Journal articles: 'Purity Ball'

1

Voges, Nick. "The Purity Ball." Colorado Review 36, no. 1 (2009): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2009.0029.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Avron, J., and O. Kenneth. "An elementary introduction to the geometry of quantum states with pictures." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 32, no. 02 (August 21, 2019): 2030001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x20300010.

Full text

Abstract:

This is a review of the geometry of quantum states using elementary methods and pictures. Quantum states are represented by a convex body, often in high dimensions. In the case of [Formula: see text] qubits, the dimension is exponentially large in [Formula: see text]. The space of states can be visualized, to some extent, by its simple cross sections: Regular simplexes, balls and hyper-octahedra. a When the dimension gets large, there is a precise sense in which the space of states resembles, almost in every direction, a ball. The ball turns out to be a ball of rather low purity states. We also address some of the corresponding, but harder, geometric properties of separable and entangled states and entanglement witnesses. “All convex bodies behave a bit like Euclidean balls.” Keith Ball

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Zong, Linqi, Bin Zhu, Zhenda Lu, Yingling Tan, Yan Jin, Nian Liu, Yue Hu, Shuai Gu, Jia Zhu, and Yi Cui. "Nanopurification of silicon from 84% to 99.999% purity with a simple and scalable process." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 19, 2015): 13473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513012112.

Full text

Abstract:

Silicon, with its great abundance and mature infrastructure, is a foundational material for a range of applications, such as electronics, sensors, solar cells, batteries, and thermoelectrics. These applications rely on the purification of Si to different levels. Recently, it has been shown that nanosized silicon can offer additional advantages, such as enhanced mechanical properties, significant absorption enhancement, and reduced thermal conductivity. However, current processes to produce and purify Si are complex, expensive, and energy-intensive. Here, we show a nanopurification process, which involves only simple and scalable ball milling and acid etching, to increase Si purity drastically [up to 99.999% (wt %)] directly from low-grade and low-cost ferrosilicon [84% (wt %) Si; ∼$1/kg]. It is found that the impurity-rich regions are mechanically weak as breaking points during ball milling and thus, exposed on the surface, and they can be conveniently and effectively removed by chemical etching. We discovered that the purity goes up with the size of Si particles going down, resulting in high purity at the sub–100-nm scale. The produced Si nanoparticles with high purity and small size exhibit high performance as Li ion battery anodes, with high reversible capacity (1,755 mAh g−1) and long cycle life (73% capacity retention over 500 cycles). This nanopurification process provides a complimentary route to produce Si, with finely controlled size and purity, in a diverse set of applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Wu, Yu Song, Jiang Li, Yu Bai Pan, Jing Kun Guo, and Qian Liu. "Refine Yttria Powder and Fabrication of Transparent Yb,Cr:YAG Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.246.

Full text

Abstract:

Commercial Y2O3 powders were subjected to high energy ball milling in a planetary ball mill using high purity alumina balls and vial. The refined Y2O3 power ,with commercial high-purity Al2O3, Cr2O3 and Yb2O3 powders, were used as raw materials. Transparent ytterbium and chromium codoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Yb,Cr:YAG) ceramics were fabricated by a solid-state reaction method. The Yb,Cr:YAG ceramics exhibit a pore free structure and the average grain size is about 10 micron. The strong absorptions at 940 and 968 nm of Yb3+ are suitable for InGaAs diode laser pumping, and there is an absorption band at 1030 nm, which is suitable for passive Q-switch laser output at 1030 nm. Transparent Yb,Cr:YAG ceramics may be a potential material for compact, efficient, high-stability diode-laser-pumped passive Q-switched solid-state lasers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Li, Jiahui, Yangfeng Wang, Xuehua He, Qing Sun, Meichai Xiong, Zichong Chen, Chengfu Zeng, Xiaohua Zheng, and Chu Liang. "A facile and universal method to purify silica from natural sand." Green Processing and Synthesis 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0079.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The major constituents of sand are silica and silicates. The facile and low-cost purification technology of silica from natural sand is of magnificent importance to the industrial applications of silicon-based materials. Herein, we report a green, low-cost, and universal method to purify silica from natural sand. Sand from deserts, rivers, and seas is selected as the representative of natural sand. The initial purity of silica is 52.1 wt% for desert sand, 39.3 wt% for river sand, and 35.8 wt% for sea sand. High-purity silica has been successfully separated and purified from natural sand via ball milling, reacting with 30 bar CO2 and hydrochloric acid. The purity of silica derived from natural sand reaches >96 wt%. In this work, the mechanism for the purification of silica from natural sand is discussed. This study provides a new method to separate high-purity silica from natural sand without the generation of toxic and harmful substances.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Ipekci, Meltem, Fared Seahjani, and Huseyin Cimenoglu. "Thermochemical Nitriding of Commercial Purity Titanium." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.117.

