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Fux, Volker. "Thermal simulation of ventilated PV-facades." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7852.
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The application of double glazed facades, especially in administration buildings is becoming more and more popular. Aside from the architectural aspects, the energetic consequences with respect to the building into which it is integrated have been discussed much over the past few years. In order to quantify the energy balance of such facades, the heat transfer rate between the inner facade layers and the gap temperature are important factors and constitute the core of this thesis. In contrast to experimental estimations of heat transfer rates, which are measured using heat flux sensors, in this study the energy balance within the facade was determined primarily by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For the purpose of verifying the CFD results, simulation results were assessed through comparison with experimental flow data obtained using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Comparison of CFD simulations and PIV measurements showed good agreement for different symmetric and asymmetric plate temperatures as well as for different forced flow rates. A new Nusselt correlation was developed, which was derived from a CFD parameter study. The suggested correlation includes plate distances which vary from 0.05 to 0.5m, surface temperatures from -10 to 60 degrees C, inlet temperatures from -10 to 30 degrees C and Reynolds numbers (Red) between 500 and 6500. In order to estimate the thermal behaviour of a ventilated facade at an early stage of building planning, a transient simulation program was developed which is able to calculate the dynamic energy balance that occurs in a double facade. To facilitate integration of the calculation method into the commercial building simulation program TRNSYS 15, a new Type (Type 111) was written. This Type 111 can be used to connect an arbitrary facade construction to the existed building model Type56. Comparisons between calculated results from the developed model and measurements on real facades(a hybrid, mechanically-ventilated PV fagade and a naturally-ventilated, double glazed facade) provided sufficiently good agreement. The total energy rate through a window (g-value), estimated by the special g-value test rig at the Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences could also be reproduced accurately using the developed program.
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Coventry, Joseph Sydney, and Joe Coventry@anu edu au. "A solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal collector." The Australian National University. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20041019.152046.
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This thesis discusses aspects of a novel solar concentrating photovoltaic / thermal (PV/T) collector that has been designed to produce both electricity and hot water. The motivation for the development of the Combined Heat and Power Solar (CHAPS) collector is twofold: in the short term, to produce photovoltaic power and solar hot water at a cost which is competitive with other renewable energy technologies, and in the longer term, at a cost which is lower than possible with current technologies. To the authors knowledge, the CHAPS collector is the first PV/T system using a reflective linear concentrator with a concentration ratio in the range 20-40x. The work contained in this thesis is a thorough study of all facets of the CHAPS collector, through a combination of theoretical and experimental investigation.
A theoretical discussion of the concept of energy value is presented, with the aim of developing methodologies that could be used in optimisation studies to compare the value of electrical and thermal energy. Three approaches are discussed; thermodynamic methods, using second law concepts of energy usefulness; economic valuation of the hot water and electricity through levelised energy costs; and environmental valuation, based on the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the generation of hot water and electricity. It is proposed that the value of electrical energy and thermal energy is best compared using a simple ratio.
Experimental measurement of the thermal and electrical efficiency of a CHAPS receiver was carried out for a range of operating temperatures and fluid flow rates. The effectiveness of internal fins incorporated to augment heat transfer was examined. The glass surface temperature was measured using an infrared camera, to assist in the calculation of thermal losses, and to help determine the extent of radiation absorbed in the cover materials. FEA analysis, using the software package Strand7, examines the conductive heat transfer within the receiver body to obtain a temperature profile under operating conditions.
Electrical efficiency is not only affected by temperature, but by non-uniformities in the radiation flux profile. Highly non-uniform illumination across the cells was found to reduce the efficiency by about 10% relative. The radiation flux profile longitudinal to the receivers was measured by a custom-built flux scanning device. The results show significant fluctuations in the flux profile and, at worst, the minimum flux intensity is as much as 27% lower than the median. A single cell with low flux intensity limits the current and performance of all cells in series, causing a significant drop in overall output. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the causes of flux non-uniformities is essential for the design of a single-axis tracking PV trough concentrator. Simulation of the flux profile was carried out using the ray tracing software Opticad, and good agreement was achieved between the simulated and measured results. The ray tracing allows the effect of the receiver supports, the gap between mirrors and the mirror shape imperfections to be examined individually.
A detailed analytical model simulating the CHAPS collector was developed in the TRNSYS simulation environment. The accuracy of the new component was tested against measured data, with acceptable results. A system model was created to demonstrate how sub components of the collector, such as the insulation thickness and the conductivity of the tape bonding the cells to the receiver, can be examined as part of a long term simulation.
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Haddi, Jihad. "Thermal Evaluation of a Solarus PV-T collector." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energi och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-13567.
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Low concentrator PV-T hybrid systems produce both electricity and thermal energy; this fact increases the overall efficiency of the system and reduces the cost of solar electricity. These systems use concentrators which are optical devices that concentrate sunlight on to solar cells and reduce expensive solar cell area. This thesis work deals with the thermal evaluation of a PV-T collector from Solarus.Firstly the thermal efficiency of the low concentrator collector was characterized for the thermal-collector without PV cells on the absorber. Only two types of paint were on the absorber, one for each trough of the collector. Both paints are black one is glossy and the other is dull,. The thermal efficiency at no temperature difference between collector and ambient for these two types of paint was 0.65 and 0.64 respectively; the U-value was 8.4 W/m2°C for the trough with the glossy type of paint and 8.6 W/m2°C for the trough with dull type of paint. The annual thermal output of these two paints was calculated for two different geographic locations, Casablanca, Morocco and Älvkarleby, Sweden.Secondly the thermal efficiency was defined for the PV-T collector with PV cells on the absorber. The PV cells cover 85% of the absorber, without any paint on the rest of the absorber area. We also tested how the electrical power output influences the thermal power output of the PV-T collector. The thermal and total performances for the PV-T collector were only characterized with reflector sides, because of the lack of time we could not characterize them with transparent sides also.
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Bouzoukas, Asterios. "New approaches for cooling photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11148/.
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Today the majority of UK's energy needs are met by fossil fuels. An energy sector that uses 30% of this energy and generates 28% of the total emissions is domestic sector. To reduce the emissions generated by fossil fuels UK government decided to increase the energy coming from renewable sources by 2020. A renewable energy that can contribute is solar energy. Solar thermal collectors and photovoltaics are two means of transforming solar energy to thermal and electrical energy. The limited space in the roofs and the cost of the technologies will prevent families to use both systems together in their roof A hybrid energy system combine the use of two or more alternative power sources will help to increase the system's total efficiency. The photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system is a hybrid structure that converts part of the sun's radiation to electricity and part to thermal energy. This research work focuses on the production of new approaches on hybrid PV/T systems. PV/T systems using water and air have been introduced and a literature review conducted in order to identify positives and negatives of these systems. Experiments also conducted by using water and air as heat transfer medium, and the results helped to work as a benchmark performance to the new approaches. These technologies were heat pipes, phase change materials and micro encapsulated phase change materials. The technologies exist for years but their use in the specific application is new. A literature review was undertaken to provide an understanding of these technologies and identified findings that have contributed to the design of the systems. Experimental work was carried out incorporating these technologies in the rear of a PV and the results indicated comparable performance with PV/T-water and PV/Tair. Five performance indicators were employed to help with the comparison of the systems. These were electrical and thermal efficiency, the total energy efficiency, the primary energy saving efficiency and the exergy efficiency. From these five indicators the primary energy saving efficiency that shows how much fossil fuel is saved and the exergy efficiency that could give the optimum working conditions of each system was the most valuable ratings. For the PV/PCM model a new simulation program was developed to help validate the experimental work. Also an environmental and economic study was undertaken to compare if the new systems could help reduce the C02 emissions and if they were feasible to become commercial products. Finally the conclusions gained have been presented and recommendations fo r future work have been made.
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Shah, Keyur. "Thermal Analysis of Water Droplets on PV Panel Surfaces." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10844505.
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Due to the increasing energy costs and concern on carbon footprint, renewable energy technologies have become more important. Especially after the COP21 Paris meeting, increase in implementation of renewable energy systems has been an important agenda item of countries globally. Among these renewable technologies, solar energy is one of the key players. Hence research on photovoltaic (PV) panels has become more important.
This study investigates the heat transfer effect of water droplets on the panel surface. As surface temperature variation plays a significant role in the efficiency of the solar panel, understanding the heat transfer phenomena between the droplet and the panel is crucial. Temperature variation around the droplet-panel interface was studied both theoretically and numerically. Different cases were studied considering droplet volume, number of droplets, and the distance between the droplets. This research concludes that droplet retention on PV panel surface after a rain, condensation or irrigation event is observed when the drag force dominates the body forces. Amount of heat transfer increases with increasing droplet volume and contact area. Hence more heat transfer is observed over hydrophilic surfaces then hydrophobic surfaces. As the number of droplets over the PV panel surface increase, cell temperature decreases which would yield panel efficiency. It was observed that as the distance between the droplets increases, cooling effect lessens. This decrease in the cooling effect would get higher as the droplets get further away from each other.
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Xiang, Yetao. "Experimental and computational investigation of building integrated PV thermal air system combined with thermal storage." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42743/.
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Issues from global warming with increased CO2 emissions have been to a main concern over world. As an example in the UK, the energy demand in the domestic sector has risen by 17% in 2010 compared with that of 1970. Applying renewable energy is widely agreed to be the most effective and promising way to solve the problem where solar energy and photovoltaic technology have been greatly developing from the last century. Photovoltaic combines with Phase Change Material (PV/PCM) system is a hybrid solar system which uses phase change material to reduce the PV temperature and to store energy for other applications. This thesis aims to investigate the performance of a designed building integrated photovoltaic thermal system (BIPVT) with PCM as thermal storage for building applications. The research objectives are to increase the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) efficiency by incorporating PCM while utilising the stored heat in PCM for controlling indoor conditions and reduce the total building energy consumption. The research starts with solar energy convection technologies including solar thermal and solar photovoltaic. Then a combined technology named photovoltaic thermal system (PVT) was introduced and discussed. Research work on a different type of PVT using water and air as thermal energy medium was further reviewed and discussed. An analytical approach investigation was presented on a PVT system and the results were used to design the experiment work on PV/PCM configuration. Experiments have been carried out on a prototype PV/PCM air system using monocrystalline photovoltaic modules. Transient simulations of the system performance have also been performed using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package based on the finite volume method. The results from simulation were validated by comparing with experimental results. The results indicated that PCM is effective in limiting temperature rise in PV device and the heat from PCM can enhance night ventilation and decrease the building energy consumption to achieve indoor thermal comfort for certain periods of time. An entire building energy simulation with designed PV/PCM air system was also carried out under real weather condition of Nottingham, UK and Shanghai, China. The result also shows a market potential of PV/PCM system and a payback time of 11 years in the UK condition if using electrical heater.
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Rodriguez, Ramon, and Pamplona David Sanchéz. "DYNAMIC MODELING OF HYBRID PV/THERMAL SOLAR SYSTEM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION." Thesis, University of Gävle, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3580.
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Kaya, Mustafa. "Thermal and Electrical Performance Evaluation of PV/T Collectors in UAE." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122171.
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Photovoltaic Thermal/Hybrid collectors are an emerging technology that combines PV and solar thermal collectors by producing heat and electricity simultaneously. In this paper, thermal and electrical performance of PV/T collectors are analyzed and presented for the climate of RAK, UAE. Thermal performance evaluation is done following the collector output model presented in European standard EN 12975-2 and electrical performance evaluation is done by analyzing the effect of water circulation on the performance of PV/T collectors. Additionally, a PV/T system is designed for residential use in UAE and simulated using simulation software Polysun. Power output and requirements of the system along with its financial analysis is presented. Alternative solar energy systems to PV/T system are analyzed in terms of power output, specific requirements and financial analyses. Finally, a study is made to reveal the impact of incentives towards sustainable energy systems on the economic feasibility of PV/T systems for residential use in UAE.The project is done in cooperation with CSEM-uae under local supervision of Mr. Manoj Kumar Pokhrel.
