Dissertations / Theses: 'PV GENERATION SYSTEM'

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Makki, Adham. "Innovative heat pipe-based photovoltaic/thermoelectric (PV/TEG) generation system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43330/.

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PV systems in practice experience excessive thermal energy dissipation that is inseparable from the photo-electric conversion process. The temperature of PV cells under continuous illumination can approach 40°C above ambient, causing a drop in the electrical performance of about 30%. The significance of elevated temperature on PV cells inspired various thermal management techniques to improve the operating temperature of the cells and hence their conversion efficiency. Hybrid PV/Thermal (PV/T) collectors that can supply both electrical and thermal energy are attractive twofold solution, being able to cool the PV cells and thus improving the electrical power output as well as collecting the thermal energy by-product for practical utilization. The challenges present on the performance of PV systems due to elevated operating temperature is considered the research problem within this work. In this research, an integrated hybrid heat pipe-based PV/Thermoelectric (PV/TEG) collector is proposed and investigated theoretically and experimentally. The hybrid collector considers modular integration of a PV absorber rated at 170W with surface area of 1.3 m2 serving as power generator as well as thermal absorber. Five heat pipes serving as the heat transport mediums were attached to the rear of the module to extract excessive heat accumulating on the PV cells. The extracted heat is transferred via boiling-condensation cycle within the heat pipe to a bank of TEG modules consisting of five 40 mm x 40 mm modules, each attached to the condenser section of each heat pipe. In principle, the incorporation of heat pipe-TEG thermal waste recovery assembly allow further power generation adopting the Seebeck phenomena of Thermoelectric modules. A theoretical numerical analysis of the collector proposed is conducted through derivation of differential equations for the energy exchange within the system components based on energy balance concepts while applying explicit finite difference numerical approach for solutions. The models developed are integrated into MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to assess the cooling capability of the integrated collector as well as the addition power generation through thermal waste heat recovery. The practical performance of the collector proposed is determined experimentally allowing for validation of the simulation model, hence, a testing rig is constructed based on the system requirements and operating principles. Reduction in the PV cell temperature of about 8°C, which account for about 16% reduction in the PV cell temperature response compared to a conventional PV module under identical conditions is attained. In terms of the power output available from the PV cells, enhanced power performance of additional 5.8W is observed, contributing to an increase of 4% when compared with a PV module. The overall energy conversion efficiency of the integrated collector was observed to be steady at about 11% compared to that of the conventional PV module (9.5%) even at high ambient temperature and low wind speeds. Parametric analysis to assess the performance enhancements associated to the number of heat pipes attached to the PV module is conducted. Increasing the number of heat pipes attached to 15 pipes permits improved thermal management of the PV cells realised by further 7.5% reduction in the PV module temperature in addition to electrical output power improvement of 5%.

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Carr, Anna J. "A detailed performance comparison of PV modules of different technologies and the implications for PV system design methods /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050830.94641.

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Simhadri, Arvind. "Impact of distributed generation of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation on the Massachusetts transmission system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98604.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.
Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2015. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-76).
After reaching 250 megawatt direct current (MW dc) of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation installed in Massachusetts (MA) in 2013, four years ahead of schedule, Governor Deval Patrick in May of 2013 announced an increase in the MA solar PV goal to 1,600 MW by 2020 ([13]). However, integration of such significant quantities of solar PV into the electric power system is potentially going to require changes to the transmission system planning and operations to ensure continued reliability of operation ([14]). The objective of this project is to predict the distribution of solar PV in MA and to develop a simulation framework to analyze the impact of solar generation on the electric power system. To accomplish this objective, we first developed a prediction model for solar PV aggregate and spatial long term distribution. We collected solar PV installation data and electricity consumption data for 2004 to 2014 for each ZIP code in MA. Additional information such as population, land availability, average solar radiance, number of households, and other demographic data per ZIP code was also added to improve the accuracy of the model. For example, ZIP codes with higher solar radiance are more likely to have solar PV installations. By utilizing machine learning methods, we developed a model that incorporates demographic factors and applies a logistic growth model to forecast the capacity of solar PV generation per ZIP code. Next we developed an electrically equivalent model to represent the predicted addition of solar PV on the transmission system. Using this model, we analyzed the impact of solar PV installations on steady-state voltage of the interconnected electric transmission system. We used Siemens PTI's PSS/E software for transmission network modeling and analysis. Additionally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis on scenarios such as peak and light electricity consumption period, different locations of solar PV, and voltage control methods to identify potential reliability concerns. Furthermore, we tested the system reliability in the event of outages of key transmission lines, using N-1 contingency analysis. The analysis identified that the voltage deviation on transmission system because of adding 1,600 MW dc of distributed solar PV is within +/- 5% range. Based on the analysis performed in this thesis, we conclude that the current MA transmission system can operate reliably after the addition of the expected 1,600 MW dc of solar PV. As National Grid acquires information on solar installations, new data will improve the ability and accuracy of the prediction model to predict solar PV capacity and location more accurately. The simulation framework developed in this thesis can be utilized to rerun the analysis to test the robustness of the electric transmission system at a future date.
by Arvind Simhadri.
S.M.
M.B.A.

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Ahmed-Mahmoud, Ashraf. "Power conditioning unit for small scale hybrid PV-wind generation system." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/580/.

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Small-scale renewable energy systems are becoming increasingly popular due to soaring fuel prices and due to technological advancements which reduce the cost of manufacturing. Solar and wind energies, among other renewable energy sources, are the most available ones globally. The hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and wind power system has a higher capability to deliver continuous power with reduced energy storage requirements and therefore results in better utilization of power conversion and control equipment than either of the individual sources. Power conditioning units (p.c.u.) for such small-scale hybrid PV-wind generation systems have been proposed in this study. The system was connected to the grid, but it could also operate in standalone mode if the grid was unavailable. The system contains a local controller for every energy source and the grid inverter. Besides, it contains the supervisory controller. For the wind generator side, small-scale vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are attractive due to their ability to capture wind from different directions without using a yaw. One difficulty with VAWTs is to prevent over-speeding and component over-loading at excessive wind velocities. The proposed local controller for the wind generator is based on the current and voltage measured on the dc side of the rectifier connected to the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is provided in normal operation under the rated speed using a dc/dc boost converter. For high wind velocities, the suggested local controller controls the electric power in order to operate the turbine in the stall region. This high wind velocity control strategy attenuates the stress in the system while it smoothes the power generated. It is shown that the controller is able to stabilize the nonlinear system using an adaptive current feedback loop. Simulation and experimental results are presented. The PV generator side controller is designed to work in systems with multiple energy sources, such as those studied in this thesis. One of the most widely used methods to maximize the output PV power is the hill climbing technique. This study gives guidelines for designing both the perturbation magnitude and the time interval between consecutive perturbations for such a technique. These guidelines would improve the maximum power point tracking efficiency. According to these guidelines, a variable step MPPT algorithm with reduced power mode is designed and applied to the system. The algorithm is validated by simulation and experimental results. A single phase H-bridge inverter is proposed to supply the load and to connect the grid. Generally, a current controller injects active power with a controlled power factor and constant dc link voltage in the grid connected mode. However, in the standalone mode, it injects active power with constant ac output voltage and a power factor which depends on the load. The current controller for both modes is based on a newly developed peak current control (p.c.c.) with selective harmonic elimination. A design procedure has been proposed for the controller. Then, the method was demonstrated by simulation. The problem of the dc current injection to the grid has been investigated for such inverters. The causes of dc current injection are analyzed, and a measurement circuit is then proposed to control the inverter for dc current injection elimination. Characteristics of the proposed method are demonstrated, using simulation and experimental results. At the final stage of the study, a supervisory controller is demonstrated, which manages the different operating states of the system during starting, grid-connected and standalone modes. The operating states, designed for every mode, have been defined in such a hybrid model to allow stability and smooth transition between these states. The supervisory controller switches the system between the different modes and states according to the availability of the utility grid, renewable energy generators, the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage batteries, and the load. The p.c.u. including the supervisory controller has been verified in the different modes and states by simulation.

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Deng, Wenpeng. "A solar PV-LED lighting system with bidirectional grid ballasting." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709190.

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SONG, CONGCONG. "Electricity generation from hybrid PV-wind-bio-mass system for rural application in Brazil." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211794.

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Electrification of households in rural area and isolated regions plays a significant impact on the balanced economic development. Brazil grows with a high population growth rate, but still parts of rural area and isolated regions do not have the accessibility of electric power. This study focuses on the feasibility study of a hybrid PV-wind-biomass power system for rural electrification at Nazaré Paulista in southeast Brazil. This study was performed by using the hybrid renewable energy system software HOMER. The wind and solar data was collected from Surface meteorology and Solar Energy-NASA, and the biomass data was collected and estimated from other previous studies. The result shows, the hybrid PV-wind-biomass renewable system can meet 1,601 kWh daily demands and 360 kW peak load of the selected rural area. The power system composed of 200 kW PV panels, 200 kW biomass generator, 400 battery banks, and 200 kW converter. All the calculations were performed by Homer and the selection were based on the Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized cost of energy (COE). Because of the fossil fuels’ negative impacts on human health and environment, all the energy sources for this system are renewable energies which have less pollution.

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Agalgaonkar, Yashodhan Prakash. "Control and operation of power distribution system for optimal accommodation of PV generation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24954.

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The renewable policies in various countries are driving significant growth of grid connected renewable generation sources such as the Photovoltaics (PVs). Typically a PV generation is integrated into power systems at the low and the medium voltage distribution level. The uptake of an intermittent power from the PVs is challenging the power system operation and control. The network voltage control is one of the major challenges during the operation of the distribution connected PVs. The active power injection from a PV plant causes variable voltage rise. This forces the existing voltage control devices such as on-load tap-changer (OLTC) and voltage regulator (VR) to operate continuously. The consequence is the reduction of the operating life of the voltage control mechanism. Also, the conventional non-coordinated reactive power control results in the operation of the VR at its control limit (VR runaway condition). This research focuses on the distribution voltage control in the presence of PV generation and helps to establish detailed insights into the various associated challenges. Firstly, the typical grid integrated PV topologies are discussed. The existing power system operational practices are presented and their limitations are identified. A voltage control methodology to tackle challenges such as over-voltage, excessive tap counts and VR runaway is presented. These challenges are alleviated through the coordinated reactive power control. The reactive power coordination is achieved through the deterministic distribution optimal power flow solved through the interior point technique. The irradiance and the load forecasting errors are another set of challenges from the distribution network operators' perspective. The stochastic optimal voltage control strategy is proposed to tackle the element of randomness associated with the forecast errors. The stochastic operational risks such as an over- voltage and a VR runaway are defined through a chance constrained optimization problem. The simulation study is performed using a realistic 95-bus UK generic distribution network model and a practically measured irradiance to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies. The thesis makes an effort to offer an insight into the operational challenges and propose strategies to achieve a seamless integration of the PVs into the power systems.

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Sahoo, Smrutirekha. "Impact Study: Photo-voltaic Distributed Generation on Power System." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-32369.

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The grid-connected photo-voltaic (PV) system is one of the most promising renewable energy solutions which offers many benefits to both the end user and the utility network and thus it has gained the popularity over the last few decades. However, due to the very nature of its invariability and weather dependencies, the large scale integration of this type of distributed generation has created challenges for the network operator while maintaining the quality of the power supply and also for reliable and safe operations of the grids. In this study, the behavioral impact of large scale PV system integration which are both steady and dynamic in nature was studied. An aggregate PV model suited to study the impacts was built using MATLAB/Simulink. The integration impacts of PV power to existing grids were studied with focus on the low voltage residential distribution grids of Mälarenergi Elnät AB (10/0.4 kV). The steady state impacts were related to voltage profile, network loss. It was found that the PV generation at the load end undisputedly improves the voltage profile of the grid especially for the load buses which are situated at farther end of the grid. Further, with regard to the overvoltage issue, which is generally a concern during the low load demand period it was concluded that, at a 50% PV penetration level, the voltage level for the load buses is within the limit of 103% as prescribed by the regulator excepting for few load buses. The voltage level for load buses which deviate from the regulatory requirement are located at distance of 1200 meter or further away from the substation. The dynamic impact studied were for voltage unbalancing in the grid, which was found to have greater impact at the load buses which is located farther compared to a bus located nearer to the substation. With respect to impact study related to introduction of harmonics to the grid due to PV system integration, it was found that amount of harmonic content which was measured as total harmonic distortion (THD) multiplies with integration of more number of PV system. For a 50 % penetration level of PV, the introduced harmonics into the representative network is very minimal. Also, it was observed from the simulation study that THD content are be less when the grid operates at low load condition with high solar irradiance compared to lower irradiance and high load condition.

