Journal articles on the topic 'Purchases'
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Ng, Shu Wen, Juan A. Rivera, Barry M. Popkin, and M. Arantxa Colchero. "Did high sugar-sweetened beverage purchasers respond differently to the excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Mexico?" Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001800321x.
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AbstractObjectiveTo estimate changes in taxed and untaxed beverages by volume of beverage purchased after a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax was introduced in 2014 in Mexico.DesignWe used household purchase data from January 2012 to December 2015. We first classified the sample into four groups based on pre-tax purchases of beverages: (i) higher purchases of taxed beverages and lower purchases of untaxed beverages (HTLU-unhealthier); (ii) higher purchases of both types of beverages (HTHU); (iii) lower purchases of taxed and untaxed beverages (LTLU); and (iv) lower purchases of taxed beverages and higher purchases of untaxed beverages (LTHU-healthier). Next, we estimated differences in purchases after the tax was implemented for each group compared with a counterfactual based on pre-tax trends using a fixed-effects model.SettingAreas with more than 50 000 residents in Mexico.ParticipantsHouseholds (n 6089).ResultsThe HTLU-unhealthier and HTHU groups had the largest absolute and relative reductions in taxed beverages and increased their purchases of untaxed beverages. Households with lower purchases of untaxed beverages (HTLU-unhealthier and LTLU) had the largest absolute and relative increases in untaxed beverages. We also found that among households with higher purchases of taxed beverages, the group with lowest socio-economic status had the greatest reduction in purchases of taxed beverages.ConclusionsEvidence associating the SSB tax with larger reductions among high purchasers of taxed beverages prior to the tax is relevant, as higher SSB purchasers have a greater risk of obesity, diabetes and other cardiometabolic outcomes.
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Park, Timothy A., and Wojciech J. Florkowski. "Demand and Quality Uncertainty in Pecan Purchasing Decisions." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31, no. 1 (April 1999): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200028752.
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AbstractA generalized Heckman model of purchase decisions incorporating perceived consumer quality attributes, ease of purchase, and familiarity with marketing outlets as factors influencing pecan purchases is estimated. Marketing efforts that encourage consumers to expand expenditures on nut products increase both the probability of pecan purchases and the amount purchased. Consumers who use all types of nuts in a wider variety of foods tend to purchase pecans more frequently. A diverse set of marketing outlets provides consumers with convenient sources for purchasing pecans and has a significant influence on the probability of pecan purchases but not the amount of pecans purchased.
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Weatherspoon, Dave D., Marie Steele-Adjognon, Fidèle Niyitanga, Jean Paul Dushimumuremyi, Anwar Naseem, and James Oehmke. "Food expenditure patterns, preferences, policy, and access of Rwandan households." British Food Journal 119, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 1202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2016-0408.
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Purpose An extended period of economic growth along with stubborn childhood stunting and wasting levels raises questions about how consumer food purchasing behaviors respond to income increases in Rwanda. The purpose of this paper is to assess the role income, prices, policy, agricultural production, and market access play on how rural households purchase different food groups. Design/methodology/approach Six separate log-normal double hurdle models are run on six different food groups to examine what affects the probability a household purchases in each food group and for those who do purchase, what determines the quantity purchased. Findings Rural Rwandans are price and expenditure responsive but prices have more impact on food group purchases. Crop production resulted in reduced household market procurement for its associated food group but had mixed effects on the purchases of all other food groups. Rural Rwandans purchase and consume low amounts of animal-based proteins which may be a leading factor related to the high stunting and wasting rates. Owning an animal increased the purchased quantity of meat but lowered the purchased quantity of most other food groups. Practical implications Results suggest that policies and programs have to address multiple constraints simultaneously to increase the purchases of the limited food groups in the rural household diets that may be contributing to the high rates of stunting and wasting. Originality/value This study is the first to evaluate the interplay among prices, household income, household production, policies and donor programs, and demographic variables on rural Rwandan household food purchases.
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Levitt, Steven D., John A. List, Susanne Neckermann, and David Nelson. "Quantity discounts on a virtual good: The results of a massive pricing experiment at King Digital Entertainment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 27 (July 5, 2016): 7323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510501113.
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We report on a natural field experiment on quantity discounts involving more than 14 million consumers. Implementing price reductions ranging from 9–70% for large purchases, we found remarkably little impact on revenue, either positively or negatively. There was virtually no increase in the quantity of customers making a purchase; all the observed changes occurred for customers who already were buyers. We found evidence that infrequent purchasers are more responsive to discounts than frequent purchasers. There was some evidence of habit formation when prices returned to pre-experiment levels. There also was some evidence that consumers contemplating small purchases are discouraged by the presence of extreme quantity discounts for large purchases.
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Coyle, Daisy, Maria Shahid, Elizabeth Dunford, Cliona Ni Mhurchu, Sarah Mckee, Myla Santos, Barry Popkin, et al. "Contribution of Major Food Companies and Their Products to Household Dietary Sodium Purchases in Australia." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa067_017.
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Abstract Objectives To support the work of the Australian federal governments proposed sodium reformulation targets, this study sought to identify the relative contribution that different food companies and their products make to household sodium purchases in Australia. We also examined differences in household sodium purchases from packaged foods and beverages by income level. Methods We used one year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with a packaged food and beverage database (FoodSwitch) that contains brand- and product-specific sodium information. Outcome measures were sodium purchases per capita (mg/day), sodium density (mg/1000 kcal), and purchase-weighted sodium content (mg/100 g). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Per capita sodium purchases was estimated in household income strata. All analyses were modeled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results Sodium data were available from 7188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and, in total, just under 7.5 million units of foods and beverages. The total sodium acquired from packaged foods and beverages was 1443 mg/day per capita. Out of 1329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12–15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased substantially more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (220 mg/d, 95% CI: 132–307 mg/d, P < 0.001). Conclusions A small number of food companies and food categories account for the majority of dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. There is an opportunity for governments to prioritize engagement and incentivize key companies and food categories to deliver a large reduction in sodium intake and reduce cardiovascular disease. Funding Sources National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Pedraza, Lilia, Barry Popkin, Juan Salgado, and Lindsey Taillie. "Mexican Households’ Purchases of Foods and Beverages Vary by Store-Type, Taxation Status, and SES." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081044.
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Where people shop for food is often linked to the healthiness of food purchases. In Mexico, no research has examined the connection between where people shop, what they buy, and their socioeconomic status (SES). Mexico’s sugary beverage and junk food taxes have made households decrease purchases of taxed products. However, whether households have changed where they shop is unknown. To address this gap, we use a repeated cross-sectional analysis of household packaged food and beverage purchases from the Nielsen Mexico Consumer Panel Survey from 2012 to 2015 (n > 5500 households). We examine changes in the volume of the purchase of taxed and untaxed products from different store-types (i.e., convenience stores, supermarkets, traditional retailers, wholesalers, home water-delivery, and others) by SES using multivariate linear regression models. Results show that high-SES households purchased more foods and beverages at all store-types except for low-SES who purchased the most foods and taxed beverages at traditional retailers. Purchases of taxed foods and beverages from traditional retailers significantly decreased for low-SES and middle-SES households and from supermarkets for middle-SES and high-SES households. Purchases of untaxed beverages from wholesalers significantly increased for middle-SES households and from convenience stores for high-SES households. Our findings suggest that consumers choose different stores to purchase beverages than to purchase foods and that taxes may have differentially affected each store-type.