Full text

Abstract:

Commercial purity titanium samples were gas nitrided for 3, 5, 7 and 12 h at 1250°C. TiN layers with nitrogen diffusion zones were formed on the surfaces, which caused an increase in the surface hardness with respect to the processing time. In addition, nitriding provided a reduction in friction coefficient and an enhancement in wear resistance against an alumina ball under dry sliding conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Zheng, Yanyan, Chengyan Liu, Lei Miao, Hong Lin, Jie Gao, Xiaoyang Wang, Junliang Chen, Shaohai Wu, Xin Li, and Huanfu Cai. "Cost effective synthesis of p-type Zn-doped MgAgSb by planetary ball-milling with enhanced thermoelectric properties." RSC Advances 8, no. 62 (2018): 35353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06765a.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ioannou, Maria, Euripides Hatzikraniotis, Christos B. Lioutas, Konstantinos M. Paraskevopoulos, and Theodora Kyratsi. "Structural Characterization of Nano-Crystalline Mg₂Si Prepared by Ball Milling." Advances in Science and Technology 74 (October 2010): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.74.48.

Full text

Abstract:

In this work, nano-crystalline Mg2Si powder was prepared by ball milling and structural studies vs ball milling time are presented. The identification of the phases of the materials and the evaluation of their purity were performed using Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Crystallite size evolution during ball milling was followed by PXRD and single line analysis, based on Scherrer equation. Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) observations and IR Reflectivity measurements were used for the investigation of nano-features and confirmation of the PXRD results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Merk, N., and L. E. Tanner. "TEM study of ball-milled Ni-Ta alloy containing WC inclusions." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155360.

Full text

Abstract:

High energy ball-milling of metallic powders is used extensively to achieve structural refinement. In recent years it has been found that cold-milling can induce transformations to highly metastable phases.In particular, the elemental mixing at the atomic-scale in certain systems may eventually lead to solid-state amorphization reactions (SSAR) after short periods of time. A problem that often arises in using this technique is contamination of the product from the grinding balls and container material.In this note we describe such a development in the microstructures that evolve during SSAR of a mixture of 75 atm% Ni and 25 atm% Ta high-purity powders processed for 17h in a planetary mill using WC + Co balls and container. The average composition of the ball-milled powders determined by EDS-analysis in a SEM was Ni75Ta25. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of an amorphous phase and also revealed the presence of sharp crystalline peaks identified as WC hexagonal phase (a=0.291 nm and c=0.283 nm); no detectable crystalline peaks from the initial Ni or Ta powders were observed. For TEM observations, small quantities of the ball-milled powders were embedded in epoxy and subsequently sectioned with a diamond knife using a Dupont-6000 ultramicrotome.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Zhang, Shengming, Liangfei Ma, Shushan Gao, Chonghao Zhu, Yehong Yan, Xiaohan Liu, Longhai Li, and Haitao Chen. "A Value-Added Utilization Method of Sugar Production By-Products from Rice Straw: Extraction of Lignin and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity." Processes 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061210.

Full text

Abstract:

To value-added utilization of the rice straw, two types of lignin were extracted from the by-products of sugar production. The ether-extracted lignin with a purity of 98.7% was extracted from the pretreatment filtrate with two times the concentrated filtrate volume of ether, where the lignin yield was 6.62 mg/g of the rice straw. The ball-milled lignin with a purity of 99.6% was extracted from the milled enzymatic hydrolysis residue with a 1,4-dioxane solution, where the revolution speed and grinding time were 300 rpm and 12 h, respectively. The yield of ball-milled lignin was 34.52 mg/g of the rice straw, which was 421.5% higher than that extracted from extract-free rice straw. In the process of rice straw pretreatment and lignin extraction, 76.43% by mass of phosphotungstic acid catalyst and approximately 98% by volume of 1,4-dioxane solution could be recycled and reused. Compared with the soda lignin extracted from papermaking black liquor, the scavenging rates of DPPH radical and ABTS+ radical of ether-extracted lignin increased by 36.26% and 41.18%, respectively, while the above scavenging rates of ball-milled lignin increased by 30.22% and 37.75%, respectively. Moreover, the reducing power of the two extracted lignins was also stronger than that of soda lignin. The ether-extracted lignin and ball-milled lignin have the potential to be developed as natural macromolecular antioxidants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Palazon, Francisco, Yousra El Ajjouri, Paz Sebastia-Luna, Simone Lauciello, Liberato Manna, and Henk J. Bolink. "Mechanochemical synthesis of inorganic halide perovskites: evolution of phase-purity, morphology, and photoluminescence." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 37 (2019): 11406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03778k.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Lei, X. L., Liang Wang, Bin Shen, Fang Hong Sun, Z. M. Zhang, and Ming Chen. "Fabrication and Application of Diamond Coated Micro Ball End Mills." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.462.

Full text

Abstract:

Thin diamond films are deposited on commercial tungsten carbide micro ball end mill by using hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) technique. Raman spectrum results confirm the high purity of sp3-carbon bond diamond of as-deposited films. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation exhibits continuous fine grained diamond films are uniformly deposited on micro ball end mill. Milling of graphite is chosen to check the cutting performance of fabricated diamond coated micro ball end mill. For the sake of comparison, milling test is also carried out using uncoated micro ball end mill under the same cutting parameters. The milling test results show that the tool life of diamond coated micro ball end mill is about 10 times than that of uncoated one, which may attribute to high hardness, wear resistance, low sticking to graphite of deposited diamond films and strong adhesive strength between them and substrate surfaces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Bakar, M. S. A., Sufizar Ahmad, Hamimah Abdul Rahman, H. Basri, and A. Muchtar. "XRD and EDS Analysis of Composite Cathode Powders LSCF-SDCC-Ag for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (LTSOFC)." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.207.