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Abdalla, Imadeddin Abdalla. "Integrated PV and multilevel converter system for maximum power generation under partial shading conditions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4603/.

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The emerging trend towards the harnessing of the electrical power from solar energy has increased the research effort in power electronics applications. To achieve the required voltage level, a number of photovoltaic PV sources (cells/modules) are connected in series. The major challenge here is to deal with the partial shading problem, where the series connected PV sources are exposed to different insolation. The generated current is limited by the current of the shaded PV sources unless those sources are bypassed by diodes, in which case the total DC voltage is reduced and the shaded sources do not contribute to the generated output power. A power electronics approach can be employed to overcome the problem, by enabling both shaded and non-shaded sources to generate their maximum power, thereby and delivering the total generated power to the load. Thus no shaded PV source is bypassed or degrades the power extraction from the other PV sources. This thesis investigates the PV partial shading problem of individual PV sources which are connected in series. After the review and evaluation of existing methods to overcome this problem, the thesis employs for the first time the multilevel DC-Link inverter to deal with the problem of partial shading by using a novel control algorithm called PV permutation algorithm. The thesis also develops a simplified generalized Integration PWM (IPWM) algorithm which can be used to control higher level inverters. An improved maximum power point algorithm “voltage-hold perturbation and observation (VH-P&O)”, which overcomes the major tracking limitations, is developed from the basic P&O algorithm. Experimental systems of five and seven level DC-link inverters with a DC-DC buck converter system have been implemented. The digital processing unit eZdspTM F28335 is used to control the PV systems in real time, and Matlab-Simulink Real Time Data Exchange (RTDX) is employed to display the extracted power and to control the system parameters via a designed Graphical User Interface (GUI) window. The simulation and experimental results showed that the series connected PV sources operate at their maximum power points under partial shading conditions without affecting each other.

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VERMA, PALLAVI. "CONTROL OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM BASED MICROGRID FOR ENHANCED PERFORMANCE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18879.

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With the depletion of non-renewable resources and growing public awareness about the advantages of green energy, alternative renewable sources are evolving as a significant source of energy since past few years. Furthermore, the electrical grid is on the verge of a paradigm shift, from centralized power generation, transmission, and huge power grids towards distributed generation (DG). DG fundamentally uses small-scale generators like photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbine, fuel cells, small and micro hydropower, diesel generator set, etc., and is limited to small distribution networks to produce power close to the end users. Renewable energy sources (RES) are essential components of DG because they are more environment friendly than conventional power generators and once established maintenance cost is also low. One of the most popular renewable energy source is solar energy because it is abundant, accessible and can be easily converted into electricity. The electricity produced from SPV system can be utilized by the local loads within the microgrid or it can be integrated with conventional grid. Microgrid (MG), which is a cluster of distributed generation, renewable sources, and local loads connected to the utility grid provides solution to manage local generations and loads as a single grid level entity. It has the potential to maximize overall system efficiency, power quality, and energy surety for critical loads. A microgrid can operate either in stand-alone mode or grid connected mode. Due to abundant availability of solar energy, an SPV based microgrid is widely used around the world. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, stand-alone SPV based microgrid needs an energy storage system also, whereas in grid connected system, the microgrid is connected to conventional grid which takes care of the solar intermittency by having bi-directional flow of power. Depending on the technical specifications, grid-connected solar PV- based microgrid can be single-stage or double-stage. In single stage configuration, PV array is directly connected to a DC/AC converter whereas in double-stage configuration, DC/DC converter is coupled in between the solar PV array and PV inverter and provides the desired fixed DC voltage to the inverter. The present work aims at modelling, design, development and control of a solar PV vii based microgrid for enhanced performance. Also, the characterization studies of the developed system have been carried out. Modeling of the system is required in order to predict its behaviour under both steady and dynamic states. Characterization studies such as sensitivity and reliability analysis are used to evaluate the performance of the system. Sensitivity analysis is the performance evaluation technique for evaluating the change in the system’s performance with respect to the change in its parameters. The sensitivity functions for solar cell and boost converter with respect to influential parameters have been developed using first derivative of Taylor’s series. Reliability analysis for electrical and electronic components of the system have been performed using pareto analysis and reliability model of the PV based microgrid has been developed using reliability block diagram for different PV array configurations. The Fault tree analysis (FTA) model of the system has been developed to find the cause of failure and to step the events leading to failure serially. Further, Markov’s model has been used to develop the reliability functions of individual components and hence, the reliability of complete grid connected PV system has been calculated. Solar PV system gives maximum power under uniform shading. But many a times PV panels are non-uniformly irradiated and this condition is known as called partial shading condition (PSC). PSC occur due to shadow of big trees, nearby buildings and dense clouds etc. PSC in PV system is an inevasible situation and exhibits multiple peaks, consisting of a single global maximum power point and many local maximum power points, in its power-voltage curve. PSC makes tracking of global maximum power point more difficult and also reduces the efficiency of the system. The conventional MPPT control algorithms work well under uniform shading condition but under partial shading scenario, they may not be able to track global peak out of multiple peaks. Therefore, an efficient controller is required to overcome the raised issue. Further, various PV array configurations such as series, series-parallel, total cross tied, bridge linked etc. may be used to improve the system efficiency. In the present work, novel maximum power point control algorithms viz. an asymmetrical fuzzy logic control (AFLC) and asymmetrical interval type-2 FLC (AIT-2 FLC) are developed for stand-alone PV system under partial shading condition. The developed algorithms are tested for different PV array configurations. viii In stand-alone PV system, the power supplied to the load depends upon the available solar energy. The output of SPV is intermittent in nature as it depends on the environmental conditions. This intermittency problem can be addressed by adding an energy storage system along with PV system. Battery is the most commonly used energy storage device and is very pivotal in maintaining continuity of power to the load. But when two or more energy sources are connected, then control of dc link voltage at common coupling point (CCP) is an area of concern. Therefore, in a SPV system with BESS a controller is required which can maintain constant DC link voltage irrespective of system transients. The PI controller is commonly used controller for controlling dc- link voltage, but it cannot regulate DC-link voltage under dynamic operating conditions and have overshoots and long settling time in its response. Suitable intelligent controllers are designed to replace the conventional PI controller, as they provide a better transient response. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional PI control algorithm, nonlinear autoregressive moving average-L2 (NARMA-L2) control algorithm is proposed and developed for the stand-alone PV system with BESS. The proposed control scheme maintains the voltage across DC-link under change in irradiation and load condition. In a grid connected SPV based microgrid, the output of boost converter i.e., DC link is connected to voltage source inverter which is connected to grid at the point of common coupling (PCC). Voltage source inverter converts the generated DC power from PV system to AC of required voltage and frequency, as well as maintains the balance of power between the SPV system, load, and grid. The inverter is regulated by the interfacing controllers for effective operation and grid synchronization. The interfacing controllers are used to control the output of PV inverter for its efficient utilization and for improving power quality at PCC by providing reactive power compensation, harmonics compensation and load balancing. Conventional control algorithm like synchronous reference frame theory (SRFT) uses proportional integral (PI) controller for DC-link voltage regulation. These controllers are not best suited for SPV based microgrid as the overshoots and long settling time in their response are inevitable. In order to overcome this, novel smooth Least Mean Square (SLMS), improved zero attracting LMS (IZALMS) and reweighted L0 norm variable step size continuous mixed p-norm (RL0-VSSCMPN) based adaptive interfacing control algorithms are proposed ix and developed for the PV based microgrid. The efficacy of the proposed control algorithms has been tested on hardware prototype developed in the laboratory using MicroLab box (dSPACE 1202). The developed prototype system acts as distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) and consists of inverter that is tied in parallel to the grid at the point of common coupling. FLUKE power analyzer has been used to measure the response of the system. The research work presented in the thesis is expected to provide good exposure to design, development and control of the solar PV based microgrid.

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Abusief, Fatihe Ramadan. "Islanded Distribution Networks Supplied by Distributed Generation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424572.

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The modern power systems have recently increased the interest in distributed generation (DG) technologies due to, fuel cost uncertainties, environmental constraints, and increasing power consumption with shortage of transmission capacities. Distributed generation (DG) using clean and renewable energy in power supply system have attracted serious attention. Many developing countries are adopting distributed generation (DG) technologies for their power systems expansion planning. Solar Energy is one of the most promising, nonpolluting, free source of energy. The enormous development of the exploitation of renewable energy throughout the territory leads to rethink the paradigm of traditional power grid. In particular, the possibility of operating of small networks in islanded configuration in remote villages, along with several benefits that we can glimpse. In some countries, electrical distribution lines have to cross areas where the installation cost could be very high and carrying out maintenance could become extremely difficult (e.g. desert areas). As a result, frequent power disconnections and blackout heavily affect the quality of supply of end-users. Conversely, the renewable energy sources exploitation in supplying portions of the distribution network during system disconnections is very interesting, both for reducing fossil fuel use and as backup power generator. In case the islanded local electrification makes use of discontinuous and unpredictable energy sources such as photovoltaic, a Battery Energy Storage System is required to regulate the system, supplying power balance and voltage stability. This requires, however, the development of appropriate control strategies to allow a continuous balance between the load and the generation. In this thesis, a control strategy implementing Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and PV generation plants has been developed and tested for electrification of modeled remote distribution network. In the proposed (SMO) master/slave control strategy, the BESS operates as a slack node, while PV are controlled as PQ generators. The ability of the developed control strategy to preserve energy balance and system stability was extensively investigated. To minimize the BESS size, a use of Synchronous Generators was introduced to supply base load during night period. Furthermore, for efficiency improvement of the BESS and further reduction in batteries size especially under peak load conditions, a Battery Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System (ESS) was developed and investigated.
I moderni sistemi di alimentazione hanno recentemente aumentato l'interesse per la generazione distribuita (DG) a causa di tecnologie, le incertezze sui costi di carburante, i vincoli ambientali e l'aumento il consumo di energia con carenza di capacità di trasmissione. La generazione distribuita (DG) utilizzando energia pulita e rinnovabile nel sistema di alimentazione ha attirato l'attenzione. Molti paesi in via di sviluppo stanno adottando le tecnologie di generazione distribuita (DG) per la loro pianificazione di espansione dei sistemi di energia. L'energia solare è uno delle più promettenti, non inquinante, fonte gratuita di energia. L'enorme sviluppo dello sfruttamento delle energie rinnovabili in tutto il territorio porta a ripensare il paradigma tradizionale della rete elettrica. In particolare, la possibilità di operare su piccole reti in configurazione islanded in villaggi remoti, insieme a diversi benefici che possiamo intravedere. In alcuni paesi, le linee di distribuzione elettrica devono attraversare aree in cui i costi di installazione potrebbero essere molto elevati e effettuare la manutenzione potrebbe diventare estremamente difficile (ad esempio nel deserto). Come risultato, frequenti disconnessioni elettriche e blackout influenzano fortemente la qualità di fornitura degli utenti finali. Al contrario, sfruttare le fonti di energia rinnovabili nella fornitura della rete di distribuzione durante le disconnessioni è molto interessante, sia per ridurre l'uso di combustibili fossili che generatori di corrente. Nel caso in cui il locale islanded fa uso di fonti di energia discontinua e imprevedibile come il fotovoltaico, un sistema di batterie Energy Storage è necessario per regolare il sistema, fornendo equilibrio di energia e stabilità di tensione. Ciò richiede, tuttavia, lo sviluppo di appropriate strategie di controllo per consentire un continuo equilibrio tra il carico e la generazione. In questa tesi, una strategia di controllo dell'applicazione del sistema di batterie Energy Storage (BESS) e impianti di generazione fotovoltaica è stato sviluppato e testato per l'elettrificazione di una rete di distribuzione remota. Nella strategia di controllo master / slave proposta (SMO), il BESS opera come un nodo di gioco, mentre PV sono controllati come generatori PQ. La capacità della strategia di controllo sviluppato per preservare l'equilibrio energetico e la stabilità del sistema è stato ampiamente studiato. Per ridurre al minimo le dimensioni Bess, l'uso di generatori sincroni è stato introdotto per la fornitura di carico di base durante il periodo notturno. Inoltre, per migliorare l'efficienza della riduzione BESS e ulteriormente in batterie di tipo soprattutto sotto carico di picco condizioni, un sistema di storage ibrido di energia della batteria Supercapacitor (ESS) è stato sviluppato e indagato.