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Lawman, Hannah G., Jennifer Dolatshahi, Giridhar Mallya, Stephanie Vander Veur, Ryan Coffman, Cheryl Bettigole, Alexis Wojtanowski, Judith Wylie-Rosett, and Gary D. Foster. "Characteristics of tobacco purchases in urban corner stores." Tobacco Control 27, no. 5 (August 10, 2017): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053815.
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IntroductionTo examine the prevalence and patterns of tobacco purchases at low-income, urban corner stores.MethodsData on tobacco products and other purchases were collected through direct observation of customers’ purchases (n=6369) at 120 urban corner stores in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from April to September 2012.ResultsOverall 13% of corner store purchases included tobacco products. The majority (61%) of tobacco purchases did not include any other products, and 5.1% of all purchases from corner stores included a food or beverage and tobacco product. Approximately 24% of tobacco purchases were for lower-cost tobacco products such as cigars and cigarillos, and nearly 5% of tobacco purchases were an illegal purchase of a single, unpackaged tobacco product that is not intended for individual sale (ie, loosies). There was no difference in the average amount spent on food or beverages when purchased with (US$2.55, 95% CI: 2.21 to 2.88) or without (US$2.55, 95% CI: 2.48 to 2.63) tobacco products.ConclusionsIn low-income, urban corner store settings, 87% of purchases did not include tobacco; most tobacco purchases did not include the sale of non-tobacco items and spending on non-tobacco items was similar whether or not tobacco was purchased. These findings can help inform retail-level tobacco sales decisions, such as voluntary discontinuation of tobacco products or future public health policies that target tobacco sales. The results challenge prevailing assumptions that tobacco sales are associated with sales of other products in corner stores, such as food and beverages.
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Horodnic, Ioana Alexandra, Colin C. Williams, Alexandru Maxim, Iuliana Claudia Stoian, Oana Carmen Țugulea, and Adrian V. Horodnic. "Knowing and Unknowing Purchases of Undeclared Healthcare Goods and Services: The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Trust." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 11561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111561.
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Although major advances have been made in relation to explaining the supply side of the informal economy, this is not the case for the demand-side of the informal economy. This study analyses for the first time the purchasers of undeclared goods and services in the healthcare sector. To evaluate the purchase of undeclared healthcare goods and services, logistic regression analysis and robustness tests are used on 3048 interviews in Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Malta. The finding is that an important share of the purchasers make this type of purchase unknowingly. However, no difference in terms of socio-economics characteristics of those who knowingly and those who unknowingly made purchases of undeclared healthcare goods and services was identified. Meanwhile a significant influence of trust (in government and in other citizens) has been identified in relation to those who made these purchases knowingly. As such, policy measures aimed at decreasing unknowing purchases and at nurturing trust are discussed in the concluding section.
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Fuentealba, Natalia Rebolledo, Marcela Reyes, Camila Corvalan, Barry Popkin, and Lindsey Smith Taillie. "Do Sugary Drink Policies Increase Purchases of Non-Calorically Sweetened Beverages? Evidence from Chile." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_106.
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Abstract Objectives Chile's 2016 on food labeling and advertising reduced household (HH) sugary drink purchases by 24%. However, it is unclear if this regulation was also associated with a subsequent increase in non-calorically sweetened (NCS) beverage purchases, nor who is most likely to be a top consumer of NCS beverages. Methods We used longitudinal monthly-level data from Kantar WorldPanel Chile 2015–2017 (HH = 2383) linked to yearly updated nutrition facts panel data to examine changes in NCS beverage purchases from the pre-implementation period (January 2015-June 2016) to the post-implementation period (July 2016-December 2017). Beverages were categorized into 4 mutually exclusive groups: CS: sweetened with caloric sweeteners, NCS: sweetened with non-caloric sweeteners, CS + NCS: sweetened with both sweeteners, and unsweetened. For the pre-implementation period, we used multinomial logistic regression to model HH sociodemographic predictors (head of HH educational level, HH assets, HH composition and region) of being in tertiles of NCS beverages volume purchased. We estimated the changes in beverage volume purchases between pre- and post-implementation using linear regression models adjusted for HH sociodemographic characteristics and month of data collection to account for seasonality. Results HH with higher education (35%) and HH assets (38%) were more likely to be high NCS beverages purchasers, while HH with lower education (37%) and HH assets (42%) were more likely to be low NCS beverages purchasers. After policy implementation, volume of purchases of NCS beverages increased by 6.2 mL/capita/day (95% CI: 4.7, 7.6), while volume of CS, CS + NCS and unsweetened beverages purchases decreased by 24.6 mL (95% CI: −27.5, −21.7), 4.3 mL (95% CI: −6.4, −2.2) and 16.4 mL (95% CI: −20.8, −12.1), respectively. Conclusions In Chile, people of high SES purchase more NCS beverages. After policy implementation, the volume of CS, NCS + CS and unsweetened beverages decreased while the volume of NCS sweetened beverages increased. Funding Sources Bloomberg Philanthropies, International Development Research Centre, and Chilean National Agency of Research and Development. This project was also supported by the Carolina Population Center.
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Kavinda, D. D. C., and P. A. N. S. Anuradha. "Directors’ stock-purchases on stock performance: Evidence from Colombo Stock Exchange." International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management 3, no. 4 (March 4, 2022): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v3i4.777.
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Abstract Purpose: This study examines how directors’ stock-purchase transactions would result in stock performance, assessing whether directors’ stock-purchase transactions are rapidly reflected in stock prices in Colombo Stock Exchange, Sri Lanka. Moreover, it studies how stock-purchase transactions based on directors’ gender, would result in stock performance. Research Methodology: The analysis covers a period from March 2013 to March 2019, and includes 141 directors’ stock purchases. Research issues are investigated using an event-study methodology. Results: Significant negative abnormal returns follow directors’ stock-purchase transactions, which indicates they are not rapidly reflected in stock prices. Gender-wise, male directors’ stock-purchase transactions result in significantly negative abnormal returns, whereas for its female counterpart, no significantly abnormal returns are observed. Further, both male and female directors’ stock-purchase transactions are not rapidly reflected in stock prices. Limitation: The study does not consider the number of shares purchased. Certain director stock purchases have to be omitted due to a lack of data. Contribution: Policy-makers could implement actions to prevent harmful trading activities and to improve the reporting timelines of directors' stock purchases. Consequently, the information asymmetry could be minimized. Hence, investors could engage in stock purchases confidently, which results in mitigating the company’s cost of capital.
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Littlefield, James E., Yeqing Bao, and Don L. Cook. "Internet real estate information: are home purchasers paying attention to it?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 17, no. 7 (December 1, 2000): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760010357787.
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Many writers assume that consumers’ use of the Internet will follow the development of Web sites by Realtor.com and other Realtor‐sponsored sites on the Internet. This study examined this proposition by surveying consumers’ Internet use in their home purchases. A model of consumers’ Internet use in home purchases is developed and tested. Results showed that fewer than 40 percent of the home purchasers ever used the Internet for real estate related information during their home purchases. Awareness of Internet real estate information, access to Internet, age, perceived effectiveness of Internet in home purchase, and satisfaction with Realtor are found to be important factors in determining consumers’ use of Internet during home purchases.
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Rayner, Lisa, and Gary Easthope. "Postmodern consumption and alternative medications." Journal of Sociology 37, no. 2 (June 2001): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078301128756274.
