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Journal articles on the topic 'Push-pull perfusion'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Kottegoda, Sumith, Imtiazuddin Shaik, and Scott A. Shippy. "Demonstration of low flow push–pull perfusion." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 121, no. 1 (November 2002): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00245-5.

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2

Ojeda-Torres, G., L. Williams, D. E. Featherstone, and S. A. Shippy. "Sample collection and amino acids analysis of extracellular fluid of mouse brain slices with low flow push–pull perfusion." Analyst 140, no. 19 (2015): 6563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an00805k.

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3

Gliessman, P. M., K. Y. Pau, J. D. Hill, and H. G. Spies. "Chronic push-pull brain perfusion in unrestrained rhesus macaques." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 2273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2273.

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A system was developed to permit perfusion of local brain regions and simultaneous peripheral blood sampling in free-moving caged monkeys. The system comprises a calvarial headpiece that contains multiple push-pull cannulas (PPC), a flexible stainless steel tether, a four-channel fluid swivel, and a surgical procedure for simultaneous multisite brain cannulation. Rhesus macaques were fitted surgically with an indwelling jugular catheter and PPC directed into the third ventricle, median eminence, and preoptic area. These animals were tethered for periods of 14–70 h during which brain perfusates and peripheral blood samples were collected at 10- to 30-min intervals through the tether-swivel assembly. Levels and pulsatile patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in 10-min perfusate samples and luteinizing hormone and cortisol in sequential plasma samples were quantified by specific radioimmunoassays. The normal endocrine profiles in these animals suggest that this system provides a valuable method to study patterns of neurosecretions in an unrestrained simian.

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4

Singh, Ava V., and Howard R. Morris. "An HPLC/push-pull perfusion technique for investigating peptide metabolism." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 130, no. 1 (July 1985): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(85)90378-x.

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5

Wolf, Rainer, Ursula Tscherne, and Hinderk M. Emrich. "Suppression of preoptic GABA release caused by push-pull-perfusion with sodium valproate." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 338, no. 6 (December 1988): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00165631.

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6

Cox, P. S., D. A. Denton, D. R. Mouw, and E. Tarjan. "Natriuresis induced by localized perfusion within the third cerebral ventricle of sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): R1—R6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.1.r1.

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Push-pull perfusion was performed at four different sites in the third cerebral ventricle of conscious sheep. The recovery of the infused solution was 75–90%, suggesting a localized change in the ionic composition and osmolality restricted to a relatively small area in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sodium and potassium excretion and urine flow were studied before, during, and after perfusion of 200, 150, and 100 mM Na-CSF. Localized perfusion in the anterior dorsal third ventricle (AD3V) of 200 mM Na-CSF caused an increase in sodium and potassium excretion, in urine flow, and a decrease in free water clearance. Perfusion of 200 mM Na-CSF at the other three perfusion sites, i.e., anterior ventral third ventricle, posterior dorsal third ventricle, and posterior ventral third ventricle, did not influence sodium excretion and urine flow. Perfusions with 150 and 100 mM Na-CSF did not cause any change in sodium, potassium excretion, or urine flow at any of the four perfusion sites. These results suggest that sensors sensitive to changes of sodium concentration are located close to the ventricular surface in the anterior dorsal part of the third cerebral ventricle. When stimulated with increased sodium concentration they will initiate increased sodium excretion.

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7

Rupert, Amy E., Y. Ou, M. Sandberg, and S. G. Weber. "Assessment of Tissue Viability Following Electroosmotic Push–Pull Perfusion from Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 4, no. 5 (May 2, 2013): 849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cn4000814.

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8

Myers, R. D., and Leslie Gurley-Orkin. "New “micro push-pull” catheter system for localized perfusion of diminutive structures in brain." Brain Research Bulletin 14, no. 5 (May 1985): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(85)90026-7.

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9

RAMIREZ, V. D., J. C. CHEN, E. NDUKA, W. LIN, and A. D. RAMIREZ. "Push-Pull Perfusion of the Hypothalamus and the Caudate Nucleus in Conscious, Unrestrained Animals." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 473, no. 1 Neurochemical (December 1986): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb23634.x.

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10

Myers, R. D., Amir H. Rezvani, and L. A. Gurley-Orkin. "New double-lumen polyethylene cannula for push-pull perfusion of brain tissue in vivo." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 12, no. 3 (January 1985): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(85)90003-2.