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Charalambous, Petros G. "Optimization of the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector : an engineering approach." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618680.
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In an effort to reduce the cost of conventional fin and tube photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors a novel mathematical analysis was developed which determines the optimum absorber plate configuration having the least material content and thus cost, whilst maintaining high collection efficiency. The analysis was based on the "low-flow" concept whose advantages include: improved system performance, smaller pump (less expensive with lower power consumption), smaller diameter tubes requiring lower thickness and thus cost of insulation, less construction power and time for the optimum absorber configuration. In this novel thermoeconomic optimization, the mechanisms of heat transfer from the fin to the tubes of the absorber plate and expressions of absorber plate material content and thus cost were identified and developed to allow for the absorber plate parameters (tube spacing, tube diameter and fin thickness) of the fin and tube PV IT collector to be optimized. In order for the useful collected heat (or thermal efficiency) of the PV/T collector to be held constant, the optimization procedure was based on holding constant the value of the PV IT collector efficiency factor.
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Nalis, Amrizal. "Quasi-Dynamic Characterization of Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Flat-Plate Collectors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84100.
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Un model híbrid transitòria fotovoltaic / tèrmic ha estat desenvolupat i validat experimentalment. La metodologia s'estén el model tèrmic quasi-dinàmica s'indica a la norma EN 12975 per involucrar el rendiment elèctric i estudiar el comportament dinàmic minimitzar les limitacions de l'hora de caracteritzar el col • lector. Una es mou cap enrere procediment mitjà de filtrat s'ha aplicat per millorar la resposta del model de condicions de treball variables. Quant a la part elèctrica, el model inclou les dependències tèrmiques i la radiació en les seves variables. Els resultats van revelar que els paràmetres característics inclosos en el model raonablement d'acord amb els valors experimentals obtinguts de la norma d'estat estacionari i els mesuraments de la corba característica IV. Després d'un procés de calibració del model proposat és una eina adequada per predir el comportament tèrmic i elèctric d'un col • lector solar híbrida, per un temps determinat conjunt de dades.A hybrid photovoltaic/thermal transient model has been developed and validated experimentally. The methodology extends the quasi-dynamic thermal model stated in the EN 12975 to involve the electrical performance and to consider the dynamic behaviour minimising constraints when characterising the collector. A backward moving average filtering procedure has been applied to improve the model response for variable working conditions. Concerning the electrical part, the model includes the thermal and radiation dependences in its variables. The results revealed that the characteristic parameters included in the model reasonably agree with the experimental values obtained from standard steady-state and IV characteristic curve measurements. After a calibration process the proposed model is a suitable tool to predict the thermal and electrical performance of a hybrid solar collector, for a specific weather data set
Se ha desarrollado un modelo dinámico para caracterizar colectores solares híbridos térmofotovoltaicos. La metodología extiende el modelo térmico estipulado en la norma EN 12975 involucrando la aportación eléctrica y estudiando el comportamiento dinámico para minimizar las restricciones a la hora de caracterizar el módulo. Se han implementado procedimientos de filtrado que mejoran la respuesta del modelo bajo condiciones variables. En cuanto a la parte eléctrica, el modelo incluye las dependencias térmicas y la radiación en sus variables. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de caracterización dinámica del colector híbrido PV/T revelaron que los parámetros característicos incluidos en el modelo concuerdan razonablemente bien con los valores experimentales obtenidos siguiendo el estándar de caracterización estacionaria, la capacidad calorífica efectiva y las mediciones de la curva característica IV. Después de un proceso de calibración, el modelo es una herramienta adecuada para predecir el comportamiento de un colector solar híbrido, para unas condiciones externas determinadas.
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Aldossary, Abdulrahman S. "Development and performance characterisation of high concentrating multi-junction PV/thermal technology." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7382/.
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Multi-Junction (MJ) solar cells are new generation of Photovoltaic (PV) technology with high efficiency, better response to high solar concentration and lower temperature coefficients. MJ cells are integrated with high concentrating optical systems to maximise their power output. However, high concentration of solar radiation can lead to significant increase in the cells temperature thus cooling is essential which offers potential for heat recovery leading to the development of High Concentrator PV/Thermal (HCPV/T) systems. This thesis presents a detailed investigation of the MJ based HCPV/T optical, electrical and thermal performance. The performance analysis of HCPV/T integrating 0.25x0.25 m\(^2\) Fresnel lens under concentration ratios of 425X (X=1000 W/m\(^2\)) was carried out to estimate the maximum power output that can be collected. It was found that the yearly total power yield can be up to 191.25 kWh. Therefore, 184 units of HCPV/T, which occupy only 11.5 m\(^2\), can generate 35,190 kWh. Also, in comparison to the flat plate Silicon PV module with electrical efficiency of 20% and 1.2x0.8 m\(^2\) area, HCPV/T system can save about 76% of the area needed to meet this demand. On the other hand, in terms of pollution these units can displace about 23 tons of CO\(_2\) every year.
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Lai, Chi-Ming. "Development and thermal performance assessment of the opaque PV façades for subtropical climate region." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/204562.
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Adeyemi, Oluwapelumi Olufemi. "Towards a novel polio VLP vaccine : stabilising the PV-1 capsid by thermal selection." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17797/.
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Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious and debilitating viral disease caused by poliovirus (PV). The use of an oral (OPV) and an inactivated (IPV) polio vaccine over the years has led to remarkable progress towards the eradication of polio. In order to safeguard against reintroduction of polio, post-eradication, vaccination will continue. However, current OPV and IPV require the propagation of live virus and therefore constitute biological hazards post-eradication. Genome-free empty capsids (ECs) are produced during the PV lifecycle but are conformationally unstable at physiological temperatures, rapidly losing native antigenicity. If stabilised in the native conformation, recombinantly expressed PV ECs could have applications as alternative virus-free vaccines for use post-eradication. In this study, thermally-stable variants were selected through cycles of increasing thermal pressures from 51oC through 53oC to 57oC. Selected viruses were shown to have evolved thermally-stable ECs that retained native antigenicity at elevated temperatures. The capsid-stabilising mutations were identified and stabilising combinations were further investigated. The structural precursor protein (P1) of two mutant virus candidates were co-expressed with the viral protease (3CD) in a plant system which resulted in the production of thermally-stable PV-1 ECs, some of which retained the native antigenicity at temperatures higher than current IPV. The investigated potential for expression of thermally-stable VLPs in yeast is also discussed.
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Hagsjö, Renberg Oscar, and Oscar Hermansson. "Technical and market potential of solar PV/thermal modules combined with ground source heat pumps." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170889.
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This bachelor thesis investigates the market and technical potential of combining PV-T technology with ground source heat pumps for multi-family housings in Sweden. The basic idea is to first convert ordinary solar panels to solar panels that are cooled which reduces their resistance. This makes them more efficient and increases their life expectancy. The heat extracted is then utilized to make the heat pump more efficient. This can be done in multiple ways. Different system setups are therefore considered and the most optimal one is modelled and evaluated. The model is created in Excel using weather data from Sweden. It calculates the borehole temperature, COP and simple payback time for the system, varying different interesting inputs. The conclusion is that the best system solution is to transfer the PV-T coolant heat to the borehole. The result also shows that the performance of the system is improved the most for buildings with low heat losses, but that the simple payback time is longer in those cases. The potential of a system like this is not promising due to the long simple payback time, more detailed modelling is required so that a more realistic result can be achieved to see if it becomes shorter.Detta kandidatexamensarbete undersöker möjligheten att kombinera hybrid-solceller med bergvärmepumpar för flerfamiljebostäder i Sverige. Grundtanken är att göra om vanliga solceller till solceller som blir kylda så att de blir effektivare samt att de får längre livslängd, för att sedan använda den värmen man extraherar från cellen till att göra bergvärmepumpen effektivare. Detta kan göras på flera olika sätt och olika konfigurationer konstrueras och den bästa lösningen blir modellerad. Modellen görs i Excel och med hjälp av väder- och solcelldata från Sverige kommer den nya borrhålstemperaturen, COP-värdet samt tiden det tar innan man har fått tillbaka investeringen att beräknas. Resultatet är att det bästa sättet att kombinera dessa två system är att leda värmen direkt ner i borrhålet. Resultatet säger även att tiden det tar innan man har fått tillbaka sin investering är som kortast vid byggnader som har höga energibehov. Potentialen för detta system ser i nuläget inte lovande ut eftersom tiden det tar innan man får tillbaka investeringen är alldeles för lång, utförligare beräkningar krävs för att uppnå mer exakta resultat för att se om återbetalningstiden blir kortare.
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Al, Balushi Ateef Yousuf. "Feasibility study of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) water collector in the local environment (Perth)." Thesis, Al Balushi, Ateef Yousuf (2018) Feasibility study of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) water collector in the local environment (Perth). Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/44811/.
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This paper provided a feasibility study of solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) water collector in the local environment (Perth) and compare it to solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar water heating system. A hybrid photovoltaic/ thermal system is an integrated system, which can produce both heat and electricity simultaneously. The electrical and thermal performance of PV/T for the climate of Perth are analysed experimentally and by using Polysun simulation software. Thermal and electrical performances of three systems were studied under different water mass flow rates. The results illustrated that water circulation through the PV/T collector decreases the overall temperature of the solar cells and the results showed a significant improvement on the electrical output of the system. Additionally, with the increase of mass flow rate the thermal efficiency increases as well. Furthermore, a PV/T system is designed for residential use in Perth and simulated by using Polysun simulation software. Power output of the system alongside its economic feasibility is presented. In this report, PV/T systems are defined as a base case and solar thermal flat plate collector, solar photovoltaic system and combined flat plate collector with PV system are examined under 11 cases with different scenarios. Electrical and thermal performance, rooftop area requirements and economic feasibility of these different solar energy technologies are presented. The results indicated that each system showed a different economic feasibility depending on the demand of either electricity, heat or a combination of both.
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Mokhtari, Ghassem. "Smart resource control in distribution network to improve the integration level of PV." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/72235/1/Ghassem_Mokhtari_Thesis.pdf.
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This project was an innovative approach in developing smart coordination of available energy resources to improve the integration level of PV in distribution network. Voltage and loading issues are considered as the main concerns for future electricity grid which need to be avoided using such resources. A distributed control structure was proposed for the resources in distribution network to avoid noted power quality issues.
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Kumbasar, Serdar. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar PV/Thermal System for Power and Cooling Generation in Antalya, Turkey." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119608.
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In this study a roof-top PVT/absorption chiller system is modeled for a hotel building in Antalya, Turkey to cover the cooling demand of the hotel, to produce electricity and domestic hot water. PVT modules, an absorption chiller, a hot storage tank and a natural gas fired auxiliary heater are the main components of the system. Elecetrical power produced by the system is 94.2 MWh, the cooling power is 185.5 MWh and the amount of domestic hot water produced in the system is 65135 m3 at 45 0C annually. Even though the systems is capable of meeting the demands of the hotel building, because of the high investment costs of PVT modules and high interest rates in Turkey, it is not economically favorable. Using cheaper solar collectors, integrating a cold storage unit in the system or having an improved conrol strategy are the options to increase the system efficiency and to make the system economically competitive.