Full text

Abstract:

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) analysis has been conducted on composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC-Ag. Composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC has been produced using high energy ball milling via wet milling method through calcinations at 750 °C. The calcined LSCF-SDCC powder then was mixed with Ag (3wt%) then pressed become pellets and sintered at 500, 550 and 600 °C. The phase purity of composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC-Ag was determined via XRD analysis and elements distributions were observed via EDS-mapping. The SrCO3 phase was emerged after the addition of composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC with Ag powder. The phase purity of composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC-Ag were maintained before and after sintered. The variable of sintering temperature also not effect the structure as there were no other secondary constituent emerged as confirmed by XRD sensitivity. EDS analysis shows LSCF-SDCC-Ag produced via ball milling has uniform distribution of elements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Zhang, T. S., J. Ma, and L. B. Kong. "Mechanochemical synthesis of nano-sized Bi2V0.9Cu0.1O5.35 powders." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0036.

Full text

Abstract:

Nano-sized Bi2V0.9Cu0.1O5.35 powders were synthesized via a mechanochemical route from the component oxide mixture. However, a ball-milling duration of over 30 h was needed to ensure a high phase purity. Otherwise, the milled samples had poor sinterability and low sintered density since expansion occurred during sintering.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Tanno, Koichi, Tomoaki Satoh, Akiyuki Maruyama, Yuuichi Yanbe, and Yuuji Fujitaka. "Basic Performance of High Speed, High Purity and High Intensive Ball Mill." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 53, no. 1 (2006): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.53.68.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Angelone, J. P., N. González, J. Adarme, S. Rueda, K. L. Cristiano, J. R. Herrera, and D. A. Triana. "Software to determine the viscosity and honey’s purity using a ball viscometer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1386 (November 2019): 012120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1386/1/012120.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Zhang, Y., X. Xu, Y. Zhao, J. H. Kim, C. Lu, S. H. Zhou, and S. X. Dou. "Significant improvement ofJcin MgB2bulk superconductor using ball-milled high-purity crystalline boron." Superconductor Science and Technology 21, no. 11 (September 3, 2008): 115004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/21/11/115004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Li, Lu, Sanxu Pu, Yuhang Liu, Libin Zhao, Ji Ma, and Jiangong Li. "High-purity disperse α-Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesized by high-energy ball milling." Advanced Powder Technology 29, no. 9 (September 2018): 2194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.06.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Maurin, Ophélie, Pascal Verdié, Gilles Subra, Frédéric Lamaty, Jean Martinez, and Thomas-Xavier Métro. "Peptide synthesis: ball-milling, in solution, or on solid support, what is the best strategy?" Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (October 6, 2017): 2087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.206.

Full text

Abstract:

While presenting particularly interesting advantages, peptide synthesis by ball-milling was never compared to the two traditional strategies, namely peptide syntheses in solution and on solid support (solid-phase peptide synthesis, SPPS). In this study, the challenging VVIA tetrapeptide was synthesized by ball-milling, in solution, and on solid support. The three strategies were then compared in terms of yield, purity, reaction time and environmental impact. The results obtained enabled to draw some strengths and weaknesses of each strategy, and to foresee what will have to be implemented to build more efficient and sustainable peptide syntheses in the near future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Jing, Yaqi, Runtao Yang, Zhi Deng, Lei Gao, Shuai Li, and Yusheng Zhao. "Mechanochemical synthesis of Li2OHI with enhanced lithium ionic conductivity." Functional Materials Letters 14, no. 04 (April 7, 2021): 2150012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604721500120.

Full text

Abstract:

Lithium hydroxide halides, as a family of lithium-ion conductive materials, have a promising potential on the application of solid state electrolytes. In this work, we have synthesized orthohombic Li2OHI through a facile mechanochemical method. The obtained sample exhibits a higher lithium-ion conductivity than solid sintering, which can be attributed to the high purity and crystallinity obtained from ball milling. Ball milling can avoid the phase segregation of Li2OHI at high temperature and promote the sufficient eutectic reaction of binary system, which can be widely used in the synthesis of other materials with low melting points.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Li, Bai Ru, Yong Dong Wang, and Xing Liu. "Nb-W Alloy Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Optimal Design of Corresponding Milling Variables." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.839.

Full text

Abstract:

The effects of milling variables on the particle sizes and purity of mechanically alloyed Nb-30W powders were quantitatively investigated using orthogonal test of three factors consisting of milling time A (12h, 24h and 48h), ball-to-powder ratio B (6:1, 10:1 and 20:1) and solid-to-liquid ratio C (1:0.2, 1:0.5 and 1:1) at three levels in order to optimize the milling variables of mechanically alloyed Nb-30W powders. Results indicated that the particle size was mainly determined by the solid-to-liquid ratio and the purity of powder was mainly affected by the ball-to-powder ratio and the milling time; best combination of all variables was found to be A2B2C1 with the particle size 12.62μm and Fe content 0.399%. After hot pressed, A2B2C1 combination obtained the highest mechanical properties. With the refining of particles during milling, the Fe contaminations of milled powder increased and were dissolved into Nb lattices to form Nb (Fe) solid solution; meanwhile, macro stress caused by plastic deformation of Nb particles was released.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Ulusoy, Ugur, Serkan Çayirli, Guler Bayar, and Hasan Serkan Gokcen. "Comparison of Particle Shape, Surface Area, and Color Properties of the Calcite Particles Ground by Stirred and Ball Mill." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010099.