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11

Ennis, William J., Patricio Meneses, and Martin Borhani. "Push–pull theory: Using mechanotransduction to achieve tissue perfusion and wound healing in complex cases." Gynecologic Oncology 111, no. 2 (November 2008): S81—S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.07.054.

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12

Zhang, Xin, R. D. Myers, and W. R. Wooles. "New triple microbore cannula system for push-pull perfusion of brain nuclei of the rat." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 32, no. 2 (May 1990): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(90)90164-b.

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13

Grattan, D. R., S. K. Park, and M. Selmanoff. "Orchidectomy and NMDA increase GnRH secretion as measured by push-pull perfusion of rat anterior pituitary." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 268, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): E685—E692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.4.e685.

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Using push-pull perfusion to measure concentrations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the extracellular fluid of the anterior pituitary gland of the male rat, we have measured GnRH release at specific times before and after castration and in response to acute administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). After castration (7 days), mean GnRH levels were substantially increased (4.3-fold) compared with intact controls (0.94 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.08 pg/10 min, respectively, P < 0.05) due to an increase in both the frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses. Testosterone partially reduced GnRH release (0.62 +/- 0.10 pg/10 min). NMDA induced a rapid increase in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) in both intact and castrated rats and increased GnRH concentrations in the perfusion samples (P < 0.05). There was no change in LH release induced by two doses of injected GnRH (5 and 25 ng/100 g body wt) 2 days after castration, but by 6 days after castration the response to both doses was significantly increased. These results demonstrate that GnRH release in the male rat is acutely increased by NMDA and is chronically increased after orchidectomy. Increased pituitary sensitivity to GnRH also contributes to the hypersecretion of LH after castration, particularly at longer times after removal of testosterone negative feedback.

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14

Xing, Changyang, Xinpei Wang, Yuan Gao, Jiaxin Zhang, Yunnan Liu, Yitong Guo, Chen Wang, et al. "Lower body negative pressure protects brain perfusion in aviation gravitational stress induced by push–pull manoeuvre." Journal of Physiology 598, no. 15 (May 29, 2020): 3173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp279876.

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15

Baudrie, V., JB Roullet, Y. Goureau, F. Chaouloff, and JL Elghozi. "Determination of cerebrospinal fluid production rate using a push-pull perfusion procedure in the conscious rat." Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 4, no. 3 (May 6, 1990): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1990.tb00494.x.

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16

Thongkhao-on, Kongthong, David Wirtshafter, and Scott A. Shippy. "Feeding specific glutamate surge in the rat lateral hypothalamus revealed by low-flow push–pull perfusion." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 89, no. 4 (June 2008): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2008.02.015.

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17

Slaney, Thomas R., Omar S. Mabrouk, Kirsten A. Porter-Stransky, Brandon J. Aragona, and Robert T. Kennedy. "Chemical Gradients within Brain Extracellular Space Measured using Low Flow Push–Pull Perfusion Sampling in Vivo." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 4, no. 2 (November 16, 2012): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cn300158p.

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18

Dietl, Hans. "In vivo release of corticosterone in discrete brain areas of rats. A push-pull perfusion study." Brain Research 369, no. 1-2 (March 1986): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)90554-8.

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19

van den Brink, Floris T. G., Thas Phisonkunkasem, Ashish Asthana, Johan G. Bomer, Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg, Else A. Tolner, and Mathieu Odijk. "A miniaturized push–pull-perfusion probe for few-second sampling of neurotransmitters in the mouse brain." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 8 (2019): 1332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8lc01137k.

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20

Privette, T. H., and R. D. Myers. "Peristaltic versus syringe pumps for push-pull perfusion: tissue pathology and dopamine recovery in rat neostriatum." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 26, no. 3 (January 1989): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(89)90116-7.

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21

Scott, Jessica M., Ben T. A. Esch, Len S. Goodman, Shannon S. D. Bredin, Mark J. Haykowsky, and Darren E. R. Warburton. "Cardiovascular consequences of high-performance aircraft maneuvers: implications for effective countermeasures and laboratory-based simulations." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 2 (April 2007): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-087.