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Elwood, Teri, Whit Bennett, Teh Lai, and Kelly Simmons-Potter. "In-situ comparison of thermal measurement technologies for interpretation of PV module temperature de-rating effects." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622582.
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It is well known that the efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) module is strongly impacted by its temperature such that higher temperatures lead to lower energy conversion efficiencies. An accurate measurement of the temperature de-rating effect, therefore, is vital to the correct interpretation of PV module performance under varied environmental conditions. The current work investigates and compares methods for performing measurements of module temperature both in the lab and in field-test environments. A comparison of several temperature measurement devices was made in order to establish the ideal sensor configuration for quantifying module operating temperature. Sensors were also placed in various locations along a string of up to eight photovoltaic modules to examine the variance in operating temperature with position in the string and within a larger array of strings.
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Cartmell, Ben. "A multi-operational, combined PV/thermal and solar air collector system : application, simulation and performance evaluation." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406014.
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Mtunzi, Busiso. "Design, implementation and evaluation of a directly water cooled photovoltaic- thermal system." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016198.
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This research project was based on the Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Photovoltaic Water heating system in South Africa, Eastern Cape Province. The purpose of the study was to design and investigate the scientific and economic contribution of direct water cooling on the photovoltaic module. The method involved performance comparison of two photovoltaic modules, one naturally cooled (M1) and the other, direct water cooled module (M2). Module M2 was used to produce warm water and electricity, hence, a hybrid system. The study focused on comparing the modules’ efficiency, power output and their performance. The temperatures attained by water through cooling the module were monitored as well as the electrical energy generated. A data logger and a low cost I/V characteristic system were used for data collection for a full year. The data were then used for performance analysis of the modules. The results of the study revealed that the directly water cooled module could operate at a higher electrical efficiency for 87% of the day and initially produced 3.63% more electrical energy each day. This was found to be true for the first three months after installation. In the remaining months to the end of the year M2 was found to have more losses as compared to M1 as evidenced by the modules’ performance ratios. The directly water cooled module also showed an energy saving efficiency of 61%. A solar utilization of 47.93% was found for M2 while 8.77% was found for M1. Economically, the project was found to be viable and the payback period of the directly cooled module (M2) system was found to be 9.8 years. Energy economics showed that the system was more sensitive to the price changes and to the energy output as compared to other inputs such as operation and maintenance and years of operation. A generation cost of R0.84/kWh from the system was found and when compared to the potential revenue of R1.18 per kWh, the system was found to enable households to make a profit of 40.5 %. Use of such a system was also found to be able to contribute 9.55% towards carbon emission reduction each year. From these results, it was concluded that a directly cooled photovoltaic/thermal heating (PV/T) system is possible and that it can be of much help in terms of warm water and electricity provision.
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Alfadda, Abdullah Ibrahim A. "Strategies for Managing Cool Thermal Energy Storage with Day-ahead PV and Building Load Forecasting at a District Level." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93509.
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In hot climate areas, the electrical load in a building spikes, but not by the same amount daily due to various conditions. In order to cover the hottest day of the year, large cooling systems are installed, but are not fully utilized during all hot summer days. As a result, the investments in these cooling systems cannot be fully justified.
A solution for more optimal use of the building cooling system is presented in this dissertation using Cool Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) deployed at a district level. Such CTES systems are charged overnight and the cool charge is dispatched as cool air during the day. The integration of the CTES helps to downsize the otherwise large cooling systems designed for the hottest day of the year. This reduces the capital costs of installing large cooling systems. However, one important question remains - how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling load for the next day is fully met and at the same time the CTES charge is fully utilized during the day.
The solution presented in this dissertation integrated the CTES with Photovoltaics (PV) power forecasting and building load forecasting at a district level for a more optimal charge/discharge management. A district comprises several buildings of different load profiles, all connected to the same cooling system with central CTES. The use of forecasting for both the PV and the building cooling load allows the building operator to more accurately determine how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling system and CTES can meet the cooling demand for the next day. Using this approach, the CTES would be optimally sized, and utilized more efficiently during the day. At the same time, peak load savings are achieved, thus benefiting an electric utility company.
The district presented in this dissertation comprises PV panels and three types of buildings – a mosque, a clinic and an office building. In order to have a good estimation for the required CTES charge for the next day, reliable forecasts for the PV panel outputs and the electrical load of the three buildings are required. In the model developed for the current work, dust was introduced as a new input feature in all of the forecasting models to improve the models' accuracy. Dust levels play an important role in PV output forecasts in areas with high and variable dust values.
The overall solution used both the PV panel forecasts and the building load forecasts to estimate the CTES charge for the next day. The presented method was tested against the baseline method with no forecasting system. Multiple scenarios were conducted with different cooling system sizes and different CTES capacities. Research findings indicated that the presented method utilized the CTES charge more efficiently than the baseline method. This led to more savings in the energy consumption at the district level.Doctor of Philosophy
In hot weather areas around the world, the electrical load in a building spikes because of the cooling load, but not by the same amount daily due to various conditions. In order to meet the demand of the hottest day of the year, large cooling systems are installed. However, these large systems are not fully utilized during all hot summer days. As a result, the investments in these cooling systems cannot be fully justified. A solution for more optimal use of the building cooling system is presented in this dissertation using Cool Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) deployed at a district level. Such CTES systems are charged overnight and the cool charge is dispatched as cool air during the day. The integration of the CTES helps to downsize the otherwise large cooling systems designed for the hottest day of the year. This reduces the capital costs of installing large cooling systems. However, one important question remains - how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling load for the next day is fully met and at the same time the CTES charge is fully utilized during the day. The solution presented in this dissertation integrated the CTES with Photovoltaics (PV) power forecasting and building load forecasting at a district level for a more optimal charge/discharge management. A district comprises several buildings all connected to the same cooling system with central CTES. The use of the forecasting for both the PV and the building cooling load allows the building operator to more accurately determine how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling system and CTES can meet the cooling demand for the next day. Using this approach, the CTES would be optimally sized and utilized more efficiently. At the same time, peak load is lowered, thus benefiting an electric utility company.
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Linde, Daniel. "Evaluation of a Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Collector prototype." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24061.
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This Master thesis, in collaboration with Morgonsol Väst AB, was completed as a part of the Solar Energy engineering program at Dalarna University. It analyses the electrical and thermal performance of a prototype PVT collector developed by Morgonsol Väst AB. By following the standards EN 12975 and EN ISO 9806 as guides, the thermal tests of the collector were completed at the facility in Borlänge. The electrical performance of the PVT collector was evaluated by comparing it to a reference PV panel fitted next to it. The result from the tests shows an improved electrical performance of the PVT collector caused by the cooling and a thermal performance described by the linear efficiency curve ηth=0.53-21.6(Tm-Ta/G). The experimental work in this thesis is an initial study of the prototype PVT collector that will supply Morgonsol Väst with important data for future development and research of the product.
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Andersson, Martin. "Comparison of solar thermal and photovoltaic assisted heat pumps for multi-family houses in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244401.
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The building sector account for 40 % of the global energy demand, and an increasingly popular way to supply buildings with heat is through the use of heat pumps. Solar thermal (ST) can either be used as a low temperature energy source in the heat pump or to directly supply the building’s heating demand. The increasing market of PV has made it a favorite for roof-top solar installation. Its physical integration with buildings and HPs is simpler than that of ST and can supply any available electric load associated with the building and not just the HP system. It can also supply any excess power to the grid. In order to properly compare these two options, key performance indicators (KPIs) were identified for several system boundaries within the building and HP system. Technical KPIs used were seasonal performance factor (SPF), solar fraction (SF) and self-consumption (SC), while internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), profitability index (PI) and payback time was used to evaluate their economic performance. For the thesis a multi-family house was modelled in TRNSYS where different system sizes of either ST or PVs was simulated for a year with three-minute intervals. The ST was connected in a parallel configuration thereby supplying the building’s domestic hot water (DHW) through a separate storage tank. The modelled heat pump was a ground source heat pump (GSHP) which utilizes boreholes as the low temperature energy source. The SPF increased for both the ST and PV integration from the reference scenario (no PV/ST integration) but to a varying degree depending on the analyzed system boundary. The economic results suggested that PVs are the more financially sound option over ST for the simulated MFH. The sensitivity analysis also showed the large impact of economic assumptions on the expected profitability for both the PV and ST systems. Based on the results would the simulated MFH with an existing GSHP benefit more from installing PV instead of ST from both a technical, economic and environmental perspective. It is reasonable that PVs will most likely be an integral part for future buildings in Sweden with or without HPs because of its financial strength and versatility of demand supply, especially compared to ST.Byggsektorn står för 40% av det globala energibehovet, och ett alltmer populärt sätt att leverera värme till ett hus är genom användning av värmepumpar. Solvärmefångare kan antingen användas som en lågtemperaturenergikälla i värmepumpen eller för att direkt leverera byggnadens värmebehov. Den ökande marknaden för solceller har gjort den till en favorit för takmonterad solinstallation. Dess fysiska integration med byggnader är enklare än solvärmefångare och kan leverera el till hea byggnaden och inte bara värmepumpssystemet. Solceller kan också leverera till elnätet om produktionen överstiger byggnadens behov. För att korrekt jämföra dessa två alternativ identifierades viktiga indikatorer för flera systemgränser inom byggnaden och värmepumpssystemet. Tekniska indikatorer som användes var årsvärmefaktor, solfraktion och självförbrukning, medan internränta, nuvärde, lönsamhetsindex och återbetalningstid användes för att utvärdera deras ekonomiska resultat. För uppsatsen modellerades ett flerbostadshus med tillgänglig takyta i TRNSYS där olika systemstorlekar (i kvadratmeter) av antingen solvärmefångare eller solceller var simulerade i ett år med tre minuters intervall. Solvärmefångaren var ansluten i en parallell konfiguration med värmepumpen, varigenom byggnadens varmvatten levereras genom en separat lagertank. Den modellerade värmepumpen var en bergvärmepump som utnyttjar borrhål som lågtemperaturenergikälla. Årsvärmefaktorn ökade för både solvärmefångar- och solcells-integrationen från referensscenariot (ingen solteknisk-integration) men i varierande grad, beroende på den analyserade systemgränsen. De ekonomiska resultaten visade att solceller är det mer ekonomiskt sunda alternativet över solvärmefångare för det simulerade flerbostadshuset. Känslighetsanalysen visade också på den stora effekten av ekonomiska antaganden på den förväntade lönsamheten för både solceller och solvärmefångare. Baserat på resultaten skulle det simulerade flerbostadshuset med en befintlig bergvärmepump dra nytta av att installera solceller istället för solvärmefångare från ett tekniskt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Det är troligt att solceller kommer vara en del i framtida byggnader i Sverige med eller utan värmepumpar på grund av den ekonomiska styrkan och möjligheten att tillgodose både byggnaden och elnätet vid överproduktion.
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Leppin, Lorenz. "Development of Operational Strategies for a Heating Pump System with Photovoltaic, Electrical and Thermal Storage." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-27304.