Full text

Abstract:

Since the particle size, shape, specific surface area, and purity of the ground calcium carbonate (GCC) decide its usability in the paper, paint, and plastic industries, the effect of grinding is important. However, the effect of stirred and ball mill grinding on the particle shape of GCC by dynamic image analysis (DIA) is still lacking in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the aspect ratio at the same fineness (d97 = 50 μm) and evaluate other properties such as color, and surface area of GCC particles by stirred and ball mill grindings. DIA results showed that particles produced by the ball mill had higher aspect ratio values than those by the stirred mill. This was attributed to the impact, and attrition breakage modes produced by the ball and stirred mill, respectively. This conclusion is supported by XRD and SEM. Finally, the results related to physical properties such as aspect ratio, surface area, and whiteness are discussed depending on the usage area of GCC.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Neto, Ricardo Mendes Leal, Rafael de Araújo Silva, Ricardo Floriano, Graziele Cristina Seco Coutinho, Railson Bolsoni Falcão, Daniel Rodrigo Leiva, and Walter José Botta Filho. "Synthesis by High-Energy Ball Milling of MgH₂-TiFe Composites for Hydrogen Storage." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.13.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of some processes variables on the microstructure and hydrogen absorption kinetics of MgH2 - X wt.% TiFe composites. Samples were synthesized by high-energy ball milling in a planetary (X = 40, 50, 60) and shaker mill (X = 40) under high-purity argon atmosphere. Commercial MgH2 instead of Mg powder was used in order to reduce adherence on the vial and balls. TiFe powder was previously produced by ball milling a mixture of TiH2 and Fe powders followed by a reaction synthesis at 600oC. Milled composites samples were characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. Milling time was preliminary investigated (X = 40) in the planetary ball mill (6 to 36h). TiFe particle size reduction was shown to be difficult since they are surrounded by MgH2 matrix. Strong particle reduction was obtained by using a shaker mill only for 2 hours and adding cyclohexane as process control agent. No reaction between MgH2 and TiFe compound was observed in any milled sample. Hydrogen absorption kinetics measurements of the as-milled samples were conducted on an Sieverts' type apparatus at room temperature after hydrogen desorption at 350oC under vacuum. The best hydrogen kinetics (3 wt% at the first hour) was attained by the planetary milled sample (36 h). Higher hydrogen capacity was observed for the sample milled in the shaker mill (4.0 wt.%), but only after 13h.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Rosas, G., J. Chihuaque, E. Bedolla, R. Esparza, and R. Pérez. "Synthesis of AlFe Intermetallic Nanoparticles by High-Energy Ball Milling." MRS Proceedings 1766 (2015): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.425.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTIn this investigation, the chemical and microstructural characteristics of nanostructured AlFe intermetallic produced by high-energy ball milling have been explored. High purity elemental powders were used as the starting material. The ball milling was carried out at room temperature using a SPEX-8000 mixer/mill. The structure, morphology and compositions of the powders were obtained using X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (STEM). High resolution electron microscopy observations have been used in the nanostructured materials characterization. The structural configurations have been explored through comparisons between experimental HREM images and theoretically simulated images obtained with the multislice method of the dynamical theory of electron diffraction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Seahjani, Fared, and Huseyin Cimenoglu. "Nitriding of Cp Titanium." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 1010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.1010.

Full text

Abstract:

Gas nitriding of a commercial purity Grade 4 titanium at 1120°C for 5 h formed hard TiN layer (2450 HV) on the surface with a thickness of about 35 m. When compared to the as-received state, nitrided titanium exhibited excellent wear resistance along with a relatively low coefficient of friction (CoF) against Al2O3 ball under dry sliding conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Xun Xu, Jung Ho Kim, Yun Zhang, Yue Zhao, M. Rindfleisch, and M. Tomsic. "Superconducting Properties of ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Wire Using Ball-Milled Low Purity Boron." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 19, no. 3 (June 2009): 2714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2009.2018857.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Xu, X., J. H. Kim, M. S. A. Hossain, J. S. Park, Y. Zhao, S. X. Dou, W. K. Yeoh, M. Rindfleisch, and M. Tomsic. "Phase transformation and superconducting properties of MgB2 using ball-milled low purity boron." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 2 (January 15, 2008): 023912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2832752.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Mazuki, Norlailatullaili, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, and Zainal Arifin Ahmad. "Formation of Titanium Silicon Carbide (Ti₃SiC₂) via Modified Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis (SHS) System through Arc Melting." Advanced Materials Research 620 (December 2012): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.304.