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Alternative medicine consumption is examined as a paradigm case of postmodern consumption. Content analysis of advertisements and analysis of a survey of purchasers of such medicines demonstrate niche markets delineated by life style, an emphasis on symbolic value rather than use value and the use of such medicines as a means of self-assembly – all features predicted by theorists of postmodern society. However, purchasers are predominantly female, and age and gender distinguish different types of products purchased, purchase is not entirely symbolic and many purchases are made to be consumed by others, making it uncertain whether they are used for self-assembly. These results suggest modifications to theories of postmodern consumption are necessary.
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Valizadeh, Pourya, Barry M. Popkin, and Shu Wen Ng. "Linking a sugar-sweetened beverage tax with fruit and vegetable subsidies: A simulation analysis of the impact on the poor." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 115, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab330.
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ABSTRACT Background US individuals, particularly from low-income subpopulations, have very poor diet quality. Policies encouraging shifts from consuming unhealthy food towards healthy food consumption are needed. Objectives We simulate the differential impacts of a national sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax and combinations of SSB taxes with fruit and vegetable (FV) subsidies targeted to low-income households on SSB and FV purchases of lower and higher SSB purchasers. Methods We considered a 1-cent-per-ounce SSB tax and 2 FV subsidy rates of 30% and 50% and used longitudinal grocery purchase data for 79,044 urban/semiurban US households from 2010–2014 Nielsen Homescan data. We used demand elasticities for lower and higher SSB purchasers, estimated via longitudinal quantile regression, to simulate policies’ differential effects. Results Higher-SSB-purchasing households made larger reductions (per adult equivalent) in SSB purchases than lower SSB purchasers due to the tax (e.g., 4.4 oz/day at SSB purchase percentile 90 compared with 0.5 oz/day at percentile 25; P < 0.05). Our analyses by household income indicated low-income households would make larger reductions than higher-income households at all SSB purchase levels. Targeted FV subsidies induced similar, but nutritionally insignificant, increases in FV purchases of low-income households, regardless of their SSB purchase levels. Subsidies, however, were effective in mitigating the tax burdens. All low-income households experienced a net financial gain when the tax was combined with a 50% FV subsidy, but net gains were smaller among higher SSB purchasers. Further, low-income households with children gained smaller net financial benefits than households without children and incurred net financial losses under a 30% subsidy rate. Conclusions SSB taxes can effectively reduce SSB consumption. FV subsidies would increase FV purchases, but nutritionally meaningful increases are limited due to low purchase levels before policy implementation. Expanding taxes beyond SSBs, providing larger FV subsidies, or offering subsidies beyond FVs, particularly for low-income households with children, may be more effective.
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Rittmeister, Maximilian. "The Management Board's permission to disclose Due Diligence Information Before a Corporate Acquisition in consideration of the Impact of the Act to Improve the Protection of Investors (Gesetz zur Verbesserung des Anlegerschutzes)." German Law Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013791.
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Prior to an acquisition of a stock corporation the purchasers often perform a due diligence at the target company. The due diligence is the examination of the company and can cover the legal, commercial, environmental, financial and fiscal matters of the company. Under US law it is the purchaser's duty to examine a company accurately since the risk of any deficiencies is on him. German law, in contrast, does not require the purchaser to examine the company he purchases. According to § 442 (1) sentence 2 of the German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch – BGB) the buyer does not have rights with respect to a defect, if he is unaware of this defect as a result of gross negligence on his part. While for some years now, the performance of due diligence prior to purchasing a company has become quite customary in Germany, German law does not yet require the person wanting to purchase a company to perform a due diligence.
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Juul, Filippa, Bárbara dos Santos Simões, Jacqueline Litvak, Euridice Martinez-Steele, Andrea Deierlein, Maya Vadiveloo, and Niyati Parekh. "Processing level and diet quality of the US grocery cart: is there an association?" Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 13 (June 13, 2019): 2357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001344.
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AbstractObjective:The majority of groceries purchased by US households are industrially processed, yet it is unclear how processing level influences diet quality. We sought to determine if processing level is associated with diet quality of grocery purchases.Design:We analysed grocery purchasing data from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey 2012–2013. Household grocery purchases were categorized by the NOVA framework as minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods or ultra-processed foods. The energy share of each processing level (percentage of energy; %E) and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) component and total scores were calculated for each household’s purchases. The association between %E from processed foods and ultra-processed foods, respectively, and HEI-2015 total score was determined by multivariable linear regression. Foods purchased by households with the highest v. lowest ultra-processed food purchases and HEI-2015 total score <40 v. ≥60 were compared using linear regression.Setting:USA.Participants:Nationally representative sample of 3961 households.Results:Processed foods and ultra-processed foods provided 9·2 (se 0·3) % and 55·8 (se 0·6) % of purchased energy, respectively. Mean HEI-2015 score was 54·7 (se 0·4). Substituting 10 %E from minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients for ultra-processed foods decreased total HEI-2015 score by 1·8 points (β = −1·8; 95 % CI −2·0, −1·5). Processed food purchases were not associated with diet quality. Among households with high ultra-processed food purchases, those with HEI-2015 score <40 purchased less minimally processed plant-foods than households with HEI-2015 score ≥60.Conclusions:Increasing purchases of minimally processed foods, decreasing purchases of ultra-processed foods and selecting healthier foods at each processing level may improve diet quality.
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Phipps, Etienne J., Samantha L. Wallace, Shana D. Stites, Nadine Uplinger, S. Brook Singletary, Lacy Hunt, Saul Axelrod, Karen Glanz, and Leonard E. Braitman. "Using rewards-based incentives to increase purchase of fruit and vegetables in lower-income households: design and start-up of a randomized trial." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 5 (November 20, 2012): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004934.
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AbstractObjectiveTo report the design and baseline results of a rewards-based incentive to promote purchase of fruit and vegetables by lower-income households.DesignA four-phase randomized trial with wait-listed controls. In a pilot study, despite inadequate study coupon use, purchases of fresh fruit (but not vegetables) increased, but with little maintenance. In the present study, credits on the study store gift card replace paper coupons and a tapering phase is added. The primary outcome is the number of servings of fresh and frozen fruit and vegetables purchased per week.SettingA large full-service supermarket located in a predominantly minority community in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.SubjectsFifty-eight households, with at least one child living in the home.ResultsDuring the baseline period, households purchased an average of 3·7 servings of fresh vegetables and an average of less than 1 serving of frozen vegetables per week. Households purchased an average of 1·9 servings of fresh fruit per week, with little to no frozen fruit purchases. Overall, the range of fresh and frozen produce purchased during this pre-intervention period was limited.ConclusionsAt baseline, produce purchases were small and of limited variety. The study will contribute to understanding the impact of financial incentives on increasing the purchases of healthier foods by lower-income populations.
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Országhová, Dana, and Gabriela Petreková. "Consumers’ motivation and purchasing behavior in selected shopping chain with grocery: a case study." Mathematics in Education, Research and Applications 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/meraa.2020.06.01.72-79.
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Food products are among the most frequently purchased goods, because they are part of the basic life necessities of every individual. In this paper, we focused on the shopping behavior of consumers who buy products in the shopping chain COOP Jednota. The main goal was the analysis of motivational and purchasing behavior of consumers and statistical evaluation of independence between observed features. We obtained data for the analysis by the method of questionnaire and we evaluated the answers of the respondents focused on four research questions. We applied -test of independence to determine dependence between these statistical features: respondent's education, frequency of respondent's purchases, effect of advertising on purchasing of consumers, and amount of the monthly payment for the purchase. Results confirmed that there is dependence between the respondent's education and the frequency of purchases in the mentioned shopping chain. The dependence was not approved in the following three cases: between the respondent's education and the incentive effect of advertising on purchases; between the respondent's education and the monthly payment for the purchase, and between the frequency of purchases in the COOP Jednota chain and the motivational effect of advertising on the respondent's purchase.