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This study describes the development of operational strategies for an exhaust air heat pump system that supplies space heating and domestic hot water. The system combines photovoltaic power production with two different storage types. These are electrical storage using batteries and thermal storage in using a domestic hot water tank and in form of the thermal capacity of the building. The investigation of the control strategies is carried out for a detailed single family house model in Sweden in the simulation software TRNSYS. The overall aim of the control strategies is to improve the performance of the energy system in terms of self-consumption, self-sufficiency, final energy and seasonal performance factor. Three algorithms are developed and compared to a base case without additional control. The first algorithm only uses the thermal storage in the hot water tank and the building. The second uses only the battery to store the photovoltaic electricity. The third control algorithm combines both storage types, electrical and thermal. The simulation results show that for the studied system the energetic improvement is higher with the use of electrical storage compared to using thermal storage. The biggest improvement however is reached with the third algorithm, using both storage types in combination. For the case of a photovoltaic-system with 9 kW and battery store with 10.8 kWh and a 180 l hot water store the self-consumption reaches up to 51% with a solar fraction of 41 %. The reduction in final energy consumption for this case is 3057 kWh (31 %) with the heat pump having a seasonal performance factor of 2.6. The highest self-consumption is reached with a photovoltaic-system of 3 kW and battery store with 3.6 kWh, which comes to 71 %.
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Невідомий, Олег Ігорович, and Oleh Nevidomyi. "Енергоефективність суміщення фотогальванічного модуля та сонячного колектора для спільного вироблення електричної та теплової енергії." Master's thesis, ТНТУ імені Івана Пулюя, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31343.
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Пopяд iз електpичнoю, iз енеpгiї coнця мoжнa oтpимувaти i теплoву. Пoєднaння у oднoму пpиcтpoї пеpетвopювaчa coнячнoї енеpгiї нa електpичну тa теплoву є aктуaльним, тaк як дoзвoлить пiдвищити ефективнicть викopиcтaння плoщi. У poбoтi визнaченo фaктopи, якi впливaють нa ефективнicть poбoти coнячних кoлектopiв; зaпpoпoнoвaнa метoдикa poзpaхунку для PV/T кoлектopiв; пpoведенo мoделювaння енеpгoефективнocтi PV/T кoлектopa; poзpaхoвaнo екoнoмiчну ефективнicть PV/T кoлектopa; пpедcтaвленa фiзичнa мoдель гiбpиднoї PV/T coнячнoї пaнелi.
Ocкiльки кoефiцiєнт випpoмiнювaння Si фoтoелектpичних елементiв cклaдaє пpиблизнo 0,9, тo тaкий PV/T кoлектop буде пpaцювaти кpaще пpи poбoтi iз низькими темпеpaтуpaми нa вхoдi теплoнociя. Зaвдяки цiй влacтивocтi PV/T кoлектop мoжнa викopиcтaти в якocтi пiдiгpiвaючoгo кoлектopa який з'єднaний пocлiдoвнo з iншим кoлектopoм. Дpугий кoлектop бiльш ефективний, пpи бiльш виcoких темпеpaтуpaх, мoже бути кoлектopoм з пoглинaчем з cелективним пoкpиття, вaкуумним кoлектopoм.Like electric, solar energy can be obtained from thermal energy. The combination of a solar and an electrical and thermal energy converter in one device is relevant, as it will increase the area efficiency. The paper determines the factors that influence the efficiency of solar collectors; proposed calculation method for PV / T collectors; simulation of PV / T collector energy efficiency; economic efficiency of PV / T collector is calculated; presents a physical model of a hybrid PV / T solar panel. Since the Si emission factor of photovoltaic cells is approximately 0.9, such a PV / T collector will work better when operating at low temperatures at the inlet of the coolant. Due to this property, the PV / T collector can be used as a heating manifold that is connected in series with another manifold. The second collector is more efficient, at higher temperatures, may be a collector with a selector-coated absorber, a vacuum collector.
ВСТУП РОЗДІЛ 1. ЛІТЕРАТУРНИЙ ОГЛЯД...9 1.1. Сонячні енергетичні установки і їх класифікація та сонячні теплові електростанції. Історична довідка...9 1.2. СЕС, що використовують пряме перетворення сонячної енергії в електричну...10 1.2.1. Термоелектричний метод...10 1.2.2. Термоемісійний перетворювач...13 1.3. Сонячні теплові електростанції...14 1.3.1. СЕС баштового типу...15 1.3.2. СЕС на параболо-циліндричних концентраторах...21 1.3.4. СЕС із використанням оптичних лінз...24 1.4. Висновки до розділу...25 РОЗДІЛ 2. ОСНОВНА ЧАСТИНА...27 2.1. Початкові умови для моделювання...27 2.2. Продуктивність з точки зору енергії та ексергії...27 2.3. Параметри колектора та його характеристики...31 2.4. Моделювання енергоефективності PV / Т продуктивністі з TRNSYS...33 2.4.1. PV/T колектор для нагрівання води...33 2.4.2. Теоретична модель PV / Т колектора...33 2.4.2.1. Загальне характеристичне рівняння PV / Т колектора...34 2.4.2.2. Загальне рівняння теплоємності PV / Т колекгора...35 2.4.2.3. Енергія колектора...38 2.4.2.4. Втрати тепла в колекторі...40 2.4.2.5. Корисна енергія колекгора...41 2.4.2.6. Ефективність колектора...42 2.4.3. Програмне моделювання...44 2.4.4. Ефективність РУ/Т колектора...47 2.4.5. Річна продуктивність водогрійних РУ/Т колекторів...54 2.4.5.1. Вплив теплової потужності колектора на щорічне виробництво енергії...54 2.4.5.2. Річна корисна робота...54 2.4.5.3. Ефективність енергії за рік...55 2.4.6. Перевірка точності моделювання...61 2.5. Фізична модель гібридної РУ/Т сонячної панелі...62 2.6. Висновки до розділу...65 РОЗДІЛ 3. СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА...67 3.1. Алгоритм та програмне моделювання у програмі TRNSYS...67 3.2. Висновки до розділу...77 РОЗДІЛ 4. ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ...78 4.1. Визначення економічної ефективності енергозберігаючих заходів...78 4.2. Економічна ефективність сонячної PV/Т панелі...80 4.3. Висновки до розділу...82 РОЗДІЛ 5. ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ...83 5.1. Класифікація приміщень за небезпекою слскгротравм...84 5.2. Причини електротравм, напруга кроку...85 5.3. Запобігання виникненню та ліквідації наслідків надзвичайних ситуацій техногенного і природного походження на об’єктах електроенергетики...87 РОЗДІЛ 6. ЕКОЛОГІЯ...90 6.1. Екологічні аспекти нетрадиційних і відновлюваних джерел енергії...90 6.2. Методи прогнозування стану навколишнього природного середовища...92 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ...95 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ...97
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Schön, Gustav. "NUMERICAL MODELLING OF A NOVEL PVT COLLECTOR AT CELL RESOLUTION." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212731.
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Solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) modules produce heat and power via a heat exchanger attached to the rear of the PV cells. The novel PVT collector in this study is previously untested and therefore its behaviour and thermo-electric performance due to fluid channel configuration and in various climate and operating conditions are unknown. Moreover, the working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger cause a temperature gradient across the module such that a cell near the inlet and a cell near the outlet may have significant temperature differences. PV cells are sensitive to temperature; however the most common way to simulate power output from a PVT is to use the average temperature and ignore the gradient. In this study, a single diode PV model is incorporated into a commercial thermal solver to co-simulate the thermal and electrical output of a novel PVT module design with cell level resolution. The PVT system is modelled in steady state under various wind speeds, inlet temperatures, ambient temperatures, flow rates, irradiation, convection coefficients from coolant and back of the module and two different fluid channel configurations. The results show that of the controllable variables, the inlet temperature has the highest influence of the total power output and that a parallel flow of the fluid channel configuration is preferable. The difference between the cell resolution and the module resolution simulations do not motivate the use of a higher resolution numerical simulation.En kombinerad solcellspanel och solvärmefångare (PVT) producerar värme och elenergi på samma yta genom att en värmeväxlare upptar värmen från baksidan av solcellspanelen. Den PVT som berörs i denna studien är nyutvecklad och har aldrig tidigare testats, vilket medför att data för hur den beter sig samt dess termo-elektiska prestanda saknas för olika driftförhållanden samt flödeskonfigurationer. Vidare ger mediet som flödar genom värmeväxlaren upphov till en temperaturgradient, vilken kan innebära en påtaglig skillnad i temperatur mellan solcellerna i solcellspanelen vid mediets in- respektive utlopp. Trots solcellers temperaturkänslighet, så sker simulering i allmänhet med avseende på panelens medeltemperatur istället för att hänsyn tas till denna temperaturgradient. I den här studien implementeras en så kallad ”single diode”-modell i en kommersiell numerisk mjukvara termiska beräkningar för att samsimulera termiskt och elektriskt effektuttag ur den nyutvecklade PVT-designen. Designen modelleras statiskt under givna variationer av vindhastighet, inloppstemperatur, omgivande temperatur, flödeshastighet, solinstrålning och konvektionskoefficienter för mediet samt baksidan av modulen. Resultaten visar att kontrollerbara variabler som inloppstemperatur har högst inverkan på den totala effekten samt att en parallell flödeskonfiguration lämpar sig bäst. Studien visar också att skillnaden mellan simulering på cellnivå och modulnivå inte motiverar en numerisk beräkningsmetod med upplösning satt till solcellsnivå.
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Aldubyan, Mohammad Hasan. "Thermo-Economic Study of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) Solar Collectors Combined with Borehole Thermal Energy Storage Systems." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1493243575479443.
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Böhme, Florén Simon. "Solel och solvärme ur LCC-perspektiv för ett passiv-flerbostadshus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162430.
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This master’s degree project concerns the combination of a multi dwelling passive house with solar energy for the generation of electricity and domestic hot water (DHW). Different alternatives with either solar thermal systems or photovoltaic (PV) systems are compared with two reference alternatives producing DHW from electricity or district heating. The economical comparison uses a life cycle cost (LCC) perspective based on the present value of expenditures for investment, energy and annual operating and maintenance. The energy yields from the solar energy systems were calculated by hand and with simulation software. Calculation and dimensioning of PV systems were carried out with a software called PVSYST. Solar thermal systems were calculated by hand and with the software Winsun Villa Education. Both softwares use hourly weather data for the calculations. The LCCs are lower for the two reference alternatives than for the solar energy alternatives. The reference alternative with district heating generates the lowest LCC. The alternatives with solar thermal energy replace more energy and have significantly lower LCCs than the PV alternatives. The study also shows the importance of using cheap and environmentally friendly backup energy for producing DHW. When aiming for a quantitative energy use target, the DHW-circulation losses ought to be taken into account as these can be extensive.
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Farah, Hamad. "Hybrid solar system for heat and electric demands in a simple housing within Sweden and China." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40596.