Full text

Abstract:

Ti3SiC2compound was synthesized from the starting powder mixtures of 3Ti/1.2Si/2C/xAl (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) by using arc melting method. The effect of Al on the Ti3SiC2formation was studied. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the synthesized materials. It was found that the addition of Al increased the purity of Ti3SiC2. Whenx=0.2, Ti3SiC2content in the final product reached 67% after being ball milled for 24 hours. However, excessive Al reduced the content of Ti3SiC2. In addition, the density of the final product decreased with increasing of Al content. It was revealed that addition of Al in the starting powders can increase the final product purity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Li, Yanjiao, Jianfeng Guo, Xinfeng Wang, Han Wang, and Xuan He. "Synthesis and formation mechanism of BN nanotubes catalyzed by Mg through ball milling and annealing process." E3S Web of Conferences 260 (2021): 03027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126003027.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to improve the yield of BN nanotubes prepared by ball milling annealing method, a small amount of magnesium was used as catalyst to synthesized boron nitride nanotubes. The results showed that boron nitride nanotubes with high yield, high purity and uniform size were synthesized. The morphology of the synthesized BNNTs is bamboo-like and cylinder-shaped. The diameter of them is about 50 to 150 nm and most of them are 100nm. The length of them is dozens of microns. The existence of end particles indicates that the growth mechanism of BNNTs can be attributed to a gas-liquid-solid growth model. The magnesium catalyzed preparation of boron nitride nanotubes has stable process, high yield and high purity, which is expected to be a good method for large-scale preparation of boron nitride nanotubes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Cho, Gue Serb, Jung Kyu Lim, Kyeong Hwan Choe, and Won Sik Lee. "Ni Nanoparticles Deposition onto CNTs by Electroless Plating." Materials Science Forum 658 (July 2010): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.360.

Full text

Abstract:

CNTs were decorated with Ni nanoparticles to decrease floatation of CNTs and improve the wettability between CNT and Al melt by electroless plating method. The as-received size of multi-wall CNTs with 99.5% purity was 10~20nm in diameter and 20um in length. Before Ni deposition, the wet ball milling was tried to improve the dispersion of CNTs in the Ni sulfate solution for several hours. After wet ball milling, the Ni electroless platings have been performed for 1hours at electroless deposition temperature. The Ni deposited CNTs have been characterized in respect of dispersion and size changes of CNTs and Ni particles with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). The deposited Ni nanoparticles onto the CNTs were 50nm in diameter without ball milling, but they increased in size with increasing milling times up to 120nm. Also, the milled CNTs were damaged and changed from its original morphology due to the high ball milling energy. The addition of surfactant improved the distribution and spheroidization of precipitated Ni nanoparticles. From this study, the multi-wall CNTs have been deposited and decorated with spherical Ni nanoparticles by electroless deposition at a proper milling time and surfactant addition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Manoratne, C. H., S. R. D. Rosa, and I. R. M. Kottegoda. "XRD-HTA, UV Visible, FTIR and SEM Interpretation of Reduced Graphene Oxide Synthesized from High Purity Vein Graphite." Material Science Research India 14, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/140104.

Full text

Abstract:

Attempts were made to synthesize high quality graphite oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by using successive oxidation-reduction process of high quality vein graphite from Sri Lanka. We report the lowest optimum reduction temperature for converting GO to rGO which has been systematically studied using X-ray diffraction spectroscope (XRD) with the high temperature heating attachment (HTA) for the first time. The effect of particle size of graphite on properties of GO and rGO is also compared using commercially available graphite of particle size of ~111 mm and ball-milled graphite of particle size ~37 mm. The GO and rGO were characterized using XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The GO and rGO synthesized from ball-milled graphite showed higher oxidation and reduction properties as verified through the UV-Vis and FTIR analysis. The SEM analysis revealed that the splitting of graphene layers is efficiently taken place in GO from ball-milled graphite. The lowest optimum temperature for thermal reduction of GO to rGO was found to be at 475 °C. FTIR confirmed the removal of most of the functional groups in rGO and according to the BET surface area analysis few layers, supposed to be 2-6 is formed. The efficient oxidation and reduction process of smaller particle size graphite has led to yield highly oxidized GO and high quality rGO which can be used to prepare high quality graphene for future applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Xu, Jing, Naoki Tazawa, Shogo Kumagai, Tomohito Kameda, Yuko Saito, and Toshiaki Yoshioka. "Simultaneous recovery of high-purity copper and polyvinyl chloride from thin electric cables by plasticizer extraction and ball milling." RSC Advances 8, no. 13 (2018): 6893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra00301g.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Zhang, Yinghe, and David Book. "Effect of Milling Conditions on the Purity of Hydrogen Desorbed from Ball-Milled Graphite." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 51 (December 5, 2011): 25285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp206089x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ren, Qiang, Xiu Lan Wu, and Xuan Meng He. "Effects of Adding Form of Additives on the Structure and Properties of High-Purity Alumina Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1130.

