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Journal articles on the topic 'Pushrod'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Cheng, C. Y., D. J. Lewandowski, and J. W. David. "Determination of Allowable Pushrod Angle Using a Three-Dimensional Valve Train Model." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 3 (January 30, 1998): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1388297.

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Pushrod-type valve trains are still found in many engines. Since a vertical pushrod causes interference with the intake port, which reduces engine power, the pushrod is sometimes tilted to increase the available cross-sectional area of the intake port. In order to analyze this mechanism, a three-dimensional valve train model was developed. The model is then verified through experimention. Simulation and experimental results agree that valve train dynamic performance is not significantly affected by pushrod angles less than 20 degrees.

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2

Agarwal, Gaurav, Robert F. Speyer, and Wesley S. Hackenberger. "Microstructural development of ZnO using a rate-controlled sintering dilatometer." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 3 (March 1996): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0081.

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Rate-controlled sintering (RCS) of isostatically pressed particulate compacts of ZnO showed lower average grain sizes and intragranular pore densities than constant heating rate temperature controlled sintering. Valid comparisons of this form could only be made after corrections to hardware and software which reduced specimen creep under dilatometer pushrod load, nonuniform pushrod expansion, reproducible specimen temperature determination, thermal expansion during sintering, and instantaneous termination of sintering at the specified end of RCS. The improved microstructures from RCS were attributed to maximized efficiency of densification, optimizing the time and temperatures permitted for grain growth.

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3

Henderson, J. B., W. D. Emmerich, and E. Wassmer. "A method for the temperature calibration of pushrod dilatometers." Journal of Thermal Analysis 32, no. 6 (November 1987): 1905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01913983.

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4

Yang, Xiao Lan, Ji Feng Liu, Jing Chao Zou, and Wei Ding. "Dynamic Analysis for New Low-Speed Motor with Interior Pushrod Harmonic Transmission Device." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1284.

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To achieve the design goals of transmission with small size, light weight and low cost, the pushrod harmonic mechanism which is consist of harmonic planetary and cam mechanism is proposed, and the speed-down device of low-speed motor is changed from external installed to interior installed. Based on the mechanism principle analysis, derivation of contour equation and kinematics analysis, the centroid movement theorem of the pushrod roller and the mechanism dynamic is analyzed when the sports vice friction was considered and ignored. The total reaction force and the action line are gained. These data can provide evidence for mechanism simulation, efficiency analysis and reliability design.

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5

Raveendran, Radhika, Apoorva Suresh, Vignesh Rajaram, and Shankar C. Subramanian. "Artificial neural network approach for air brake pushrod stroke prediction in heavy commercial road vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (August 23, 2018): 2467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018794594.

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In heavy commercial road vehicles, the air brake system is a critical vehicle safety system whose performance degradation increases the risk of accidents and hence requires periodic inspection and maintenance. The wear of brake pad lining and brake drum during operation leads to increase in the stroke of a component called pushrod whose ‘out-of-adjustment’ creates severe brake performance degradation. The fact that the driver does not receive a corresponding tactile feedback till it is too severe adds to the complexity of manual detection. Motivated by the increase in onboard sensing, electronics, and computation capabilities, this study proposes an artificial neural network–based approach to predict pushrod stroke based on measurement of brake chamber pressure. Here, a back propagation algorithm was used to train the multilayer feed-forward network. The effect of excessive pushrod stroke on vehicle braking response was first studied using a Hardware-in-Loop system that consists of brake system hardware and a commercial vehicle dynamics simulation software (IPG TruckMaker®). Experimental data collected from this system with manual slack adjuster and automatic slack adjuster have then been used to train and test the artificial neural network for pushrod stroke prediction. The performance of the prediction scheme has been tested over the entire range of brake operating conditions. The prediction error corresponding to manual slack adjuster was found to be within ±15% in 322 out of the entire test set of 328 instances (98.17%) and automatic slack adjuster within ±8% in all 57 test sets (100%). Statistical analysis based on confidence interval revealed a prediction error between −1.62% and −3.05% for manual slack adjuster and 0.43% and −1.62% for automatic slack adjuster for 99% confidence interval, which demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed prediction scheme.