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Kumbasar, Serdar. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar PV/Thermal System for Power and Cooling Generation in Antalya, Turkey." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119608.

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In this study a roof-top PVT/absorption chiller system is modeled for a hotel building in Antalya, Turkey to cover the cooling demand of the hotel, to produce electricity and domestic hot water. PVT modules, an absorption chiller, a hot storage tank and a natural gas fired auxiliary heater are the main components of the system. Elecetrical power produced by the system is 94.2 MWh, the cooling power is 185.5 MWh and the amount of domestic hot water produced in the system is 65135 m3 at 45 0C annually. Even though the systems is capable of meeting the demands of the hotel building, because of the high investment costs of PVT modules and high interest rates in Turkey, it is not economically favorable. Using cheaper solar collectors, integrating a cold storage unit in the system or having an improved conrol strategy are the options to increase the system efficiency and to make the system economically competitive.

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Liu, Xiao. "Power control of single-stage PV inverter for distribution system volt-var optimization." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/36.

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The output power variability of intermittent renewable sources can cause significant fluctuations in distribution system voltages. A local linear controller that exploits the capability of a photovoltaic inverter to provide both real and reactive power is described. This controller substitutes reactive power for real power when fluctuations in the output of the photovoltaic source are experienced. In this way, the inverter can help mitigate distribution system voltage fluctuations. In order to provide real and reactive to the grid, a three-phase grid-connected single-stage photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking and power control is described. A method of reducing the current harmonic caused by resonance of the LC filter and transformer is presented. The local linear controller is examined using an example distribution system, and it is found that the controller is effective at mitigating voltage violations. The photovoltaic control system is examined using three-phase single-stage PV inverter system. The power control and damping system show good performance and stability under rapid change of irradiance.

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Clarke, Daniel. "Stand-alone solar-pv hydrogen energy systems incorporating reverse osmosis." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1750.

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The world’s increasing energy demand means the rate at which fossil fuels are consumed has increased resulting in greater carbon dioxide emissions. For many small (marginalised) or coastal communities, access to potable water is limited alongside good availability of renewable energy sources (solar or wind). One solution is to utilise small-scale renewably powered stand-alone energy systems to help supply power for everyday utilities and to operate desalination systems serving potable water (drinking) needs reducing diesel generator dependence. In such systems, on-site water production is essential so as to service electrolysis for hydrogen generation for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Whilst small Reverse Osmosis (RO) units may function as a (useful) dump load, it also directly impacts the power management of stand-alone energy systems and affects operational characteristics. However, renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature, thus power generation from renewables may not be adequate to satisfy load demands. Therefore, energy storage and an effective Power Management Strategy (PMS) are vital to ensure system reliability. This thesis utilises a combination of experiments and modelling to analyse the performance of renewably powered stand-alone energy systems consisting of photovoltaic panels, PEM electrolysers, PEM fuel cells, batteries, metal hydrides and Reverse Osmosis (RO) under various scenarios. Laboratory experiments have been done to resolve time-resolved characteristics for these system components and ascertain their impact on system performance. However, the main objective of the study is to ascertain the differences between applying (simplistic) predictive/optimisation techniques compared to intelligent tools in renewable energy systems. This is achieved through applying intelligent tools such as Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimisation for different aspects that govern system design and operation as well as solar irradiance prediction. Results indicate the importance of device level transients, temporal resolution of available solar irradiance and type of external load profile (static or time-varying) as system performance is affected differently. In this regard, minute resolved simulations are utilised to account for all component transients including predicting the key input to the system, namely available solar resource which can be affected by various climatic conditions such as rainfall. System behaviour is (generally) more accurately predicted utilising Neural Network solar irradiance prediction compared to the ASHRAE clear sky model when benchmarked against measured irradiance data. Allowing Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) to further adjust specific control set-points within the systems PMS results in improvements in system operational characteristics compared to using simplistic rule-based design methods. In such systems, increasing energy storage capacities generally allow for more renewable energy penetration yet only affect the operational characteristics up to a threshold capacity. Additionally, simultaneously optimising system size and PMS to satisfy a multi-objective function, consisting of total Net Present Cost and CO2 emissions, yielded lower costs and carbon emissions compared to HOMER, a widely adopted sizing software tool. Further development of this thesis will allow further improvements in the development of renewably powered energy systems providing clean, reliable, cost-effective energy. All simulations are performed on a desktop PC having an Intel i3 processor using either MATLAB/Simulink or HOMER.

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15

Ghosh, Shibani. "A Real-time Management of Distribution Voltage Fluctuations due to High Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Penetrations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74424.

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Due to the rapid growth of grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the generation mix, the distribution grid will face complex operational challenges. High PV penetration can create overvoltages and voltage fluctuations in the network, which are major concerns for the grid operator. Traditional voltage control devices like switched capacitor banks or line voltage regulators can alleviate slow-moving fluctuations, but these devices need to operate more frequently than usual when PV generation fluctuates due to fast cloud movements. Such frequent operations will impact the life expectancy of these voltage control devices. Advanced PV inverter functionalities enable solar PV systems to provide reliable grid support through controlled real injection and/or reactive power compensation. This dissertation proposes a voltage regulation technique to mitigate probable impacts of high PV penetrations on the distribution voltage profile using smart inverter functionalities. A droop-based reactive power compensation method with active power curtailment is proposed, which uses the local voltage regulation at the inverter end. This technique is further augmented with very short-term PV generation forecasts. A hybrid forecasting algorithm is proposed here which is based on measurement-dependent dynamic modeling of PV systems using the Kalman Filter theory. Physical modeling of the PV system is utilized by this forecasting algorithm. Because of the rise in distributed PV systems, modeling of geographic dispersion is also addressed under PV system modeling. The proposed voltage regulation method is coordinated with existing voltage regulator operations to reduce required number of tap-change operations. Control settings of the voltage regulators are adjusted to achieve minimal number of tap-change operations within a predefined time window. Finally, integration of energy storage is studied to highlight the value of the proposed voltage regulation technique vis-à-vis increased solar energy use.
Ph. D.

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16

Jain, Himanshu. "Dynamic Simulation of Power Systems using Three Phase Integrated Transmission and Distribution System Models: Case Study Comparisons with Traditional Analysis Methods." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74234.

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Solar PV-based distributed generation has increased significantly over the last few years, and the rapid growth is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. As the penetration levels of distributed generation increase, power systems will become increasingly decentralized with bi-directional flow of electricity between the transmission and distribution networks. To manage such decentralized power systems, planners and operators need models that accurately reflect the structure of, and interactions between the transmission and distribution networks. Moreover, algorithms that can simulate the steady state and dynamics of power systems using these models are also needed. In this context, integrated transmission and distribution system modeling and simulation has become an important research area in recent years, and the primary focus so far has been on studying the steady state response of power systems using integrated transmission and distribution system models. The primary objective of this dissertation is to develop an analysis approach and a program that can simulate the dynamics of three phase, integrated transmission and distribution system models, and use the program to demonstrate the advantages of evaluating the impact of solar PV-based distributed generation on power systems dynamics using such models. To realize this objective, a new dynamic simulation analysis approach is presented, the implementation of the approach in a program is discussed, and verification studies are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the program. A new dynamic model for small solar PV-based distributed generation is also investigated. This model can interface with unbalanced networks and change its real power output according to the incident solar irradiation. Finally, application of the dynamic simulation program for evaluating the impact of solar PV units using an integrated transmission and distribution system model is discussed. The dissertation presents a new approach for studying the impact of solar PV-based distributed generation on power systems dynamics, and demonstrates that the solar PV impact studies performed using the program and integrated transmission and distribution system models provide insights about the dynamic response of power systems that cannot be obtained using traditional dynamic simulation approaches that rely on transmission only models.
Ph. D.

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17

Hung, Duong Quoc. "Smart integration of distributed renewable generation and battery energy storage." Thesis, The University of Queensland, 2014. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:342027.

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Renewable energy (i.e., biomass, wind and solar) and Battery Energy Storage (BES) are emerging as sustainable solutions for electricity generation. In the last decade, the smart grid has been introduced to accommodate high penetration of such renewable resources and make the power grid more efficient, reliable and resilient. The smart grid is formulated as a combination of power systems, telecommunication communication and information technology. As an integral part of the smart grid, a smart integration approach is presented in this thesis. The main idea behind the smart integration is locating, sizing and operating renewable-based Distributed Generation (DG) resources and associated BES units in distribution networks strategically by considering various technical, economical and environmental issues. Hence, the aim of the thesis is to develop methodologies for strategic planning and operations of high renewable DG penetration along with an efficient usage of BES units. The first contribution of the thesis is to present three alternative analytical expressions to identify the location, size and power factor of a single DG unit with a goal of minimising power losses. These expressions are easily adapted to accommodate different types of renewable DG units for minimizing energy losses by considering the time-varying demand and different operating conditions of DG units. Both dispatchable and non-dispatchable renewable DG units are investigated in the study. Secondly, a methodology is also introduced in the thesis for the integration of multiple dispatchable biomass and nondispatchable wind units. The concept behind this methodology is that each nondispatchable wind unit is converted into a dispatchable source by adding a biomass unit with sufficient capacity to retain the energy loss at a minimum level. Thirdly, the thesis studies the determination of nondispatchable photovoltaic (PV) penetration into distribution systems while considering time-varying voltage-dependent load models and probabilistic generation. The system loads are classified as an industrial, commercial or residential type or a mix of them with different normalised daily patterns. The Beta probability density function model is used to describe the probabilistic nature of solar irradiance. An analytical expression is proposed to size a PV unit. This expression is based on the derivation of a multiobjective index (IMO) that is formulated as a combination of three indices, namely active power loss, reactive power loss and voltage deviation. The IMO is minimised in determining the optimal size and power factor of a PV unit. Fourthly, the thesis discusses the integration of PV and BES units considering optimal power dispatch. In this work, each nondispatchable PV unit is converted into a dispatchable source by adding a BES unit with sufficient capacity. An analytical expression is proposed to determine the optimal size and power factor of PV and BES units for reducing energy losses and enhancing voltage stability. A self-correction algorithm is then developed for sizing multiple PV and BES units. Finally, the thesis presents a comprehensive framework for DG planning. In this framework, analytical expressions are proposed to efficiently capture the optimal power factor of each DG unit with a standard size for minimising energy losses and enhancing voltage stability. The decision for the optimal location, size and number of DG units is obtained through a benefit-cost analysis over a given planning horizon. Here, the total benefit includes energy sales, loss reduction, network investment deferral and emission reduction, while the total cost is a sum of capital, operation and maintenance expenses. The study reveals that the time-varying demand and generation models play a significant role in renewable DG planning. Depending on the characteristics of demand and generation, a distribution system would accommodate up to an estimated 48% of the nondispatchable renewable DG penetration. A higher penetration level could be obtained for dispatchable DG technologies such as biomass and a hybrid of PV and BES units. More importantly, the study also indicates that optimal power factor operation could be one of the aspects to be considered in the strategy of smart renewable DG integration. A significant energy loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement can be achieved for all the proposed scenarios with DG operation at optimal power factor when compared to DG generation at unity power factor which follows the current standard IEEE 1547. Consequently, the thesis recommends an appropriate modification to the grid code to reflect the optimal or near optimal power factor operation of DG as well as BES units. In addition, it is shown that inclusion of energy loss reduction together with other benefits such as network investment deferral and emission reduction in the analysis would recover DG investments faster.