Full text

Abstract:

High-purity alumina ceramics was prepared using high-purity α-Al2O3 powder as raw material, nitrates or oxides of magnesium, chromium and copper as additives by a wet ball milling with a later dry pressing forming and normal pressure sintering process. The influence of additives on the sintering temperature, microstructure and bending strength of the prepared alumina ceramics was studies. The results showed that the additive doped with nitrate can be dispersed uniformly in the body with molecule scale, and the oxides obtained by decomposing of nitrates have the higher reactivity. Thus, the nitrate additives have better capacity than oxide additives in reducing the sintering temperature and inhibiting the abnormal grain growth, and the alumina ceramics prepared by adding of nitrate additives have higher density and bending strength.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Cai, Mingming, Chao Xu, Tengyue Gao, Juntong Zhang, Luzhong Bo, Yanbo Chen, Guanglin Qin, Qiang Ji, and Congquan Yu. "Research on the Increase of Mineral Dissociation Degree by High Pressure Water Jet." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 02060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126102060.

Full text

Abstract:

The traditional grinding technology of ball mill has many problems, such as high energy consumption, unable to maintain the original crystal shape, and it is difficult to obtain high quality and high purity ultrafine powder. The high-pressure water jet mineral dissociation technology is a new technology which is developed in response to these requirements. The experiment shows that the water jet technology has a strong ability of ultrafine grinding. With the increase of jet velocity, the crushing effect is more obvious. The high-pressure water jet pulverization is superior to ball milling for the separation of rare earth minerals, which has the characteristics of high dissociation degree and relatively uniform particle size. The water jet pulverization is more beneficial to the separation and recovery of rare earth minerals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Almuhamadi, Jamila, Natalia Karpukhina, and Mike Cattell. "Diopside Glass-Ceramics for Dental and Biomedical Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 96 (October 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.96.15.

Full text

Abstract:

A series of glass compositions with varying equimolar amounts of Na2O:Al2O3 were designed using Appen factors. High purity batch reagents were ball milled for 30 min and transferred to Pt/Rh crucible and melted in an electric furnace (EHF1700, Lenton, UK) at high temperatures then held for 90 min. The molten glass was poured into a graphite mould, annealed at 50°C below the glass transition temperature for 1h and the remaining glass was quenched into water. Glass frits were crushed and ball milled into powders with different particle sizes. Glass powders (PS<125μm) were heat-treated via two-step heat treatment cycles and air quenched. Experimental glasses and glass-ceramics were characterised using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Dilatometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Lin, Chii Ruey, Da Hua Wei, Minh Khoa Ben Dao, Ren Jei Chung, and Ming Hong Chang. "Nanocrystalline Diamond Particles Prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.168.

Full text

Abstract:

In this present work, nanodiamond (ND) particles were successfully prepared from commercial micron diamond powder at room temperature by high energy ball milling process using an oscillatory mill (SPEX8000). The size reduction and structural evolutions of the milled samples were investigated as a function of the milling time by means of X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The line broadening technique was used to determine the crystallite size and lattice strain. After 40 h of milling, obtained ND particles possessed uniform shape and 25 nm of average particle size. Also, energy dispersive X-ray results revealed the high purity of ND and demonstrated that the purification process using harsh acid mixture were effective to remove metal and non-diamond carbon impurities produced in milling stage. All results propose a scalable method to preparation ND particles as well as nanocrystalline materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Fei, Peng, Xiao Feng Wang, and Yang Lin. "Investigation on the Novel Technology of the Fine Inclusion Removal due to the Dispersed In Situ Phase Induced by the Composite Ball Explosive Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 1991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.1991.

Full text

Abstract:

The production of high purity steel is a major task for the iron and steel enterprises in the 21stcentury. To improve the quality of steel products and produce the cleanness steel, the key technique is to control inclusions in the molten steel. In the present investigation, a novel fine inclusion removal technology due to the dispersed in-situ phase induced by the composite ball explosion reaction was put forward. A composite ball with this function has been designed and the industrial experimental investigation was also carried out. The results indicate that feeding composite ball in RH ladle is a novel technology and the inclusion in the molten steel can be removed effectively. Compared with conventional inclusion removal technology, the number of the oxide inclusion can be decreased to a lower level and the inclusion size becomes much finer. Using this novel technology, the total oxygen in the as-cast slab can approach to 6ppm. This novel technology can be achieved without special facility and be realized in most steelmaking plant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Li, Zhen, Xiao Feng Wang, Yang Lin, and Peng Fei. "Novel Concept of Cleansing the Liquid Steel by the Fine In-Situ Phase due to the Composite Ball Explosion Reaction in RH Ladle." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2895.

Full text

Abstract:

The production of high purity steel is a major task for the iron and steel enterprises in the 21stcentury. To improve the quality of steel products and produce the cleanness steel, the key technique is to control inclusions in the molten steel. In the present investigation, a novel fine inclusion removal technology due to the dispersed in-situ phase induced by the composite ball explosion reaction was put forward. A composite ball with this function has been designed and the industrial experimental investigation was also carried out. The results indicate that feeding composite ball in RH ladle is a novel technology and the inclusion in the molten steel can be removed effectively. Compared with conventional inclusion removal technology, the number of the oxide inclusion can be decreased to a lower level and the inclusion size becomes much finer. Using this novel technology, the total oxygen in the as-cast slab can approach to 6ppm. This novel technology can be achieved without special facility and be realized in most steelmaking plant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Liu, Jian Hua, Tao Huang, Huan Ran Zhang, and Rui Xiang Wang. "Prepare Uniformity Superfine WO₃ by Spray Drying." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.731.