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The gravitational stress encountered by pilots of high-performance aircraft can cause dramatic shifts in blood volume and circulatory pressure, thus placing the cardiovascular system under significant stress, sometimes resulting in loss of consciousness due to cerebral under-perfusion. Since pilots experience both increased and decreased gravitational stress in high-risk environments, it is important not only to examine the cardiovascular effects of altered gravitational exposure, but also to create effective countermeasures that will increase pilot safety. In this review, we discuss the cardiovascular consequences of rapid changes in gravitational forces. We also examine the effectiveness of the countermeasures that have been developed to combat gravity-induced loss of consciousness. Finally, we examine those current laboratory-based techniques that simulate hyper-gravity and the “push–pull effect,” making it possible to investigate the cardiovascular mechanisms responsible for maintaining cerebral perfusion and consciousness.

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22

Slaney, Thomas R., Jing Nie, Neil D. Hershey, Prasanna K. Thwar, Jennifer Linderman, Mark A. Burns, and Robert T. Kennedy. "Push–Pull Perfusion Sampling with Segmented Flow for High Temporal and Spatial Resolution in Vivo Chemical Monitoring." Analytical Chemistry 83, no. 13 (July 2011): 5207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac2003938.

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23

Cepeda, David E., Leah Hains, David Li, Joseph Bull, Stephen I. Lentz, and Robert T. Kennedy. "Experimental evaluation and computational modeling of tissue damage from low-flow push–pull perfusion sampling in vivo." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 242 (March 2015): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.019.

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24

Myers, R. D., A. Adell, and M. F. Lankford. "Simultaneous comparison of cerebral dialysis and push–pull perfusion in the brain of rats: a critical review." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 22, no. 3 (May 1998): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00025-0.

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25

Gearing, M., and E. Terasawa. "Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) neuroterminals mapped using the push-pull perfusion method in the rhesus monkey." Brain Research Bulletin 21, no. 1 (July 1988): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(88)90126-8.

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26

Landgraf, R., T. Malkinson, T. Horn, W. L. Veale, K. Lederis, and Q. J. Pittman. "Release of vasopressin and oxytocin by paraventricular stimulation in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): R155—R159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.1.r155.

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The nucleus tractus solitarius/dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (NTS/DMV) area was perfused by the push-pull perfusion technique in anesthetized rats, and perfusates were assayed for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) immunoreactivity. As compared with controls, electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral paraventricular nucleus (PVN) resulted in increased amounts of both AVP (approximately 5-fold) and OXT (approximately 10-fold, P less than 0.05 each) in the perfusates. During the poststimulation perfusion period, peptide concentrations were found to return to control levels. Elevation of circulating AVP and OXT by an osmotic stimulus did not result in increases of AVP and OXT in NTS/DMV perfusates. These data suggest that AVP and OXT are released from NTS/DMV area fiber terminals during electrical stimulation of descending PVN neurons. Furthermore, they are consistent with the view that both peptides are involved as neurotransmitters in autonomic regulation.

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27

Wilkinson, M. F., and N. W. Kasting. "Vasopressin release within the ventral septal area of the rat brain during drug-induced antipyresis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): R1133—R1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.6.r1133.

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The techniques of push-pull perfusion and radioimmunoassay were used to determine concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in extracellular fluid derived from the ventral septal area (VSA) of the rat brain following antipyresis elicited by acetaminophen or indomethacin in conscious and unrestrained rats. Reduction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever by intraperitoneal indomethacin resulted in significant increases in AVP levels in VSA perfusion fluid (P < 0.05). In contrast, antipyresis after acetaminophen treatment was without significant effect on AVP output from VSA nerve terminals. In control animals (non-pyrogen treated), body temperature rose in apparent response to the perfusion procedure. Despite this elevation in core temperature, subsequent treatment with acetaminophen or indomethacin did not result in significant changes in AVP release from VSA perfusates. We conclude that AVP release into VSA extracellular fluids following intraperitoneal indomethacin is dependent upon the neuronal sequelae inherent to pyrogen-evoked fever and not nonspecific rises in body temperature. These results support the hypothesis that endogenous AVP, acting within the VSA, participates in the neuronal mechanisms mediating indomethacin-induced antipyresis.

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28

Tohei, A., G. Watanabe, and K. Taya. "Hypersecretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in hypothyroid male rats as estimated with push-pull perfusion." Journal of Endocrinology 156, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1560395.