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Országhová, Dana, and Gabriela Petreková. "Consumers’ motivation and purchasing behavior in selected shopping chain with grocery: a case study." Mathematics in Education, Research and Applications 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/meraa.2020.06.02.72-79.
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Food products are among the most frequently purchased goods, because they are part of the basic life necessities of every individual. In this paper, we focused on the shopping behavior of consumers who buy products in the shopping chain COOP Jednota. The main goal was the analysis of motivational and purchasing behavior of consumers and statistical evaluation of independence between observed features. We obtained data for the analysis by the method of questionnaire and we evaluated the answers of the respondents focused on four research questions. We applied - test of independence to determine dependence between these statistical features: respondent's education, frequency of respondent's purchases, effect of advertising on purchasing of consumers, and amount of the monthly payment for the purchase. Results confirmed that there is dependence between the respondent's education and the frequency of purchases in the mentioned shopping chain. The dependence was not approved in the following three cases: between the respondent's education and the incentive effect of advertising on purchases; between the respondent's education and the monthly payment for the purchase, and between the frequency of purchases in the COOP Jednota chain and the motivational effect of advertising on the respondent's purchase.
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Országhová, Dana, and Gabriela Petreková. "Consumers’ motivation and purchasing behavior in selected shopping chain with grocery: a case study." Mathematics in Education, Research and Applications 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/meraa.2020.06.01.72-79.
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Food products are among the most frequently purchased goods, because they are part of the basic life necessities of every individual. In this paper, we focused on the shopping behavior of consumers who buy products in the shopping chain COOP Jednota. The main goal was the analysis of motivational and purchasing behavior of consumers and statistical evaluation of independence between observed features. We obtained data for the analysis by the method of questionnaire and we evaluated the answers of the respondents focused on four research questions. We applied -test of independence to determine dependence between these statistical features: respondent's education, frequency of respondent's purchases, effect of advertising on purchasing of consumers, and amount of the monthly payment for the purchase. Results confirmed that there is dependence between the respondent's education and the frequency of purchases in the mentioned shopping chain. The dependence was not approved in the following three cases: between the respondent's education and the incentive effect of advertising on purchases; between the respondent's education and the monthly payment for the purchase, and between the frequency of purchases in the COOP Jednota chain and the motivational effect of advertising on the respondent's purchase.
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Levy, Renata Bertazzi, Rafael Moreira Claro, and Carlos Augusto Monteiro. "Sugar and total energy content of household food purchases in Brazil." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 11 (April 30, 2009): 2084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009005588.
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AbstractObjectiveTo study the role of energy derived from sugar (both table sugar and sugar added to processed foods) in the total energy content of food purchases in Brazil.DesignFood purchase data were collected during a national household budget survey carried out between June 2002 and July 2003 on a probabilistic sample representative of all households in the country. The amount of food purchased in this 12-month period was transformed into energy and energy from sugar using food composition tables. Multiple linear regression models were used to study the association between amount of energy from sugar and total energy content of food purchases, controlling for sociodemographic variables and potential interactions between these variables and sugar purchases.ResultsThere was a positive and significant association between energy from sugar and total household energy purchases. A 1 kJ increase in sugar purchase corresponded to a 3·637 kJ increase in total energy. In the absence of expenditure on meals outside the home, i.e. when household food purchases tend to approximate actual food consumption by household members, sugar purchase of 1926·35 kJ/d (the 90th percentile of the distribution of sugar purchases in Brazil) was associated, depending on income strata, with total energy purchase over 40–60 % of the recommended daily value for energy intake in Brazil.ConclusionsThe present results corroborate the recommendations of the WHO and the Brazilian Ministry of Health regarding limiting the consumption of sugar.
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Tak, Mehroosh, Cherry Law, Rosemary Green, Bhavani Shankar, and Laura Cornelsen. "Processed foods purchase profiles in urban India in 2013 and 2016: a cluster and multivariate analysis." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (October 2022): e062254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062254.
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ObjectivesSales of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) and beverages are rising in low-income and middle-income countries. Such foods are often linked with weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension—diseases that are on the rise in India. This paper analysed patterns in purchases of processed and UPF by urban Indian households.SettingPanel data from Kantar —Worldpanel Division, India for 2013 and 2016.Participants58 878 urban Indian households.MethodsWe used K-mean partition clustering and multivariate regression to analyse patterns in processed food (PF) and UPF purchase for urban India.ResultsThree-quarters of urban Indian households purchased over ten PF groups. Mean per person annual PF purchase was 150 kg. UPF purchase was low at 6.4 kg in 2016 but had grown by 6% since 2013. Cluster analysis identified three patterns of consumption, characterised by low (54% of the households in 2016), medium (36%) and high (10%) PF purchase quantities. High cluster households purchased over three times as much PFs and UPF as the low cluster households. Notably, salt purchases were persistently high across clusters in both years (>3.3 kg), while sweet snack and ready-to-eat food purchases grew consistently in all clusters between 2013 and 2016. A positive and significant association was found between household purchases of UPF and their socioeconomic status as well as ownership of durables, such as refrigerator, colour television and washing machine (all p<0.001). Spatial characteristics including size of town (p<0.05) in which the household is located were also positively associated with the purchase of UPF.ConclusionResults suggest the need for tailored regional and city level interventions to curb the low but growing purchase of UPF. New data on obesity and rise of non-communicable diseases, the results are concerning given the links between lifestyle changes and the speed of urbanisation in Indian cities.
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Grummon, Anna H., and Lindsey Smith Taillie. "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation and racial/ethnic disparities in food and beverage purchases." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 18 (October 11, 2018): 3377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018002598.
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AbstractObjectiveThe current study aimed to (i) describe racial/ethnic disparities in household food and beverage purchases among participants and non-participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and (ii) examine longitudinal associations between SNAP participation and purchases by race/ethnicity.DesignTo describe disparities, we estimated sociodemographic-adjusted mean purchases of seven unhealthy food and beverage groups (e.g. junk food, sugar-sweetened beverages) and four nutrients (e.g. sugar, Na) among white, black and Hispanic SNAP-participating and non-participating households. To examine longitudinal associations, we used multivariable linear regression with household fixed effects.SettingUSA, 2010–2014.SubjectsFood and beverage purchases among low-income (≤250 % federal poverty line) US households (n 30 403) participating in the Nielsen Homescan Panel.ResultsAmong non-participants, there were significant black–white disparities (i.e. differences favouring white households) in households’ adjusted mean purchases of processed meat, sweeteners, sugar-sweetened beverages, energy and Na. These disparities persisted among SNAP participants. In contrast, the only significant Hispanic–white disparity among non-participants was for Na purchases; this disparity was reduced in magnitude and no longer significant among SNAP-participating households. Additionally, Hispanic households purchased less energy from junk foods than white households, regardless of SNAP status. In longitudinal models accounting for household fixed effects, SNAP participation was associated with increased energy purchased among black households. No other significant longitudinal associations between SNAP and purchase outcomes were observed.ConclusionsSNAP may not be meeting its potential to improve food and beverage purchases or reduce disparities. Research is needed to identify strategies for ensuring nutritious purchases across all racial/ethnic groups.