Full text

Abstract:

Precursor of tungsten was obtained by spray drying process with high purity APT crystal liquor as material. The precursor was analysized by electron microscopy and X-ray. A suitable spray drying process was found through the morphology and powder structure. The influence of atomization disk rotational speed, the concentration ratio of ammonia to WO3 in APT liquor and APT liquor’s concentration on particle size, structure and morphology of the ball precursor were studied. Uniformity superfine WO3 was obtained from precursor by calcined.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Putra, Bobby Rianto Adi. "DNA Isolation: A Method for Improving the Efficiency of DNA Extraction From Clotted Blood Samples." Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal 1, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/nasetjournal.v2i2.8.

Full text

Abstract:

In generally, the genome research of high DNA extraction from clotted blood produced a low quality. The aim of this study is to develop a simple and safe technique to dispering the blood clots by the ball bearing metal shots. The yield and purity of DNA obtained by three steps were significantly different (P < 0.0001), with a higher yield in the modified salting-out method. The salting-out method is simple, efficient and economical for DNA isolation from old clotted blood samples.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

van Oeveren, Wim, Ignace F. Tielliu, and Jurgen de Hart. "Comparison of Modified Chandler, Roller Pump, and Ball Valve Circulation Models forIn VitroTesting in High Blood Flow Conditions: Application in Thrombogenicity Testing of Different Materials for Vascular Applications." International Journal of Biomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/673163.

Full text

Abstract:

Three different models, a modified Chandler loop, roller pump, and a new ball valve model (Hemobile), were compared with regard to intrinsic damage of blood components and activation of platelets. The Hemobile was used for testing of polymer tubes. High flow was not possible with the Chandler loop. The roller pump and the Hemobile could be adjusted to high flow, but he pump induced hemolysis. Platelet numbers were reduced in the roller pump and Chandler loop (P<0.05), but remained high in the Hemobile. Platelet aggregation was reduced in all models. The Hemobile was applied for testing vascular graft materials, and allowed different circuits circulated simultaneously at 37°C. ePTFE, Dyneema Purity UHMWPE fiber and PET fiber based tubes, all showed hemolysis below 0.2% and reduced platelet count and function. Binding of fibrin and platelets was higer on PET, inflammatory markers were lowest on Dyneema Purity UHMWPE. We concluded that the Hemobile minimally affects blood and could be adjusted to high blood flows, simulating arterial shear stress. The Hemobile was used to measure hemocompatibility of graft material and showed Dyneema Purity UHMWPE fiber in many ways more hemocompatible than ePTFE and PET.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Xu, X., J. H. Kim, W. K. Yeoh, M. Rindfleisch, M. Tomsic, D. I. dos Santos, and S. X. Dou. "Influence of Ball-Milled Low Purity Boron Powder on the Superconductivity of ${\rm MgB}_{2}$." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 2782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.899444.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Storr, Bria, Deepa Kodali, Kallol Chakrabarty, Paul A. Baker, Vijaya Rangari, and Shane A. Catledge. "Single-Step Synthesis Process for High-Entropy Transition Metal Boride Powders Using Microwave Plasma." Ceramics 4, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4020020.

Full text

Abstract:

A novel approach is demonstrated for the synthesis of the high entropy transition metal boride (Ta, Mo, Hf, Zr, Ti)B2 using a single heating step enabled by microwave-induced plasma. The argon-rich plasma allows rapid boro-carbothermal reduction of a consolidated powder mixture containing the five metal oxides, blended with graphite and boron carbide (B4C) as reducing agents. For plasma exposure as low as 1800 °C for 1 h, a single-phase hexagonal AlB2-type structure forms, with an average particle size of 165 nm and with uniform distribution of the five metal cations in the microstructure. In contrast to primarily convection-based (e.g., vacuum furnace) methods that typically require a thermal reduction step followed by conversion to the single high-entropy phase at elevated temperature, the microwave approach enables rapid heating rates and reduced processing time in a single heating step. The high-entropy phase purity improves significantly with the increasing of the ball milling time of the oxide precursors from two to eight hours. However, further improvement in phase purity was not observed as a result of increasing the microwave processing temperature from 1800 to 2000 °C (for fixed ball milling time). The benefits of microwave plasma heating, in terms of allowing the combination of boro-carbothermal reduction and high entropy single-phase formation in a single heating step, are expected to accelerate progress in the field of high entropy ceramic materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Zhu, Jian Feng, Na Han, Kun Wang, and Fen Wang. "Synthesis of Layered Ti₂Al(N_0.5C_0.5) by a Combination of High Energy Milling and Hot Press Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.846.

Full text

Abstract:

Elemental mixture of Ti, Al and C was high energy milled in a planetary ball mill under high-purity nitrogen gas protection and then hot pressed. The fully dense bulk layered ternary Ti2AlN0.5C0.5 with sub-micron grain size was successfully obtained. The phase formation and transformation in high energy milling and subsequently hot press sintering were studied in detail by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) linked with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used for the structural and compositional analysis. The formation mechanism was also discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Li, Xiang, Dong Pan, Zhen Xiang, Wei Lu, and Dan Batalu. "Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Mn55Bi45 Powders Obtained by Different Ball Milling Processes." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040441.