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The access to ideal heating and power techniques has always been highly thought after.This is mainly due to the development in housing architecture and the cold nature of certain regions which has led to an increase in popularity of the heating market and modernised heating technologies. The current DH systems make use of CHP plants for thegeneration of power and electricity. These CHP plants for the most part, are powered through biomass and during winter periods the demand for heating is highly increased.The biggest issue with relying on biomass solely is the constant need to burn wasteproducts which not only results in increasing the demand for consuming in more waste,but also results in producing remains (by-products) that cannot be broken down further and hence might require the utilization of land-space (landfills) for their disposal. Solar modules on the other hand, have gained increased popularity in the recent age. This is mainly due their extremely high flexible ability in converting solar irradiance intoelectrical and thermal energies. This study will try to provide a comprehensive study intothe utilization of a hybrid solar system that combines a standard PV module with a flat-plate collector through estimating the energy demands for a simple housing within Sweden and China. This will be the main aim of the study, however the possibilities of integrating this hybrid solar system alongside current DH systems will mostly be discussed in the first sections to proof the possibility of executing such a system. The theoretical work carried out will only include simulations of having just separate,standalone PV and flat-plate collector modules. However, designing a hybrid solar and DH system will not be the major focus of this study. The results at the end of the report,concluded that the electrical production for the Swedish case were noticeably higher thanthat of the Chinese case in spite of maintaining the same load values through both cases and higher solar irradiation for the Chinese case. Due to PVsyst simulation constraints,the results show that the investment cost of the Swedish PV (electrical component) module was about 3.6 times greater than that of the Chinese which could possibly mean that the Swedish case has a bigger PV module area than the Chinese case in order to meetel ectricity demand monthly. However, when it came to the thermal energy production, it was possible to assume different collectors cases and hence an area of 7m2 was chosen for the Swedish perspective while an area of 4m2 has been considered for the Chinese case. The thermal useful energy values where then compared with heating demands for both of the cases. Finally, the thesis concluded that there was no requirement for having an integrated DH network within the standalone houses, having small electricity and heat demand and hence, it might be more beneficial to have an integrated DH and solar system within more densely populated housing areas.Efterfrågan på tillgången till idealisk uppvärmning och effektiva tekniker har alltid varithög. Detta beror främst på utvecklingen inom arkitektur och den kalla naturen i vissaregioner som har lett till en ökad popularitet av värmemarknaden och moderniseradevärmeteknologiert. De nuvarande fjärrvärme-systemen använder kraftvärmeverk förproduktion av kraft och elektricitet. Dessa kraftvärmeanläggningar drivs till stor delgenom biomassa och under vinterperioderna ökar efterfrågan på uppvärmning mycket.Det största problemet med att förlita sig på biomassa enbart är det ständiga behovet avatt bränna avfallsprodukter som inte bara resulterar i att öka efterfrågan på konsumtionav fler avfallsprodukter utan också resulterar i att producera rester (biprodukter) sominte kan brytas ned ytterligare och därmed kan kräva användning av markutrymme fördeponering. solar-moduler å andra sidan har ökat popularitet under de senaste åren.Detta beror främst på deras extremt höga flexibla förmåga att konvertera solbestrålningtill elektrisk och termisk energi. Denna studie kommer att försöka tillhandahålla enomfattande studie av användningen av ett hybridsolsystem som kombinerar en standardPV-modul med en flatplate collector för att simulera en solar-modul samt caselera enfristående version genom att uppskatta energikraven för en enkel bostad i Sverige ochKina. Detta kommer att vara huvudmålet med studien, men möjligheterna att integreradetta hybrida solsystem tillsammans med nuvarande DH-system kommer mestadels attdiskuteras i de första avsnitten för att bevisa möjligheten att utföra ett sådant system. Detteoretiska arbetet som utförs kommer endast att innehålla simuleringar av att bara ha enfristående PV- och flatplate collector module, men att utforma ett hybrid sol- och DHsystemkommer inte att vara huvudfokus för denna studie. Resultaten i slutet avrapporten drog överraskande slutsatsen att den elektriska produktionen för den svenskacaselen var märkbart högre än den för den kinesiska caselen trots att de båda caselernabibehöll samma belastningsvärden och högre solbestrålning för den kinesiska caselen.Detta kan förklaras av skillnaden i modulpriser vid simulering genom PVsyst därinvesteringskostnaden för den svenska PV-modulen (elektrisk komponent) var ungefär3,6 gånger större än den för kinesiska, vilket innebär att PVsyst antar ett störremodulområde för svensk modul och därmed mer energiproduktion. Men när det kom tillvärmeenergiproduktionen, var det möjligt att anta olika samlarfall och följaktligen valdesett område på 7m2 för det svenska perspektivet medan ett område på 4m2 har beaktatsför den kinesiska och värmevärden för användbar energi där jämfördes sedan med dekrav som krävs för uppvärmning i båda fallen. Slutligen drog avhandlingen slutsatsen attdet inte fanns något krav på att ha ett integrerat DH-nätverk i de fristående husen ochdärför kan det vara mer fördelaktigt att ha ett integrerat DH och solsystem i tätarebebyggda bostadsområden.
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Brottier, Laetitia. "Optimisation biénergie d'un panneau solaire multifonctionnel : du capteur aux installations in situ." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN009/document.
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Dans un contexte de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, le bâtiment est un secteur stratégique du fait de sa forte consommation de chaleur et d’électricité. Le solaire, thermique et photovoltaïque, a de forts atouts pour répondre à cet enjeu avec une compétitivité qui s’accélère. En particulier, le solaire hybride PVT est prometteur avec un double gain : l’extraction de la chaleur sous le module photovoltaïque apporte à la fois un gain de rendement électrique, et un gain de par l’utilisation de cette chaleur pour les besoins du bâtiment. L’état de l’art permet de toucher du doigt la diversité des concepts de solaire hybride, et le PVT plan non survitré à eau a été retenu dans cette thèse. Pour faire face à des problématiques de durabilité et de performance, DualSun a conçu un module hybride avec un échangeur en acier inoxydable directement laminé pendant le process du module photovoltaïque.L’analyse de ces capteurs est faite en Partie I, d’abord avec un modèle 3D de l’échangeur. Ce modèle permet de déterminer des débits minimaux, de quantifier l’intérêt à ne pas isoler les bords du module et de visualiser que la perte de charge pour ce concept est principalement liée aux entrées et sorties du module mais reste tout à fait acceptable. Devant les limitations en termes de périmètre et de temps de calcul de ce modèle 3D, des modèles simplifiés sont proposés et comparés. Les résultats de ces modèles simplifiés corroborent une température de stagnation du concept DualSun de l’ordre de 75°C, ce qui confirme que le design est intrinsèquement résiliant à la surchauffe même en l’absence de besoins. Enfin les performances thermiques sur 9 prototypes avec des variations de composition couche par couche ont confirmé que le modèle est robuste. La puissance thermique(non isolé) est de 758W thermique pour un besoin à 30°C et la puissance photovoltaïque de 250Wc électrique dans des conditions extérieures standards (STC).Une analyse système de ces modules intégrés dans un ensemble complexe est réalisée dans la Partie II. Pour le système dit préchauffage d’eau sanitaire en maison individuelle (CESI), les quatre logiciels PVSyst, PVGis, Polysun, Solo sont comparés au logiciel Trnsys avec les Type 295 et Type 816 qui intègrent les deux modèles simplifiés du module définis dans la partie I. Les modèles physiques de ces logiciels sont cohérents entre eux dans le domaine d’utilisation.Les résultats de ces logiciels utilisés à partir de données statistiques pour la météo et les habitudes de consommation sont comparés à des mesures terrain sur 28 installations CESI hybride chez des particuliers. L’objectif a été de quantifier les erreurs d’estimation des prédictions statistiques par rapport au réel. Si l’écart type sur productible photovoltaïque et les températures maximales atteinte par les modules reliés à l’incertitude sur la météo est faible (environ 10%), l’écart type sur l’estimation du besoin sur la base d’un volume moyen consommé est beaucoup plus forte (de l’ordre de 30%) du fait d’un comportement très irrégulier de consommation chez les particuliers en terme d’heure et de volume de puisage en fonction des jours. Les températures moyennes atteintes au niveau des modules sont supérieures à 45°C pendant la moitié de l’année et permettent un préchauffage effectif du ballon sanitaire. Des couvertures solaires des besoins d’eau chaude de 57-58% sont mesurées près de Lyon.Dans le chauffage d’eau sanitaire collectif en couplage pompe à chaleur (HP+) ou en chauffage piscine (SP), les modèles statistiques permettent une évaluation des productibles du fait d’une stabilité des besoins.En conclusion, le solaire hybride devrait être une technologie clé de la transition énergétique pour les bâtiments dans les années à venir, sa compétitivité avec le vecteur électrique est déjà réelle. La technologie est appelée à évoluer pour réduire ses coûts d’année en année à l’instar du photovoltaïque et renforcer ainsi son positionnement face au gazIn the context of the fight against climate change, the building is a strategic sector to address because of its high consumption of heat and electricity. Solar energy, both thermal and photovoltaic, has strong assets to meet this challenge and is becoming more and more cost-competitive. In particular, the PVT hybrid solar is a promising solution with a double advantage: the extraction of heat under the photovoltaic module brings both a gain in electrical efficiency, and a gain by generating heat for the needs of the building. The state of the art demonstrates the diversity of solar hybrid technologies, and this thesis specifically addresses the unglazed flat-plate design with water as the heat transfer fluid. To address sustainability and performance issues, the company DualSun designed a PVT hybrid module with a stainless steel heat exchanger directly laminated during the photovoltaic module process.The analysis of the DualSun collector is done in Part I, first with a 3D model of the exchanger. This model makes it possible to determine minimum flows, to quantify the interest not to insulate the edges of the module and to visualize that the pressure drop for this concept is mainly related to the inlets and outlets of the module but remains acceptable. Given the limitations in terms of scope and calculation time of this 3D model, simplified models are proposed and compared. The results of these simplified models corroborate a stagnation temperature of the DualSun concept of around 75°C, which confirms that the design is intrinsically resilient to overheating even in the absence of hot water consumption. Finally, thermal performance on 9 prototypes with layer-by-layer composition variations confirm that the model is robust. The models demonstrate that the 250Wp non-insulated version of the PVT panel has a thermal power output of 758 Wth for hot water needs at 30°C.A system analysis of these modules integrated in a complex system is carried out in Part II. For the preheating Domestic Hot Water system (DHW), four software programs, PVSyst, PVGis, Polysun, Solo are compared to Trnsys with the Type 295 and Type 816, which integrate the two simplified models of the module defined in the section I. The physical models of these software programs are consistent with each other in the field of use.The results of these software programs used from statistical data for the weather and consumption habits are compared to field measurements on 28 DHW (domestic hot water) hybrid installations in private homes. The objective was to quantify the errors of estimation of the statistical predictions with respect to the reality. While the standard deviation of PV output and maximum temperatures reached by the modules related to the uncertainty on the weather is low (about 10%), the standard deviation of estimated hot water needs based on an average consumption is much higher (about 30%) because of irregular consumption behavior in individuals in terms of time and volume depending on the days. The average temperatures reached at the level of the modules are higher than 45°C during half of the year and allow an effective preheating of the sanitary tank. Solar covering of hot water needs of 57-58% are measured near Lyon.For combined solar and heat pump (HP+) systems in multi-dwelling buildings and for pool heating (SP) systems, statistical models allow a reliable evaluation of the energy production because of stable hot water needs.In conclusion, solar hybrid should be a key technology for the energy transition of buildings in the coming years. PVT technology will evolve to reduce costs from year to year as observed with photovoltaic technology and thus strengthen its cost-competitive position against gas as a heat source for homes and buildings
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Zeid, Nayef. "An Overview of PVT Module for the Extraction of Electricity and Heat." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33998.
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The study sets out to review various literatures concerning photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) modules for the extraction of electricity and heat, it also reviews different PVT collectors as well as their performance. The study provides an understanding of a system that fully supports ecological society by promoting the use of solar modules from a different scope in future global resolutions. Furthermore, it looks into renewable energy in Sweden, solar energy and PVT systems, operational principles of hybrid PVT collectors, PVT applications, PVT market and legal face of PVT in Sweden among others. Among other social benefits, PVT system contributes enormously to energy savings and energy consumption which in turn lowers CO2 emissions. The review shows that PVT modules can provide homes and industries with 100% renewable electricity and heat that is affordable. This paper adopts systematic literature review, as it allows thorough cross-examination of various publications regarding the subject.