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Machado, Ivan de Souza. "Análise técnico-econômica do impacto da penetração da geração distribuída em redes de distribuição." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3935.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Atualmente diversos países tem posto em prática políticas para promover a Geração Distribuída (GD). No Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) publicou a Resolução 482/2012 a fim de estabelecer as condições gerais de acesso da geração distribuída à rede e o mecanismo de compensação para a energia gerada pelo consumidor. Entre as tecnologias de GD, a solar fotovoltaica desempenha um papel importante devido aos seus avanços, em conjunto com a redução dos custos de capital e subsídios. A incerteza da inserção de unidades de GD renováveis pode causar impactos no sistema de distribuição de energia e vários estudos têm sido realizados para analisar os problemas relacionados a penetração da GD fotovoltaica. No entanto, em geral, esses estudos consideram cenários de penetração gerados aleatoriamente ou com base em aspectos técnicos, independentemente das características econômicas dos clientes. Portanto, esse trabalho propõe uma metodologia para avaliar o impacto da GD no sistema de distribuição considerando cenários de adoção com base nos clientes. O estudo de um alimentador de distribuição real foi desenvolvido a partir de dados do Projeto “Cidade Inteligente Búzios”. A análise e a simulação desse sistema de distribuição foram realizadas através do software Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS).
Nowadays, several countries are applying energy policies to promote Distributed Generation (DG). In Brazil, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) published the Normative Resolution 482/2012 in order to establish the general conditions for access of distributed generation for the grid and compensation mechanisms for the energy generated by the consumer. Among DG technologies, solar photovoltaic plays a major role due to advances in photovoltaic technology, combined with decreasing capital costs and subsidies. The uncertainty renewable DG integration may cause impact on distribution power system and several studies have been carried out to analyze grid integration issues associated with photovoltaic DG penetration. However, in general, these studies consider penetration scenarios randomly generated or based on technical aspects, regardless economic characteristics of customers. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology to assess the impact of DG on distribution system considering customer adoption scenarios. The study of a real distribution feeder was developed from “Smart City Búzios” project database. The analysis and the distribution system simulation were performed with the Open Distribution System Simulator Software (OpenDSS).

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Campanhol, Leonardo Bruno Garcia. "Sistema fotovoltaico trifásico de único estágio conectado a sistemas de geração distribuída operando como condicionador de qualidade de energia unificado usando uma estratégia dual de compensação ativa de potência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-18122017-093612/.

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Este trabalho propõe um sistema fotovoltaico (PV) multifuncional conectado a um sistema elétrico trifásico a quatro fios e operando com estratégia dual de compensação ativa de potência. Além da injeção de potência ativa na rede elétrica, o sistema PV operara como um condicionador unificado de qualidade de energia (UPQC) suprimindo as correntes harmônicas da carga e compensando a potência reativa. Adicionalmente, tensões balanceadas, reguladas e livre de harmônicos são fornecidas para a carga. O sistema PV-UPQC é baseado em uma estratégia de compensação dual, na qual o conversor série opera como uma fonte de corrente senoidal, enquanto o conversor paralelo atua como uma fonte de tensão senoidal. Como resultado, nenhum comportamento transitório é observado na troca entre os modos de operação ilhado e interconectado do sistema PV-UPQC. Além disso, para contornar os problemas associados às mudanças bruscas de irradiação solar, uma malha de controle feed-forward atua na geração das referências de corrente do conversor série, de modo que se obtenha um rápido balanço de potência entre o sistema PV e a rede elétrica. Como resultado, as respostas dinâmicas tanto da corrente elétrica quanto da tensão do barramento CC são melhoradas. A análise detalhada envolvendo o fluxo de potência ativa dos inversores é realizada proporcionando um melhor entendimento sobre a operação do sistema PV-UPQC, bem como auxiliando no dimensionamento dos conversores de potência. Resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados para avaliar os desempenhos estáticos e dinâmicos do PV-UPQC conectado ao sistema elétrico de distribuição.
This work proposes a multifunctional single-stage three-phase four-wire grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system operating with a dual active power-line compensating strategy. Besides injection of active power into the grid, the PV system operates as a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), suppressing the load harmonic currents and compensating reactive power. Additionally, regulated, balanced and harmonic free output voltages are provided to the load. Since the PV-UPQC is based on a dual compensation strategy, the series converter operates as a sinusoidal current source, whereas the parallel converter operates as a sinusoidal voltage source. Thus, seamless transition can be achieved from the interconnected to the islanding operation modes, and vice-versa, without load voltage transients. Moreover, to overcome problems associated with sudden solar irradiation changes, fast power balance involving the PV array and the grid is obtained, since the feed-forward control loop acts on the generation of the series inverter current references. As a result, the dynamic responses of both inverter currents and dc-bus voltage are improved. Detailed analysis involving the active power flow through the inverters is performed allowing proper understanding of the PV-UPQC operation, as well as assisting to design of the power converters. Simulation and experimental results are presented to evaluate both dynamic and static performances of the PV-UPQC tied to the electrical distribution system.

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20

Raji, Atanda Kamoru. "Performance evaluation and improvement of grid-connected technology." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1198.

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Dissertation (DTech(Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012
The confluence of the limited resources of fossil fuels (e.g. coal, oil and natural gas), environmental degradations leading to climate change, security of supplies and fossil fuels high costs have demanded a tremendous efforts on humanity to seek for a sustainable and unlimited natural energy sources. Amongst these renewable energy sources stands out solar energy because of its ubiquitousness. Solar energy is converted to DC electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems installed in commercial and industrial buildings are a good example of distributed power generation. Here the energy consumption and production match and thus electricity taken from the grid during daytime peak hours can be reduced. This is beneficial as the transmission losses in the grid are avoided and also transmission need is reduced. The cost effectiveness of a solar energy system has hindered its wide adoption and deployment in terms of the initial capital cost even though it has a zero energy cost and very minimal operating and maintenance costs. Different governments have instituted many financial incentives for fast adoption of PV systems for both residential and commercial applications. However, all these incentives are not sustainable in the longer term forecast. For PV system to attain grid parity requires more than unsustainable approach of many governments providing time limited subsidies. The technical solution to the problem is to reduce the overall system cost through technical innovations. One such method is the adoption of transformerless inverter technology as the grid interface system. Transformerless inverter topology provides galvanic isolation through innovative inverter topology and switching strategies that eliminates problems created by not employing the service of transformer.

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21

Bang, Jensen Maria Isabel, and Simon Lundberg. "Sustainable Implementation of Photovoltaic Technologies in Mauritius : A study on the energy system in Mauritius and the effect of solar power generation on frequency stability." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281759.

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Mauritius is an isolated island with ambitious targets for renewable energy generation and plans to invest in more solar power. The aim of this study is to assess how the implementation of photovoltaic technologies might affect the frequency stability in Mauritius and thus assess whether solar power can help the country obtain their targets for green energy generation. The research question is answered by conducting a literature study and simulating relevant scenarios in Matlab and Simulink. By simulating the frequency response for a production disturbance with different values for system inertia and PV capacity, the inertia requirements for frequency stability is assessed. Mauritius appears to have a high potential for increasing solar power generation. Based on the simulations, their electrical grid seems to be able to maintain frequency stability with PV capacity corresponding to the generation targets for 2020, 2025 and 2030, even for low amounts of system inertia. However, the significance of these results are called into question because of the varying quality of input data. With more accurate, specific data, the applicability of the results can be improved. Nevertheless, the study can be used as a guideline on how to use the given model to evaluate frequency stability in isolated power systems in island states. Ways to further this study is to evaluate other stability challenges related to PV production such as the reactive power in the system, voltage stability and rotor angle stability.
Mauritius är en isolerad ö som har sett en stor ekonomisk växt de sista åren. För att möta en ökande efterfrågan på el på ett hållbart sätt har Mauritius satt ambitiösa mål för förnybar energiproduktion som bland annat innebär betydande investeringar i solkraft. Målet med denna studie är att utvärdera hur implementeringen av utökad solcellskapacitet skulle kunna påverka frekvensstabiliteten i nätet på Mauritius och således fastställa ifall solenergin kan bidra till deras mål om ökad grön energiproduktion, utan att öka risken för strömavbrott. Frågeställningen besvaras genom att först utföra en litteraturstudie och sedan använda en matematisk modell, utvecklad av Danilo Obradovic från KTH, för att simulera relevanta scenarier i Matlab och Simulink. Simuleringarna visar frekvenssvaret vid produktionsbortfall som relateras till den mängd svängmassa som behövs för att säkerställa frekvensstabilitet vid olika mängder solceller. Litteraturstudien visar att Mauritius har god tillgång på solinstrålning och solceller verkar vara en lämplig teknologi för att utnyttja denna energin. Enligt de simuleringar som genomförts verkar Mauritius kunna bibehålla frekvensensstabilitet om den installerade solcellskapaciteten ökas till de planerade nivåerna i 2020, 2025 och 2030, även för låga värden på systemets svängmassa. Slutsatserna bör dock analyseras kritiskt då indatan som används för simuleringarna är av varierande kvalitet. Med bättre och mer specifik indata kan den föreslagna metodiken och modellen användas för att dra mer relevanta slutsatser för Mauritius. Metodiken som använts i denna studie kan därav ses på som en riktlinje för hur frekvensstabiliteten i isolerade elnät kan undersökas. Vidare kan studien utökas genom att utvärdera sociala och ekonomiska aspekter och även andra stabilitetsfrågor relaterade till en ökad mängd solceller, så som den reaktiva effekten i systemet, spänningsstabilitet och rotorvinkelstabilitet.

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Guo, Yuanzhen. "ECONOMIC OPERATION OF TYPICAL MICROGRIDS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/131.

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A microgrid is a subnetwork of power system that consists of a group of distributed energy sources and loads. It is designed to integrate distributed generation, loads, energy storage devices, converters, and monitoring and protection devices. Generally, a successful microgrid could run both in island mode (off-grid) and in grid-connected mode (on-grid), being able to convert between two modes at any time. With continuous development of the power system, distributed renewable generation unit accounts for an increasing proportion, since microgrid could effectively connect these generation units to the main grid, thereby improving the energy efficiency and the energy structure. Microgrid is increasingly playing an important role in the power system. This thesis focuses on reducing the cost of microgrids through economic operation, including both static and dynamic economic operations. Three cases are tested based on these two methods. Also, each case will include four situations including one without ESS and three situations with 2MWh ESS, 3MWh ESS, 4MWh ESS, respectively.

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Foreman, Mark McKinney. "Control and operation of SMES and SMES/PV systems." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020156/.

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Manhal, Ali, and Ali Tammam M. "Solar Tent : A Photovoltaic Generator Model for a Flexible Fabric with Inbuilt Cells." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30552.

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Natural disasters and conflicts in many different parts of the world force thousands of people to get displaced from their homes and live in refugee camps temporarily or permanently. For refugee families, lack of energy access has great impact on their lives. Tarpon Solar Company has developed a solar tent which is a combination of laminated cloth and flexible solar cells. In addition to producing renewable electricity, it can create a comfortable outdoor shelter from sun, rain and wind. The aims of this study were to define and size the solar system of the tent in both AC and DC systems and optimize the tent to work in different locations around the world. Besides designing a monitoring system for the solar tent to evaluate the performance. In addition, defining the social aspect and the consumer behavior for a better solar tent future design. As a case study, Tarpon AC solar tent in Glava, Sweden has been installed to cover the basic needs of the tent users. To understand the solar tent performance in different weather zones, 4 different locations were suggested. A monitor system was designed to monitor the tent solar system performance. The simulation software PVsyst was used to size the PV system in the different locations with different solar data. The PVsyst simulation results showed that the current Tarpon solar tent with 32 photovoltaic modules is extremely oversized to cover the basic needs loads (Lighting, mobile charging and ventilation) in the emergency cases. The current Tarpon solar tent has a standard number of photovoltaic modules integrated in the tent fabric while the photovoltaic modules number should vary from one location to another according to the weather data and solar irradiation. In this case the current Tarpon solar system used in Glava, Sweden can be optimized by decreasing the number of photovoltaic modules to only 6 photovoltaic modules instead of 32 modules. The study also shows that the features of the off-grid system components (battery and charge controller) are different from one location to another according to the criteria of selection. This study concludes that for the temporary short-term emergency use of the tent where only basic needs loads are needed, DC system is better than AC system in terms of energy efficiency, system size and cost in the different proposed locations. While AC system is better when using the tent for prolonged time in terms of user flexibility and ability to extend the system. Understanding the consumer behavior and the goal of the tent whether to be used for an emergency short term shelter or a permanent shelter for a prolonged time are important factors for a better solar tent design.