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The relationship between hypothyroidism and disturbance of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal axis was investigated using adult male rats. Hypothyroidism was produced by administration of 4-methyl-2-thiouracil (thiouracil) in the drinking water for 2 weeks. Hypothyroidism decreased adrenal weights to 57% of controls and plasma concentrations of corticosterone to 48% of controls. The changes in the weight of adrenals recovered to control levels by administration of thyroxine. The pituitary responsiveness to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) for ACTH release markedly increased in hypothyroid rats as compared with euthyroid rats. In vivo release of CRH and AVP in median eminence significantly increased in hypothyroid rats as compared with euthyroid rats. There were no significant differences in hypothalamic concentrations of CRH and AVP. These results indicate that hypothyroidism causes adrenal dysfunction directly and results in hypersecretion of ACTH mediated by increases in synthesis of CRH and AVP in the hypothalamus.

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29

Goroll, Detlef, Pablo Arias, and Wolfgang Wuttke. "Preoptic Release of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Evaluated in Peripubertal and Young Adult Female Rats by Push-Pull Perfusion." Neuroendocrinology 58, no. 1 (1993): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000126506.

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30

Cellar, Nicholas A., Scott T. Burns, Jens-Christian Meiners, Hao Chen, and Robert T. Kennedy. "Microfluidic Chip for Low-Flow Push-Pull Perfusion Sampling in Vivo with On-Line Analysis of Amino Acids." Analytical Chemistry 77, no. 21 (November 2005): 7067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0510033.

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31

Cabay, Marissa R., Alyssa McRay, David E. Featherstone, and Scott A. Shippy. "Development of μ-Low-Flow-Push–Pull Perfusion Probes for Ex Vivo Sampling from Mouse Hippocampal Tissue Slices." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00277.

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32

Kasuya, Etsuko, Ryosuke Sakumoto, Toshiyuki Saito, Hiroaki Ishikawa, Hideo Sengoku, Tetsu Nemoto, and Koichi Hodate. "A novel stereotaxic approach to the hypothalamus for the use of push-pull perfusion cannula in Holstein calves." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 141, no. 1 (January 2005): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.06.006.

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33

MYERS, R. D. "Development of Push-Pull Systems for Perfusion of Anatomically Distinct Regions of the Brain of the Awake Animal." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 473, no. 1 Neurochemical (December 1986): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb23601.x.

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34

Rezvani, Amir H., K. T. McManus, and R. D. Myers. "Rate of in vivo verapamil exchange within the hypothalamus of the cat as examined by push-pull perfusion." Neurochemical Research 11, no. 12 (December 1986): 1643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00967742.

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35

Neumann, Inga D., and Rainer Landgraf. "Tracking oxytocin functions in the rodent brain during the last 30 years: From push-pull perfusion to chemogenetic silencing." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 31, no. 3 (March 2019): e12695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jne.12695.

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36

Lisi, T. L., K. N. Westlund, and K. A. Sluka. "Comparison of microdialysis and push–pull perfusion for retrieval of serotonin and norepinephrine in the spinal cord dorsal horn." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 126, no. 2 (June 2003): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00093-1.

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37

Plamondon, Hélène, and Zul Merali. "Push-pull perfusion reveals meal-dependent changes in the release of bombesin-like peptides in the rat paraventricular nucleus." Brain Research 668, no. 1-2 (December 1994): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)90510-x.

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38

Fisher, Patrick U., and Scott A. Shippy. "Extracellular Fluid Collection and Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Brain Tissue with μ-Low-Flow Push–Pull Perfusion (μLFPP)." Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 9 (February 24, 2022): 3767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03819.

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39

Pritchett, Jeanita S., Jose S. Pulido, and Scott A. Shippy. "Measurement of Region-Specific Nitrate Levels of the Posterior Chamber of the Rat Eye Using Low-Flow Push−Pull Perfusion." Analytical Chemistry 80, no. 14 (July 2008): 5342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac800238d.

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40

Wolf, Rainer, and Ursula Tscherne. "Valproate Effect on ?-Aminobutyric Acid Release in Pars Reticulata of Substantia Nigra: Combination of Push-pull Perfusion and Fluorescence Histochemistry." Epilepsia 35, no. 1 (January 1994): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02938.x.

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41

Holleran, Julianne, Melissa Babbie, and Joseph S. Erlichman. "Ventilatory effects of impaired glial function in a brain stem chemoreceptor region in the conscious rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1539.