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Dai, Hengchen, Cindy Chan, and Cassie Mogilner. "People Rely Less on Consumer Reviews for Experiential than Material Purchases." Journal of Consumer Research 46, no. 6 (September 10, 2019): 1052–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz042.
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Abstract An increasingly prevalent form of social influence occurs online where consumers read reviews written by other consumers. Do people rely on consumer reviews differently when making experiential purchases (events to live through) versus when making material purchases (objects to keep)? Though people often use consumer reviews both when making experiential and material purchases, an analysis of more than six million reviews on Amazon.com and four laboratory experiments reveal that people are less likely to rely on consumer reviews for experiential purchases than for material purchases. This effect is driven by beliefs that reviews are less reflective of the purchase’s objective quality for experiences than for material goods. These findings not only indicate how different types of purchases are influenced by word of mouth, but also illuminate the psychological processes underlying shoppers’ reliance on consumer reviews. Furthermore, as one of the first investigations into how people choose among various experiential and material purchase options, these findings suggest that people are less receptive to being told what to do than what to have.
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Chisasa, Joseph, and Winnie Dlamini. "An Empirical Analysis Of The Interest Rate-Vehicle Purchase Decision Nexus In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2013): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i5.7823.
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The domestic passenger car market has witnessed substantial growth in South Africa. At the same time, bank repossessions and black-listing of defaulting borrowers have increased in sympathy. This paper empirically examines the link between interest rates and the borrowers decision to purchase a passenger vehicle in South Africa. We use monthly time series data of passenger vehicles purchased, household income, fuel prices, prime interest rates and producer price index for manufacturers from January 1995 to December 2011. With passenger vehicle unit purchases as the dependent variable, we obtain OLS estimates of the passenger vehicle purchase function. Results show that there is a negative, but insignificant, relationship between interest rates and passenger vehicle purchases in South Africa. Holding other factors constant, a 1% increase in interest rate results in a 0.9% decrease in passenger vehicle purchases. Household income, fuel price and producer price index are observed to have a positive and insignificant impact on the decision to purchase a passenger vehicle. Our results have policy and decision making implications to lenders and borrowers, respectively.
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Balabanis, George, and Nikoletta-Theofania Siamagka. "Inconsistencies in the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism." International Marketing Review 34, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2015-0057.
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Purpose Despite the well-established impact of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) on purchase intentions, extant literature offers limited evidence on actual purchase behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to address the gap by investigating the factors underlying variations in CET behaviour using reported brand purchases. Product category, product cost and visibility, brand and country of origin (COO) of purchased products are investigated for their impact on the differences in the behavioural effects of CET. Design/methodology/approach This study uses survey data collected in the USA from a sample of 468 consumers. Self-reported brand purchases are used and involve ten product categories, 432 brands, and 22 countries of origin. Logistic regressions for repeated measures are used to test the hypotheses formulated. Findings The results confirm that product category is an important determinant of the behavioural effects of CET. CET also has a significant impact on purchases of the most expensive product categories rather than frequently purchased convenient items. Contrary to existing empirical evidence, cultural similarity does not mitigate the negative effects of CET and product visibility does not strengthen the behavioural effect of CET. Practical implications The study results should enhance managers’ understanding of the determinants of ethnocentric behaviour. The results caution managers about the value of self-reported measures and indicate that product features other than COO may be more effective in mitigating the negative effects of CET. Originality/value This study contributes to extant literature on CET and COO by investigating, for the first time, the problem of inconsistent predictions of purchase behaviour in the context of foreign vs domestic brands. For this purpose, the study adopted a novel methodological approach to investigate actual brand purchases.
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Castetbon, Katia, Jennifer L. Harris, and Marlene B. Schwartz. "Purchases of ready-to-eat cereals vary across US household sociodemographic categories according to nutritional value and advertising targets." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 8 (December 8, 2011): 1456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011003065.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal purchases in 2008 in the USA according to cereal nutritional quality and marketing strategy and household sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study of purchases in one year. Each type of cereal was assigned to one of four nutrition quality categories (based on Nutrient Profile Index, NPI) and one of four advertising categories based on television exposure and analysis of packaging (child-targeted, family-targeted, adult-targeted and no television advertising). Medians and distributions of purchase indicators were calculated for the cereal categories and the distributions were compared across sociodemographic groups.SettingRTE cereals (n 249) with complete label and nutritional content.SubjectsRTE cereal purchases according to household sociodemographic characteristics obtained from Nielsen Homescan, a nationally representative panel of households.ResultsPurchases of RTE cereals were highest in households with one or more child and lowest in African-American and Asian households, as well as those earning <$US 30 000 per annum. The lowest-quality products were purchased by four times as many households as the highest-quality cereals, but loyalty to these products was lower. Purchases of cereals by households with children and in African-American and Hispanic households increased as cereal nutritional quality declined. Compared with non-advertised products, advertised child-targeted cereals were purchased thirteen times more frequently; family-targeted brand purchases were ten times higher; and adult-targeted cereals were purchased four times more frequently.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that improving the nutritional quality of RTE cereals with advertising targeted to children could also lead to increased consumption of healthier products by young people.
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Caspi, Caitlin E., Kathleen Lenk, Jennifer E. Pelletier, Timothy L. Barnes, Lisa Harnack, Darin J. Erickson, and Melissa N. Laska. "Food and beverage purchases in corner stores, gas-marts, pharmacies and dollar stores." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 14 (September 19, 2016): 2587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002524.
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Abstract Objective Little is known about customer purchases of foods and beverages from small and non-traditional food retailers (i.e. corner stores, gas-marts, dollar stores and pharmacies). The present study aimed to: (i) describe customer characteristics, shopping frequency and reasons for shopping at small and non-traditional food retailers; and (ii) describe food/beverage purchases and their nutritional quality, including differences across store type. Design Data were collected through customer intercept interviews. Nutritional quality of food/beverage purchases was analysed; a Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) score for purchases was created by aggregating participant purchases at each store. Setting Small and non-traditional food stores that were not WIC-authorized in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN, USA. Subjects Customers (n 661) from 105 food retailers. Results Among participants, 29 % shopped at the store at least once daily; an additional 44 % shopped there at least once weekly. Most participants (74 %) cited convenient location as the primary draw to the store. Customers purchased a median of 2262 kJ (540 kcal), which varied by store type (P=0·04). The amount of added sugar far surpassed national dietary recommendations. At dollar stores, participants purchased a median of 5302 kJ (1266 kcal) for a median value of $US 2·89. Sugar-sweetened beverages were the most common purchase. The mean HEI-2010 score across all stores was 36·4. Conclusions Small and non-traditional food stores contribute to the urban food environment. Given the poor nutritional quality of purchases, findings support the need for interventions that address customer decision making in these stores.
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Behe, Bridget K., Patricia T. Huddleston, and Charles R. Hall. "Gardening Motivations of U.S. Plant Purchasers During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 40, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-40.1.10.