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Byamungu, Cirhuza Alain. "The formulation and validation of PV inverter efficiency under South Africa climate conditions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2823.

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Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering (Energy) in the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa.
In photovoltaic power systems, the DC/AC conversion efficiency depends on weather conditions causing PV inverters to operate under fluctuating input power from PV modules. The peak efficiency stated by the inverter manufacturers are often used by project designers to estimate how much power PV plants can produce. However, the varying nature of the DC input power to the inverters, occasioned by varying irradiation and temperature, leads to deviations of the actual efficiency from the peak efficiency. Literature surveys prove that inverter efficiencies must be evaluated against local irradiation profiles to get more precise annual energy yield estimations, since meteorological conditions and solar irradiation profiles vary from one site to another around the planet.

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Alayan, Sophia. "Design of a PV-Diesel Hybrid System with Unreliable Grid Connection in Lebanon." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24465.

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This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households. Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid. In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.

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Bekker, Bernard. "Methods to extract maximum electrical energy from PV panels on the earth's surface." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50021.

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Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates methods to extract the maximum amount of electrical energy from a py panel. The thesis is divided into four parts, focussing on different aspects relating to this topic. The first part will investigate the role that py energy is likely to play in South Africa's future energy scenario, by looking at topics like the greenhouse effect and the economics of energy production. Secondly the thesis will look at how to position py panels optimally for maximum energy generation through the year. A software model of a py panel is developed which can calculate available py energy and energy generation costs for a given location, based on parameters like the positioning of the py panel and historic weather data. Thirdly the optimal design of a maximum power point tracker is investigated. The optimal design, based on a k-sweep voltage ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm, is implemented using a DSP controlled boost converter circuit. Finally, the best methods to store energy generated using py panels are explored. Energy storage technologies are compared for rural, off-grid applications in South Africa, and the design and implementation of a pulse-charging lead-acid battery charging strategy is explained.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek maniere waarop die maksimum hoeveelheid elektriese energie vanuit 'n py paneelonttrek kan word. Die tesis word in vier dele verdeel, wat elkeen fokus op 'n ander aspek van die onderwerp. Die eerste kyk na die rol wat PV energie potensieël kan speel in die toekomstige energie produksie binne Suid Afrika, deur te kyk na onderwerpe soos die kweekhuis effek, en die ekonomiese sy van energie produksie. Tweedens kyk die tesis na metodes om 'n py paneeloptimaal te posisioneer vir maksimum energie deur die jaar. 'n Sagteware model van 'n PV paneel word ontwikkel wat die hoeveelheid beskikbare energie, en die kostes daarvan, kan bereken vir 'n spesifieke plek, gebaseer op PV paneel data en vorige jare se atmosferiese data. Derdens word agtergrond oor maksimum drywingspunt volgers gegee, en die ontwerp en bou van 'n k-variërende, spannings verhouding maksimum kragpunt volger verduidelik, geimplimenteer deur van 'n DSP en 'n opkapper baan gebruik te maak. Laastens word die beste maniere om PV energie te stoor, vir landelike toepassings weg vanaf die Eskom netwerk, ondersoek. Alle beskikbare tegnologieë word eers vergelyk met mekaar, waarna die ontwerp en bou van 'n puls-laai loodsuur batterylaaier verduidelik word.

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Weiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest." Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.

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This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.

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Abed, James. "Design consideration, comparative evaluation and cost analysis of a Photovoltaic (PV) system and a generator for off-grid use in California." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1603751.

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Technology improvement on solar systems has recently given the solar industry a big boost in the market especially in locations such as California where solar irradiance is abundant and fossil fuel prices are constantly on the rise. However solar power technology is not perfect and may still have some drawbacks. This project presents a theoretical evaluation and comparison between two possible off-grid systems in accordance with their cost over a fixed amount of years. A case study will be conducted to determine which of the following two off-grid systems best satisfies a given load profile in terms of cost and efficiency: a Photovoltaic (PV) system with battery back-up or an AC generator with diesel fuel engine. A cost comparison of both systems will determine whether solar energy is a good investment and can be considered as an alternative power solution for the future. A MATLAB simulation of the PV system will help visualize the battery’s charging process with respect to the load.

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Alraddadi, Musfer. "Toward Fully Renewable Power Systems in Regions with HighSolar Irradiation: Long-Term Planning and Operations." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1605791220407664.

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Гураль, Володимир Ярославович, Volodymyr Hural, Володимир Володимирович Бабовал, and Volodymyr Baboval. "Інформаційне забезпечення метрологічного аналізу системи контролю роботи генератора на основі сонячних панелей." Master's thesis, ТНТУ ім. І. Пулюя, 2020. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/33760.

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В даній кваліфікаційній роботі магістра розроблене та досліджено інформаційне забезпечення метрологічного аналізу системи контролю роботи генератора на основі сонячних панелей. Було розраховано проект автономної PV системи, з вибором і розрахунком її компонентів. розроблення структури проекту генератора на сонячних панелях, зроблено оцінку параметрів батарей автономних та гібридних PV систем, описано принципи роботи та функцій контролерів заряду батарей PV систем, розраховано проект автономної PV системи та її компонентів, пророблено аналіз вимірювальних параметрів PV систем. Використання даного приладу дозволяє: полегшити процес вимірювання параметрів навколишнього середовища, так як результати обробляються програмою на ПК та спроектувати автономну PV систему для екологічно чистої генерації електроенергії.
In this qualification work of the master the information support of the metrological analysis of the system of control of work of the generator on the basis of solar panels is developed and investigated. The project of an autonomous PV system was calculated, with the selection and calculation of its components. development of the structure of the generator project on solar panels, assessment of the parameters of batteries of autonomous and hybrid PV systems, describes the principles and functions of charge controllers of batteries of PV systems, calculated the project of autonomous PV system and its components, analysis of measuring parameters of PV systems. Use of this device allows: to facilitate process of measurement of parameters of environment as results are processed by the program on the personal computer and to design an autonomous PV system for environmentally friendly electricity generation.
ВСТУП ... 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА ... 1.1 Порівняльний аналіз технологій відновлювальних джерел енергії ... 1.1.1 Аналіз сучасних механізмів перетворення енергії ... 1.1.2 Аналіз перспектив розвитку сонячної енергетики ... 1.1.3 Класифікація технологій сонячних батарей ... 1.1.4 Аналіз розвитку потужностей сонячної енергетики у світі ... 1.2 Аналіз зовнішніх факторів впливу на функціонування сонячних панелей ...... 1.2.1 Аналіз спектральних характеристик світлового потоку ... 1.2.2 Аналіз сучасних приладів для вимірювання світлового потоку ... 1.2.3 Аналіз принципів орієнтації і нахилу сонячних модулів ... 1.2.4 Оцінка впливу температури на ефективність сонячних модулів ... 1.3 Постановка задачі дипломного проектування ... 2 ОСНОВНА ЧАСТИНА ... 2.1 Розроблення проекту генератора на сонячних панелях ... 2.1.1 Розроблення структури проекту генератора на сонячних панелях ... 2.1.2 Аналіз видів і структури пристрої перетворення енергії в PV системах... 2.1.3 Аналіз видів і структури пристроїв акумуляції енергії в PV системах... 2.1.4 Оцінка параметрів батарей автономних та гібридних PV систем….. 2.2 Опис роботи контролерів заряду батарей PV систем ... 2.2.1 Опис функцій контролерів заряду батарей PV систем .... 2.3 Розрахунок проекту автономної PV системи ... 2.3.1 Вибір і розрахунок компонентів автономної PV системи... 3 НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА ... 3.1 Оцінка фізичного принципу роботи сонячних панелей ... 3.1.1 Фізичні основи напівпровідникових матеріалів... 3.1.2 Аналіз методів збільшення провідності напівпровідників... 3.1.3 Механізми переміщення вільних носіїв заряду в напівпровіднику 3.1.4 Принцип роботи напівпровідникової сонячної батареї.... 3.1.5 Основні параметри сонячних панелей.... 3.2 Метрологічний аналіз методів досягнення максимальної потужності сонячного модуля чи їх масиву .... 3.2.1 Аналіз концепції робочої точки максимальної потужності сонячного модуля.... 3.2.2 Метрологічний аналіз методів досягнення максимальної потужності сонячного модуля чи їх масиву .... 3.3.3 Аналіз вимірювальних параметрів PV систем.... 4 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ... 4.1 Дослідження та профілактика виробничого травматизму... и праці керівників, посадових осіб і фахівців підприємства галузі... ВИСНОВКИ ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ НА ДЖЕРЕЛА ... ДОДАТКИ ...

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Gaptia, Maï Moussa Lawan. "Gestion optimale d'énergie électrique à partir des sources d'énergies renouvelables dédiées aux sites isolés Power control for decentralized energy production system based on the renewable energies — using battery to compensate the wind/load/PV power fluctuations Three level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter Control Strategy using SVPWM for Multi-Source System Applications Wind turbine and Batteries with Variable Speed Diesel Generator for Micro-grid Applications." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMLH28.

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Les travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans les problématiques des travaux de recherche de l’équipe thématique : Maitrise des Energies Renouvelables et systèmes de Stockage (MERS) du laboratoire GREAH-EA3220. Ils englobent le dimensionnement des éléments constitutifs du système et la gestion optimale de l’énergie électrique pour un système hybride (Diesel à vitesse variable, Eolien, PV et Batteries) dédié aux sites isolés. Les sources de production d'énergie alimentent des charges par le biais de convertisseurs multi-niveaux d’électronique de puissance. Le groupe électrogène comportant un moteur diesel à vitesse variable est considéré comme la principale source d’énergie utilisée pour contrôler la tension continue du point de couplage. Ce type de groupe électrogène est choisi pour optimiser la consommation du carburant. Il est sollicité pour délivrer une puissance électrique compatible avec le régime du moteur qui supporte mal les variations fréquentes et rapides. Les sources d’énergie renouvelables dont on cherche à augmenter la part d’énergie pour satisfaire la demande sont pilotées de manière à extraire instantanément le maximum de puissances disponible par les ressources (ensoleillement, vent). Celles-ci imposent ainsi leurs dynamiques et leurs intermittences au point de couplage. Le pack des batteries sert à compenser les fluctuations rapides de l’énergie provenant des sources d’énergie renouvelables par rapport à une évolution plus lente prise en charge par le groupe électrogène. La gestion des interactions au sein du système électrique hybride résultant est assurée au moyen de convertisseurs statiques multi-niveaux (AC / DC, DC / DC et DC / AC). Une approche de gestion d’énergie électrique fondée sur la répartition fréquentielle des perturbations induites au point de couplage par les sources renouvelables. Une plateforme expérimentale à échelle réduite (1/22) a été développée pour valider expérimentalement les approches théoriques et les simulations. Les résultats de simulations obtenus dans l’environnement logiciel Matlab/Simulink/SimPowerSystems et ceux issus du dispositif expérimental réalisé et piloté par dSPACE-1104 prouvent l’adéquation des méthodes de contrôle proposées
The thesis works are part of the research work of the thematic team: Mastery of Renewable Energies and Storage Systems (MERS) of the GREAH-EA3220 laboratory. They include the dimensioning of the constituent elements of the system and the optimal management of electrical energy for a hybrid system (Variable speed Diesel, Wind, PV and Batteries) dedicated to isolated sites. Power sources supply loads through multi-level converters of power electronics. The generator set with a variable speed diesel engine is considered to be the main source of energy used to control the DC voltage at the coupling point. This type of generator is chosen to optimize fuel consumption. It is used to deliver an electrical power compatible with the engine speed which does not tolerate frequent and rapid variations. Renewable energy sources whose share of energy is sought to meet demand are managed so as to instantly extract the maximum power available from resources (sunshine, wind). These thus impose their dynamics and their intermittences at the coupling point. The battery pack is used to compensate for rapid fluctuations in energy from renewable energy sources compared to a slower evolution supported by the generator. Interactions within the resulting hybrid electrical system are managed by means of multi-level static converters (AC / DC, DC / DC and DC / AC). An electrical energy management approach based on the frequency distribution of disturbances induced at the coupling point by renewable sources. An experimental platform on a reduced scale (1/22) has been developed to experimentally validate theoretical approaches and simulations. The results of simulations obtained in the Matlab / Simulink / SimPowerSystems software environment and those from the experimental device produced and piloted by dSPACE-1104 prove the adequacy of the proposed control methods

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Albarazanchi, Abbas Kamal Hasan. "Composant diffractif numérique multispectral pour la concentration multifonctionnelle pour des dispositifs photovoltaïque de troisième génération." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD029/document.