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Maxamhud, Mahamed, and Arkam Shanshal. "SELF-SUFFICIENT OFF-GRID ENERGY SYSTEM FOR A ROWHOUSE USING PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS COMBINED WITH HYDROGEN SYSTEM : Master thesis in energy system." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-49379.
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It is known that Sweden is categorised by being one of the regions that experience low solar radiation because it is located in the northern hemisphere that has a low potential of solar radiation during the colder seasons. The government of Sweden aim to promote a more sustainable future by applying more renewable initiative in the energy sector. One of the initiatives is by applying more renewable energy where PV panels will play a greater role in our society and in the energy sector. However, the produced energy from the PV panels is unpredictable due to changes in radiation throughout the day. One great way to tackle this issue is by combining PV panels with different energy storage system. This thesis evaluates an off-grid rowhouse in Eskilstuna Sweden where the PV panels are combined with a heat pump, thermal storage tank, including batteries and hydrogen system. The yearly electrical demand is met by utilizing PV panels, battery system for short term usage and hydrogen system for long-term usage during the colder seasons. The yearly thermal demand is met by the thermal storage tank. The thermal storage tank is charged by heat losses from the hydrogen system and thermal energy from heat pump.The calculations were simulated in Excel and MATLAB where OPTI-CE is composed with different components in the energy system. Furthermore, the off-grid household was evaluated from an economic outlook with respect to today’s market including the potential price decrease in 2030.The results indicated that the selected household is technically practicable to produce enough energy. The PV panels produces 13 560 kWh annually where the total electrical demand reaches 6 125 kWh yearly (including required electricity for the heat pump). The annual energy demand in terms of electricity and thermal heat reaches 12 500 kWh which is covered by the simulated energy system. The overproduction is stored in the batteries and hydrogen storage for later use. The back-up diesel generator does not need to operate, indicating that energy system supplies enough energy for the off-grid household. The thermal storage tank stores enough thermal energy regarding to the thermal load and stores most of the heat during the summer when there are high heat losses due to the charge of the hydrogen system. The simulated energy system has a life cycle cost reaching approximately k$318 with a total lifetime of 25 years. A similar off-grid system has the potential to reduce the life cycle cost to k$195 if the energy system is built in 2030 with a similar lifespan. The reduction occurs due to the potential price reduction for different components utilized in the energy system.
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Baniasadi, Ali. "Application of heat pumps and thermal storage systems for improved control and performance of microgrids." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2316.
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The high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), in particular, the rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in power systems, causes rapid ramps in power generation to supply load during peak-load periods. Residential and commercial buildings have considerable potential for providing load exibility by exploiting energy-e_cient devices like ground source heat pump (GSHP). The proper integration of PV systems with the GSHP could reduce power demand from demand-side. This research provides a practical attempt to integrate PV systems and GSHPs e_ectively into buildings and the grid. The multi-directional approach in this work requires an optimal control strategy to reduce energy cost and provide an opportunity for power trade-o_ or feed-in in the electricity market. In this study, some optimal control models are developed to overcome both the operational and technical constraints of demand-side management (DSM) and for optimum integration of RES.
This research focuses on the development of an optimal real-time thermal energy management system for smart homes to respond to DR for peak-load shifting. The intention is to manage the operation of a GSHP to produce the desired amount of thermal energy by controlling the volume and temperature of the stored water in the thermal energy storage (TES) while optimising the operation of the heat distributors to control indoor temperature.
This thesis proposes a new framework for optimal sizing design and real-time operation of energy storage systems in a residential building equipped with a PV system, heat pump (HP), and thermal and electrical energy storage systems. The results of this research demonstrate to rooftop PV system owners that investment in combined TSS and battery can be more profitable as this system can minimise life cycle costs.
This thesis also presents an analysis of the potential impact of residential HP systems into reserve capacity market. This research presents a business aggregate model for controlling residential HPs (RHPs) of a group of houses that energy aggregators can utilise to earn capacity credits. A control strategy is proposed based on a dynamic aggregate RHPs coupled with TES model and predicting trading intervals capacity requirements through forecasting demand and non-scheduled generation. RHPs coupled with TES are optimised to provide DSM reserve capacity. A rebound effect reduction method is proposed that reduces the peak rebound RHPs power.
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Ebrahim, Mila. "Performance Evaluation of a Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) Collector with Numerical Modelling." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302122.
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In Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) technology, both PV and solar thermal technology are integrated in the same module for simultaneous electricity and heat production. Research has shown that there are multiple benefits from integrating PVT collectors with a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system, since it allows for seasonal storage of thermal energy over the year. Furthermore, it leads to reduced operating temperatures for the PVT collectors which can increase efficiency and lifetime. The aim of this study is to present the electric and thermal performance of a PVT collector developed by Solhybrid i Småland AB, for different environmental and fluid inlet conditions that can occur when PVT collectors are connected to a GSHP system. Furthermore, the performance of this PVT design is evaluated with ASHRAE (Standard 93-2003), to allow for comparison with other PVT collector designs, with values on the overall heat loss coefficient (UL) and heat removal factor (FR). The modelling tool used for the study is the software COMSOL Multiphysics, which uses the finite element method to solve the partial differential equations in heat transfer and fluid flow problems. Based on the performance curves, the thermal and electrical efficiency of the collector is approximately 48.0-53.4% and 19.0-19.2% respectively at a reduced temperature of zero and irradiance levels of 800-1000 W/m2 for the mass flow rate of 0.026 kg/sm2 which was determined as most suitable to increase thermal performance. Furthermore, these results resulted in a heat removal factor (FR) and overall heat loss coefficient (UL) of 0.56-0.62 and 53.4-53.5 W/m2 K respectively. The results on the performance of the PVT collector in different weather conditions shows that the inlet water temperature can significantly affect operating time and the amount of thermal energy that can be extracted during the year, especially if the collector operates in a colder climate like Sweden. To assess the accuracy of the created model, future work includes experimental testing of the studied PVT collector.En panel med kombinerad teknik av både solceller och termisk solfångare (PVT) kan producera både elektricitet och värme samtidigt. Forskning har visat att det kan finnas flera fördelar med att integrera PVT-paneler med ett bergvärmesystem, eftersom det mjliggör lagring av termisk energi över året. Dessutom leder ett sådant system till lägre drifttemperaturer som kan öka PVT-panelens effektivitet och livslängd. Syftet med studien är att presentera den elektriska och termiska prestandan av en PVT-panel utvecklat av Solhybrid i Småland AB för olika driftförhållanden som kan uppstå på grund av olika väderförhållanden och inlopps-temperaturer när panelerna är kopplade till ett bergvärmesystem. Vidare utvärderas prestandan för denna panel med ASHRAEmetoden (standard 93-2003), för att möjliggöra jämförelse med andra PVT-paneler. Modelleringsverktyget som använts i studien är mjukvaran COMSOL Multiphysics, som använder finita elementmetoden för att lösa partiella differentialekvationer i värmeöverförings-och flödesproblem. Baserat på prestandakurvorna som presenteras i resultatet, är den termiska och elektriska verkningsgraden approximativt 48.0-53.4% respektive 19.0-19.2% för en reducerad temperatur med värdet noll, en solstrålning mellan 800-1000 W/m2, för en massflödeshastighet på 0.026 kg/sm2 som beslutades som den mest lämpliga för att öka den termiska prestandan. Resultaten resulterade i en värmeavledningsfaktor (FR) och total värmeförlustkoefficient (UL) på 0.56-0.62 respektive 53.4-53.5 W/m2 K. Resultaten på PVT-panelens prestanda under olika väderförhållanden visar att vattnets inloppstemperatur kan påverka drifttiden och mängden termisk energi som kan extraheras under året avsevärt, speciellt i nordiskt klimat. För att bedöma korrektheten i resultaten och den skapade modellen rekommenderas experimentell testning av den studerade PVT-panelen.
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Mohamed, Ali Mohamed. "ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND BATTERIE SYSTEMS ON THE LIFE OF A DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-54952.
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This degree project presents a study case in Eskilstuna-Sweden, regarding the effect of the photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery energy storage system (BESS) on a power distribution transformer, and how they could change the transformer lifespan. For that, an extensive literature review has been conducted, and two MATLAB models were used to simulate the system. One model simulates the PV generation profile, with the option of including battery in the system, and the other one simulates the transformer loss of life (LOL) based on the thermal characteristics. Simulations were using hourly time steps over a year with provided load profile based on utility data and typical meteorological year weather data from SMHI and STRÅNG. In this study, three different scenarios have been put into consideration to study the change of LOL. The first scenario applies various levels of PV penetrations without energy storage, while, the other scenarios include energy storage under different operating strategies, self-consumption, and peak shaving. Similarly, different battery capacities have been applied for the purpose of studying the LOL change. Thus, under different PV penetrations and battery capacities, results included the variation of LOL, grid power, battery energy status, and battery power. Moreover, results concluded that the PV system has the maximum impact on LOL variation, as it could decrease it by 33.4 %, and this percentage could increase by applying different battery capacities to the system. Finally, LOL corresponding to the battery under peak shaving strategy varies according to the battery discharge target. As different peak shaving targets were used to control the battery discharge, and hence, study the impact on the transformer and estimate its LOL.
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Morfeldt, Johannes. "Optically Selective Surfaces in low concentrating PV/T systems." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-7396.
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One of the traditional approaches to reduce costs of solar energy is to use inexpensive reflectors to focus the light onto highly efficient solar cells. Several research projects have resulted in designs, where the excess heat is used as solar thermal energy.
Unlike a solar thermal system, which has a selective surface to reduce the radiant heat loss, a CPV/T (Concentrating PhotoVoltaic/Thermal) system uses a receiver covered with solar cells with high thermal emittance.
This project analyzes whether the heat loss from the receiver can be reduced by covering parts of the receiver surface, not already covered with solar cells, with an optically selective coating. Comparing different methods of applying such a coating and the long-term stability of low cost alternatives are also part of the objectives of this project.
To calculate the heat loss reductions of the optically selective surface coating a mathematical model was developed, which takes the thermal emittances and the solar absorptances of the different surfaces into account. Furthermore, a full-size experiment was constructed to verify the theoretical predictions.
The coating results in a heat loss reduction of approximately 20 % in such a CPV/T system and one of the companies involved in the study is already changing their design to make use of the results.
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Procopiou, Andreas. "Active management of PV-rich low voltage networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/active-management-of-pvrich-low-voltage-networks(acbb021f-c1ae-4235-b632-d4b4e15563fd).html.