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Abstract Plant purchases experienced a surge during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine of 2020. Researchers used an online survey instrument completed by 1,211 U.S. respondents to investigate the diverse motivations for making plant purchases. Researchers compared three age cohorts to understand which plant benefits they derived from their plant purchases. Millennials (born 1981 to 1995) derived the greatest social benefit from their plant purchases, followed by educational, physiological, and psychological benefits. Gen Z (born 1996 to 2012) derived more educational and physiological benefits compared to Baby Boomers (born 1946 to 1964). Individuals experiencing a high level of social benefits from plants may have contributed to the extensive use of social media during pandemic isolation, as plants appear to be a common interest or focal point for online social interaction. In other words, plants bought by Millennials (and to a lesser extent by Gen Z) served as an online social connection to others. The youngest age group, Gen Z, experienced the greatest boredom proneness and the most food insecurity. In comparing plant buyers with non-buyers, we found no difference in boredom proneness or shopping anxiety. Plant purchasers experienced greater food security compared to non-plant purchasers and individuals who purchased edible plants or food-producing plants or both a flowering plant and a food-producing plant had greater food security compared to non-plant buyers and individuals who purchased flowering plants. Results provide relevant topics (e.g., food security, boredom relief, and social connections) to inform on- and off-line communications with consumers. Index words: consumer, online survey.
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Pulkki, Jutta, Mari Aaltonen, Jani Raitanen, Pekka Rissanen, Marja Jylhä, and Leena Forma. "Purchases of medicines among community-dwelling older people: comparing people in the last 2 years of life and those who lived at least 2 years longer." European Journal of Ageing 17, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00543-9.
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AbstractWhile it is known that those who are living their last years are frequent users of social and health services, research about medicines at the end of life is scarce. We examined whether the proportions of purchasers and the types of prescription medicines purchased during a 2-year period differed between community-dwelling old people who died (decedents) in 2002, 2006 or 2011 and old people who lived at least 2 years longer (survivors) in Finland. We also examined how those differences changed over time. The study population was identified from nationwide registers and consisted of 174,097 community-dwelling people who were 70 years of age or older. Of these, 81,893 were decedents and 92,204 survivors. Data on purchases of medicines were gathered from the Finnish prescription database. Along with descriptive analyses, binary logistic regression analysis was used to find the association between decedent status and the purchase of medicines in general and different categories of medicines in particular. Almost all community-dwelling decedents and survivors purchased medicines at least once during the 2-year period. Over time, the proportion of purchasers increased in both groups but especially among survivors, thereby reducing the differences between the groups. However, the probability of purchasing medicines in general and different categories of medicine in particular remained significantly higher for decedents than for survivors after adjustments. This study shows that purchases of medication are concentrated at the end of life, as is the use of social and health services. However, the differences between decedents and survivors diminish over time.
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Khatamian, Houchang, and Alan Stevens. "Consumer Marketing Preferences for Nursery Stock." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-12.1.47.
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Abstract Consumer preferences as influenced by type of packaging, size of container, and price when purchasing landscape/nursery plants were determined. From February to May 1991, nearly 1,100 questionnaires were completed through personal on-site interviews conducted at flower/garden shows and traditional garden centers. Consumers preferred by almost a two to one margin to purchase trees as balled & burlapped stock and by almost a three to one margin, to purchase shrubs in containers. Over 90% of respondants normally purchased nursery plants from garden centers where they make 60% of their plant purchases. Almost half, 48.6% of these same respondants also purchased nursery plants from discount stores where they made 22.8% of their plant purchases. In 1990, 45% of those surveyed spent $100–500 for nursery stock. Respondants were willing to spend an average of $98 on a single tree. The most important factors in purchasing nursery stock were plant quality, availability of professional help, and plant selection. Plant cost and size were less important.
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Ćirić, Milica, and Bratislav Predić. "PSEUDO-MULTIVARIATE LSTM NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH FOR PURCHASE DAY PREDICTION IN B2B." Facta Universitatis, Series: Automatic Control and Robotics 19, no. 3 (January 19, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fuacr2003151c.
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This research focuses on trying to predict the moment of the next purchase for a customer in vendor-customer B2B scenario using an LSTM neural network and comparing prediction results from different input features. In a previous research we performed predictions for a specific customer product pair and used previous purchases for that pair as input data, but the number of such previous purchases was often very limited which resulted in low accuracy of predictions. By aggregating purchase data for all products a customer purchased, we were able to get more precise predictions of the next purchase. Additionally, expanding our input feature set yielded even better results. We performed an evaluation of LSTM networks trained with the most successful combination of input features for a six month period. Each of the networks was trained with purchase data up to the starting point of the selected period and the predictions were performed, after which additional input for the following seven days was added to the network. This process was then repeated for the entire six month period and a slight downward trend can be noticed for error metrics, leading to the conclusion that the network would perform even better over time with the addition of future purchases.
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Schlepper, Kathi, Heiko Hofer, Ryan Riordan, and Andreas Schrimpf. "The Market Microstructure of Central Bank Bond Purchases." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 193–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109018001370.
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We study quantitative easing (QE) policies from a microstructure perspective, drawing on intraday transaction-level data for German bonds (purchased under the Eurosystem’s QE program). An initial analysis of purchase decisions reveals that portfolio managers consider liquidity and the scarcity of securities in repo markets. Suggestive of significant flow effects, we detect price impacts of purchases at high and low frequencies. We find the impact on market liquidity and functioning to be ambiguous. A higher purchase volume lowers transaction costs but has an adverse impact on order-book depth. The price impact varies with market conditions and is higher for more illiquid bonds.
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Behe, Bridget K., Brittany Harte, and Chengyan Yue. "Online Gardening Search Activities and Purchases." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.4.210.
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Abstract Consumers have readily adopted personal computers and Internet technology with many seeking information and/or make purchases online. However, the extent to which horticultural consumers seek information and make purchases online is not well documented. A survey of 1588 consumers, representative of the United States on average, was conducted in 2004 to provide baseline information about online gardening search and purchase activities. Nearly 28% searched for gardening information at least once; of those, more than 50% of the participants searched for information at least weekly. There were differences in gardening-related searches by age and marital status, but not by region of residence, income, or gender. Nearly 50% of the study respondents made an online purchase in the year prior to the survey but only 7.4% made a gardening related purchase online. Over 50% had made a gardening-related purchase in-person. The same respondents who made in-person purchases were the individuals who made the online gardening purchases, so the Internet provided a supplemental shopping venue. There were demographic differences between those who made online gardening purchases and solely in-person gardening purchases. More males, younger and slightly less affluent participants were more likely to make online purchases than solely in-person purchases for gardening products, supplies, and services while more females who were slightly older and more affluent were more likely to make in-person gardening-related purchases.
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Aydin, Asli Elif. "Consumer Information Search Behavior for Experiential and Material Purchases." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 3 (March 30, 2014): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i3.483.
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The objective of this study is to determine whether sources of information consulted and the extent of information search differ between experiential and material purchases. For this purpose two experimental studies were conducted. It is demonstrated that moving along the experiential-material purchase continuum; consumers’ reliance on personal sources, especially personal independent sources intensifies towards experiential purchase pole and decreases towards material purchase pole. In addition, for material purchases; direct observation is preferred more compared to personal sources of information. Finally, it is revealed that the total amount of search is greater for experiential purchases than material purchases. The results suggest that experiential and material purchases require different types of search conduct due to their distinct natures.