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La lumière du soleil est un bon candidat comme source propre et abondante d'énergie renouvelable. Cette source d'énergie écocompatible peut être exploitée pour répondre aux besoins croissants en énergie du monde. Plusieurs générations de cellules photovoltaïques ont été utilisées pour convertir directement la lumière solaire en énergie électrique. La troisième génération de type multijonction des cellules photovoltaïques est caractérisée par un niveau d'efficacité plus élevé que celui de tous les autres types de cellules photovoltaïques. Des dispositifs optiques, tels que des concentrateurs optiques, des séparateurs optiques et des dispositifs optiques réalisant simultanément la séparation du spectre et la concentration du faisceau ont été utilisés dans des systèmes de cellules solaires. Récemment, les Eléments Optiques Diffractifs (EOD) font l'objet d'un intérêt soutenu en vue de leur utilisation dans la conception de systèmes optiques appliqués aux cellules photovoltaïques. Cette thèse est consacrée à la conception d'un EOD qui peut réaliser simultanément la séparation du spectre et la concentration du faisceau pour des cellules photovoltaïques de type multijonction latéral ou similaire. Les EOD qui ont été conçus ont une structure sous-longueur d'onde et fonctionnent en espace lointain pour implanter la double fonction séparation du spectre et concentration du faisceau. Pour cette raison, des outils de simulation ont été développés pour simuler le comportement du champ magnétique à l'intérieur de l'EOD à structure sous-longueur d'onde. De plus, un propagateur hybride rigoureux a aussi été développé, il est basé sur les deux théories de la diffraction, à savoir la théorie scalaire et la théorie rigoureuse. La méthode FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) ou méthode de différences finies dans le domaine temporel a été utilisée pour modéliser la propagation du champ magnétique en champ proche c'est-à-dire à l'intérieur et autour de l'EOD. La méthode ASM (Angular Spectrum Method) ou méthode à spectre angulaire a été utilisée pour modéliser de façon rigoureuse la propagation libre en champ lointain. Deux EOD différents ont été développés permettant d'implanter les fonctions souhaitées (séparation du spectre et concentration du faisceau) ; il s'agit d'une part d'un composant diffractif intitulé G-Fresnel (Grating and Fresnel lens) qui combine un réseau avec une lentille de Fresnel et d'autre part d'une lentille hors-axe. Les composants proposés réalisent la séparation du spectre en deux bandes pour une plage visible-proche infrarouge du spectre solaire. Ces deux bandes peuvent être absorbées et converties en énergie électrique par deux cellules photovoltaïques différentes et disposées latéralement par rapport à l'axe du système. Ces dispositifs permettent d'obtenir un faible facteur de concentration et une efficacité de diffraction théorique d'environ 70 % pour les deux bandes séparées. Grâce à une distance de focalisation faible, ces composants peuvent être intégrés dans des systèmes compacts de cellules solaires. La validation expérimentale du prototype fabriqué montre une bonne correspondance entre les performances expérimentales et le modèle théorique
Sunlight represents a good candidate for an abundant and clean source of renewable energy. This environmentally friendly energy source can be exploited to provide an answer to the increasing requirement of energy from the world. Several generations of photovoltaic cells have been successively used to convert sunlight directly into electrical energy. Third generation multijunction PV cells are characterized by the highest level of efficiency between all types of PV cells. Optical devices have been used in solar cell systems such as optical concentrators, optical splitters, and hybrid optical devices that achieve Spectrum Splitting and Beam Concentration (SSBC) simultaneously. Recently, diffractive optical elements (DOE’s) have attracted more attention for their smart use it in the design of optical devices for PV cells applications.This thesis was allocated to design a DOE that can achieve the SSBC functions for the benefit of the lateral multijunction PV cells or similar. The desired design DOE's have a subwavelength structure and operate in the far field to implement the target functions (i.e. SSBC). Therefore, some modelling tools have been developed which can be used to simulate the electromagnetic field behavior inside a specific DOE structure, in the range of subwavelength features. Furthermore, a rigorous hybrid propagator is developed that is based on both major diffraction theories (i.e. rigorous and scalar diffraction theory). The FDTD method was used to model the propagation of the electromagnetic field in the near field, i.e. inside and around a DOE, and the ASM method was used to model rigorously propagation in the free space far field.The proposed device required to implement the intended functions is based on two different DOE’s components; a G-Fresnel (i.e. Grating and Fresnel lens), and an off-axis lens. The proposed devices achieve the spectrum splitting for a Vis-NIR range of the solar spectrum into two bands. These two bands can be absorbed and converted into electrical energy by two different PV cells, which are laterally arranged. These devices are able to implement a low concentration factor of “concentrator PV cell systems”. These devices also allow achieving theoretically around 70 % of optical diffraction efficiency for the both separated bands. The impact distance is very small for the devices proposed, which allows the possibility to integrate these devices into compact solar cell systems. The experimental validation of the fabricated prototype appears to provide a good matching of the experimental performance with the theoretical model

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34

許德正. "Economic Benefits Analysis of a PV Generation System." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35713374930118629799.

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碩士
明新科技大學
電機工程研究所
98
ABSTRACT Solar power is a clean energy that does not cause pollution. The use of solar energy can lower the demand for fossil fuels and reduce global warming. Each KW solar power station can make green as planning two tennis courts area of trees. The generation of solar power station can cooperate with the Taiwan power company to reduce power demand. This study analyzes the costs of PV generation system using a real system. Operating data of a real PV generation station was recorded and was used to analyze the economic benefits of the PV generation station. This study also investigates the benefits of using a PV system and estimates the risks involved. This study examines five PV modules currently in the market. The test system includes five sub-systems. The capital cost, operating and maintenance cost, benefits of electric power generation, and nominal solar power converting efficiency were used to estimate the investment in the solar generation system. The installed peak power of the PV generation system is 27.3KW, which reduces 62,790Kg of CO2 emission, and makes green as 27,000m2 forest (about 54 tennis courts). Results of this research point out problems of building a PV generation system, such as high voltage output of thin film PV modules and protection of the power inverters. Thus, this study serves as a milestone in the analysis of PV power stations for the future. Key words: Solar energy，solar energy cell，Investment benefit.

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35

Singh, Nishant. "An improved grid connected PV generation inverter control system." Thesis, 2013. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4666/1/109EE0531.pdf.

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We are going to study the operational principle and the structure of the present grid-connected photovoltaic system. It describes the two inverter control methods. a) voltage source inverter control method b) power type PWM inverter control method On the basis of above two kinds of inverter control methods, we will present an improved PWM inverter control system that can be applied in grid-connected PV generation and uses MATLAB/Simulink software to simulate and analyze. The result of the simulation shows that the improved inverter control system can effectively control the grid current waveform which tends to sine wave, meanwhile it can achieve the maximum power point tracking, besides it is able to put the arbitrary power out to the load or to the grid, while the control system has a good stability.

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Wang, Chingkai, and 王靖凱. "Improvement Of Transient Stability For Power System With PV Generation." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68815883207939009526.

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碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系
100
This thesis investigates the power quality analysis and recommendations on improvement strategies for independent power system with diesel generators and photovoltaic (PV) system. First, the principle of PV system is introduced and the corresponding mathematical model is developed to represent the output power of PV system as function of solar irradiation and surface temperature of PV panels. In this thesis, the Kinmen power system is selected for computer simulation using PSS/E software. The impact of intermittent PV generation due to variation of solar irradiation to power system voltage and frequency is investigated. The maximum PV capacity which is allowed to be integrated in the study power system by considering the constraint of system transient stability. Finally, the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is considered to be applied to provide fast reactive power compensation for voltage regulation control to enhance the transient stability of isolated power system with high concentration of PV installation.

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Chien, Hung-Cheng, and 錢弘承. "Implementation of a Grid-Connected Three-Phase Three-Wire PV Generation System." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50198172015992258837.

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碩士
國立中正大學
電機工程所
96
A grid-connected three-phase three-wire PV generation system is presented in this thesis. The proposed PV generation system consists of a first-stage converter and a second-stage one. The first-stage converter is a DC/DC boost converter using the perturbation and observation method to draw the maximum power from the solar array. For the second-stage converter, a three-phase full bridge inverter is adopted to inject sinusoidal current into the utility line. The proposed system also provides several protection functions, such as over/under voltage protection and over current protection. Two microcontrollers are adopted in the PV generation system to realize the maximum power point tracking algorithm, and the grid-connection function. Finally, a 1kW grid-connected three-phase three-wire PV generation system has been built, and experimental measurements have been conducted to verify the performance of the proposed PV generation system.

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Patel, Sanjukta. "Modeling and control of a grid connected wind-PV hybrid generation system." Thesis, 2014. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/6352/1/E-40.pdf.

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In electric distribution system Power control of a hybrid generation system that is wind and solar system for interconnection operation is presented in this paper. Renewable resources offer clean, abundant energy. As the power demand increases power failure also increases so the renewable energy can be used to provide constant loads. To converting the basic circuit equation of solar cell into simplified form a model developed including the effects of changing solar irradiation and temperature. This paper consists of PMSG as a wind generator, solar array, dc-dc converter and grid interface inverter. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) control is essential to ensure the output of photovoltaic power generation system at the maximum power output as possible. There are many MPPT technique. In this paper perturbation & observation (P&O) method and incremental conductance (IncCond) method are used and simulated in Mat lab/Simulink. P&O method is simple in operation and hard ware requirement is less, but it has some power loss. IncCond method has more precise control and faster response, but it has higher hardware requirement. in order to achieve maximum efficiency of photovoltaic power generation, an efficient control methods that is (P&O) should be chosen. The voltage source inverter interface with grid transfers the energy drawn from the wind turbine and PV array to the grid by keeping common dc voltage constant. The simulation results show the control performance and dynamic behavior of the hybrid wind-PV system.

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Kumar, Ganti Praful. "Performance Evaluation of Solar PV System for Power Generation in Surface Mines." Thesis, 2022. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/10401/1/2022_PhD_GPKumar_518MN1002_Performance.pdf.