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6

Yang, Xiao Lan, Ji Feng Liu, Han Song Liu, Li Lin, and Meng Nan Si. "New Low-Speed Motor with Interior Pushrod Harmonic Transmission Device - Theoretical Profile Deduction and Kinematics Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.310.

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A pushrod harmonic institution which is consisted of harmonic planetary and cam mechanism is proposed. As a result, speed-down device of low-speed motor is changed from external installed to interior installed. Design goals of the transmission with small size, light weight and low cost is achieved. Based on the mechanism principle analysis, the theoretical profile equation of the pushrod roller is deduced, then the displacement, velocity and acceleration equation of a random points are got by the analysis method. It is helpful to analyze the change of each motion parameters and the amplitude for the influence of the movement characteristics, at the same time provides evidence for mechanism simulation, kinematics parameters optimization and high-quality manufacturing of the equipment.

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7

Gu, Cheng, Jun Yin, Jie Luo, Xinbo Chen, and Junmin Wang. "Performance-oriented controls of a novel rocker-pushrod electromagnetic active vehicle suspension." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 109 (September 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.02.019.

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8

Kim, Daeho, Sungjun Lee, Sang-Hyun Lee, and Suyong Kwon. "Measurement of Thermal Expansion over a Wide Range of Temperatures by a Pushrod Dilatometer." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 77, no. 6 (September 2020): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.77.496.

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9

HEUGENHAUSER, S., and E. KASCHNITZ. "Density and thermal expansion of the nickel-based superalloy INCONEL 625 in the solid and liquid states." High Temperatures-High Pressures 48, no. 4 (2020): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/hthp.v48.726.

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Density and thermal expansion of the nickel-based superalloy INCONEL 625 were measured in the temperature range 150 °C to 1400 °C using pushrod and piston dilatometry. Commercial pushrod-dilatometers were used for the measurements. The specimens are cooled and heated slowly at controlled rates in a furnace; the expansion is transferred by a long thin rod to displacement sensors. In the high temperature range an alumina tubular body with two alumina pistons of just sufficient clearance was used to contain the specimen in the mushy region and in the liquid state The investigated material was primary heat treated at 930 °C for 1 hour. As INCONEL 625 is an age-hardening alloy, the thermophysical properties including density at elevated temperature depend slightly on heat treatment conditions. Therefore, different measurement runs with a variation of the maximum temperature in the solid state (from room temperature to 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1250 °C) were performed to cover different heat treatments (product grades) of INCONEL 625. Due to the lack of density and thermal expansion data of INCONEL 625 in the solid and liquid states in the literature, the measured density is compared to published density data of INCONEL 718 and INCONEL 738. A detailed uncertainty analysis of the measured data in the solid and liquid state of the alloy is provided.

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10

Chen, Peng, Yun Bo Xu, Xiao Long Yang, Hong Liang Yi, and Guo Dong Wang. "Isothermal Bainite Transformation in Aluminium Bearing TRIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 749 (March 2013): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.749.237.

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In this work, the bainite transformation during isothermality of aluminium bearing TRIP steel was studied by dilatometric experiment on a pushrod Formastor-F highspeed dilatometer with radio frequency induction heating. The aluminium bearing TRIP steel consisted of the microstructure of austenite, ferrite and bainite in the form of laths which produced by intercritical annealing and isothermal transformation followed by rapid cooling. The effect of intercritical annealing temperature and isothermal transformation temperature were studied by dilatometric experiment and JEOL JXA-8530F Electron Probe Microscopic Analyzer (EPMA).

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11

McLaughlin, S., and I. Haque. "Development of a multi-body simulation model of a Winston Cup valvetrain to study valve bounce." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 216, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146441930221600304.

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Valvetrain dynamics is an important factor in the development of engines that operate at high rotational speeds. Valve bounce, which occurs at different speeds in the operating range of the engine, can severely limit the ability of the engine to develop peak power owing to the inability of the valves to seal appropriately. The objective of the work reported in this paper is to develop a model of a Winston Cup (WC) engine valvetrain that can predict the dynamics of the valvetrain at high speed. This model can then be used to develop a more complete understanding of the valvetrain motion and to aid effective design of valvetrains. The model is developed in the ADAMS environment. It contains a flexible pushrod, a flexible rocker arm and lift-off among all components, the mass of the valve springs, and a fluctuating rocker arm ratio. Also included in the model is damping in the valve spring and friction at the rocker arm pivot. Finite element analyses (FEAs) were conducted in order to obtain accurate data for pushrod and rocker arm stiffnesses, and to obtain the frequency response characteristics of the valve springs. The model data represent an actual engine used in WC racing. The model is run at different speeds to determine its dynamic characteristics and to verify its response with models developed previously by other researchers. Valve bounce predictions from the simulation model are compared with measured data from a Spintron test of an identical valvetrain configuration. The results indicate that the model accurately predicts the speeds of maximum valve bounce.