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Guo, Lingfeng, Lawrence Kryzanowski, and Yinlin Nie. "Share classes, families and asset purchases: Canadian evidence." Managerial Finance 46, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-02-2019-0081.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test if relative asset purchase values (RAPVs) differ between single- and dual-class purchasers (not) differentiated by family ownership for Canadian firms. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses multivariate regressions and 2SLS estimations of simultaneous equations models with both continuous and dichotomous endogenous variables. Data on share structures and family involvements are hand collected. Findings RAPVs for dual-class purchasers are significantly different (larger) than their single-class counterparts only for family-controlled samples. Larger RAPVs for dual-class purchases are associated with higher degrees of dual-class structures, higher family ownerships and with boards with no more than one family member. Research limitations/implications RAPV is important because of its common use as a primary determinant of the wealth effects of M&As, its use as an exchange-rate proxy in two-stage regressions used to determine the amount of abnormal returns attributable to short selling activity around M&A announcements, and its use as a channel for conveying information about deal complexity, seller’s bargaining power, additional monitoring benefits from purchase and/or greater challenges in incorporating a purchase into existing assets. Larger sample size would facilitate more differentiated examinations. Practical implications Findings imply that dual-class share structures assist family shareholders in elevating their control over corporate decisions involving asset purchases. Social implications This paper furthers the authors’ knowledge about the effects of agency issues on corporate decisions. Originality/value It provides an extension and robustness test of the US evidence for asset purchases by providing evidence for Canada given its greater preponderance of families as the ultimate controlling shareholders, restricted or subordinated voting shares issued and pyramidal structures.
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Yue, Chengyan, and Charles Hall. "Traditional or Specialty Cut Flowers? Estimating U.S. Consumers' Choice of Cut Flowers at Noncalendar Occasions." HortScience 45, no. 3 (March 2010): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.3.382.
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Little research has been conducted that comprehensively studies consumers' choices of cut flowers at different occasions and for different gift recipients and how they associate different meanings with various types of cut flowers. Therefore, this article attempts to fill this gap in the literature. Using data collected by the Ipsos-National Panel Diary Group for the American Floral Endowment, we determine how the purchases of both traditional and specialty cut flowers have been changing over time and how characteristics of gift purchasers and gift recipients affect consumers' choice of different types of cut flowers. The data include consumers in 48 states and Washington, DC, whose floral purchases were tracked monthly for 14 years. Findings of this analysis confirm that floral purchases have been changing over time. In addition, the underlying drivers of floral purchases are dependent on the floral-buying occasion and the motivations underlying gift giving. These factors also influence the choice of which flowers to purchase along with the sentiment and/or symbolic meaning associated with each flower type.
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Lent, Michelle R., Stephanie Vander Veur, Giridhar Mallya, Tara A. McCoy, Timothy A. Sanders, Lisa Colby, Colleen Rauchut Tewksbury, et al. "Corner store purchases made by adults, adolescents and children: items, nutritional characteristics and amount spent." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 9 (August 13, 2014): 1706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014001670.
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AbstractObjectiveCorner stores, also known as bodegas, are prevalent in low-income urban areas and primarily stock high-energy foods and beverages. Little is known about individual-level purchases in these locations. The purpose of the present study was to assess corner store purchases (items, nutritional characteristics and amount spent) made by children, adolescents and adults in a low-income urban environment.DesignEvaluation staff used 9238 intercept surveys to directly examine food and beverage purchases.SettingIntercepts were collected at 192 corner stores in Philadelphia, PA, USA.SubjectsParticipants were adult, adolescent and child corner store shoppers.ResultsAmong the 9238 intercept surveys, there were 20 244 items. On average, at each corner store visit, consumers purchased 2·2 (sd 2·1) items (1·3 (sd 2·0) foods and 0·9 (sd 0·9) beverages) that cost $US 2·74 (sd $US 3·52) and contained 2786·5 (sd 4454·2) kJ (666·0 (sd 1064·6) kcal). Whether the data were examined as a percentage of total items purchased or as a percentage of intercepts, the most common corner store purchases were beverages, chips, prepared food items, pastries and candy. Beverage purchases occurred during 65·9 % of intercepts and accounted for 39·2 % of all items. Regular soda was the most popular beverage purchase. Corner store purchases averaged 66·2 g of sugar, 921·1 mg of sodium and 2·5 g of fibre per intercept. Compared with children and adolescents, adults spent the most money and purchased the most energy.ConclusionsUrban corner store shoppers spent almost $US 3·00 for over 2700 kJ (650 kcal) per store visit. Obesity prevention efforts may benefit from including interventions aimed at changing corner store food environments in low-income, urban areas.
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Anderson, Peter, Eva Jané Llopis, Amy O’Donnell, Jakob Manthey, and Jürgen Rehm. "Impact of low and no alcohol beers on purchases of alcohol: interrupted time series analysis of British household shopping data, 2015–2018." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e036371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036371.
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ObjectiveTo assess the impact of new low and no alcohol beers and reformulated beers in Great Britain on household purchases of grams of alcohol.DesignInterrupted time series analysis.SettingPurchase data from Kantar Worldpanel’s household shopping panel for 2015–2018.Participants64 286 British households.InterventionsIntroduction of new no and low alcohol beers during 2017–2018 and reformulation of existing beers to contain less alcohol during 2018.Main outcome measuresAverage alcoholic strength of beer and number of grams of alcohol purchased by households.ResultsAs assessed by British household purchase data, 46 new low and no alcohol beer products were introduced during 2015–2018, with a step-jump in volume purchased occurring at the beginning of March 2017 (event 1). During 2015–2018, 33 beer products were reformulated to contain less alcohol, with a step-jump in volume purchased occurring during mid-March 2018 (event 2). Interrupted time series analyses found a combined associated impact of both events with relative reductions of alcohol by volume of beer between 1.2% and 2.3%; purchases of grams of alcohol within beer between 7.1% and 10.2%; and purchases of grams of alcohol as a whole between 2.6% and 3.9%. The reductions were greater for reformulation than for the introduction of new low and no alcohol products. Reductions were independently higher for younger age groups of shoppers and for households that bought the most alcohol.ConclusionsEven though the events were associated with significant beneficial changes, the volume of purchases of new low and no alcohol beer products (2.6% of the volume of all beers purchased during 2018) and of new reformulated beer products (6.9% of the volume of all beers purchased during 2018) was very small. This indicates that there are future opportunities to increase the volume of such products so as to reduce the harm done by alcohol.
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Behe, Bridget K., Timothy A. Prince, and Harry K. Tayama. "Market Segmentation of Supermarket Floral Customers." HortScience 27, no. 5 (May 1992): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.5.459.
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A profile of consumer groups who purchased floral products from supermarkets was studied with a 106-item questionnaire developed to determine the domain of issues affecting supermarket floral purchases. Thirty-four factors were identified in factor analysis and formed the basis for cluster analysis. Cluster analysis was performed on survey responses to create five homogeneous consumer segments. Demographic data and floral-purchase factors were used to profile market segments and distinguishing elements. Fourteen factors contributed most to the differences between segments, including factors of product assortment, number of purchases, degree of personal use, and package importance. Clusters can be used by supermarket and florist management as potential target markets.
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Ślaski, Paweł. "Management of the Size of the Supply Under the Conditions of Inflation." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0092.
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Abstract The publication describes two ways of shopping, taking into account the CPI (Consumer Price Index) inflation rate. In the first case, changes in the sales price are made in a continuous manner in accordance with the inflation rate, and therefore it is better to make larger purchases. In the second case, it is better to carry out smaller purchases, because it is characterized by one-time adjustment of sales prices to the entire purchased a lot of goods. Both cases were verified based on the Solver tool, using non-linear, integer-based optimization. The final result was to determine the optimal purchase quantities with the minimum inventory costs.