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This thesis presents a study of Solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) energy system from the environmental impact analysis and its effects point of view and the enhancement factors affecting the Solar Photovoltaic (PV) module by the tilt angles variation on power output of MPPT and dust accumulation on solar PV panel. For the energy utilization in mining industry this thesis proposes a hybrid technique to recover the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy system from the environmental impacts and the approach to improve the performance of photovoltaic (PV) system and track the maximum power from the system. For this, the proposed Hybrid techniques followed is the combination of sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and gradient boosting decision tree; thus, it is named as SSA-GBDT method and the combination of Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), hence it is called TSA-RBFNN. The purpose of the proposed techniques is to improve the efficiency of solar PV energy system and maximization of power removal from PV arrays and to “achieve the best output from solar system by tilt angles variations and environmental effects, like dust accumulation, water drops, partial shading, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the solar PV panel. Here, tilt angle and orientation angles are important factor for obtaining the maximal power of the photovoltaic system with consequently the power fed to load in the PV system. The voltage, current, and PV system power are used to analyze the effect of any particle size and any weight of dust for the performance of PV modules. An Experimental study and a specific investigation on dust deposition effect on the solar photovoltaic (PV) panel, its power loss and overall efficiency of the solar panel are made. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis is carried out for the collected dust samples from the mines, and obtained images are also analyzed. A specific investigation on dust samples like Iron ore, Coal, Limestone, Sandstone of different weights, and three different irradiation levels of 500,700,900W/m2 is done and the following data collected. In this study, measuring of voltage current, power in the solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is also done. According to the accumulation of dust particles on the solar panel the minimum power of the solar panel is observed for deposition of coal dust on the solar PV panel and the maximum power of the solar PV panel is observed for deposition of iron ore dust on the solar PV module. The performance of PV under normal condition, dust accumulation condition, water drops condition and partial shading conditions are the considered cases. In these cases, photovoltaic irradiance and temperature, PV current, voltage and generated power, active and reactive power, grid current and voltage, inverter power are also evaluated. In addition, the determination of cleaning frequency is also developed for dirty PV modules depending upon the dust deposition velocity, then the correlation among deposited dust density including power performance of photovoltaic module. Then, the proposed techniques are implemented on the MATLAB/Simulink platform and the performance is compared with existing techniques. Furthermore, optimum solutions for proposed technique, the current, voltage, power are also analyzed.

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Belyaev, Alexey. "Application of PV panels into electricity generation system of compression stations in gas transporting systems." Thesis, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127868.

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This thesis deals with problems of electricity generation and saving at compression stations of magistral gas transporting pipelines in Russia. Russia is a biggest country in the world which faces set of challenges like transporting gas in European part from far North. Average gas travel distance in Russia is over 4000 km which means huge energy demand for transportation. Permanent availability of energy at compression stations is the key for stabile operation of gas transporting system. For satisfying those needs external sources of electricity used, or part of the transported gas used on special “self needs electricity stations” for electricity production. In 2012 in Russia about 655 bln m3 of gas were produced. About 10% of that number doesn’t come to consumer, because this amount spent for gas transport needs (biggest share is electricity production). It is obvious, that in order to increase income, company should work on transport cost decreasing and on cheap electricity production. Even 10% decrease in transport costs can give economy in about 6-7 bln m3, which is bigger that production of many countries. In this thesis pipeline systems efficiency and reliability, gas turbines in Russian pipeline systems considered. Analysis of renewable energy included and propositions for reconstruction of CS “Russkaya” with help of PV panels for electricity generation and gas usage decreasing included. Also, economical calculations and sensitivity analysis and technological calculation of PV panels installed included. Finally, proposition in area of principal construction of PV panels in hard relief situations on the Black Sea Russian shore included.

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"Model Development and Analysis of Distribution Feeders with High Penetration of PV Generation Resources." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.27567.

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abstract: An increase in the number of inverter-interfaced photovoltaic (PV) generators on existing distribution feeders affects the design, operation, and control of the distri- bution systems. Existing distribution system analysis tools are capable of supporting only snapshot and quasi-static analyses. Capturing the dynamic effects of the PV generators during the variation in the distribution system states is necessary when studying the effects of controller bandwidths, multiple voltage correction devices, and anti-islanding. This work explores the use of dynamic phasors and differential algebraic equations (DAE) for impact analysis of the PV generators on the existing distribution feeders. The voltage unbalance induced by PV generators can aggravate the existing unbalance due to load mismatch. An increased phase unbalance significantly adds to the neutral currents, excessive neutral to ground voltages and violate the standards for unbalance factor. The objective of this study is to analyze and quantify the impacts of unbalanced PV installations on a distribution feeder. Additionally, a power electronic converter solution is proposed to mitigate the identified impacts and validate the solution's effectiveness through detailed simulations in OpenDSS. The benefits associated with the use of energy storage systems for electric- utility-related applications are also studied. This research provides a generalized framework for strategic deployment of a lithium-ion based energy storage system to increase their benefits in a distribution feeder. A significant amount of work has been performed for a detailed characterization of the life cycle costs of an energy storage system. The objectives include - reduction of the substation transformer losses, reduction of the life cycle cost for an energy storage system, and accommodate the PV variability. The distribution feeder laterals in the distribution feeder with relatively high PV generation as compared to the load can be operated as microgrids to achieve reliability, power quality and economic benefits. However, the renewable resources are intermittent and stochastic in nature. A novel approach for sizing and scheduling the energy storage system and microtrubine is proposed for reliable operation of microgrids. The size and schedule of the energy storage system and microturbine are determined using Benders' decomposition, considering the PV generation as a stochastic resource.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015

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Pinheiro, Daniela Batista. "Centralized solar PV generation forecast from the perspective of a distribution system operator." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/32658.

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Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018
It is essential to have mechanisms to promote the integration of electricity from renewable energy sources in the power system from a technical, economic and social perspectives. Due to the stochastic nature of photovoltaic generation, good forecasts of future generation help grid operators and individual producers to better manage their operations, thus increasing the PV efficiency and competitiveness. This dissertation describes the development of a Random Forests forecasting algorithm for electricity generation of a photovoltaic power-plant from the perspective of Distribution System Operator. The model developed has the final aim to be a tool as support for grid management. The forecasting techniques chosen were Persistence and Random Forests. The inputs include a 3x3 matrix of weather forecasts, performed by a Numeric Weather Prediction model (centered on the location of the power-plant) astronomical and time variables. Two models were created: a Day-ahead model and an Intraday model. The Day-ahead model performs an hourly forecast early in the day using data from the previous day, while the Intraday is updated during the day, including photovoltaic generation data to correct the forecast made earlier by the Day-ahead model. Both models produce forecasts from 08:00 h to 18:00 h. They were tested with data for a location in Portugal with data from 2014. Several tests were carried out with different combinations of inputs in order to arrive at the combination of inputs that had a smaller prediction error (𝑛𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸). The optimal combination, for both models, includes all Numeric Weather Prediction variables, the average of the photovoltaic generation from the two days before and astronomical and time variables. The 𝑛𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 for this test is 9.22% and 7.68%, for the Day-ahead and Intraday models, respectively. The Intraday model proved to be more accurate than the Day-ahead model and both performed accurate forecasts in clear days and were less accurate in irregular days.
Com o aumento da utilização das energias renováveis, é essencial ter mecanismos para ajudá-las a serem aceites social e tecnicamente. Um dos mecanismos que recentemente começou a ser utilizado é a previsão de geração renovável, nomeadamente da eólica e, neste caso, a fotovoltaica. Devido à natureza estocástica da geração fotovoltaica, ter uma boa previsão da geração futura ajuda os operadores da rede e os produtores individuais a gerir melhor as suas operações, aumentando assim a eficiência e a competitividade. Esta tese consiste em criar um algoritmo com a utilização de modelos de aprendizagem inteligente, na linguagem de programação R, para prever a geração de uma central fotovoltaica, na perspetiva do Operador de Distribuição. O modelo desenvolvido tem o objetivo final de ser uma ferramenta como suporte para a gestão da grade. Existem vários tipos de modelos de previsão, os quais: modelo de persistência, modelos físicos (sendo o mais conhecido denominado de Previsão Numérica do Tempo), modelos estatísticos (que se dividem em métodos regressivos e modelos de aprendizagem inteligente), e modelos híbridos (que se dividem em modelos híbridos estatísticos e modelos híbridos físicos). Sendo um dos objetivos desta tese a utilização de modelos de aprendizagem inteligente, teve-se em conta os seguintes modelos: redes neuronais, k-vizinhos mais próximos, máquinas de vetor suporte e florestas aleatórias. Após a avaliação de cada um, o modelo de florestas aleatórias foi o escolhido para desenvolver as previsões de geração fotovoltaica. As florestas aleatórias é um modelo que se baseia em árvores de decisão. Este tem como método o desenvolvimento de um grande número de árvores, todas elas independentes entre si, elaborar uma previsão com base no resultado de todas as unidades. Para além disso, as florestas aleatórias são ainda um modelo recente na previsão de geração fotovoltaica, pelo que é interessante avaliar o modelo e aprofunda-lo. Para além deste modelo, também foi escolhido o modelo de persistência. Este assume que a geração fotovoltaica na unidade de tempo 𝑡 é igual à geração em 𝑡+1, sendo por isso o modelo de previsão mais simples e utilizado como linha de base quando comparado com outros modelos de previsão mais complexos. Os dados utilizados como entrada no modelo desenvolvido foram: dados históricos de prodição da central fotovoltaica em estudo, previsões meteorológicas, numa matriz 3x3 centrada na localização da central fotovoltaica, cedidas pelo Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (feitas através do modelo físico Previsão Numérica do Tempo), variáveis astronómicas, dia juliano e hora solar; todos eles relativos aos anos 2013 e 2014. As previsões meteorológicas consistem nas variáveis: velocidade do vento, direção do vento, radiação, temperatura, pressão, componente u e v do vento. Para avaliar a precisão da previsão, recorreu-se ao calculo do erro da previsão, que visa comparar a previsão dada pelo modelo e produção fotovoltaica real. Para isso utilizou-se o erro quadrado médio. Foi também calculado um modelo de céu limpo com o objetivo de auxiliar as previsões, na vertente de produção e de irradiação. Com esse modelo foi calculado o índice de céu limpo também para ambas as vertentes. Para tornar o modelo mais versátil e adequado às necessidades do Operador de Distribuição, foram criados dois modelos: um modelo Dia-seguinte e um modelo Intradiário. O modelo Dia-seguinte consiste numa previsão horária no início do dia e é a primeira visão geral quanto ao perfil de geração que a central fotovoltaica terá nesse dia. Em primeiro lugar calculou-se o valor da previsão, para 2014, através do modelo de persistência de duas formas: uma fazendo a média do valor da produção dos dois últimos dias à hora em que se quer prever e assumir que essa será a produção do dia seguinte e outra fazendo o mesmo procedimento, mas com o valor do índice de céu limpo. De seguida, o modelo de árvores aleatórias foi desenvolvido. Neste caso, utilizou-se os dados referentes a 2013 para treinar e validar o modelo e os de 2014 para testa-lo. As entradas do modelo variaram entre várias combinações dos dados acima referidos. Foram feitas várias análises com o objetivo de encontrar a combinação de dados que resultasse no menor erro de previsão, entre elas: avaliação das variáveis meteorológicas, astronómicas e de tempo; avaliação da importância das variáveis meteorológicas relativas ao vento, inclusão de previsões meteorológicas elaboradas um e dois dias anteriores, interpolação linear das variáveis, inclusão de dados meteorológicos de pontos vizinhos e inclusão de dados de produção passada. O erro de previsão da persistência foi superior à maioria dos testes elaborados pelas florestas aleatórias, com a exceção do teste que incluiu todas as variáveis meteorológicas com as astronómicas e as de tempo mais dados de produção passada produziu o melhor resultado. Os respetivos erros foram de 9.92% e 9.22%. Por outro lado, o modelo Intradiário tem o objetivo de ser realizado ao longo do dia, incluindo a última geração de PV para corrigir a previsão feita pelo modelo Dia-seguinte. Neste caso, o modelo de persistência foi o primeiro a ser calculado. Assumiu-se que o valor da produção fotovoltaica e do índice de céu limpo da hora anterior seria igual à hora seguinte. Quanto ao modelo de árvores aleatórias, teve-se em conta o melhor resultado do modelo Dia-seguinte, ou seja, manteve-se as mesmas variáveis de entrada e adicionou-se a geração fotovoltaica da hora anterior. Neste caso, o erro de previsão da persistência foi superior ao erro gerado pelo teste das florestas aleatórias. Sendo que o erro da persistência foi de 10.40% e o erro do modelo Intradiário de florestas aleatórias foi de 7.68%. Posto isto, conclui-se que o modelo Intradiário mostrou ser mais preciso do que o modelo Dia-seguinte. Por sim, foram escolhidos quatro dias do ano de 2014, um para cada estação do ano: outono, inverno, primavera e verão. Observou-se que em geral o modelo Intradiário seguiu o perfil da geração fotovoltaica real com um maior rigor que o Dia-seguinte, o que cumpre com as espectativas e com o objetivo inicial de o modelo Intradiário ser um ajuste ao longo do dia do modelo Dia-seguinte. Aferiu-se também que ambos os modelos são mais precisos em dias limpos e pouco irregulares. Quanto a dias com nuvens e irregulares, os modelos têm mais dificuldade em prever o dia ou a hora seguintes. Este trabalho demonstra que é possível elaborar previsões de produção fotovoltaica com base em previsões meteorológicas, dados passados de produção e variáveis facilmente calculáveis como a hora solar, o dia juliano, o azimute e a altura solar. Num futuro muito próximo será imprescindível para operadores da rede o acesso a modelos de previsão. A previsão de produção será tão necessária para esses agentes como a previsão meteorológica é para a comunidade em geral.