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The increased penetration of residential-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems in European-style low voltage (LV) networks (i.e., long feeders with high number of connected customers) is leading to technical issues such as voltage rise and thermal overload of the most expensive network assets (i.e., transformer, cables). As these issues significantly limit the ability of LV networks to accommodate higher PV penetrations, Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) are required to proceed with expensive and time-consuming investments in order to reinforce or replace these assets. In contrast to this traditional approach of network reinforcement, which potentially leads to massive capital expenditure, the transition towards active LV networks where controllable elements, existing (i.e., PV systems) and likely to be adopted (i.e., battery energy storage systems, LV on-load tap changer transformers), can be managed in real-time, poses an attractive alternative. Although several active network management schemes have been recently proposed to increase the hosting capacity of PV-rich LV networks, they are mostly based on managing voltage issues only; and, in general, aim to solve technical issues separately. Integrated solutions aiming at managing simultaneously voltage and thermal issues are required, as recent studies demonstrate that both issues can coexist in PV-rich LV networks. More importantly the majority of studies, which commonly neglect the characteristics of real LV networks (e.g., unbalanced, three-phase, radial, multiple feeders with several branches, different types of customers), use complex optimisation techniques that require expensive communication infrastructure and extensive or full network observability (currently not available in LV networks). However, considering the extensiveness of LV networks around the world, practical, cost-effective and scalable solutions that use limited and already available information are more likely to be adopted by the industry. Considering the above gaps in the literature, this Thesis contributes by proposing innovative and scalable active network management schemes that use limited network monitoring and communication infrastructure to actively manage (1) Residential-scale PV systems, (2) Residential-scale Battery Energy Storage (BES) systems and (3) LV on-load tap changer (OLTC)-fitted transformers. The adoption of the proposed active network management schemes, which makes use of already available devices, information and requires limited monitoring (i.e., secondary distribution substation), allows making the transition towards active LV networks more practical and cost-effective. In addition, to tackle the challenges related to this research (i.e., lack of realistic LV network modelling with high resolution time-series analyses), this Thesis, being part of the industrial project 'Active Management of LV Networks' (funded by EDF R&D) and having access to French data, contributes by considering a fully modelled typical real residential French LV network (three-phase four-wire) with different characteristics and number of customers. Moreover, realistic (1-min resolution) daily time-series household (from real smart meter data) and PV generation profiles are considered while a stochastic approach (i.e., Monte Carlo) is adopted to cater for the uncertainties related to household demand as well as PV generation and location.
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Pereira, Ricardo Jorge da Silva. "Design and optimization of building integration PV/T systems (BIPV/T)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13382.
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Neste trabalho é analisado, por via numérica e experimental, o comportamento térmico e eléctrico de um sistema fotovoltaico/térmico integrado em edifício, recorrendo a material de mudança de fase para regularização da diferença de temperatura entre interior e exterior e para a estabilização da temperatura do módulo fotovoltaico.
Foi realizado uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Um modelo de cálculo dos fenómenos de transferência de calor e massa foi desenvolvido, assim como da produção de energia eléctrica, e implementado em software de cálculo Matlab/Simulink®.
Paralelamente foram conduzidos ensaios experimentais a fim de analisar o comportamento térmico do sistema e respectiva validação do modelo numérico. De modo a melhorar a eficiência total do sistema, foi aplicado um processo de optimização com o método dos algoritmos genéticos.
Do estudo, conclui-se que o sistema pode alcançar uma eficiência máxima total de 64% na configuração de inverno e de 32% na configuração de verão; ABSTRACT:
This work presents a numerical and experimental analysis of the thermal and electrical performance of a building integrated photovoltaic/thermal system (BIPV/T), with the use of phase change material for stabilize the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors and a rapid stabilization of the PV modules’ temperature.
A literature review was conducted on the topic. A calculation model was developed of the heat and mass transfer phenomena, as well as a model of a photovoltaic module, which were implemented in Matlab/Simulink®.
Experimental tests were performed to analyze the thermal performance of the system and the validation of the numerical model. To improve overall system efficiency, an optimization process with the method of genetic algorithms was applied.
From the study, it is concluded that the system can achieve a maximum total efficiency of 64% with winter configuration and 32% with summer configuration.
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Shirolikar, Jyoti. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CIGSS SOLAR CELLS AND PV MODULE DATA ANALYSIS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4223.
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In this thesis, multiple activities have been carried out in order to improve the process of CIGSS solar cell fabrication on a 4" x 4" substrate. The process of CIGSS solar cell fabrication at FSEC's PV Materials Lab involves a series of steps that were all carried out manually in the past. A LABVIEW program has been written to carry out automated sputter deposition of Mo back contact, CuGa, In metallic precursors on a soda lime glass substrate using a stepper motor control for better uniformity. Further, selenization/ sulfurization of these precursors was carried out using rapid thermal processing (RTP). CIGS films were sulfurized using chemical bath deposition (CBD). ZnO:Al was deposited on the CIGSS films using RF sputtering. A separate LABVIEW program was written to automate the process of ZnO:Al deposition. Ni/Al contact fingers were deposited on the ZnO:Al layer using the e-beam evaporation technique. Further, in order to test these solar cells in-house, a simple current-voltage (IV) tracer was fabricated using LABVIEW. A quantum efficiency (QE) measurement setup was built with guidance from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Lastly, analysis of data from photovoltaic (PV) modules installed on the FSEC test site has been carried out using a LABVIEW program in order to find out their rate of degradation as time progresses. A 'C' program has also been written as an aid for keeping a daily log of errors in data and for troubleshooting of the same.M.S.E.E.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
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Saadon, Syamimi. "Modeling and simulation of a ventilated building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) envelope." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0049.
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La demande d'énergie consommée par les habitants a connu une croissance significative au cours des 30 dernières années. Par conséquent, des actions sont menées en vue de développement des énergies renouvelables et en particulier de l'énergie solaire. De nombreuses solutions technologiques ont ensuite été proposées, telles que les capteurs solaires PV/T dont l'objectif est d'améliorer la performance des panneaux PV en récupérant l’énergie thermique qu’ils dissipent à l’aide d’un fluide caloporteur. Les recherches en vue de l'amélioration des productivités thermiques et électriques de ces composants ont conduit à l'intégration progressive à l’enveloppe des bâtiments afin d'améliorer leur surface de captation d’énergie solaire. Face à la problématique énergétique, les solutions envisagées dans le domaine du bâtiment s’orientent sur un mix énergétique favorisant la production locale ainsi que l’autoconsommation. Concernant l’électricité, les systèmes photovoltaïques intégrés au bâtiment (BIPV) représentent l’une des rares technologies capables de produire de l’électricité localement et sans émettre de gaz à effet de serre. Cependant, le niveau de température auquel fonctionnent ces composants et en particulier les composants cristallins, influence sensiblement leur efficacité ainsi que leur durée de vie. Ceci est donc d’autant plus vrai en configuration d’intégration. Ces deux constats mettent en lumière l’importance du refroidissement passif par convection naturelle de ces modules. Ce travail porte sur la simulation numérique d'une façade PV partiellement transparente et ventilée, conçu pour le rafraichissement en été (par convection naturelle) et pour la récupération de chaleur en hiver (par ventilation mécanique). Pour les deux configurations, l'air dans la cavité est chauffé par la transmission du rayonnement solaire à travers des surfaces vitrées, et par les échanges convectif et radiatif. Le système est simulé à l'aide d'un modèle multi-physique réduit adapté à une grande échelle dans des conditions réelles d'exploitation et développé pour l'environnement logiciel TRNSYS. La validation du modèle est ensuite présentée en utilisant des données expérimentales du projet RESSOURCES (ANR-PREBAT 2007). Cette étape a conduit, dans le troisième chapitre du calcul des besoins de chauffage et de refroidissement d'un bâtiment et l'évaluation de l'impact des variations climatiques sur les performances du système. Les résultats ont permis enfin d'effectuer une analyse énergétique et exergo-économiqueThe demand of energy consumed by human kind has been growing significantly over the past 30 years. Therefore, various actions are taken for the development of renewable energy and in particular solar energy. Many technological solutions have then been proposed, such as solar PV/T collectors whose objective is to improve the PV panels performance by recovering the heat lost with a heat removal fluid. The research for the improvement of the thermal and electrical productivities of these components has led to the gradual integration of the solar components into building in order to improve their absorbing area. Among technologies capable to produce electricity locally without con-tributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) releases is building integrated PV systems (BIPV). However, when exposed to intense solar radiation, the temperature of PV modules increases significantly, leading to a reduction in efficiency so that only about 14% of the incident radiation is converted into electrical energy. The high temperature also decreases the life of the modules, thereby making passive cooling of the PV components through natural convection a desirable and cost-effective means of overcoming both difficulties. A numerical model of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of natural convection of air is therefore undertaken so as to provide reliable information for the design of BIPV. A simplified numerical model is used to model the PVT collector so as to gain an understanding of the complex processes involved in cooling of integrated photovoltaic arrays in double-skin building surfaces. This work addresses the numerical simulation of a semi-transparent, ventilated PV façade designed for cooling in summer (by natural convection) and for heat recovery in winter (by mechanical ventilation). For both configurations, air in the cavity between the two building skins (photovoltaic façade and the primary building wall) is heated by transmission through transparent glazed sections, and by convective and radiative exchange. The system is simulated with the aid of a reduced-order multi-physics model adapted to a full scale arrangement operating under real conditions and developed for the TRNSYS software environment. Validation of the model and the subsequent simulation of a building-coupled system are then presented, which were undertaken using experimental data from the RESSOURCES project (ANR-PREBAT 2007). This step led, in the third chapter to the calculation of the heating and cooling needs of a simulated building and the investigation of impact of climatic variations on the system performance. The results have permitted finally to perform the exergy and exergoeconomic analysis
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Psimopoulos, Emmanouil. "Smart control of PV and exhaust air heat pump systems in single-family buildings." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala University, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-32581.
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Recently, decentralized household photovoltaic (PV) systems have become more affordable and there is a tendency to decrease subsidies for the PV excess electricity fed into the grid. Therefore, there is growing interest in methods to increase the self-consumption (SC), which is the part of the electricity produced by PV and directly consumed on buildings. It has been found that battery storage is an effective way to achieve this. When there is a heat pump system installed, thermal energy storage using the thermal mass of the building or hot water tanks, can also be used to increase the household self-sufficiency and minimize the final energy use. The main aim of this thesis is to develop operational control strategies for the heating system of a single-family house with an exhaust air heat pump, a photovoltaic system and energy storage. In order to accomplish this a detailed system model was developed in TRNSYS 17, which includes a six-zone building model and the heat pump control. Moreover, these control strategies include short-term weather and price forecast services. Another objective is to evaluate the impact on the benefit of these control strategies in terms of energy use and economic performance for a wide range of boundary conditions (country/climate, electricity prices, occupancy and appliance loads). Results show that the control using a forecast of dynamic electricity price in most locations leads to greater final energy savings than those due to the control using thermal storage for excess PV production. The exception is Sweden, where the result is the opposite. Moreover, the addition of battery storage leads to greater decreases in final energy than the use of the thermal storage (TH mode), which is limited to the thermal mass of the building and small hot water tank of the compact heat pump. As far as the impact of the advanced control (combined use of TH and PRICE) on cost savings is concerned, savings (up to 175 €) are possible in Spain and in Germany. The design of the TH and PRICE mode show low computational complexity that can be easily implemented in existing heat pump controllers. Additionally, the PRICE mode should have no capital and running cost for the end user while the TH mode might require an external electricity meter. Another yet implication with the TH mode is the need to activate the room thermostatic valve.
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Venturi, Elisa. "Dynamic simulation and analysis of a Passive House case study with direct PV system for heating and domestic hot water production." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16590/.
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Different heating systems for space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are investigated with respect to their energy efficiency. In particular, a case study of a multi-storey Passive House (called An-der-Lan) is analysed by means of dynamic simulations.
The first part of dynamic simulations focuses on the comparison of the UA and RC models for a simple office located in Rome. This is a case study from the project IEA SHC T56 – System Simulation Models. In particular, attention is put on the influence of the thermal capacity. Assuming the RC model as the reference case, variants of the UA model with different percentages of the thermal capacity are simulated, in order to find out the most similar to the RC model. The same investigation is carried out for the An-der-Lan building. In general, it is not possible to identify the best UA model, because for every considered quantity, the minimum difference between the UA and RC model is got for a different percentage of the thermal mass.
The second part of dynamic simulation focuses on the comparison among different systems for heating and DHW preparation. The realized system is direct electric heating for both space heating and DHW preparation. It is denoted as the reference Case1 and it is compared against alternative solutions. Case2 is based on a central air/water heat pump system for both heating and DHW production. A sensitivity analysis study is conducted. Finally, Case3 and Case4 are a mix of the previous two cases.