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12

Deshwal, Himanshu, Rahul Jangid, Kamlesh Mehra, Yashpal Singh, Neha Singh, Neetu Yadav, and Gaurav Saxena. "Finite Element Analysis and Geometric Optimization of Double Wishbone Pushrod Actuation Suspension System of “SUPRA SAEINDIA” Vehicle." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 5 (May 25, 2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488360/ijme-v3i5p103.

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13

Shinozuka, J., and Toshiyuki Obikawa. "Development of Orthogonal Impact Cutting Testing Machine." Key Engineering Materials 291-292 (August 2005): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.291-292.507.

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FEM cutting simulation predicts that the plastic shock waves are generated that develop the high levels of hydrostatic stress in the shear zone when cutting speed exceeds the plastic wave speeds of the workpiece material. The orthogonal impact cutting testing machine was developed to confirm this phenomenon experimentally. In the testing machine, two guide rails are set up in parallel. The cutting tool and the workpiece are installed on the blocks that slide on the rail. Each block connected with the piston in the air tube by the pushrod is launched by the expansion of compressed air, and is accelerated rapidly. When the two blocks passes each other, cutting is done. This paper describes the details of the developed impact cutting testing machine and experimental results of cutting a pure lead at cutting speed up to 65m/s.

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14

Ondruška, Ján, Tomáš Húlan, Ivana Sunitrová, Štefan Csáki, Grzegorz Łagód, Alena Struhárová, and Anton Trník. "Thermophysical Properties of Kaolin–Zeolite Blends up to 1100 °C." Crystals 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020165.

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In this study, the thermophysical properties such as the thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity and conductivity, and specific heat capacity of ceramic samples made from kaolin and natural zeolite are investigated up to 1100 °C. The samples were prepared from Sedlec kaolin (Czech Republic) and natural zeolite (Nižný Hrabovec, Slovakia). Kaolin was partially replaced with a natural zeolite in the amounts of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mass%. The measurements were performed on cylindrical samples using thermogravimetric analysis, a horizontal pushrod dilatometer, and laser flash apparatus. The results show that zeolite in the samples decreases the values of all studied properties (except thermal expansion), which is positive for bulk density, porosity, thermal diffusivity, and conductivity. It has a negative effect for thermal expansion because shrinkage increases with the zeolite content. Therefore, the optimal amount of zeolite in the sample (according to the studied properties) is 30 mass%.

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15

Cameron, Christopher G., and Jayant Sirohi. "Performance and Loads of a Lift Offset Rotor: Hover and Wind Tunnel Testing." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 64, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.64.022002.

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The results of hover and wind tunnel tests of a reduced-scale, model rotor operating with lift offset are presented. The two-bladed rotor had a diameter of 2.03 m and constant cross section untwisted blades. Measurements include steady and vibratory hub loads, as well as control angles and pushrod loads. The rotor system was tested in hover and at advance ratios between 0.21 and 0.53, at collective pitches ranging from 3° to 10°, achieving blade loadings in excess of 0.10. At each forward flight operating condition, sweeps of lift offset up to 15% were performed. In forward flight, the rotor effective lift-to-drag ratio was found to increase with increasing advance ratio and lift offset, with a maximum increase of 40% compared to the zero lift offset case. Vibratory loads increased with advance ratio, with the largest loads in the two- and four-per-revolution harmonics. Lift offset is shown to modify vibratory hub forces and moments transmitted to the fixed frame, increasing vibratory rolling and pitching moments while decreasing vibratory thrust and torque.