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CHEN, CHI-WEI, and 陳啓偉. "Un-interuppted PowerSupply for Fish Pond Pump Powered by PV Generation System First." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/azfzg9.

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碩士
崑山科技大學
光電工程研究所
106
Intensive fishpond is so common in aquaculture due to personal area limit. More Oxygen need be pumped into the water to provide heavy fish population to breathe. The air pump are used to capture the Oxygen in the air which will be dissolved in water. Once the grid power is cut down， the pump is stopped， most fish will die by suffocation and the fishermen will go bankrupt despairingly. Grid power down due to variety of accidents is evitable in most developing countries. A multiple power sources system including photovoltaic generation and battery set is proposed to protect the investment of fishermen. The system integrates Grid power， photovoltaic generation， gas generator and battery set， which are integrated by an intelligent inverter controller which is equipped with functions of battery charge and discharge controller， inverter and un-interrupted power supply. If any grid power accident occur， the system will give the fishermen alarm and allow sufficient time to supplement the gas tank for generator. We have many choice for combination among the capacities of the four power sources， dependent on local situation need.

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DUBEY, SURYANSH. "MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF POWER GRID CONNECTED PV GENERATION SYSTEM USING MATLAB/SIMULINK." Thesis, 2023. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/20451.

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These days the Power Quality has become the key issue in electrical distribution power systems. Customers are critical to the energy industry's long-term growth. In this thesis comparative study of a system with a 10-kW grid- connected photovoltaic system and a PID controller with and without MPPT is simulated in Simulink. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) approach is utilised to increase the power output of a photovoltaic array. The tuned output of the PID controller is provided to the inverter through IGBT switching devices. The inverter is a three-level inverter with a Neutral Point Clamped architecture. The MPPT monitors maximum power point and provides improved output power from the photovoltaic system. The inverter's converted output is then routed to 15 kW and 20 kW local loads, respectively. The loads are switched at intervals of 0.5 seconds, and the linked power grid meets the remaining demand of the loads. Additionally, a dynamic model of a photovoltaic system is built in order to compare the output from the photovoltaic array to the inverter with and without MPPT. Also, power is compared from the inverter to the loads to confirm the usage of NPC and HCC.

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Muneer, Wajid. "Large-scale Solar PV Investment Planning Studies." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5837.

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In the pursuit of a cleaner and sustainable environment, solar photovoltaic (PV) power has been established as the fastest growing alternative energy source in the world. This extremely fast growth is brought about, mainly, by government policies and support mechanisms world-wide. Solar PV technology that was once limited to specialized applications and considered very expensive, with low efficiency, is becoming more efficient and affordable. Solar PV promises to be a major contributor of the future global energy mix due to its minimal running costs, zero emissions and steadily declining module and inverter costs. With the expanding practice of managing decentralized power systems around the world, the role of private investors is increasing. Thus, the perspective of all stakeholders in the power system, including private investors, has to be considered in the optimal planning of the grid. An abundance of literature is available to address the central planning authority’s perspective; however, optimal planning from an investor’s perspective is not widely available. Therefore, this thesis focuses on private investors’ perspective. An optimization model and techniques to facilitate a prospective investor to arrive at an optimal investment plan in large-scale solar PV generation projects are proposed and discussed in this thesis. The optimal set of decisions includes the location, sizing and time of investment that yields the highest profit. The mathematical model considers various relevant issues associated with PV projects such as location-specific solar radiation levels, detailed investment costs representation, and an approximate representation of the transmission system. A detailed case study considering the investment in large-scale solar PV projects in Ontario, Canada, is presented and discussed, demonstrating the practical application and usefulness of the proposed methodology and tools.

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Lee, Pei-Shan, and 李佩珊. "Impact Analysis of Large Scale Wind and PV Power Installations on Taipower System Generation Reserve." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81377353360745558922.

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碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
104
According to the new government’s policy of 2025 renewable energy in power system should reach 20%, obviously, there will be a large scale renewable energy integrated into the power system. A large scale of wind and PV generation will effect the power distribution in short term and influence the supply and demand of full power system in long term. The thesis contains two parts: we propose a calculation method at first for the renewable energy’s capacity credit; secondly, we developed analysis model for reliability of power system in Taiwan. Applying this method, we obtained the result of capacity credit of wind and PV generation; furthermore, we evaluated the reliability of generation system under the different number of renewable source combination in Taiwan on the basis of the model we designed for the thesis. We analyzed the power structure program under different circumstances of renewable capacity according to the policy of government, including reserve capacity of system, and the system reliability indices such as Loss of Load Probability (LOLP), and Expected Unserved Energy (EUE), of each program from 2015 to 2025. Taking into account different kinds of renewable capacity in power source combination, we brought the new energy policy proclaimed by the government into the analysis and simulation of reliability of power generation system as an important reference for planning the large scale of renewable energy in Taiwan for the future.

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Esperanca, Homero da Graca Boa, and 歐魅諾. "Stability and Economic Impact of Interconnecting a Utility-scale PV Generation System to the Power System of Sao Tome Island." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/stmsmn.

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碩士
國立中山大學
電機電力工程國際碩士學程
103
ABSTRACT Considering the observed importance surrounding PV generation systems in today’s world of electric power generation schemes, this thesis investigates the stability and economic impact of interconnecting a utility-scale PV system to the power system of Sao Tome Island (Sao Tome PS). Thus, general information of Sao Tome and Principe as nation is first provided; followed by a brief description of its electric power system. Next, some background literature supporting the investigation are reviewed. Original system and case scenario assumptions are established, proceeded by the modeling of both systems for power flow and dynamic studies. Simulation results obtained during steady-state and dynamic analyses following the integration of PV system show that PV penetration level of 24% does not cause sufficient voltage fluctuation to undermine the voltage constraint imposed on the system operation. Nevertheless, due to the probability of the system facing frequency instability providing a contingency which can lead to frequency constraint violation, and consequent trip of the PV system when the system experiences a penetration level larger than 12% of total generation supply; a utility-scale PV generation optimal penetration level not greater than 12% is advised. Constrained by the aforesaid contingency-dependent frequency violation, transient stability results when the system is experiencing 12% penetration suggests that, following a disturbance – machine trip, PV trip, line trip, bus fault, or line fault – the system is able to recover its frequency stability, voltage stability, and synchronous stability; providing the fault is cleared, in the latter case, within the system CCT. When subjected to the worst kind of disturbance – the bus-fault – the simulation results indicate for a system CCT of 0.35 seconds. Having determined the PV generation optimal penetration level for the system, the economic impact was investigated; financial analysis suggests that the present PV penetration yields a PBY of 5 years with an estimated avoided diesel-oil generation cost worth 7.15 million US dollars if a PV project with 25-year life cycle is considered. Finally, due to several vulnerabilities Sao Tome PS is presently facing, urgent studies to improve the island’s power system stability, reliability, quality, and the level of renewable generation penetration become extremely important and necessary; therefore recommended.

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"Application of Machine Learning Algorithm to Forecast Load and Development of a Battery Control Algorithm to Optimize PV System Performance in Phoenix, Arizona." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.51560.

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abstract: The students of Arizona State University, under the mentorship of Dr George Karady, have been collaborating with Salt River Project (SRP), a major power utility in the state of Arizona, trying to study and optimize a battery-supported grid-tied rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) system, sold by a commercial vendor. SRP believes this system has the potential to satisfy the needs of its customers, who opt for utilizing solar power to partially satisfy their power needs. An important part of this elaborate project is the development of a new load forecasting algorithm and a better control strategy for the optimized utilization of the storage system. The built-in algorithm of this commercial unit uses simple forecasting and battery control strategies. With the recent improvement in Machine Learning (ML) techniques, development of a more sophisticated model of the problem in hand was possible. This research is aimed at achieving the goal by utilizing the appropriate ML techniques to better model the problem, which will essentially result in a better solution. In this research, a set of six unique features are used to model the load forecasting problem and different ML algorithms are simulated on the developed model. A similar approach is taken to solve the PV prediction problem. Finally, a very effective battery control strategy is built (utilizing the results of the load and PV forecasting), with the aim of ensuring a reduction in the amount of energy consumed from the grid during the “on-peak” hours. Apart from the reduction in the energy consumption, this battery control algorithm decelerates the “cycling aging” or the aging of the battery owing to the charge/dis-charges cycles endured by selectively charging/dis-charging the battery based on need. ii The results of this proposed strategy are verified using a hardware implementation (the PV system was coupled with a custom-built load bank and this setup was used to simulate a house). The results pertaining to the performances of the built-in algorithm and the ML algorithm are compared and the economic analysis is performed. The findings of this research have in the process of being published in a reputed journal.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2018

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CHEN, HAN-CHE, and 陳漢哲. "Assessment on the Impact of PV(PhotoVoltaic) System Connecting with Power Grid and Wiring to Power Generation Efficiency." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02264125528891901913.

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碩士
明志科技大學
電子工程研究所
102
Industry development resulted in a lot of carbon dioxide emission, global warming and natural resource depletion. The radiation leakage of Japanese nuclear power plant made people ponder about the security of nuclear power plant. Therefore, the PV power generation system has become the most widely used renewable energy systems. Many countries have enacted renewable energy assistance program policy. In Taiwan, the annual decline in the amount of government subsidies, PV power generation efficiency and implementation costs become an important factor in the development of renewable energy. In order to reduce costs and improve economic efficiency, review the quality of the power system、reliability、stability、return on investment will be the key review items for PV power system setup. This study assessed the impact of PV power generation system to power company grid system and wiring for power generation efficiency assessment. A 484.1 kW PV power generation system were implementd. Connecting with Taiwan Power Company (TPC) grid feeder was studied. Based on Standard Specification of TPC, power system voltage fluctuation rate、fault current、total harmonic distortion、three phase voltage unbalance、ground were reviewed. Analysis and comparison between practical measurements with theoretical values simulated by software were included. Besides, system wiring (different wires、power loss、wires costs) impact and optimization was invstigated. The wholesale electricity net income can increase 1.94% for 20 years. This approach can enhance the economic efficiency .Government notice allowance price of electricity with 20 years system life time was used in this study.

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Hsu, Chih-Wei, and 許智為. "PV Generations Impact Assessment on Distribution Systems." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92628448524290069712.

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碩士
南台科技大學
電機工程系
99
This thesis presents the impact of the photovoltaics generation station(PVGS) on the distribution systems and proposes the methods for the voltage change improvement.First , one practical Taipower distribution feeder with a large centralized PVGS is selected for study. Many various power quality issues such as voltage change ﹐reverse power , unbalance , short-circuit current and harmonic are considered and obtained by applying the computer program simulation.To prove the PVGS is qualified for the connection with Taipower system , the simulation results are compared with the related standards.the maximum installation capacities of the cluster and centralized type of PV power generations are discussed for on a typical distribution feeder and the voltage change consideration.The voltage change at each feeder bus can be therefore calculated by considering the loading of feeder and the real power generation which is predicted according to the daily irradiation variations.Both the active power control method and the reactive power compensation method are proposed in the thesis to reduce the voltage change at feeder bus due to the operation of PV power system.The simulation results of the thesis are very helpful for providing better power quality and increasing the PV penetration on the distribution system.

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