Results show that Case2 is the best in terms of electric energy required from the grid, although it is the system with the highest thermal losses. Furthermore, the PV system only in the south façade is not sufficient to cover the energy required in neither of the cases.
Finally, annual, monthly, daily, hourly and 10 minutes balances are compared. Results show the importance of smaller time step in balances between required and produced energy, in order to have more precise results.
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Bigot, Dimitri. "Contribution à l’étude du couplage énergétique enveloppe / système dans le cas de parois complexes photovoltaïques (PC - PV)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0024/document.
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Cette thèse présente un modèle thermique et électrique de paroi photovoltaïque (PV) intégrée ou semi-intégrée au bâtiment. La particularité du modèle est le transfert de chaleur entre le panneau et le bâtiment, décrit de telle manière que leurs modèles respectifs soient totalement couplés. Ceci a l'avantage de permettre la prédiction de l'impact de l'installation PV sur le champ de température du bâtiment et donc sur le confort thermique associé. Le but de l'étude est de mettre en évidence l'impact des panneaux PV en termes d'isolation thermique ou de protection solaire pour le bâtiment et la résultante en termes de gain énergétique. De plus, une séquence expérimentale a été menée à l'île de La Réunion, où le climat est tropical et humide, avec un rayonnement solaire important. Dans de telles conditions, il est important de minimiser la sollicitation thermique à travers l'enveloppe du bâtiment, en particulier la toiture. Le modèle est intégré à un code de simulation thermique du bâtiment (ISOLAB) et peut prédire l'impact des panneaux PV installés selon différentes configurations, mais aussi le productible photovoltaïque de l'installation. Finalement, l'étude expérimentale est utilisée pour fournir des éléments de validation du modèle numérique et une analyse de sensibilité est lancée pour mettre en évidence les paramètres les plus influents du modèle. Il a été démontré que les paramètres radiatifs du panneau PV ont un impact important sur le champ de température du bâtiment et que leur détermination doit être faite correctement. Les résultats de cette analyse sont ensuite utilisés pour optimiser le modèle thermique à l'aide du logiciel d'optimisation GenOptThis thesis presents a thermal and electrical modelling of PV walls integrated to buildings. The particularity of this model is that the heat transfer that occurs through the panel to the building is described so that both building and PV thermal modelling are fully coupled. This has the advantage of allowing the prediction of the impact of PV installation on the building temperature field and also the comfort inside it. The aim of this study is to show the impact of the PV panels in terms of level of insulation or solar protection for the building. Moreover, the study has been conducted in La Reunion Island, where the climate is tropical and humid, with a strong solar radiation. In such conditions, it is important to minimise the thermal load through the roof of the building. The thermal model is integrated in a building simulation code and is able to predict the thermal impact of PV panels installed on buildings in several configurations and also their production of electricity. Finally, the experimental study is used to give elements of validation for the numerical model and a sensitivity analysis has been run to put in evidence the governing parameters. It has been shown that the radiative properties of the PV panel have a great impact on the temperature field of the tested building and the determination of these parameters has to be taken with care. Results of sensitivity analysis are used to optimize the PV thermal model using the GenOpt optimization program
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Sahli, Mehdi. "Simulation and modelling of thermal and mechanical behaviour of silicon photovoltaic panels under nominal and real-time conditions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD036.
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Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte sur le développement d’un modèle multi-physique numérique, destiné à étudier le comportement optique, électrique et thermique d’un module photovoltaïque. Le comportement optique a été évalué en utilisant des chaines de Markov. Le comportement électrique est obtenu pour les panneaux en Silicium à l’aide d’une méthode d’optimisation numérique. Le comportement thermique est développé en 1D sur l’épaisseur du module, et le modèle multi-physique a été faiblement couplé sous MATLAB. Le comportement sous des conditions nominales d’opération a été validé en utilisant les données déclarées par les constructeurs. Ce modèle a été utilisé pour effectuer une étude paramétrique sur l’effet des irradiances solaires en régime permanent. Le modèle a été validé pour des conditions d’utilisations réelles en comparant avec des mesures expérimentales de température et de puissance électrique. Une étude thermomécanique en 2D sous ABAQUS/CAE et se basant sur le modèle multi-physique a été effectué en conditions nominales d’opération, ainsi qu’en cycle de fatigue selon la norme 61215 pour prédire les contraintes qui sont imposées sur le panneau dans les deux cas mentionnés précédemmentThe work presented in this thesis deals with the development of a numerical multi-physics model, designed to study the optical, electrical and thermal behaviour of a photovoltaic module. The optical behaviour was evaluated using stochastic modelling based on Markov chains, whereas the electrical behaviour was drawn specifically for Silicon based photovoltaic panels using numerical optimization methods. The thermal behaviour was developed in 1D over the thickness of the module, and the multi-physics module was weakly coupled in MATLAB. The behaviour of commercial panels under nominal operation conditions was validated using data declared by the manufacturers. This model was used to perform a parametric study on the effect of solar irradiances in steady state. It was also validated for real use conditions by comparing it to experimental temperature and electrical power output. A thermomechanical study in 2D in ABAQUS/CAE based in the multi-physics model was carried out in nominal operating conditions, as well as in fatigue thermal cycling according to the IEC 61215 Standard to predict the stresses that are imposed on the panel
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Coventry, Joseph S. "A solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal collector." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/46253.
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This thesis discusses aspects of a novel solar concentrating photovoltaic / thermal (PV/T) collector that has been designed to produce both electricity and hot water. The motivation for the development of the Combined Heat and Power Solar (CHAPS) collector is twofold: in the short term, to produce photovoltaic power and solar hot water at a cost which is competitive with other renewable energy technologies, and in the longer term, at a cost which is lower than possible with current technologies. To the author’s knowledge, the CHAPS collector is the first PV/T system using a reflective linear concentrator with a concentration ratio in the range 20-40x. The work contained in this thesis is a thorough study of all facets of the CHAPS collector, through a combination of theoretical and experimental investigation. ...
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Yang, Chao-Jia, and 楊朝嘉. "Design for PV/Thermal Heat Pump Water Heating System." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12900141831852648696.
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碩士大葉大學
電機工程學系
101
The solar generated PV/thermal heat pump water heater (PVT- HPWH) system that is mentioned in this paper utilizes a new solar power and thermal module design, which collects the heat to provide PVT- HPWH power consumption and manufacturing hot water for the operational purpose. Due to the Freon, it would bring away the heat that forms in the generation process. Additionally, this makes the increase of PV efficacy.The model is established by MATLAB/Simulink software containing friendly-used picture interface. The difficulty of constructing module process is reduced by the modular database. Concerning the effect on PVT module, sunshine intensity and environmental conditions should be taken into consideration. Therefore, partial thermodynamics is added to computerize the temperature of PVT module. The characteristics of output’s voltage and power could be precisely calculated.By using PVT module’s table, relevant data in the literature and inputting PVT’s I-V, P-V, special curving line and the state of operational PVT- HPWH that drafted in the module, next chart is used to illustrate the results. Through calculation, the calculated COP achieve 9,68, the outcome of efficacy is very satisfactory.
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Chien, Chi-Hung, and 簡基宏. "The Influence of Cooling Layer Below the PV Panel and the Analysis for the PV/Thermal System." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51838629706011324339.
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碩士東南科技大學
機械工程研究所
100
With the photovoltaic effect of solar PV panel, the power of solar panel will get reduced due to heat generating on the surface of the panel to make the surface temperature increase. This study is aimed at the recycle and reuse the heat generating on the surface of the panel as well as to increase the efficiency of PV panel. Set up different thickness of the cooling layer below the solar panel, and used solar panel test equipment for the different radiation quantity of halogen lamp adjusted, solar panel is combined with the hot-water system to form to be a hybrid PV/Thermal system, just called PV/T system. PV panel is illuminated to generate PV effect and generates the voltage and current and can be showed that I-V curve and efficiency value. This study has analyzed and compared the PV/T system and PV panel on the efficiency and temperature of the panel surface by four different radiation parameters of 400-900 W/m2 and tilt angle 10o, 20 o and 30 o of PV panel.
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Veronique, Delisle. "Analytical and Experimental Study of a PV/Thermal Transpired Collector." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3494.
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In the last few years, unglazed transpired solar collectors (UTCs) have proven to be an effective and viable method of reducing HVAC loads and building energy consumption. With the growing interest in PV/Thermal collectors, a study of a PV/Thermal UTC with PV cells mounted directly on the absorber was carried out.
In the first part of this project, a TRNSYS model was developed to predict the performance of a PV/Thermal UTC. It was based on an actual UTC model, but modifications were made to account for the wind, the presence of PV cells and the corrugated shape of the plate. Simulations showed that mounting the cells only on the top surfaces of the corrugations prevented the cells from being shaded by the collector and consequently, presented the greatest potential. With this configuration, it was found that the addition of PV cells on the UTC decreased the thermal energy savings by 5.9 %, but that 13.6 % of the thermal energy savings could be recovered in the production of electricity.
In the second part of the study, a prototype of a PV/Thermal UTC was constructed and tested outdoors. It was found that 10 % more electricity was obtained when the fan was turned on than for zero flow conditions. It was also observed that at greater air suction rates, more cooling of the panel was achieved and potentially higher electrical power could be produced. The effect of the PV cells on the collector thermal performance could not be quantified, however, due to the small portion of PV cells on the whole collector area.
TRNSYS simulations were performed using the prototype parameters and the weather data of some experimental days. The results predicted by the component developed showed similar trends as the experimental results. The predictions were, however, not within the experimental uncertainties. The deviation in the results was attributed to the fact that the wind heat losses were not estimated accurately by the model and the non-uniform suction at the panel surface that prevented the prototype tested to work at its optimal performance.
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Brideau, Sebastien Athanase. "Predictive Model for a PV/Thermal Impinging Jet Solar Collector." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5189.
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This thesis is a study of impinging jet PV/Thermal collectors. More specifically, the thesis deals with the development of a model for this type of collector and its validation.
The model developed for this thesis consists of a series of energy balances at every layer of the collector. The transient effects due to thermal mass of the different layers were taken into account. The resulting differential equations were solved using the backwards Euler method in an iterative manner.
The validation of the model was done using a prototype of the collector. The aperture area of the collector was 0.78m2 and the PV cells covered 0.27m2. The collector was tested on 8 different days between January 30th and March 31st 2010. The experiments were conducted with various weather conditions, and parameters (such as mass flow rate and inlet temperature). The data was taken every 0.5 seconds and averaged over 5 minutes.
In general, the model was found to work very well. For March 31st, the total modeled heat gain for the day was found to be within 2.1% of the experimental data. The PV electrical energy was found to be within 4.4% of the experimental results.
The model was also found to work well with longer time steps than 5 minutes. Furthermore, the model seemed to work relatively well without accounting for the transient effects due to thermal mass.
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Wang, Jian-Jhih, and 王建智. "Study of Hybrid PV Systems with Heat-Pump Thermal Storage." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53379542736642952509.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
103
The aim of this thesis is to study the performance improvement of a hybrid solar PV system with heat-pump thermal storage (HyPV-hp) for storing excess solar PV power to reduce battery. A long-term system performance simulation program was developed to study the design of HyPV-hp and the switching control of heat pump to store excess PV energy. From that, optimal system design can be achieved. A 1.5kWp HyPV-hp was built for field test to verify the simulation results and gather long-term test data. It shows that HyPV-hp is highly economical in use with high-efficiency air condtioners and heat pump water heater.