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16

Ramarathnam, Srivatsan, Sandeep Dhar, Swaroop Darbha, and K. R. Rajagopal. "Development of a model for an air brake system with leaks and a scheme for the estimation of the steady-state pushrod stroke." Vehicle System Dynamics 49, no. 8 (August 2011): 1267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2010.512635.

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17

Nalini, D., and K. Dhanalakshmi. "Synergistically configured shape memory alloy for variable stiffness translational actuation." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 6 (February 22, 2019): 844–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19828487.

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The structural composition of two elastic elements, shape memory alloy wire (active actuating element) and spring (the passive bias), offers variable stiffness actuation. Based on this principle, a variable stiffness linear actuator is conceptually designed and developed. It is electromechanical by nature, that is, it is electrically activated and creates translational/linear motion. The variable stiffness linear actuator engages shape memory alloy wire(s) along with a passive compression spring to work synergistically. The biasing element offers recovery force to the shape memory alloy wire as well as compliance to the whole structure. The synergistic configuration exhibits an aiding force, thereby allowing an actuation with large displacement and a wide range of stiffness. The actuator mechanism is implemented through parallel action and further proposes two different modes of operation: pull mode (i.e. the disc moving along a fixed shaft) and push mode (i.e. linear reciprocating motion of the pushrod). The shape memory alloy configured actuator mechanism is analysed theoretically; the working model of the variable stiffness linear actuator is developed and investigated experimentally. The results apprise that the variable stiffness linear actuator is capable of offering large displacement and in reproducing the stiffness profile for active compliance control applications.

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18

Hu, Bo, Yunzhe Li, and Lairong Yin. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics for a Valve Train System." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 6328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196328.

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The valve train is one of the main sources of engine vibration, and its dynamic performance is crucial for output power and fuel consumption. The flexibilities of slender bars and beams should be emphasised in the design of valve trains to develop high-power and high-speed engines with industrial applications. A flexible dynamic model of a valve train system is proposed. In the proposed model, the components, except the cam and gear bodies, are modelled as flexible bodies with multidirectional deformations. The gyroscopic effects of the camshaft, cams and gear discs are also considered to predict dynamic responses at high speeds accurately. Gear meshing, the friction of the cam–tappet pair, the centrifugal force of the cams and valve clearance are also considered. Experiments on housing vibration and pushrod stress are conducted to validate the proposed model. Results show that the proposed model can predict the dynamic stress of the flexible components well and predict the trend shown by the housing vibration. The proposed model shows that excessive cam rotation speed and valve clearance will cause intense bounce and jump phenomena. The proposed model can be an important reference for designing engine work speed, adjusting valve clearance and improving component durability.

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19

Bakhtiyarov, Sayavur I. "Numerical Simulations and Experimental Study of Liquid Metal Flow Around Sand Core." Journal of Fluids Engineering 128, no. 3 (October 25, 2005): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2175160.

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This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of the hot distortion phenomenon in the phenolic urethane cold box systems used in metal casting. Dual Pushrod Dilatometry has been used to measure a thermal expansion/contraction of phenolic urethane cold box sand core specimens at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 600°C. High temperature tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of the phenolic urethane cold box sand cores is significantly affected by the bench life, temperature and binders level. High temperature hot distortion furnace tests on cylindrical cores showed that some coatings increase the temperature limit when distortion starts, but application of coating cannot prevent distortion. The hot distortion test during metal casting showed that regardless of the application of coating, the type of coating, and anti-veining additives, all cores with density greater than the density of the molten metal (magnesium alloy) were significantly distorted. Numerical simulations of the liquid metal flow around the cylindrical sand core and analysis of dynamic forces acting on the core during the fill process showed that a buoyancy force is the major contributor to the hot distortion. It is concluded that the one of the solutions in preventing the hot distortion of sand cores is optimizing their weight, which will balance the buoyancy force and will bring the resultant force to the minimum. The hot distortion test castings using optimized sand cores with density almost equal to the density of the molten magnesium proved our predictions, and hot distortion has been prevented.

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20

Sudhakar, P., Sunil Arora, Amit Maheshwari, D. Praveen Kumar Varma, Sai Prakash Adusumilli, Bhaskar Mummidi, and A. Radhika. "Biomechanical and Clinical Considerations in correcting Skeletal Class II Malocclusion with ForsusTM." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13, no. 6 (2012): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1254.

