus contamination of shellfish is limited by current methodology, which is time-consuming, tedious, and lacking in sensitivity due to reliance on cell culture infectivity. Alternative detection methods based on nucleic acid amplification have been hampered by high sample volumes and the presence of enzymatic inhibitors. The goal of this study was to develop methods to purify and concentrate intact virions from oyster extracts to a volume and quality compatible with viral genomic nucleic acid amplification by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fifty-gram oyster samples were homogenized and processed by standard adsorption-elution precipitation methodology and then seeded with 105 PFU of poliovirus 1 (PV1) or hepatitis A virus (HAV). Seeded viruses were concentrated by fluorocarbon extraction, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, chloroform extraction, and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) precipitation to a volume of 100 μl with removal of RT-PCR inhibitors. Virus recovery after elution of PEG precipitates was 50% for PVI and IS to 20% for HAV as evaluted by cell culture infectivity. The CTAB precipitation step yielded a concentrated sample which was directly compatible with RT-PCR reactions and capable of detecting about 100 placque=forming units (PFU) of PVl or HAV. When 50-g oyster extracts were seeded and processed by the entire concentration and purification scheme, direct RT-PCR detection of viral genomic RNA was possible at initial inoculum levels of 104 PFU of HAV and 103 PFU of PV1, with recoveries of 1 to 5% of seeded viruses.
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Igarashi, Hiroko, Yasuko Yoshino, Miwako Miyazawa, Hitoshi Horie, Seii Ohka, and Akio Nomoto. "2A Protease Is Not a Prerequisite for Poliovirus Replication." Journal of Virology 84, no. 12 (April 14, 2010): 5947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02575-09.

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ABSTRACT Poliovirus (PV) 2Apro has been considered important for PV replication and is known to be toxic to host cells. A 2Apro-deficient PV would potentially be less toxic and ideal as a vector. To examine whether 2Apro is needed to form progeny virus, a full-length cDNA of dicistronic (dc) PV with (pOME) or without (pOMEΔ2A) 2Apro was constructed in the strain PV1(M)OM. RNAs of both pOME and pOMEΔ2A were capable of forming progeny viruses, called OME and OMEΔ2A, respectively. In their ability to induce a cytopathic effect (CPE), the strains ranked as OMEΔ2A < OME ≒ PV1(M)OM. These results suggest that 2Apro is not essential for full-length dc PV to form progeny virus and that it contributes to the efficient viral replication and/or induction of a CPE. To clarify whether 2Apro is essential for P1-null (lacking the entire coding sequence for capsid proteins) PV, the RNA replication activity of P1-null PV (pOMΔP1) or P1-null PV without 2Apro (pOMΔP1Δ2A) or without both 2Apro and 2B (pOMΔP1Δ2AΔ2B) was examined. The RNAs of pOMΔP1 and pOMΔP1Δ2A could replicate and form progeny viruses under a trans supply of P1 protein, whereas the RNA of pOMΔP1Δ2AΔ2B could not. These results suggest that 2Apro is not needed for the replication of P1-null PV, although it is important for PV RNA replication and inducing a CPE. To know whether a 2Apro-deficient PV can be used as a vector, a P1-null PV containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequence with or without 2Apro was examined. It expressed fluorescent protein. This result suggests that 2Apro-deficient PV can express foreign genes.
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