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Glia are thought to regulate ion homeostasis, including extracellular pH; however, their role in modulating central CO2 chemosensitivity is unclear. Using a push-pull cannula in chronically instrumented and conscious rats, we administered a glial toxin, fluorocitrate (FC; 1 mM) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a putative chemosensitive site, during normocapnia and hypercapnia. FC exposure significantly increased expired minute ventilation (V˙e) to a value 38% above the control level during normocapnia. During hypercapnia, FC also significantly increased both breathing frequency and expiredV˙e. During FC administration, maximal ventilation was achieved at ∼4% CO2, compared with 8–10% CO2 during control hypercapnic trials. RTN perfusion of control solutions had little effect on any ventilatory measures (V˙e, tidal volume, or breathing frequency) during normocapnic or hypercapnic conditions. We conclude that unilateral impairment of glial function in the RTN of the conscious rat results in stimulation of respiratory output.

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42

Russell, JA, I. Neumann, and R. Landgraf. "Oxytocin and vasopressin release in discrete brain areas after naloxone in morphine-tolerant and -dependent anesthetized rats: push-pull perfusion study." Journal of Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 1024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.12-03-01024.1992.

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43

Rupert, Amy E., Y. Ou, M. Sandberg, and S. G. Weber. "Electroosmotic Push–Pull Perfusion: Description and Application to Qualitative Analysis of the Hydrolysis of Exogenous Galanin in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 4, no. 5 (April 30, 2013): 838–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cn400082d.

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44

LANDGRAF, R., INGA NEUMANN, J. A. RUSSELL, and Q. J. PITTMAN. "Push-pull Perfusion and Microdialysis Studies of Central Oxytocin and Vasopressin Release in Freely Moving Rats during Pregnancy, Parturition, and Lactation." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 652, no. 1 (June 1992): 326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb34364.x.

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45

Patterson II, Eric E., Jeanita S. Pritchett, and Scott A. Shippy. "High temporal resolution coupling of low-flow push-pull perfusion to capillary electrophoresis for ascorbate analysis at the rat vitreoretinal interface." Analyst 134, no. 2 (2009): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b813887g.

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46

Mora, Francisco, and Alberto Porras. "Effects of amphetamine on the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia of the conscious rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1993): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-054.

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The effects of systemic injections of amphetamine sulfate on the release of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glutamine were studied using a push–pull perfusion system in the conscious rat. Amphetamine produced a dose-related increase of the extracellular levels of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The mean time effect of amphetamine was 40 min, followed by a recovery to baseline levels. The mean percentage increase in amino acids released by the highest dose of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) was as follows: Asp, 334.6%; Glu, 224.5%; and Gln, 317.6%. All these effects were blocked by the dopamine D1–D2 receptor blocker haloperidol. It is suggested that dopamine, released by amphetamine, induces the release of amino acid neurotransmitters in the neostriatum. In addition, it is proposed that dopamine could mediate the neurotoxic effects produced by amphetamines through their secondary action on the release of excitatory amino acids.Key words: amphetamine, dopamine, excitatory amino acids, neostriatum, conscious rat.

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47

Neumann, Inga, John A. Russell, Brigitte Wolff, and Rainer Landgraf. "Naloxone Increases the Release of Oxytocin, but Not Vasopressin, within Limbic Brain Areas of Conscious Parturient Rats: A Push-Pull Perfusion Study." Neuroendocrinology 54, no. 6 (1991): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000125958.

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48

Ou, Yangguang, and Stephen G. Weber. "Higher Aminopeptidase Activity Determined by Electroosmotic Push–Pull Perfusion Contributes to Selective Vulnerability of the Hippocampal CA1 Region to Oxygen Glucose Deprivation." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9, no. 3 (October 27, 2017): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00326.

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49

Rubin, Beverly S., and Robert S. Bridges. "Immunoreactive Prolactin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Estrogen-Treated and Lactating Rats as Determined by Push-pull Perfusion of the Lateral Ventricles." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 1, no. 5 (October 1989): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00127.x.

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50

Rubin, Beverly S. "The Use of Push-Pull Perfusion and in Vivo Microdialysis to Assess Changing Patterns of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone Output in Aging Animals." Neuroprotocols 4, no. 3 (June 1994): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1994.1027.

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