Full text

Abstract:

Low-temperature phase (LTP) MnBi is considered as a promising rare-earth-free permanent magnetic material with high coercivity and unique positive temperature coefficient of coercivity. Mn55Bi45 ribbons with high purity of LTP MnBi phase were prepared by melt spinning. Then, Mn55Bi45 powders with different particle size were obtained by low-energy ball milling (LEBM) with and without added surfactant. The coercivity is enhanced in both cases. Microstructure characterization reveals that Mn55Bi45 powders obtained by surfactant assisted low-energy ball milling (SALEBM) have better particle size uniformity and show higher decomposition of LTP MnBi. Coercivity can achieve a value of 17.2 kOe and the saturation magnetization (Ms) is 16 emu/g when Mn55Bi45 powders milled about 10 h by SALEBM. Coercivity has achieved a maximum value of 18.2 kOe at room temperature, and 23.5 kOe at 380 K after 14 h of LEBM. Furthermore, Mn55Bi45 powders obtained by LEBM have better magnetic properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Wang, Xin Chang, Su Lin Chen, Bin Shen, and Fang Hong Sun. "Frictional and Wear Behavior of Micro-Crystalline and Nano-Crystalline Diamond Films." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.719.

Full text

Abstract:

In the present investigation, both micro-crystalline and nanocrystalline diamond (MCD and NCD) films are fabricated, which are characterized by FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), surface profilemeter, Raman spectroscopy and Rockwell hardness tester. Moreover, under the dry environment, the frictional behavior of both the films sliding against commonly-used materials in the metal drawing industry is studied on a ball-on-plate rotational frictional tester, including the stainless steel, low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel and copper, demonstrating that the frictional coefficients between NCD films and all these materials are relatively smaller. Furthermore, the wear rates of both the films, which are hardly measured in the ball-on-plate friction tests, are evaluated using a home-made inner-hole line drawing apparatus, with both the diamond films deposited on the inner-hole surfaces and the low-carbon steel wires as the counterparts. Inversely, the NCD films present higher wear rates than the MCD ones, which can be attributed to the deteriorative film purity and adhesion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Wang, Chengduo, Yanwei Ma, Xianping Zhang, Dongliang Wang, Zhaoshun Gao, Chao Yao, Chunlei Wang, Hidetoshi Oguro, Satoshi Awaji, and Kazuo Watanabe. "Effect of high-energy ball milling time on superconducting properties of MgB2with low purity boron powder." Superconductor Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (February 13, 2012): 035018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/25/3/035018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Ramezanalizadeh, H., and Saeed Heshmati-Manesh. "Mechanochemical Reduction of MoO₃ Powder by Silicone to Synthesize Nanocrystalline MoSi₂." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1364.

Full text

Abstract:

Molybdenum disiliside is known as a ceramic material with attractive properties for high temperature structural applications. In this study, mechanical alloying was used to produce MoSi2 powder directly from molybdenum oxide. Mixture of MoO3 and Si powders with commercial purity were exposed to high mechanical activation in a planetary ball mill. The ball to powder mass ratio was selected to be constant at 33:1 and the rotation speed (cup speed) was 600 rpm during the milling operations. Crystallite sizes and structural evolutions during milling were investigated by Xray diffraction analysis. The morphology of the mechanically alloyed powders was evaluated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). From XRD results, it was observed that within 6 hours of milling MoO3 was reduced and fully converted to MoO2. After 17 hours of milling MoO2 also began to reduce and peaks of MoSi2 (both and phases) and Mo were detected. Further milling resulted in a gradual decrease in MoO2 peak intensities because of its continuous reduction. Peaks of MoO2 were also broadened due to refinement of MoO2 crystallite sizes. Scherrer and Williamson-Hall methods using XRD patterns were employed to calculate the mean crystallite size. Calculations indicated that in the sample ball milled for 50 hours, MoSi2 crystallite sizes were less than 100 nm.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Yashiro, Hidehiko, and Masayuki Kakehata. "High crystalline hydroxyapatite coating by eclipse type pulsed-laser deposition for low annealing temperature." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 13 (March 28, 2022): 131602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086959.

Full text

Abstract:

The eclipse type pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) scheme as a droplet-eliminated method with irradiation on a β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) slab target was employed to achieve high density without holes, high purity, and high crystallinity hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating on a zirconia substrate with a low annealing temperature under an H2O vapor pressure. An obstacle ball was set between the target and the substrate so that ablated droplets would collide with the ball and be eliminated, while other ablated atoms went around the ball and were deposited on the substrate. A flat, transparent, and high-density coating layer was deposited on the substrate in an H2O vapor atmosphere at 0.1 Torr for different substrate surface temperatures from 20 °C to 650 °C. The phase of the coating layers was significantly changed from amorphous calcium phosphate to crystalline HAp when the temperature was set to over 360 °C, as determined from Raman microscopy measurements. Raman spectroscopy also showed that the HAp crystal size became larger as the temperature was increased to over 360 °C. It was concluded that the eclipse type PLD method with irradiation on a β-TCP target would improve the quality of HAp coatings and allow effective lowering of the annealing temperature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Purity Ball'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles