Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pure economic'

Šiame magistro darbe analizuojama grynai turtinių nuostolių atlyginimo problema. Grynai turtiniai nuostoliai daugumoje valstybių suvokiami kaip trečiųjų asmenų ekonominio pobūdžio nuostoliai, kurie patiriami įvykus deliktui tarp kitų asmenų. Žvelgiant lyginamuoju aspektu, valstybių teisės sistemose yra suformuotos dvi pozicijos šių nuostolių atžvilgiu: liberalioji ir griežtoji. Pirmoji pozicija, leidžianti grynai turtinių nuostolių atlyginimą, vyrauja Prancūzijoje. Tuo tarpu JAV, Anglijoje, Vokietijoje ir Austrijoje yra taikoma grynai ekonominių nuostolių atlyginimo ribojimo taisyklė. Magistro darbo autorė atlikdama lyginamąjį tyrimą, stengėsi išsiaiškinti, kokios priežastys skatina riboti grynai turinių nuostolių atlyginimą, taip pat įvertinti, kurios valstybės pozicija yra racionaliausia ir teisiškai labiausiai pagrįsta. Tiesa, pažymėtina yra tai, kad nors valstybėje vyrauja viena ar kita pozicija, tam tikrais atvejais neapsieinama be pagrindinės taisyklės išimčių. Lietuvoje šiuo klausimu kol kas dar nėra nei teismų praktikos, nei mokslinių diskusijų. Tad autorė, išanalizavusi įstatyminę bazę, pateikia išvadą, kad Lietuvai artimiausia galėtų būti Prancūzijos pozicija. Be lyginamosios valstybių teisės sistemų analizės, magistro darbe pateikiamas ir istorinis ekonominių asmens interesų apsaugos tendencijų tyrimas, siekiant išsiaiškinti, kada atsirado grynai turtinių nuostolių ribojimo taisyklė ir dėl kokių priežasčių. Taip pat paskutinėje magistro darbo dalyje lyginamuoju... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The thesis ‘Recovery of Pure Economic Loss: Comparative Aspects’ provides a comparative analysis of recovery possibilities of pure economic loss in six different countries, namely the USA, England, Germany, Austria, France and Lithuania, that belong to different legal families and inherit distinct tort law traditions. In most of the countries pure economic loss define economic nature loss of third parties that are experienced in the case of the tort of other persons. The objective of investigation is to evaluate legal rationality of each regulatory system and to estimate which one of them causes least practical problems. In addition, as the position of Lithuania has not yet been settled, the author of the thesis proposes possible directions of the regulation of recovery of pure economic loss by analyzing legal basis of Lithuanian laws. The research consists of three parts each of them dealing with different aspects of the problem. First of all, the concept of pure economic loss is analyzed by trying to define the archetypical features of the mentioned loss and to expose the summarized topics that are discussed in doctrine and courts. The second part of the thesis covers historical investigation of the protection of economic interests and comparative analysis of legal regulation and jurisprudence of recovery of pure economic loss in six mentioned countries. Additionally, at the end of this part the author discusses the possibilities of harmonization of the countries positions... [to full text]

Magister Legum - LLM
If a company is harmed by the behaviour of a director as a result of financial misstatements, shareholders may suffer the economic consequences in the form of a diminution in the value of their shares. Failure on directorship level in these circumstances has on more than one occasion resulted in aggrieved shareholders seeking to recover damages suffered and losses incurred in terms of section 218(2) of the Companies Act 2008. This was the situation in the recent cases, Hlumisa Investment Holdings (RF) Limited v Kirkinis and in Itzikowitz v Absa Bank Limited. While I am unaware of any reported case arising from the much-publicised Steinhoff scandal, there appear to be moves in the direction of court action to recover pure economic loss. Steinhoff shareholders are seeking to hold the retail group‘s directors to account. Scandals like Steinhoff and African bank are disturbing because it points to a lack of clarity and certainty in South African company laws in respect of director‘s personal liability in these circumstances. It is for this reason that this study investigates whether shareholders can institute personal liability claims against directors for causing shareholders a diminution of the value of the shares in the company as a result of poor decision making on directorship level, since such a loss is merely reflective of the company‘s loss. Although, after Itzikowitz v Absa Bank Limited, the position seems to be settled in our law, we still have incidences where shareholders are seeking to hold directors personally liable for the diminution in share price under section 218(2) of the Companies Act 2008. It is for this reason that the study explores the scope of section 218(2) and investigates many related questions surrounding section 218(2), in light of directors‘ personal liability and shareholder protection.

The member states of European Union aim to promote the reduction of harmful emissions. Emissions from combustion processes cause effects on human health and pose environmental issues, for example by increasing greenhouse effect. There are two ways to reduce emissions; one is to promote renewable energy sources and the other to utilize more effectively the available fossil fuels until a long-term solution is available. Hence, it is necessary to strive for CO2 mitigation technologies applied to fossil fuels. Low natural gas prices together with high energy efficiency have made gas turbines popular in the energy market. But, gas turbine fired with natural gas come along with emissions of CO2, NOx and CO. However, these disadvantages can be eliminated by using gas turbine with precombustion CO2 capture, separating carbon from the fuel by using fuel reforming process and feeding pure hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen fired gas turbines are used in two applications such as a gas turbine with pre-combustion CO2 capture and for renewable power plants where hydrogen is stored in case as a backup plan. Although the CO2 emissions are reduced in a hydrogen fired gas turbine with a pre-combustion CO2 capture, there are still several challenges such as high flame temperatures resulting in production of thermal NOx. This project suggests a method for application of hydrogen fired gas turbine, using exhaust gas recirculation to reduce flame temperature and thus reducing thermal NOx. A NOx emission model for a hydrogen-fired gas turbine was built from literature data and used to select the best operating conditions for the plant. In addition, the economic benefits of switching from natural gas to pure hydrogen are reported. For the techno-economic analysis, investment costs and operating costs were taken from the literature, and an economic model was developed. To provide sensitivity analysis for the techno-economic calculation, three cases were studied. Literature review was carried out on several journal articles and websites to gain understanding on hydrogen and natural gas fired gas turbines. Results showed that, in the current state, pure hydrogen has high delivery cost both in the US and Europe. While it’s easy to access natural gas at low cost, therefore in the current state gas turbine fired with natural gas are more profitable than hydrogen fired gas turbine. But, if targeted hydrogen prices are reached while fuel reforming process technology are developed in the coming future the hydrogen fired gas turbine will compete seriously with natural gas.

Léon Walras, à l’image de quelques rares économistes, peut être considéré comme un théoricien qui apporte une véritable révolution de pensée dans l’analyse économique. Ses travaux sont à la source de nombreuses réflexions et développements qui englobent presque toutes les branches de cette discipline. A la recherche d’une perpétuelle actualisation de leurs propos, les historiens de la pensée économique n’ont eu de cesse d’essayer de le comprendre. Les avancées de la science font ressortir trois grandes périodes d’analyse de ses travaux. La plus longue (1873-1950) se concentre principalement sur l’économie pure. La suivante (1950-1990) dépasse la théorie de l’équilibre général pour tenter de comprendre son œuvre dans sa globalité. Réapparaissent alors ses contributions en économie sociale et appliquée. Plus proche de nous (1990-2013) et sur la base de ces différents résultats, les principaux commentateurs contemporains se sont focalisés sur la question de la positivité de son œuvre et sur la classification des différentes sciences. Notre travail s’inscrit dans la suite de cette démarche de reconstruction du modèle walrassien de son temps par une approche singulière dans le paysage actuel. Le point d’encrage va se porter sur les économistes de l’école française du XIXe siècle. Le travail de cette thèse va ainsi consister à réinterpréter le triptyque walrassien sur la base de leurs travaux et du lien qu’il a entretenu avec eux. Après avoir étudié cette école omniprésente et les tentatives d’intégration de Léon Walras, nous reprendrons l’analyse de son économie sociale, son économie pure et son économie appliquée en montrant la manière dont l’école française intervient dans la construction de son modèle global
Léon Walras, like a few economists, can be considered as a theorist who brings a revolution of thought in the economic analysis. His works are the source of many ideas and developments which include almost all branches of the discipline.In search of a perpetual updating, historians of economic thought have been constantly trying to understand Léon Walras. Advances in science highlight three major analysis work periods. The longest (1873-1950) focuses primarily on pure economics. The next (1950-1990) than the theory of general equilibrium in order to understand his work as a whole. Then, reappear contributions in social and applied economics. Closer to home (1990-2013) and on the basis of these results, the main contemporary commentators have focused on the question of positivity and his work on the classification of different sciences.Our Work is in the continuation of this process of reconstruction of the Walrasian model of his time by a singular approach in the current landscape. The link will be developed on the French school of economists of the nineteenth century. The work of this thesis will therefore be to reinterpret the Walrasian triptych on the basis of their work and the relationship it had with tem.After studying this school and attempts to integrate Léon Walras, we will continue the analysis of the social economy, the pure economics and applied economics by showing how the French school is involved in the construction of global model

Le préjudice économique pur est celui qui ne résulte ni d’une atteinte à la personne, ni d’une atteinte aux biens et qui génère des conséquences économiques négatives comme c’est le cas du dommage causé à l’économie, ou encore celui du préjudice résultant d’un acte de concurrence déloyale. Cette notion est peu connue du droit français. La pratique montre cependant que certains préjudices économiques relevant de cette définition existent et sont indemnisés.De cette constatation pratique résultent différentes difficultés. Il existe un amalgame entre ce préjudice économique pur et les préjudices économiques qui, au contraire, sont le résultat d’une atteinte à la personne ou aux biens. Cet amalgame nuit à la réparation effective du préjudice économique pur. Plus encore, l’absence de régime juridique adapté emporte une dénaturation des mécanismes de responsabilité civile tant les critères traditionnels de celles-ci sont mis à mal dès qu’il s’agit de réparer un préjudice économique pur. Divers exemples illustrent ces difficultés. Le dommage causé à l’économie, par exemple, ou encore le préjudice subi en matière de concurrence déloyale, pour lesquels le caractère certain est rarement établi. Il conviendrait, dès lors, d’adapter, d’aménager des règles existantes afin de parvenir à une réparation efficace du préjudice économique pur. Participant de ces aménagements, la question, déjà ancienne, des dommages et intérêts punitifs, ou encore le renouvellement de la question de la réparation « économique » en nature par la restitution du « surprofit » comme proposé par certains.Un cadre juridique adapté pourrait ainsi régir les critères d’existence du préjudice économique pur, d’une part, et ses critères d’évaluation, d’autre part
Pure economic loss is the one that results neither from a personal injury nor from damage to property and generates negative economic consequences, such as the damage caused to the economy, or as the prejudice resulting from an act of unfair competition. This notion is little known to the French law. However, practise shows that some economic prejudices under this definition exist and are compensated for. From this practical ascertainment result several difficulties. There is confusion between pure economic loss and economic damages that, on the contrary, are the result of an injury to person or property. This confusion harms the effective compensation of the pure economic loss. Moreover, the absence of an appropriate legal regime entails a distortion of liability mechanisms, as its traditional criteria are undermined when it comes to repairing a pure economic loss. Various examples illustrate these difficulties: the damage to the economy, for instance, or the injury in terms of unfair competition, for which the certainty is rarely established. Therefore, it would be appropriate to adapt and develop the existing rules in order to achieve effective compensation for pure economic loss. Amongst these developments: the rather already old question of these punitive damages, or the renewal of the issue of « economic » compensation in nature through the restitution of « over profit », as suggested by some. A suitable legal framework could thus govern the existence of pure economic loss criteria on the one hand, and its assessment criteria on the other

The purpose of this thesis is to examine third party loss in a number of jurisdictions. Third party loss is the loss suffered by persons not party to a contract as a result of the violation of a contractual obligation. Compensation poses a problem when the violation is careless as opposed to intentional and the loss that is caused is purely economic. The starting point of this work is German law where, in order to protect third parties, two contract-based mechanisms have been judicially developed, because the law of delict, based on a system of restrictively enumerated, statutory delicts, provides no protection for pure economic loss. The two mechanisms are Drittschadensliquidation and contract with protective effects vis-á-vis third parties concerns the violation of protective duties which do not concern performance, affecting personal, property, and/or financial interests of the third party not related tot he performance. The mechanisms were developed mainly in the course of the present century and have expanded to numerous applications, for instance: indirect agency; expert opinion, including valuators' and auditors' liability; attorney liability; liability for services, works, medical treatment. The mechanisms, debated vigorously by theorists, are remarkable examples of judicial law-making. The mechanisms of German law, their applications, the theoretical bases, the relationship between them and the judicial activism that led to their formulation are presented and analysed. In Greek law, where the law of delict is based on a general clause and not on enumerated delicts, protection in delict for pure economic loss probably exists. Therefore, as in a similar system, that of France, third party loss is not a distinct, pressing problem. On the other hand, there are certain doubts whether delictual protection is certain or whether it is the best option. Thus the possibility of contractual solutions is worth examining, even if only to reject their relevance to Greek law. In American law, in comparison to other common law jurisdictions, more efficient protection for third parties exists. The third party beneficiary rule, a contractual mechanism to confer benefits to non parties, has expanded impressively. Moreover, liability in tort for pure economic loss is more extended than elsewhere in the common law world but, nevertheless, is substantially deficient. It is argued that contract could expand to cover cases of third party (pure economic) loss and that this is the most viable and preferable way for improvement. Despite the existence of a general clause in delict and the jus quaesitum tertio (a means to confer benefits on non parties by contract), Scots law is seriously handicapped in dealing with pure economic loss cases due to the influence of English law. It is argued that the Scots law of pure economic loss is not identical to English law and that reform by increasing the role of the contract is desirable and manageable, provided the necessary judicial determination is present. Among Commonwealth major systems, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and English laws, the latter stands as an exception, clinging to traditional doctrines and applying, with few exceptions, an exclusionary rule to pure economic loss claims. In the other jurisdictions, otherwise so closely connected, the law is distinctly different. It is difficult to evaluate this different approach to pure economic loss. Commonwealth systems should also contemplate reform tending towards encouraging contract-based approaches. Most likely, this reform will require more than judicial law-making. The conclusion focuses principally on the desirability of an increased role for contract in third party loss cases, on the advantages of a more unified civil liability system - a system with greater intechangeability between contract and delict - and on the importance of judicial assertiveness in the process of keeping the law up-to-date and responding to new social needs.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Christopher C. Henrich, committee chair; Gregory Jurkovic, Gabriel P. Kuperminc, Roger Bakeman, committee members. Electronic text (124 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May 7, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-124).

Background: The global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is escalating as part of the rapid health transition that developing countries are experiencing. This increase is associated with shifts in demographics and economics, two of the major factors that affect diet and activity. The term social drift phenomenon (SDP) is used to describe the observations that: in the early stages of the epidemiological and nutrition transitions, it is usually the more affluent, higher socio–economic groups that are affected; in the later stages, it is the poor, lower socio–economic groups that display the consequences of these transitions. Therefore, in developing countries at the beginning of the transition, affluent people have higher prevalence of obesity and increased CVD risk. In developed countries, at much later stages of the transition, obesity and increased CVD risk is more prevalent in the lower socio–economic groups. In South Africa, the Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans (THUSA) study which was done in 1996/1998 indicated that at that time, most of the risk factors for CVD were observed in the more urbanised (richer) subjects. It is not known if this pattern changed in any way due to the present rapid urbanisation of South African blacks. Therefore, in this study we explored the associations between socio–economic status (SES) (measured by level of urbanisation, education and employment) and CVD risk factors in an African population undergoing transition in the North–West Province of South Africa, that were prevalent in 2005 when the baseline data for in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study were collected. Objectives: The main objective of this dissertation was to examine the SDP in an African population in a nutrition and health transition, by: (i) Reviewing the literature on associations between socio–economic variables and biological health outcomes focusing on CVD risk factors in developed and developing countries; (ii) Analysing the baseline data from the 2005 PURE study to examine the relationships between components of SES, namely level of iii urbanisation, education and occupation, and nutrition–related CVD risk factors in men and women participating in the PURE study; and (iii) Comparing results on these associations between CVD risk factors and SES from the PURE study with those found in the THUSA study, which was conducted almost 10 years earlier, to examine if social drift in these associations has taken place. Study design: The dissertation is based on a comparison of the CVD risk factors and socio–economic status of the THUSA and PURE studies. Secondary analysis of the baseline cross–sectional epidemiological data from the PURE study was executed. The South African PURE study is part of a 12–year Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study which investigates the health transition in urban and rural subjects in 22 different countries. The main selection criterion was that there should be migration stability within the chosen rural and urban communities. The rural community (A) was identified 450 km west of Potchefstroom on the highway to Botswana. A deep rural community (B), 35 km east from A and only accessible by gravel road, was also included. Both communities are still under tribal law. The urban communities (C and D) were chosen near the University in Potchefstroom. Community C was selected from Ikageng, the established part of the township next to Potchefstroom, and D from the informal settlements surrounding community C. The baseline data for PURE were collected from October to December 2005. A total of 2010 apparently healthy African volunteers (35 years and older), with no reported chronic diseases of lifestyle, tuberculosis (TB) or known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were recruited from a sample of 6000 randomly selected households. Methods: A variety of quantitative and qualitative research techniques was used by multidisciplinary teams to collect, measure and interpret data generated from biological samples and validated questionnaires. For this study, the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) package (version 17.0, SPSS Inc) was used to analyze the data. Means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of CVD risk and dietary factors were calculated. Participants of both genders were divided into different groups (according to urbanisation, education and employment levels) and compared. Estimated significant differences between rural and urban participants were determined with analysis of variance using the general linear model (GLM), multivariate procedure. Univariate analysis was used to explore further the influence of education on CVD risk factors and dietary intakes. Employment was used as a proxy for income, and pairwise comparisons using GLM, multivariate procedure were done for comparing the three groups (Not answered, employed and not employed). Tests were considered significant at P<0.05. Results: Comparison of urban with rural subjects participating in the PURE study showed that urban men had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures and lower fibrinogen levels than rural men. In women, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum triglycerides were significantly higher in urban subjects whereas fibrinogen levels were significantly lower among urban subjects. After examining the relationship between the level of education and CVD risk factors, we observed that men with higher education levels had significantly higher BMI. In women, serum triglycerides and blood pressure were lower and BMI was significantly higher in the educated subjects. Because it was difficult to distinguish between reported household and individual income levels, we compared CVD risk factors of employed and unemployed subjects. Employed men had significantly higher BMI whereas the unemployed men had significantly higher fasting glucose and fibrinogen levels. Although mean blood pressure of employed men was higher than that of unemployed men, the difference did not reach significance. In women, the only significant difference seen was that employed women had lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, triglycerides and fibrinogen levels, but they had a significantly higher BMI. Employed women had significantly higher BMI than unemployed women (27.9 [26.3–29.4] versus 26.5 [26.0–27.0] kg/m2). It seems that most of the nutrition related CVD risk factors were still higher in the higher socio–economic group, a situation similar to that reported in the THUSA study. v Conclusion: The results of this study showed little evidence of a major social drift in CVD risk factors from subjects participating in the 1996/1998 THUSA study to those in the 2005 PURE study. Most cardiovascular disease risk factors are still higher in the higher SES groups. However, there were some indications (increased fibrinogen in both men and women living in rural areas; higher triglyceride and fasting glucose levels in unemployed women; no significant differences in blood pressure and total cholesterol across different SES groups which existed in the THUSA study) that a social drift in CVD risk factors in our African population is on the way. This means that promotion of healthy, prudent diets and lifestyles should be targeted to Africans from all socio–economic levels for the prevention of CVD.
Thesis (M.Sc (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Svensk rätt tillämpar ett så kallat principalansvar. Principalansvar innebär ett ansvar för annans culpa och är med andra ord ett arbetsgivaransvar. Arbetsgivaren skall dock endast ersätta skada som arbetstagaren vållar i tjänsten. Gränsdragningen av vad som skall anses vara ”utfört i tjänsten” är dock inte tydlig i alla situationer. I NJA 2000 s 380 ansågs ett bedrägeri, vilket var utfört av en jurist, inte ha varit utfört i tjänsten. Frågan är dock om tolkningen av ”utfört i tjänsten” i rättsfallet var den mest ändamålsenliga med hänsyn till framtida rättsfall av samma art.

I uppsatsen redogörs för vad som enligt svensk gällande rätt är att anse som utfört i tjänsten, det vill säga omfånget av rekvisitet. Uppsatsen innehåller även en komparativ del, vari engelsk och tysk rätt behandlas avseende användandet av rekvisitet ”utfört i tjänsten”. Uppsatsen utmynnar i ett ställningstagande huruvida uttrycket enligt författarens mening tolkats rätt eller om det bör tolkas annorlunda mot vad som är fallet idag.

La presente tesi ha due scopi paralleli. In primo luogo, intende essere una rilettura concettuale attraverso di `Structural Change and Economic Growth' (Pasinetti 1981), alla luce del chiarimento di alcune questioni sia metodologiche che concettuali, e della contestualizzazione dell'opera all'interno dell'intero percorso intellettuale che, dal 1962 al 1988, ha condotto Pasinetti alla definizione esplicita e rigorosa del concetto di settore verticalmente iper-integrato. In secondo luogo, fornisce una generalizzazione dell'intero schema teorico sviluppato da Pasinetti (1981), attraverso la reintroduzione dell'intero insieme delle relazioni inter-industriali, la riformulazione per mezzo di matrici partizionate, e la presentazione dei sistemi dei prezzi e delle quantità in termini di ricerca di autovalori e autovettori. La parte dinamica dell'analisi è stata generalizzata con la discretizzazione del tempo, originariamente continuo, e l'introduzione di saggi di crescita non stabili delle variabili esogene. Il primo e l'ultimo capitolo sono dedicati al raggiungimento del primo obiettivo; il secondo e il terzo a quello del secondo.
The present dissertation has two parallel aims. First of all, it intends to provide a conceptual excursus through Pasinetti's `Structural Change and Economic Growth', in the light of the clarification of some methodological and conceptual issues, and of the contextualisation of the book within the whole intellectual path, going from 1962 to 1988, which led Pasinetti to the completion of the explicit and rigorous definition of the concept of vertically hyper-integrated sector. Secondly, it performs a generalisation of the whole theoretical framework put forward by Pasinetti (1981), through the re-introduction of the whole set of inter-industry relations, the reformulation by means of partitioned matrices, and the restatement of the price and quantity systems as eigenproblems. The dynamic part of the analysis is generalised by the introduction of discrete, rather than continuous, time, and of non-steady rates of change of the exogenous variables. The first and the last chapters are devoted to the achievement of the first task; the second and the third to that of the second.

La presente tesi ha due scopi paralleli. In primo luogo, intende essere una rilettura concettuale attraverso di `Structural Change and Economic Growth' (Pasinetti 1981), alla luce del chiarimento di alcune questioni sia metodologiche che concettuali, e della contestualizzazione dell'opera all'interno dell'intero percorso intellettuale che, dal 1962 al 1988, ha condotto Pasinetti alla definizione esplicita e rigorosa del concetto di settore verticalmente iper-integrato. In secondo luogo, fornisce una generalizzazione dell'intero schema teorico sviluppato da Pasinetti (1981), attraverso la reintroduzione dell'intero insieme delle relazioni inter-industriali, la riformulazione per mezzo di matrici partizionate, e la presentazione dei sistemi dei prezzi e delle quantità in termini di ricerca di autovalori e autovettori. La parte dinamica dell'analisi è stata generalizzata con la discretizzazione del tempo, originariamente continuo, e l'introduzione di saggi di crescita non stabili delle variabili esogene. Il primo e l'ultimo capitolo sono dedicati al raggiungimento del primo obiettivo; il secondo e il terzo a quello del secondo.
The present dissertation has two parallel aims. First of all, it intends to provide a conceptual excursus through Pasinetti's `Structural Change and Economic Growth', in the light of the clarification of some methodological and conceptual issues, and of the contextualisation of the book within the whole intellectual path, going from 1962 to 1988, which led Pasinetti to the completion of the explicit and rigorous definition of the concept of vertically hyper-integrated sector. Secondly, it performs a generalisation of the whole theoretical framework put forward by Pasinetti (1981), through the re-introduction of the whole set of inter-industry relations, the reformulation by means of partitioned matrices, and the restatement of the price and quantity systems as eigenproblems. The dynamic part of the analysis is generalised by the introduction of discrete, rather than continuous, time, and of non-steady rates of change of the exogenous variables. The first and the last chapters are devoted to the achievement of the first task; the second and the third to that of the second.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work describes the historical trajectory of the Companhia Têxtil de Castanhal (CTC), a industry located at the Amazon Region, dedicated to spinning and weaving of the jute fiber, showing how it has standing in face of the jute producing chain in Brazil, sustaining itself in the textile sector for a long time, even in front of many adversities, becoming the national leader in the manufacture of jute products. The period reported in this study was from 1966 to 2006, relating some aspects about the origin and historical and socio-economic points of this kind of natural fiber, with the purpose to fundament a better understanding of the reasons of the founder for the emerging of the Company, the trusteeship of the Pacheco Borges Family, strategies adopted, obstructions, innovations, expansion and market movements.
Retrata a trajetória histórica da Companhia Têxtil de Castanhal (CTC), uma indústria localizada na Amazônia, voltada à fiação e tecelagem de fibras de juta, demonstrando como ela se posicionou frente à cadeia produtiva da juta no Brasil, conseguindo manter-se no setor têxtil por tanto tempo, mesmo diante das adversidades, tornando-se a líder nacional na fabricação de produtos de juta. O período retratado foi de 1966 a 2006, abordando alguns aspectos sobre a origem, questões históricas e socioeconômicas desse tipo de fibra natural, com o propósito de alicerçar um melhor entendimento sobre as razões do fundador para o surgimento da Companhia, a gestão da familia Pacheco Borges, estratégias adotadas, entraves, inovações, expansão e movimento no mercado.

1998/1999
The theory of general equilibrium is the branch of economic theory that studies the interactions between demand and supply of the different goods in the different markets in order to determine the prices of these goods ( while the partial equilibrium analysis considers only the relations between demand and supply of a specific good and the price of the same good). In the study of general equilibrium some simplifications are usually introduced, in particular it is assumed that markets are competitive and individuals are optimizing, that there is no production (at least in first approximation) and that agent shave fixed endowments of the goods and must determine only the quantities to exchange(i. e. a pure exchange economy is considered).One of the central features of modern economics is then the introduction of time and uncertainty, and the consequent attempt to analyse an environment characterized by the presence of these elements. The main consequence for the behaviour of individuals is that they have only a limited ability to make decisions in such an environment; with reference to the theory of general equilibrium, in particular, this implies that, when agents ha velimited knowiedge and ability to face uncertainty, they trade sequentially (i.e. period by period) and use a system of contracts which involve only limited commitments into the future. The standard model for the analysis of general equilibrium is that developed by Arrow and Debreu; the principal objective of the Arrow-Debreu theory is to study the allocation of resources achievable through a system of markets, and the central result of this theory is that, when there are markets and associated prices for all goods and services in the economy, no externalities or public goods, and no informational asymmetries, then competitive markets allocate resources efficiently. This framework can be adapted in order to take into account the fact that economic activity (production, exchange and consumption) takes place over time and involves the presence of uncertainty; in this casethe Arrow-Debreu model assumes that at the initial date there is a market for each good produced or consumed in every possible future contingency, i.e. it assumes the presence of a complete set of contingent markets. Nevertheless, this structure is an idealization of the situation we can observe in the real world, since the individuals do not have full knowledge of all possible future events. The market structure that it is possible to observe in the real world, on the contrary, takes into account the fact that agents have limited capacity to face uncertainty, and it consists of a sequential system of spot markets for the exchange of goods and services and of contractual (financial} markets that involve limited commitments into the future. For this reason it is necessary to consider a general equilibrium model that constitutes an extension of the basic framework represented by the Arrow-Debreu theory. In such an extension the basic set of markets is represented by a sequence of spot markets, on which goods and services are exchanged, and by a sequence of contractual (financial)markets to make commitments for the future, commitments that typically involve either the promise to deliver goods and services ( real contracts) or the promise to deliver a certain amount of money (nominailontra.Cts). When there is only a limited set of such contracts, in particular, the economy is characterized by a system of incomplete markets( that is typical of the real world).The equilibrium solution of this kind of models (if it exists) gives the values of prices and quantities ( of the goods and of the financial activities) in correspondence of which the individuals solve their optimization problem and the markets (real and financial) clear(i. e. demand equals supply o n these markets). A first important problem is there for represented by the analysis of conditions that guarantee the existence of solutions in this kind of models. These models can then be used to analyse the issue of asset pricing, and in particular the relation between the equilibrium price of an asset and the stream of future dividends on which the asset represents a claim. What emerges is that, while in the finite-horizon case the equilibrium price equals the fundamental value of the asset (i.e. the discountedsum of future dividends), in the infinite-horizon case this is not necessarily true (in particular, it is possible for the price to be larger than the fundamental value). In this case the price of the asset is said to involve a speculative bubble. A second important question is therefore represented by the analysis of conditions that allow to exclude the presence of such bubble components, together with the study concerning the fragility of this phenomenon. The analysis presented in this thesis moves along these lines and is divided into three parts. In the first part (Chapter l) the problem of existence of solutions in temporal general equilibrium models is treated, and the main results are given. Since the literature on this argument is very extensive, and in the light also of the results discussed in the second part, this analysis is limited to the (relatively) simplest case, the one in which the economy is characterized by discrete time periods and a finite number of states of nature in each period (an d in which the economy is a pure exchange one, with financial structure that consists of real assets only). In such a framework, the case of a two-period economy is initially studied, and the results are then extended to the case of a T-period economy ( with T finite) an d finally to the case of an infinite-horizon economy. While in the model with complete contingent markets an equilibrium exists for every economy,this is no longer true when we deal with an economy characterized by spot and financial markets. What can be proved, in the case of finite horizon, is that the equilibrium exists for a generic set of economies (i.e. for a set of the parameter values that characterize the economy whose complement has zero measure); in the case of infinite horizon ( with general financial structure) the equilibrium exists only fora dense set of economies, and there fore the result is weaker. The main conclusion of this first part is that, even if in the passage from an economy with complete contingent markets to an economy with spot financial markets and, in this economy, from the finite-horizon to the infinite-horizon case, something is "lost" in the proof of existence of equilibrium, nevertheless a form of existence is always guaranteed. The model is therefore consistent, and it can be used to explain something of the economy we are dealing with. In particular, this kind of models can be used t o investigate the problem of asset pricing, and the relation between the price of the assets and the stream of dividends to which they give rise. This is the question considered in the second part (Chapter 2),with particular reference to the phenomenon of speculative bubbles that can emerge in infinite-horizon incomplete-market economies. The analysis of this question by means of the model introduced in the first part shows how (under the hypothesis of the model)the occurrence of bubbles is limited to a particular class of securities, those in zero netsupply, while on securities in positive net supply (such as equity contracts) speculative bubbles cannot arise. Since this second type of securities represents an important part of the capital market, this result reduces consistently the role of speculation in the class of models considered. The issue of speculative bubbles is then studied following a general approach, inspired by a recent contribution that tries to make arder in the field and to give a definitive theoretical settlement to the question. In this context ( that is based on considerations of no-arbitrage opportunities), in particular, the possibility of a new type of bubbles (theso-called "ambiguos bubbles") is outlined, and the results concerning the fragility of this phenomenon are discussed. These results show how, under quite general assumptions,speculative bubbles do not occur in intertemporal economies, and they can appear only under rather special circurmstances ( and, again, they are possible only on securities in zero net supply). As a consequence, well-known examples of economies in which bubble sappear as an equilibrium phenomenon (such as some kinds of monetary models or of overlapping generations models) are not robust. In the last part of the thesis a different approach (based on Euler equations) is used to study the issue of speculative bubbles, and to obtain results that, again, are in favour of a substantial fragility of this phenomenon. This approach is far more limited than the previous ones, but its interest is due to the fact that it confirms the results obtained with the general models and, first of all, it can be used to build and study specific examples of economies in which bubbles appear. This method is first used to deal with a model in which agents are homogeneous, and then it is extended to the more general situation of etherogeneous agents. With reference to this context, a series of examples is presented (Chapter 3), and in this case the use of the Euler equations' approach allows us to obtain some new results (for instance in terms of multiplicity of equilibria) and to show how the presence of bubbles on asset prices is linked to the violation of specific conditions. The thesis shows how, in the light of the recent results obtained, speculative bubbles can be considered definitively as a marginal phenomenon in the kind of models presented. On the other hand, the real world is often characterized by the occurrence of "speculative episodes" in which bubbles do appear, and therefore this contrasts with the conclusions obtained. The final considerations try to explain this contrast, by describing a possible mechanism that produces these results: the models considered are based on the hypothesis of rational expectations of the individuals, which are assumed to use all the available information to make their predictions and to base these predictions on the correct model of the economy. Nevertheless, there are periods in which, as a consequence of specific situations, the hypotesis of rational expectations "breaks down"; it is precisely in these periods that speculative episodes arise, and speculative bubbles on asset prices appear. In conclusion, therefore, by relying on a mechanism of this kind it becomes possible to reconcile the results of the theory with the episodes of the reality.
XI Ciclo
1969
Versione digitalizzata della tesi di dottorato cartacea.

In Turchia il settore privato sta rivestendo sempre più un ruolo attivo nel campo dell’arte e della cultura. Basti pensare alla città di Istanbul, che soprattutto negli ultimi anni ha assistito, grazie alla ripresa economica e al boom dell’industria turistica, all’apertura di nuovi spazi e location destinate ad organizzazioni culturali e gallerie. La voglia di mettersi in gioco nel panorama contemporaneo e la curiosità di sperimentare nuovi media e tecnologie, per dar vita ad un dialogo con la comunità artistica internazionale, sono stati due elementi di forte motivazione che hanno portato ad intraprendere percorsi volti ad un differente approccio alla cultura in Turchia. In un paese caratterizzato da un immenso e prezioso patrimonio storico culturale, lo Stato ha spesso trascurato e dato poco peso all’esuberante ed effervescente creatività dei giovani artisti locali. Dopo aver avuto l’opportunità di trascorrere due mesi ad Istanbul grazie ad una borsa di studio elargita dalla Venice International University ed avere vissuto in prima persona il fervore artistico che si respira in questa città, ho voluto dedicare la mia ricerca ad una realtà che mi ha colpito sin dall’inizio: il SALT. Questa piattaforma culturale, le cui molteplici attività vengono ospitate in due sedi che prendono il nome dal distretto in cui si trovano, rispettivamente il SALT Beyoğlu e Galata, è nata ufficialmente nel 2010 ma altro non è che il frutto di un’indagine artistica cominciata nel 2001 e portata avanti fino ad oggi. Ritengo che il SALT sia un singolare e fortunato esempio di quanto i finanziamenti privati di una banca, in questo caso GARANTI BANK, siano stati fondamentali per alimentare un discorso artistico inserito in un contesto no-profit che stimoli e attiri la comunità locale a discutere di temi culturali, grazie a frequenti workshop e conferenze, e a confrontarsi con realtà internazionali tramite esposizioni e mostre.

Tomato (Solanum Iycopersicum) puree is created by homogenising the flesh of tomato fruits. The viscosity of this material and the fibrous content is of commercial interest. Tomato puree consists of suspended particles (consisting of whole cells, broken cells and cellular fragments) in an aqueous serum. The contribution of the non-soluble and soluble material to tomato puree rheology was studied with reference to the varying composition of solids and firmness of tomato fruit at four stages of ripeness; mature green, breaker, pink and red ripe. When purees from the red ripe and the breaker fruit with initial total solids contents of approximately 5.5% were diluted to a range of total solids content (between 5 and 1%), both samples decreased in viscosity with total solids. To observe the effect of the serum on tomato puree viscosity, the pellet fraction containing the particles was spun out of the tomato purees by centrifugation so that the particle fraction and the serum could be assessed separately. On further investigation, the viscosity of puree was shown to be affected only to a small degree by the viscosity of the serum. The fact that stirred viscosity was independent of whether the suspension medium constituted of sucrose solution or serum phase showed that little contribution to the viscosity is coming from the soluble hydrocolloids in the tomato sera. Most dominant for viscosity was the particle fraction. The particle fraction was affected by the maturity of the fruit which in turn was associated with changes in fruit texture, particle size and size distribution of the puree. The particles did not behave as rigid spheres, as shown by the large departure from the corresponding Krieger Dougherty fit (Krieger and Dougherty 1959), ripened fruit deviating the furthest. This suggested the more ripened fruit has softer (less rigid) particles, which was shown to have softer tissue before the pureeing process. This may also have made the tissue more susceptible to rupture into smaller particles during pureeing. Quantitative data for size distribution measured by laser light scattering show that as the tomato ripened from green to red, particles were smaller; the mean diameters for the particles in the four puree samples were 893J.lm (mature green), 542J.lm (breaker), 377J.lm (pink), and 262J.lm (red ripe) and of a broader size distribution. Pureed mature green (unripe) fruit were shown to offer more potential as an effective natural viscosifier for foods such as soups and sauces, but they may not meet requirements of taste or colour. The last part of this research (chapter 7) therefore focused on tomatoes with variations in their genes rather than ripeness, harvested at breaker + 7 days. Tomatoes at the same stage of ripeness from the Solanum pennel/ii tomato introgression lines (ILs) were grown and harvested from the glass houses at the University of Nottingham. A screening process was developed to compare the viscosity of small samples of tomato puree from 55 of the ILs, 164 fruits in total; the remaining 21 lines did not produce quantities of fruit sufficient for analysis. The samples were diluted with water to the same total solids of 3.5%. The mean stirred viscosity value for all the lines measured was 132 ± 45 cPo The viscosity was calculated from typically three replicate measurements on three individual fruits per line. Although the particle volume and weight fraction of the puree and the initial total solids content had a strong influence on stirred viscosity, it was shown that the variation between individual fruit was greater than that between the different ILs. Previous texture studies of the IL lines showed marked variations yet there was no clear relationship between the puree viscosities and the expected texture of the whole fruits.

La theorie de l'assurance et la theorie financiere se sont longtemps developpees de facon independante. Un contrat d'assurance est un actif dont les flux sont contingents a un evenement particulier et les techniques d'evaluation developpees en economie financiere peuvent lui etre appliquees. Suivant les caracteristiques des modeles, l'approche actuarielle peut etre introduite. Cette recherche presente une analyse en terme d'equilibre general de la formation simultanee des prix des contrats d'assurance et des actifs du marche des capitaux. Le cadre conceptuel est une succession de trois economies croissantes dans leur generalite et leur capacite a donner une description des echanges sur les deux marches plus proche de la realite. On donne des conditions sur les caracteristiques des risques et les preferences pour qu'un equilibre existe et qu'il y ait emergence de deux marches distincts permettant une allocation pareto optimale des risques au niveau global. Les fonctions de prix de chaque type d'actif sont derivees simultanement, dans un cadre atemporel puis temporel, a l'aide d'un agent representatif. L'influence sur les prix d'equilibre de la presence d'un deuxieme marche est explicitee. Le taux d'interet sans risque est endogenement caracterise et les effets des sinistres individuels agreges sur son niveau d'equilibre etudies. Cette etude, par le definition des variables necessaires a la description de l'economie et les technologies employees, esquisse une possibilite de synthese. .
Insurance and financial theory have long been developped in an independant way. Insurance contract is a claim whose cash flows are contingent to a particuliar evenement and evaluation technics developped in the financial economics are in force. The research presents a general equilibrium analysis of the simultaneous price formation of insurance contracts and financial claims. The conceptual framework is a succession of three economies increasing in complexity and in their hability to give a goor description of exchanges in both markets. We give sufficient conditions on risks and preferences for an equilibrium to exist and for the emergence of two distinct markets with a global pareto optimal repartition of risk. The price functionals of each type of claim are simultaneously derived in an atemporal and temporal setting via a representative agent. The influences of the existence of a second market on the equilibrium price are explained. Risk free interest rate is endogeneously determined and the aggregate individual losses effects on his equilibrium level studied. This research, by the variables used and the technologies employed, sketches a possibility of synthesis between actuarial risk theory and the theory of equilibrium price formation in a manner we could find in insurance and financiam economics

Thesis; Thesis information not provided; 17 Jul 2003.
Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-LR-154423" Maxwell, R M; Tompson, A F B; Richardson, J H; El-Naser, H; Rihani, J. F F; Subah, A.; El Sha'r, W A; Al-Hadidi, Khair; Al-Awamleh, M; Al-Foqaha, M; Abu-Eid, O; Hayyaneh, R A. 07/17/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

Aquesta tesis analitza l'impacte ambiental i econòmic de tres cultius energètics (Brassica carinata, Brassica napus and Populus spp.) destinats a la producció d'energia tèrmica, elèctrica i per biodiesel.
Durant la dècada dels noranta , la biomassa per a la producció d'energia va esdevenir como una font d'energia renovable amb un gran mercat amb molt de creixement a Europa.
La biomassa, i en particular els cultius energètics (cultius cultivats per amb l'única finalitat d'obtenir energia com a producte final) rebien molta atenció com a promesa de font d'energia sostenible. Degut a aquestes expectatives i aquest creixent interès molts governs de la Unió Europea van reconèixer que un increment de l'ús dels cultius energètics hauria ser acompanyat d'anàlisis detallats, diferents estudies van ser realitzats focalitzant en l'impacte ambiental i energètic de la biomassa i els cultius energètics. Països del nord-oest i centre d'Europa van posar molt esforç en la recerca i recerca de cultius energètics destinats a produir energia (tèrmica i elèctrica) durant dècades. En canvi, la implementació d'aquests cultius al sur d'Europa ha estat més lenta. Per exemple, només a Espanya, està previst que l'any 2010 existeixin 1 milió d'hectàrees que produiran 1.09 Mtep amb cultius energètics, però la realitat es que l'energia produïda amb cultius energètics és pràcticament inexistent a l'actualitat.
Actualment hi ha una necessitat d'anàlisis quantitatius de l'actuació ambiental, energètica i econòmica de la biomassa de cultiu energètic explotada en les condicions tècniques del sud d'Europa.
Alguns dels resultats obtinguts demostren que la biomassa produïda a escala local té un potencial de reducció d'emissions de CO2 eq. Entre 33.1% a 88% depenent de la tipologia de biomassa quan es compara amb recursos no renovables com el gas natural or diesel.
This thesis analyse the environmental and economical performance of three energy crops (Brassica carinata, Brassica napus and Populus spp.) for energy production.
During the nineties, biomass for energy conversion came to be seen as one of the sources of renewable energy with the largest potential for market growth in Europe.
Biomass, and in particular energy crops (crop plants used to obtain energy) received attention as a promising, sustainable energy source. Due to the expectancy, this aroused and the fact that most of the EU governments recognized that an increase in the use of energetic crops should be accompanied by a detailed analysis, several studies were made that focused on the energy and environmental performance of biomass and energy crops. North-western and central European countries put the biggest effort into the research and use of energy crops for power and heat generation over recent decades, while in southern Europe the introduction of energy crops to agriculture is slower. For example, only in Spain, it is foreseen that by 2010 one million hectares will be destined for the production of 1.09 Mtep by energetic crops, but the fact is that the energy produced by energy crops is inexistent.
Nowadays there is a need for a reliable quantitative assessment of the environmental, energetic and economic performance of biomass energetic crop production under the existing conditions in southern Europe.
Some of the results obtained demonstrate that the energy production applying biomass produced at local scale can reduce CO2 eq. emissions from 33.1% to 88% depending on the biomass typology and compared to non-renewable resources as gas natural or diesel.

Bakgrund: För att ge vägledning till hur samhället skall värdera nutida effekter gentemotframtida, exempelvis att rädda liv eller fördela samhälleliga investeringar, har ekonomergenomfört stated preference-studier med syfte att undersöka individers samhälleligatidspreferenser. Studiernas resultat har producerat en stor variation kring hur individervärderar framtida utfall jämfört med nutida. Resultaten har dock tolkats som att individer,även om tidspreferenserna varierar i storlek, värderar framtida utfall lägre än nutida. ShaneFrederick genomförde 1999 en studie, som Frederick benämnde som ett ”robusthetstest” avden dittills använda metodiken, där han i motsats till tidigare studier inte bara erbjödrespondenterna ett nutida utfall jämfört med ett framtida, utan även erbjöd respondenternaolika sekventiella fördelningar över tid. Resultaten kontrasterade tydligt tidigare studiersresultat, respondenterna föredrog exempelvis att rädda liv fördelat på tre generationer iställetför endast i deras egen – vilket indikerade att respondenterna hade negativa tidspreferenser!Inga uppföljningsstudier har därefter genomförts.Syfte: Att undersöka individers samhälleliga tidspreferenser när de erbjuds sekventiellafördelningar över tid.Metod: Två enkätundersökningar genomfördes vid Linköpings universitet. Respondenternaställdes inför olika sekventiella fördelningar för räddandet av liv och samhälleligaupprustningar, såväl i ett intra- som ett intergenerationsperspektiv.Slutsats: Vi finner ej stöd för att en majoritet av individerna värderar framtida samhälleligaupprustningar eller att rädda framtida liv, lägre än nutida. Vi finner heller ej stöd för attindividers tidspreferenser endast innefattar en preferens för den tidshorisontella absolutafördelningen (nutid gentemot framtid). I både ett intra- och ett intergenerationsperspektivföredrog den största andelen av respondenterna en jämn fördelning över tid. I ettintragenerationsperspektiv, där vi erbjöd individerna olika sekventiella fördelningar över tid,påverkades respondenternas val av den relativa fördelningen över tid. Alla resultatuppvisades för både räddandet av liv och samhälleliga upprustningar.
Background: To give guidance for societal policy decisions on how to value future effectscompared to present, economists have used stated preference methodology to measureindividuals’ societal time preferences. The results have produced a great variety in the size ofindividuals’ time preferences, but have in general at least concluded that individuals valuefuture effects less then present. Shane Frederick performed in 1999 what he called a “test ofrobustness” of the methodology used in previous studies. Instead of just offering individualsto choose from an outcome today towards an outcome x years from now, he also offeredrespondents outcomes sequentially spread out across time. The results contradicted those ofprevious studies. For example 80% of the respondents preferred to save 300 lives across 3generations instead of 300 in their own – which implied negative time preferences! Nofurther follow up studies have been performed.Objective: Investigate individuals’ societal time preferences, when they are offeredsequential outcomes over time.Methodology: Two questionnaires where handed out at Linköpings university. Therespondents where offered different sequential outcomes over time for saving lives and whenpublic investments should occur, in as well an intra- as an intergenerational perspective.Conclusion: Our findings do not indicate that a majority of the individuals value savingfuture lives less then present lives, or that they value future public investments less thenfuture investments. Neither do they indicate that individuals’ societal time preferences onlyincorporate the absolute time horizontal aspect. In both an intra- and an intergenerationalperspective the largest fraction of the individuals preferred an equal distribution over time. Inan intragenerational perspective, where we offered individuals different sequentialdistributions, the individuals choice where affected by the relative distribution over time. Allfindings where present both for saving lives and public investments.

Force est de constater l'absence dans les textes de loi d'une définition précise de la réparation intégrale et a fortiori de règles d'évaluation des dommages-intérêts compensatoires. La doctrine tente bien de pallier ce vide en décrivant les différents types d'indemnisation, notamment aux États-Unis. Pourtant, la difficulté reste entière lorsque le préjudice existe mais que son estimation est délicate ou incertaine. En effet, ces questions sont considérées uniquement comme des questions de faits ; les juges du fond restent donc souverains, ce qui débouche sur une grande imprévisibilité pour les parties. Réduire l'imprévisibilité judiciaire du dommage passe par le choix et la définition d'un cadre de travail commun. S'appuyant notamment sur les résultats d'une analyse empirique comparative de centaines de cas de jurisprudence, l'étude formalise des prescriptions à l'intention des parties qui souhaitent améliorer leurs chances de succès dans le recouvrement des gains manqués et de la perte de chance. Elle évoque aussi la nécessité d'améliorer la pratique judiciaire dans l'application du droit actuel à la réparation intégrale. Surtout, elle aboutit à une conclusion normative fondamentale qui consisterait à considérer le préjudice économique et financier, les dommages ­intérêts et le calcul du quantum également comme des questions de droit. Dès lors, il relèverait d'une bonne justice que la Cour de cassation préconisa et contrôla l'usage de telle ou telle méthode d'évaluation. Chaque chef de préjudice économique serait ainsi qualifié juridiquement et la notion de réparation intégrale serait élargie pour indemniser plus complètement le préjudice économique difficilement quantifiable.Il ressort enfin que des barèmes référencés d'indemnisation peuvent être construits à partir de l'observation de précédents jugés d'inexécutions contractuelles. L'introduction de ces barèmes pourrait bénéficier aux chercheurs dans leurs débats académiques, aux parties dans la rédaction de leurs contrats, aux conseils dans leurs échanges précontentieux voire aux juges comme outil d'aide à la décision. Si ces barèmes étaient validés et partagés, ils pourraient donner naissance à des modèles d'intelligence artificielle de type machine learning dont la valeur -notamment prédictive -serait sans commune mesure avec ce qu'on en perçoit aujourd'hui
Law statutes and codes lack of a precise definition of the « full compensation » principle, and a fortiori they Jack of rules for assessing compensatory damages. The legal doctrine tries to fil] in the blank by describing the different types of damages awarded, notably in the United States. Yet, the issue remains full when the Joss is certain but its valuation remains complex or uncertain. The assessment of the economic Joss and the calculation methodology for damages are considered to be only matters of facts: trial courts and judges thus retain a sovereign power, resulting in great uncertainty for the parties. Reducing judicial uncertainty requires the choice and creation of a common framework. Based on the results of an empirical law and economics analysis of several hundreds of precedent cases, the dissertation formulates simple and practical suggestions for parties looking to improve their chances of success in recouping lost profits and lost opportunities. It also evidences which improvements of the judicial systems are required in order to actually implement the current right to full compensation. More importantly the research reaches a fundamental nonnative conclusion: economic Joss, compensatory damages and hence, the calculation of the quantum granted should be considered, not as mere matters of facts but also as matters of law. Henceforth, it would be logical that the Cour de cassation ( or the highest court) advises and controls the use of calculation methodology. Each head of damages would thus be legally qualified and the principle of full compensation would be extended in order to better compensate the loss when evaluating its quantum is complex. It finally results that referenced compensatory scales can be practically developed from compiling relevant legal precedents. The introduction of such scales would benefit academics in their debates, parties in the drafting of their contracts and counsels in their pre-trial exchanges. Eventually, judges could use them as tools to assist their rulings. If those scales were to be adopted and shared, they would enable the creation of such artificial intelligence as machine learning which value - notably the predictive value - would far exceed what is perceived today

This dissertation proposes a simple computerized game to serve as a pure test of backward induction and then tests the game in the laboratory. One of the fundamental assumptions of neoclassical economic theory is that human beings function as fully rational agents who maximize their utility over multidimensional alternatives under economic constraints. However, numerous studies have shown systematic deviation from rational decision making in a laboratory setting. While no single explanation is obvious for this suboptimal behavior, the literature suggests other motivations (besides maximizing utility) may be at play, including reciprocity, trust, reputation, and welfare. The "Race to 21" game we test renders these other-regarding preferences irrelevant; therefore we call it a "pure" test of backward induction. Chapter one introduces the game, as well as tests the effect of adding incentive payments in several places along the path of play. Chapter two continues by analyzing how each different intermediate incentive affects the speed of learning in the game. Chapter three concludes with a look at whether individual differences among laboratory subjects explain some of our experimental results. Common to all chapters is the result that incentive payments offered on the subgame perfect equilibrium path near the midpoint of the game particularly enhance the use of backward induction among subjects.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
103
"Pure economic loss" in tort law has always been in a confusing position; while the problem that "Whether pure economic loss caused by negligence tort protected by tort law?” is more confusing. National legislations and judicial practice handle this issue in different ways; scholars have divergent views. 　 My thesis first discusses definition and the nature of "pure economic loss", and on this basis, to study that should "pure economic loss" enjoy more limited protection than other interests? If the answer is yes, the reason Why? According to the verdicts of Roc supreme court after 2009 and Mainstream views has pointed out that due to the uncertain nature, vagueness contour of pure economic loss; and in the case of a contractual relationship exists between the parties, handling the risk of "pure economic loss" with contract law, is more in line with the principle of private autonomy and economic efficiency. Then, by comparison of the judicial practice and legislative developments of Germany, France, Britain, the United States, and recently published European tort law, my thesis explores the similarities and differences between countries; and learns from the development of comparative law, seeks "pure economic loss caused by negligence tort "on possible future positioning of ROC tort Law. By developing countries in the course of the preceding comparative law, namely to ascertain: whether the mainstream view of the "different protection theory " also, or recent rise of "equal protection theory" the advanced are deeply affected by the development of the above-mentioned national laws (in particular, Germany and France); early views of the Supreme Court, it seems that the Supreme Court has not yet aware of the special nature of "pure economic loss". Whether "Pure economic loss" is protected by ROC Civil law article 184, section 1, paragraph 1, its opinion is not consistent. However, after Tai-shang 1961 of 2009, the case of the word "theft of exhibitor goods", the opinion of the Supreme Court has been consistent, clearly taking the aforementioned "different protection theory," scholars view that "pure economic loss" is not a protected interest in article 184, section 1, paragraph 1. On consideration of method stability, predictability, my opinion is that the mainstream view of the "different protection theory" should prevail. "Pure economic loss caused by negligence tort ” is not a protected interest under Civil law article 184, section 1, paragraph 1 Civil Law. However, under certain circumstances, if the injured pure economic cannot be protected under Civil law article 184, section 1, paragraph 2 or article 184, section 2, and the defendant would not expose the defendant to indeterminate or disproportionate liability, or parties in the plaintiff''s position can not be reasonably be expected to protect themselves against the loss by contract, the pure economic loss of the plaintiff can be fiction as infringe absolute right.

The current dissertation has the purpose to determine the macroeconomic determinants during pure sovereign debt crises and analyse their association with the behaviour of output, in the 1970-2017 period. Three different methods to measure economic growth were constructed, based on output variation and on detrend-output, with the Hodrick-Prescott and the Baxter-King filters. In 90 episodes, occurred in 54 countries, our findings revealed that: in 56% of total crises, there was an acceleration (expansionary crises), and in 44% there was a deceleration (contractionary crises) of the economic growth; expansionary crises prevailed in low- as well in middle-high-income countries; the 1980s were the decade with most severe crises. Countries with higher short-term debt, as a percentage of reserves, terms of trade, public debt and overvaluation of the real effective exchange rate, were the most susceptible to a slowdown in growth. A complementary study was implemented with the purpose of understanding the behaviour of the significant determinants in periods with no occurrence of crises. It was possible to conclude that external debt-to-GDP ratio and short-term debt-to-reserves, lead to a drop in growth in crisis periods, as well as in periods with no crisis’ episodes, with the impact increasing considerably in times of crisis. As robustness examination, the study was re-estimated with a different criterion of defining pure sovereign debt crisis, and alternative dummies were included in the regression, namely decades and income-level dummies. Results are robust for all estimations.
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo definir os determinantes macroeconómicos das crises puras de dívida soberana e estudar a sua ligação com o comportamento do produto, no período de 1970-2017. Foram construídas três medidas diferentes para calcular o crescimento económico, baseadas na variação do PIB, e no produto cíclico, calculado com os filtros "Hodrick-Prescott e Baxter-King". Em 90 episódios, ocorridos em 54 países, os nossos resultados revelaram que: em 56% das crises, existiu uma aceleração (crises expansionistas), e em 44%, uma desaceleração (crises contracionistas), do crescimento económico; as crises expansionistas prevaleceram tanto em países de baixo rendimento, como de médio-alto rendimento; a década de 80 foi a que vivenciou crises mais severas. Os países com maiores valores de dívida de curto-prazo, em percentagem das reservas, termos de troca, dívida pública e sobrevalorização da taxa de câmbio efetiva real, foram os mais suscetíveis a uma desaceleração do crescimento económico. Foi realizado um estudo complementar com o intuito de compreender o comportamento dos determinantes em períodos sem ocorrência de crises. Foi possível concluir que a dívida externa, em percentagem do PIB, e a dívida de curto-prazo, em percentagem das reservas, levaram a uma diminuição do crescimento tanto em períodos de crise, como em períodos onde não se verificaram episódios de crises puras, sendo que o impacto aumentou consideravelmente em períodos de crise. O estudo foi re-estimado com um critério diferente de definição de crise pura de dívida soberana, e foram incluídas variáveis "dummy" alternativas relativas ao nível de rendimentos dos países e às décadas do período. Os resultados são robustos em todas as estimações.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
104
With the rapid development of society, the contents and types of transactions are getting more complicated, in the same time, there are more and more pure economic loss happens. Taiwan Civil Law succeeded from German Civil Code, it protects pure economic loss in very limited ways. Furthermore, Taiwan tort law as German is used to focus on the infringement of “right” and “interest”, hence it protects “right” and “interest” in different ways. What’s more, the cases of pure economic loss always relate to the cross-line of tort law and contract law. Therefore this essay will focus on three topic: First, to discuss whether the plaintiff who suffered pure economic loss could seek for compensation from the defendant in negligent tort law; second, whether negligent tort law should treat “right” and “interest” in different ways; and third, as for the cases of pure economic loss, how to find the line in the harmonious relationship between tort and contract. In order to discuss these topics, this essay traces back the history of tort liability to find the nature and the foundation of tort liability. Furthermore, to discuss the compensability of pure economic loss from the perspective of law of economics. Then to discuss the compensation of pure economic loss in different law systems, such as French law, German law, American law, Japanese law, and the Principle of European Tort Law, and through the discussion to observe how the different law systems realize the idea of “fault-based” liability. At last, to reexamine the problem of Taiwan tort law and try to find the line in the harmonious relationship between tort and contract in the cases of pure economic loss.

LEGAL LIABILITY: THEORETICAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PURE ECONOMIC LOSS The purpose of my thesis is to introduce the concept of pure economic loss and its setting in the jurisdictions of France, England, Germany and the Czech Republic. The comparative study of pure economic loss reveals that granting compensation for economic loss frequently interferes with the economic loss rule (or exclusionary rule), which states that a plaintiff can not recover damages for a pure financial loss. Legal doctrines provide little insight as to why liability should, or should not, be denied. On the other hand, economic models of liability provide some valuable guidance for classifying various categories of economic loss, and identifying cases in which denial of recovery for economic loss would lead to inefficient outcomes. A law and economics analysis shows that a key factor in determining the optimal scope of the economic loss rule is in the relationship between pure economic loss and social loss. Economic loss should be compensable in torts only to the extent that it corresponds to socially relevant loss. A plaintiff cannot recover damages for a purely private economic loss. Our hypothesis is that, although not formally adopting this economic criterion, European courts are attentive to efficiency...

Damages for Breach of Contractual and Non-Contractual Duty in Civil Law - Abstract The thesis at hand deals with liability for non-performance of a contract and liability in tort. The new Civil Code abandoned the general rule of Sec. 420 of Act No. 40/1964 Coll., which did not distinguish between contractual and non-contractual liability. The new Civil Code thus provides for two different liability regimes depending on whether the wrongdoer and the victim entered into a contract (or similar obligation) or not. While liability in tort is governed by Sec. 2909 and 2910 CC, contractual liability is stipulated in Sec. 2913 CC. The thesis strives to examine this important change in its complexity when emphasis in being put onto the theoretical, comparative and historical context. Firstly, the thesis provides for the basic theoretical background of liability in civil law and looks at the foundations of its division into contract and tort. The author further dives into the topic from a comparative perspective. Given the inspirational sources of the Czech Civil Code, the thesis focuses mainly on German and Austrian approach. The thesis also gives a brief summary of the historical development in the Czech civil law. The main part of the thesis focuses on the relevant provisions, their relationship and conditions for...

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Um dos efeitos do desenvolvimento de uma economia à escala mundial traduziu-se no surgimento e sedimentação das agências de rating (empresas especializadas na avaliação do grau de solvabilidade financeira de certas entidades ou ativos negociáveis). Nos últimos anos, o seu crescimento e a sua influência têm vindo a atingir patamares absolutamente desafiantes. Hodiernamente, desempenham um papel crucial na dinamização do mercado financeiro mundial atuando na qualidade de intermediários especializados na avaliação de risco, dos quais dependem inúmeros investidores no exercício da sua atividade. Mas nem só de proveitos é enformado o setor da notação de risco. Há, hoje, uma clara consciência económico-financeira mundial do poder exercido pelas agências de rating junto dos mercados. A dependência do setor da notação de risco é acompanhada por inúmeras ânsias e incertezas respeitantes à probidade do seu funcionamento. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para a compreensão dos fenómenos de responsabilização das agências de rating por danos causados a entidades alvo de notação (emitentes) e a terceiros investidores que confiaram na veracidade das notações emitidas tomando decisões de investimento que se vieram a comprovar verdadeiramente ruinosas. A perspetiva a adotar resultará de uma análise das soluções apresentadas no plano do Direito Europeu, Common Law e, especialmente, do nosso Direito. Haverá, entre nós e à luz do direito constituído, um fundamento impositivo da obrigação de indemnizar a cargo das agências de rating?
One of the effects of the development of the economy on a global scale is the emergence and sedimentation of the rating agencies (companies specialized in assessing the degree of financial solvency of certain entities or marketable assets). Over the last years, its growth and its influence has achieved absolutely challenging levels. Nowadays, they play a crucial role in boosting the global financial market acting like intermediaries specialized in risk assessment, from which many investors depend on. But not only from advantages is made the credit rating sector. Today there is a clear global economic-financial awareness of the power exerted by the rating agencies in the markets. The dependence of the credit rating sector is complemented by numerous cravings and uncertainties regarding the probity of its functioning. This study intends to contribute to understand of the rating agencies liability for damages caused to rating targets (eminent) and to third-party investors who have relied on the truthfulness of the ratings issued by making investment decisions that have come to prove truly ruinous. The perspective to be adopted will result from an analysis of the solutions presented under European Law, Common Law and, especially, Portuguese law. There is, among us and in the light of the law constituted, any basis for imposing a duty to compensate to the rating agencies?There is, among us and in the light of the law constituted, any basis for imposing a duty to compensate to the rating agencies?

The goal of this master’s thesis is to define a new digital marketing strategy for a small mediumsized jewellery business in Portugal. This in-company project was conducted with Woo’s Pure Feelings. Woo’s is a jewellery brand that was created in 2006 in Lisbon, Portugal and its goal is to differentiate by transmitting feelings through its products. Currently, there is an increasing need for brands to have a strong digital presence and the use of social platforms is already a requirement to be successful. The use of influencers on social media is the new trend in this new wave of marketing and a need in order to stay relevant in the digital world. In the present time, there is an identified need for improvement in the area of its digital communication for Woo’s Pure Feelings brand and that will be the focus of this project. The plan of this project was built based on; research work such as external situation analysis to evaluate the condition of the industry such as competitors and consumers, an internal analysis to identify the current struggles of the company and define its objectives for the new plan, as well as an online survey to determine the consumer's digital behaviours and preferences, and also interviews with the brand owners and professionals on the industry.
O objectivo desta tese de mestrado é definir uma nova estratégia de marketing digital para uma pequena e média empresa de joalharia em Portugal. Este projeto de empresa foi relaziado com a Woo’s Pure Feelings. A Woo’s é uma empresa de joalharia, criada em 2006 em Lisboa, Portugal e o seu objectivo é diferenciar-se por transmitir sentimentos através das suas peças de joalharia. Atualmente, existe uma necessidade crescente para as marcas terem uma forte presença online e o uso de plataformas sociais já é um requerimento para ser bem sucedido. O uso de influencers nas redes sociais é a nova tendência nesta nova onda de marketing e é uma necessidade para ser relevante no mundo digital. No presente, existe uma necessidade identificada para melhoria na área da comunicação digital da marca Woo’s e esse vai ser o foco para este projeto. O plano para este projeto foi construído tendo em base; trabalho de pesquisa, assim como uma avaliação externa da situação de modo a avaliar a condição da indústria, como os competitores e consumidores, uma avaliação interna para identificar as dificuldades atuais da empresa e definir os seus objectivos para o novo plano, assim como um questionário online para determinar o comportamento e preferências digitals dos utilizadores, como também entrevistas com os donos da marca e profissionais da indústria.

This research project proposes to develop a policy planning strategy framework for the gold market in Bangkok, Thailand. This thesis has identified not only a way to improve the efficiency and potential of the gold trading market, but also to fill the gap in knowledge that concerns the governance practices of the Sino-Thais who conduct business in the gold retail market. The gold retail market is called the ‘Throng Thu Dang’ (TTD). This retail gold market trading is the most popular type of trading for pure gold of 96.5%. It requires a revised plan to support current and future market problems. This paper also establishes the background and setting of the project including key definitions in the gold trading industry. It sets out the background and history of the Thai gold industry including the cooperation between the Native-Thai government and the Sino-Thai TTD shops. The Sino-Thai and Native-Thai culture that oversee the way business is managed, the lack of regulation and monitoring, the earning capacity of the goldsmiths and their improved employment prospects, the lack of global competitiveness and the lost opportunities to improve the Thai economy.

Diversificaram-se múltiplas formas de supervisão, para prevenir danos. No Direito Comparado não se encontra solução satisfatória para a responsabilidade civil. Excluir sempre toda a responsabilidade aquiliana por danos patrimoniais “puros” não é convincente. Os quatro pilares polares da imputação são a culpa, o risco, o enriquecimento e o incumprimento obrigacional. Não devem ser cavados fossos abruptos, com limites conceptuais rígidos. A coerência do sistema passa por analogias objectivas (que ultrapassam a dicotomia entre positivismo e jusnaturalismo). A abdução endoxal assenta em paradigmas (KUHN). O silogismo e útil, mas pode induzir em erro (Norsk, cable cases e Drittschadensliquidation). Na metodologia preconizada pressupõe-se um acto ilícito, culposo e a causalidade, a luz dos elementos do sistema móvel de WILBURG e HAND, complementado pelo incumprimento. A responsabilidade depende ainda da ausência de argumentos ponderosos (policy concerns). Releva a previsibilidade do dano, o beneficio retirado e o posicionamento para melhor evitar perdas. Presumem-se largas margens de discricionariedade legitima do supervisor público. Na omissão de prevenção, o dano final não é imputável ao supervisor, que não é fiador da sorte. O risco é suportado pelos próprios, beneficiários da supervisão. Mas exige-se também que o supervisor seja minimamente diligente no cumprimento das atribuições incumbidas e fiel à razão de ser dos poderes conferidos. O Estado de Direito não é conciliável com uma impunidade leonina. Em caso de incumprimento ilícito grave pode ser devida pelo supervisor público ou privado uma indemnização equitativa, pela perda de chance seria, com base no artigo 566.o n.º 3 no artigo 494.o e até no artigo 563.o do Código Civil. E com respeito pelo imperativo da proporcionalidade. Nos danos decorrentes do perigo da existência do poder, deve o dano colateral anormal ser indemnizado por inteiro. Estes dois paradigmas podem sobrepor-se ao exercício de poderes de regulação ou para-judiciais.
Regulation has increased since the end of WWII, aiming at a reduction of social cost and at efficient damage prevention. A convincing liability system for public regulators cannot be currently found in Comparative Law. Immunity is anachronic, unjustified, inconsistent with the rule of law and ultimately based on power, not reason. Public authorities must be held accountable, albeit moderately. An oversimplified exclusionary rule based on the formal, residual concept of the so-called “pure” economic loss can prove to be arbitrary. The role of syllogisms in legal doctrines must be contained (Norsk, cable cases and “third” party losses). The four pillars of compensation are fault, risk, unjust enrichment and noncompliance. These are arranged like magnetic poles, concentrating clusters of gradual damage allocation, rather than a minefield of pigeonholes and legal black holes, for the sake of a clean outline. Lines should be drawn by paradigmbased analogies instead of pockets being amputated by razor definitions. Analogy and proportionality dictate the stretch of damages. When damage is not averted, regulators are not insurers against anyone’s misfortune. The rule is for the loss to lie where it first falls. The regulator is, notwithstanding, expected to diligently observe a minimum standard whenever the task is very clearly set out and is to pursue the purpose of damage mitigation with the available means. In case of unlawful noncompliance, proportionate compensation should be awarded for the lost chance to avert the damage. The intensity of a duty of care is to be ascertained according to a balanced test (HAND and WILBURG). Differently, when public entities cause disproportional collateral damage to a random victim, damages should be awarded in full. These regimes should apply to regulators even when they act on regulatory or quasi-judicial powers.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Hodiernamente, a sociedade em que vivemos pauta-se por constantes interações, com relacionamentos mais ou menos prolongados no tempo que, de um modo ou de outro, mais tarde ou mais cedo, acabam por dar origem a danos, cuja reparação será sempre reclamada por aquele que viu a sua esfera jurídica afetada. Na verdade, na sociedade atual são múltiplos os conflitos que se geram, pelo que a garantia da paz e da segurança depende, desde logo, do desenvolvimento de mecanismos que permitam a reposição do status quo ante.O fornecimento de energia elétrica afigura-se de extrema relevância para a laboração de uma empresa. No entanto, em virtude da atuação de um terceiro, as empresas podem ver-se privadas desse elemento essencial, sofrendo avultados prejuízos. Atendendo ao modo como surgem, algumas destas lesões situam-se na complexa área dos danos puramente patrimoniais. Ora, o que pretendemos com este estudo é encontrar um critério que nos permita determinar quem deve suportar estes danos, se aquele que os sofreu, à luz do princípio casum sentit dominus, se aquele que lhes deu causa. Mas de acordo com a caracterização tradicionalmente efetuada dos mesmos, o acesso a alguns dos mecanismos de que habitualmente nos servimos para fundar uma pretensão ressarcitória, designadamente, no âmbito da responsabilidade delitual, poderá encontrar-se vedado. No entanto, uma estrita aplicação do princípio da não ressarcibilidade também poderá conduzir a diferenças na proteção jurídica que se revelam injustas e injustificadas. Apesar das dificuldades, através da análise do ordenamento jurídico português, e depois de nos questionarmos sobre a força de alguns dos argumentos que apontam para a não indemnizabilidade destes danos, iremos tentar perceber se será ainda possível desvendar um título de imputação válido para ressarcir, em sede delitual, os danos que se verificam nas hipóteses dos cable cases.
Nowadays, the society where we live is marked by regular interactions, with relations more or less lasting, which, sooner or later, will cause damages, which reparation will be claimed by who saw his legal sphere being affected. In fact, there are multiple conflicts in current society, and the guarantee of peace and security depends of the development of mechanisms that allow the replacement of the status quo ante.The power supply seems to be very important for the operation of a company. However, due to the action of a third party, organizations can see this private key element, suffering huge losses. Given the way they arise, some of those damages are located in the complex area of pure economic loss.The principal objective of this study is to find a criterion that allows us to determine who should pay that damages, if who has suffered them, in the light of the principle casum sentit dominus, if who gave them cause. But according to the definition of these damages, access to some of the mechanisms that we usually use to support a claim for damages, in particular, in the framework of tort law, may be impossible. But a strict application of the exclusionary rule can lead to unfair and unjustified differences in legal protection. Despite de obstacles, through the analysis of the portuguese legal system, and after questioning the strength of some of the arguments that point to non-recovery of those damages, we will try to figure out whether it is still possible to solve a valid allocation to refund, in tort law, the damages that occur in cable cases.

The company under analysis in this study saw an opportunity to start a project on the Croatian market: assembling watermaker machines from the parts that would be bought from a supplier, probably from China because of the lowest prices. After the initial contact, the decision was made to do a feasibility study, to show if making those watermaker machines could bring profit and if it would be a good business idea to start the project. Since the company already had all the assets that are needed for the project, except the warehouses, that would be the only investment for this project, and with 100 000 Euros of startup capital, the project needed a business plan to see its potential. Furthermore, after the market analysis, the conclusion was that there is no competition on the market, only a few retailers that imported few machines, and with their margin, the machines are too expensive for the market, and only a few have ever been sold. In addition to showing that there is almost no competition on the market, the analysis showed that the Croatia’s nautical market is growing, and that the boat charter market with a fleet of around 4000 sailboats and motorboats would be the ideal target market for the company’s product, because of the investment capital that those companies possess. That is why the project is business to business oriented. With a small workforce that is necessary for assembling, delivering, installing and maintaining the product, and simple business operations, this feasibility study demonstrates that the project is a good opportunity for the company to differentiate its products, and bring additional profit.
A empresa objecto deste estudo viu uma oportunidade para iniciar um projecto no mercado Croata: montagem de máquinas “Watermaker” a partir de peças a importar provavelmente da China em virtude dos preços mais baixos. Após o contacto inicial, foi decidido realizar este estudo de viabilidade, com a finalidade de verificar a rendibilidade do projecto e confirmar se este seria uma boa ideia de negócio. Desde o inicio o projecto parecia ter um grande potencial, já que a companhia tinha todos os activos que são necessários para esse fim, excepto os armazéns, que seriam o único investimento ainda a realizar. O capital inicial é de 100 mil euros. Além disso, após a análise do mercado, a conclusão foi de que não há concorrência exceptuando alguns revendedodores ocasionais que importaram algumas máquinas, revendendo algumas unidades a um preço de demasiado caro e outras nunca chegaram a ser vendidas. Além de mostrar que não há quase nenhuma concorrência na indústria, o análise mostrou que o mercado náutico croata está crescendo, e que o mercado de barcos charter, com uma frota de cerca de 4.000 veleiros e lanchas, é o mercado ideal para o nosso produto. por causa do capital de investimento que possui. É por isso que o projecto é considerado como "business to business”. Com uma equipa pequena, apenas o necessário para a montagem, entrega, instalação e manutenção do produto e operações de negócio simples, o projecto parece ter uma boa oportunidade para diferenciar os seus produtos e ao mesmo tempo trazer lucro adicional.

This dissertation examines the social and financial activities of Buddhist nuns to demonstrate how and why they deployed Buddhist doctrines, rituals, legends, and material culture to interact with society outside the convent. By examining the activities of the nuns of the Daihongan convent (one of the two administrative heads of the popular pilgrimage temple, Zenkōji) in Japan’s early modern period (roughly 1550 to 1868) as documented in the convent’s rich archival sources, I shed further light on the oft-overlooked political and financial activities of nuns, illustrate how Buddhist institutions interacted with the laity, provide further nuance to the discussion of how Buddhist women navigated patriarchal sectarian and secular hierarchies, and, within the field of Japanese history, give voice to women who were active outside of the household unit around which early modern Japanese society was organized.

Zenkōji temple, surrounded by the mountains of Nagano, has been one of Japan’s most popular pilgrimage sites since the medieval period. The abbesses of Daihongan, one Zenkōji’s main sub-temples, traveled widely to maintain connections with elite and common laypeople, participated in frequent country-wide displays of Zenkōji’s icon, and oversaw the creation of branch temples in Edo (now Tokyo), Osaka, Echigo (now Niigata), and Shinano (now Nagano). The abbesses of Daihongan were one of only a few women to hold the imperially sanctioned title of eminent person (shōnin 上人) and to wear purple robes. While this means that this Pure Land convent was in some ways not representative of all convents in early modern Japan, Daihongan’s position is particularly instructive because the existence of nuns and monks in a single temple complex allows us to see in detail how monastics of both genders interacted in close quarters.

This work draws heavily from the convent’s archival materials, which I used as a guide in framing my dissertation chapters. In the Introduction I discuss previous works on women in Buddhism. In Chapter 1, I briefly discuss the convent’s history and its place within the Zenkōji temple complex. In Chapter 2, I examine the convent’s regular economic bases and its expenditures. In Chapter 3, I highlight Daihongan’s branch temples and discuss the ways that they acted as nodes in a network connecting people in various areas to Daihongan and Zenkōji, thus demonstrating how a rural religious center extended its sphere of influence in urban settings. In Chapter 4, I discuss the nuns’ travels throughout the country to generate new and maintain old connections with the imperial court in Kyoto, confraternities in Osaka, influential women in the shogun’s castle, and commoners in Edo. In Chapter 5, I examine the convent’s reliance upon irregular means of income such as patronage, temple lotteries, loans, and displays of treasures, and how these were needed to balance irregular expenditures such as travel and the maintenance or reconstruction of temple buildings. Throughout the dissertation I describe Daihongan’s inner social structure comprised of abbesses, nuns, and administrators, and its local emplacement within Zenkōji and Zenkōji’s temple lands.

Exploring these themes sheds light on the lives of Japanese Buddhist nuns in this period. While the tensions between freedom and agency on the one hand and obligations to patrons, subordination to monks, or gender- and status-based restrictions on the other are important, and I discuss them in my work, my primary focus is on the nuns’ activities and lives. Doing so demonstrates that nuns were central figures in ever-changing economic and social networks as they made and maintained connections with the outside world through Buddhist practices and through precedents set centuries before. This research contributes to our understanding of nuns in Japan’s early modern period and will participate in and shape debates on the roles of women in patriarchal religious hierarchies.

Dissertation

The aim of this thesis is to provide an insight into the topic of causation in law and to acquaint its reader with the common methods of proving the causation before courts. Among the most used methods such as the 'but for' test, this paper focuses on specific aspects of this topic which were introduced to the Czech legal system together with the adoption of the Civil Code 2014. The thesis also includes description and analysis of alternatively used methods of proving 'multiple causation' cases such as the theory of 'loss of chance' and 'pure economic loss'. Among this analysis the comparison between Czech and British legal system is used extensively. The core of this thesis is the effort to confirm or to refute the hypothesis that despite the Czech legal system does not officially recognize distinction between 'factual causation' and 'legal causation' as it is done in the British legal system, methods from both categories are actively used by Czech courts. This paper also aims to analyze whether, due to the fact that recognition between 'factual causation' and 'legal causation' is not explicitly expressed in the Czech legal system, does exist any negative or positive impact on judicial decisions. The last goal of this thesis is to demonstrate whether, similarly as in the British law, the significant number...

A criança é um ser humano que tem direito à vida devendo, por isso, ter acesso a todo o tipo de condições que promovam o seu pleno desenvolvimento. Mundialmente, assiste-se à realidade de que nem todos os cidadãos têm os mesmos direitos, devido à falta de condições em que vivem, melhor dizendo, sobrevivem. Nesta dissertação pretendeu-se estudar uma estratégia para o aumento das doações para causas sociais, nomeadamente no que concerne às crianças desfavorecidas. Para este fim, realizaram-se quatro estudos através da recolha de amostras populacionais: três realizados em Portugal e um realizado nos Estados Unidos da América. Nestes estudos, pretendeu-se investigar qual o tipo de mensagens que tem mais impacto no aumento das doações, quer para vítimas identificáveis quer para vítimas estatísticas: mensagens em termos positivos vs. em termos negativos. Concluiu-se que as mensagens em termos negativos são as que produzem maior efeito no aumento das doações; que globalmente as mulheres doam mais do que os homens; que os sentimentos de felicidade e generosidade estão diretamente relacionados com o aumento das doações e que as emoções estão associadas com as doações.
The child is a human being who has the right to life and must therefore have access to all kinds of conditions that promote their full development. Worldwide, there is the reality that not all citizens have the same rights, due to the lack of conditions in which they live, in other words, survive. The purpose of this dissertation was to study a strategy for increasing donations to social causes especially for disadvantaged children. To this end, four studies were carried out through the collection of population samples, three of them in Portugal and the other in the United States of America. In these studies, it was intended to investigate which types of messages have the most impact on increasing donations, both for identified victims and for statistical victims: messages in positive vs. negative terms. It was concluded that messages in negative terms are those that have the greatest effect on increasing donations; that globally women donate more than men; that the feeling of happiness and generosity is directly related to increased donations and that emotions are associated with donations.