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ABSTRACT Aim The present case report describes the importance of understanding of biomechanical and clinical considerations in application of Forsus appliance in correction of class II skeletal malocclusion. Background Angle's class II malocclusion is one of the most prevailing that may be either skeletal or dental presenting with different clinical manifestations. There are number of appliances to treat such a malocclusion in a growing child. Fixed functional appliances are indicated for class II corrections in patients who report late with minimal residual growth left. Case description A case of class II skeletal and dental malocclusion treated with preadjusted edgewise appliance supplemented with Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) (3M Unitek Corp, California, USA) is reported. Conclusion Forsus device is an effective alternative in treating moderate skeletal class II malocclusion. The Forsus FRD (3M Unitek Corp, California, USA) can be used instead of class II elastics in mild cases and in place of Herbst appliance in severe cases. Alteration of force vector by modifying the archwire as shown in this case report while applying Forsus and incorporation of 10 degree labial root torque in lower archwire will minimize the effects on dentition. Engaging modules or tubing on to the pushrod and leaving 1 to 2 mm clearance between distal end of the upper tube and L-pin as shown in this case report will significantly improve the patient compliance. Clinical significance Much emphasis should be given to biomechanical considerations which were discussed in this article while treating patients with Forsus to prevent the unwanted effects. Clinical considerations and certain modifications advised in this case report should be utilized while treating class II skeletal malocclusions with Forsus appliance to eliminate the patient cooperation factor and make treatment time estimates much more accurate. How to cite this article Adusumilli SP, Sudhakar P, Mummidi B, Varma DPK, Arora S, Radhika A, Maheshwari A. Biomechanical and Clinical Considerations in correcting Skeletal Class II Malocclusion with ForsusTM. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(6):918-924.

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21

Fischetti, Mark. "Pushed Out." Scientific American 315, no. 4 (September 20, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1016-88.

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22

Meese, Tessa. "Dentistry pushed aside." Dental Nursing 7, no. 5 (May 2011): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denn.2011.7.5.245.

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23

Fayet, B., E. Racy, and G. Renard. "Pushed monocanalicular intubation." Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 33, no. 3 (March 2010): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2010.01.013.

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24

Kaiser, J. "Basic Microbiology Pushed." Science 308, no. 5718 (April 1, 2005): 35b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.308.5718.35b.

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25

Porter, Matthew C., and Michael A. Diefenbach. "Pushed and Pulled." Journal of Health Psychology 14, no. 2 (March 2009): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105308100213.

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26

Noordegraaf, Mirko, Pauline Meurs, and Annemiek Montijn-Stoopendaal. "Pushed organizational pulls." Public Management Review 7, no. 1 (March 2005): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1471903042000339400.

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27

Orrit, Michel. "Photons pushed together." Nature 460, no. 7251 (July 2009): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/460042a.

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28

Codourey, Maurice. "The Public Handshake, the Pushed Gossip and the Healthcare Marketing." ECONOMICS & SOCIOLOGY 6, no. 2 (November 20, 2013): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2013/6-2/2.

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29

Brookes, Michael, Timothy Hinks, Geoffrey Wood, Pauline Dibben, and Ian Roper. "“Pulled Apart, Pushed Together”." Articles 59, no. 4 (September 19, 2005): 769–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011338ar.

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This is a study of horizontal and vertical solidarity within a national labour movement, based on a nationwide survey of members of affiliated unions of the Congress of South African Trade Unions. On the one hand, the survey reveals relatively high levels of vertical and horizontal solidarity, despite the persistence of some cleavages on gender and racial lines. On the other hand, the maintenance and deepening of existing horizontal and vertical linkages in a rapidly changing socio-economic context, represents one of many challenges facing organized labour in an industrializing economy. COSATU’s strength is contingent not only on an effective organizational capacity, and a supportive network linking key actors and interest groupings, but also on the ability to meet the concerns of existing constituencies and those assigned to highly marginalized categories of labour.

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30

McDonald, Peter, and Tom Paulin. "Jump or Get Pushed." Irish Review (1986-), no. 4 (1988): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29735351.

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31

Wright, Alison. "Pushed to the limit." Nature Physics 3, no. 1 (January 2007): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys500.

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Wells, William A. "Cohesin gets pushed around." Journal of Cell Biology 166, no. 2 (July 12, 2004): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb1662rr1.

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33

Thompson, Carolyn J., and Eric L. Dey. "Pushed to the Margins." Journal of Higher Education 69, no. 3 (May 1998): 324–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1998.11775137.

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34

Arts, J., V. J. Louw, and C. T. Bolliger. "Pushed, Pulled or Twisted?" Respiration 68, no. 4 (2001): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000050535.

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35

KERR, R. A. "Forecasting Pushed Too Far." Science 244, no. 4909 (June 9, 1989): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.244.4909.1139.

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36

Dalby, Bruce. "Pendulum Pushed Too Far." Music Educators Journal 84, no. 4 (January 1998): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002743219808400401.

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37

Dalton, Rex. "Hobbit origins pushed back." Nature 464, no. 7287 (March 2010): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/464335a.

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38

Chénier, Félix, Rachid Aissaoui, Cindy Gauthier, and Dany H. Gagnon. "Wheelchair pushrim kinetics measurement: A method to cancel inaccuracies due to pushrim weight and wheel camber." Medical Engineering & Physics 40 (February 2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.12.002.

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39

Levine, MS, and AM Gilchrist. "Esophageal deviation: pushed or pulled?" American Journal of Roentgenology 149, no. 3 (September 1987): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.149.3.513.

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40

Pogorelaya, E. А., and A. А. Ganieva. "Lilya never pushed her LUCK…" Voprosy literatury, no. 5 (October 17, 2020): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2020-5-108-119.

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41

SWAAB, PETER. "Hopkins and the pushed peach." Critical Quarterly 37, no. 3 (September 1995): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1995.tb01071.x.

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42

Albrecht, Andreas. "Science pushed to the limit." Physics World 11, no. 7 (July 1998): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/11/7/30.

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43

Gaspar, Rogério. "Pushed off target with proteins." Nature Nanotechnology 8, no. 2 (February 2013): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.11.

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44

Bosick, Stacey J. "“Pushed Out on My Own”." Sociological Perspectives 58, no. 2 (December 12, 2014): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121414561124.

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45

Lim, Wee Ling, and Roziah Mohd Rasdi. "“Opt-out” or pushed out?" European Journal of Training and Development 43, no. 9 (November 4, 2019): 785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-04-2019-0063.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges faced by married women professionals in the private sector and the factors affecting their decisions in leaving the workforce. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was used in this study. Data were obtained using a purposive sampling method in selecting ten married women professionals based on the inclusion criteria for this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the whole interview sessions were audio recorded. Thematic analysis using the constant comparative method was used in interpreting the data. Findings The findings of this study revealed that majority of the married women professionals leaving workforce are affected by “pushed out” factors such as workplace inflexibility, long working hours, high volume of work than “opt-out” factors, which focus on the biological and psychological “pulls” that lure women back into their traditional roles of motherhood. Most of the married women professionals interviewed had no intention to return to the workforce and had lost confidence to join back the workforce. Research limitations/implications This study involved married women professionals in the private sector only. As a qualitative study, it limits to voice and views of these particular subjects only and could not be generalised to other group of women. Practical implications The findings from this study shall enlighten all parties involved such as women professionals, HR managers and private sector organisations in strategies and plan of action towards minimising the talent drain of women professionals. Originality/value This paper offers new insight into debating the opt-out or pushed out factors influencing married women professionals’ decisions in leaving the workforce. It provides voice and views of women professionals who faced a predicament in making a decision about their career development.

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Martin, Ella. "Too posh or too pushed?" Nursing Standard 19, no. 23 (February 16, 2005): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.19.23.30.s40.

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Boninger, Michael L., Mark Baldwin, Rory A. Cooper, Alicia Koontz, and Leighton Chan. "Manual wheelchair pushrim biomechanics and axle position." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81, no. 5 (May 2000): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90043-1.

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Akhtar, Zia. "Pushton Tribes, Frontier Regulations, and Conflict Resolution." Peace Review 28, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2016.1166791.

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Williams, Nigel. "US model pushed for UK managers." Current Biology 13, no. 9 (April 2003): R340—R341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00266-5.

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Carelli, Francesco. "Malevich, an hero pushed to death." London Journal of Primary Care 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17571472.2015.1133951.

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