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Kusumawardani, Ambar Rukmi Dyah, Jono M. Munandar, and Mukhamad Najib. "PENGARUH SEPULUH EKUITAS MEREK TERHADAP MINAT BELI DAN KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN SEPATU BATA BERDASARKAN SIKAP KONSUMEN." MIX: JURNAL ILMIAH MANAJEMEN 8, no. 2 (July 12, 2018): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/mix.2018.v8i2.007.
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Abstract. Bata shoes was the first top brand Indonesia in 2015-2017, however, Bata’s selling rate come through decreased. The purpose of this study was to analyze brand equity ten influence towards purchase intention and purchase decision. Technique of sampling method in this research was quota purposive sampling. Total sample size was 200 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and Structural Equation Model (SEM) version 3.2.1 SMART PLS. This study shows that purchase intention of hedonistic consumers is influenced by brand awareness, brand associations, and brand loyalty. Purchase intention has influence on current purchase and future purchase. Current purchases of hedonistic consumers has influence on future purchases. Purchase intention of utilitarian consumers is influenced by perceived quality and brand loyalty. Meanwhile, purchase intention affects current purchase. In addition, future purchases of utilitarian consumers is influenced by current purchases. Thus, the results of this research would benefit to PT Bata, Tbk as considerating on formulating strategy of strong brand building in increasing sale and facing market competition
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Alanen, Virve, Sanna Iivanainen, Martti Arffman, and Jussi Pekka Koivunen. "Tetracyclines increase the survival of NSCLC patients treated with EGFR TKIs: a retrospective nationwide registry study." ESMO Open 5, no. 5 (October 2020): e000864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000864.
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BackgroundWith the first and second-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), clinical benefit and rash correlate together. EGFR TKI-induced rash can be alleviated with tetracyclines, but it is unknown whether the use of tetracyclines can increase the survival of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with EGFR TKIs.MethodsWe collected all the patients (n=1271) who had reimbursement for EGFR TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib) in Finland 2011–2016, had purchased TKIs, and had data available at nationwide cancer registry. The survival was analysed from the first EGFR TKI purchase to death or end-of follow-up, and patients were stratified according to TKIs, purchases of antibiotics, their ATC class and timing.Results802 (63.1%) patients had antibiotic purchases −14 to +200 days from the first EGFR TKI purchase, 447 of these tetracyclines. 322 (25.3%) had had purchased antibiotics −14 to +14 days (prophylaxis) from the first EGFR TKI purchase, 188 of these tetracyclines. Purchase of antibiotics was associated with improved survival (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.91), which limited to tetracycline purchases only (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.82). The largest survival benefit was seen with the prophylactic use of tetracyclines (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.88). The benefit from tetracyclines was limited to erlotinib only (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.78) which was retained in multivariate analysis. Prophylactic use of tetracyclines was associated with a longer erlotinib treatment duration (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.96) but not with dose reductions or treatment breaks.ConclusionsTetracyclines improve the survival of NSCLC patients treated with the first and second-generation EGFR TKIs and they should be considered as a prophylaxis when initiating EGFR TKIs with high incidence of rash.
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BESSOUH, NADIRA, AHMED MIR, and ALI IZNASNI. "A TEST OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUYING IMPULSIVENESS AND IMPULSE PURCHASES." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 5 (May 31, 2015): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss5.361.
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This research work aims to show the contribution of individual factors, specifically the buying impulsiveness, to making an impulse purchase. For this purpose, Rook and Fisher’s scale (1995) is proposed to measure the level of impulsive purchase in Algerian buyers. Following an empirical study done on 385 impulse purchasers, it was possible to see that consumers are more impulsive when they experience high levels of impulsivity. These results would help managers attract customers and lower their guards, as a result of several stimuli, to push them make emotional and functional impulse purchases.
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Delaney, Tessa, Rachel Sutherland, Rebecca Wyse, Luke Wolfenden, Christophe Lecathelinais, Lisa Janssen, Kathryn Reilly, John Wiggers, and Sze Lin Yoong. "A cross-sectional study of the nutritional quality of student canteen purchases from New South Wales primary-school canteens." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 16 (July 25, 2019): 3092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001903.
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AbstractObjective:To assess the nutritional quality of student canteen purchases at recess and lunch, including: (i) the mean energy (kilojoules), saturated fat (grams), total sugar (grams) and Na (milligrams) and percentage of energy from saturated fat and total sugar; and (ii) the proportion and types of foods purchased that are healthier (green) and less healthy (amber/red) according to a state school canteen policy.Design:A cross-sectional study of student canteen food and beverage recess and lunch purchases.Setting:Twenty-six randomly selected government primary schools that were non-compliant with a state school canteen policy from a region of New South Wales, Australia, were approached to participate.Participants:Students (aged 5–12 years) of participating schools.Results:Eighteen schools (69 %) consented to participate. On average students’ recess purchases contained 571·2 kJ energy, 1·6 g saturated fat, 11·6 g total sugar and 132·4 mg Na with 10·0 % of energy from saturated fat and 37·8 % of energy from total sugar. Students’ lunch purchases contained 685·4 kJ energy, 1·8 g saturated fat, 12·7 g total sugar and 151·4 mg Na with 9·5 % of energy from saturated fat and 31·8 % of energy from total sugar. Less healthy items represented 72 and 76 % of all items purchased at recess and lunch, respectively, with ‘savoury snacks’ and ‘sugar-sweetened ice blocks and slushies’ being the most common recess and lunch purchases, respectively.Conclusions:There is considerable scope to improve the nutritional quality of student purchases from primary-school canteens, with a high percentage of energy from total sugar. Future research is required to identify effective strategies to enhance compliance with canteen policies and support the purchase of healthier foods from school canteens.
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Thanasuta, Kandapa. "Thai consumers’ purchase decisions and private label brands." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 102–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-02-2011-0016.
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Purpose – Private label brands have achieved double-digit growth in the Thai market. To expand market share, private label brands need to identify clearly what triggers consumer purchases. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between consumer decision-making styles and actual purchases of private label products in a Thai market context, using price consciousness, quality consciousness, brand consciousness, value consciousness, and risk perception as factors for investigation. Design/methodology/approach – Responses from a total of 240 respondents from four product categories were collected through mall intercepts in five hypermarkets and supermarkets in Bangkok, and a regression-based model was employed to identify the associations. Findings – The results indicate a significant relationship between price-conscious and brand-conscious consumers, and private label purchases and show that the relationship between quality-conscious, value-conscious, and risk-adverse consumers and private label purchases is insignificant. It concludes that price-conscious consumers are the ones most likely to purchase private label products in low-differentiation categories. An opposite relationship prevails for consumers who are brand conscious in low-differentiation, high-risk, and low-risk categories. Research limitations/implications – The outcomes of this research suggest that private label brands should maintain a low-price strategy while striving for continuous improvement in quality to capture additional quality- and value-conscious consumers. It also suggests that national brands invest in brand-building strategies rather than competing on price. Originality/value – This study enhances an understanding of consumer decision-making characteristics for actual private label purchases rather than the intention to purchase and is useful in suggesting an alternative to socio-economic factors as a method of identifying private label purchasers.
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Gibson, Nadine Suzanne. "Privatized Democracy: The Role of Election Services Vendors in the United States." American Politics Research 48, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x20920264.
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Election equipment in the United States is exclusively purchased from private-sector vendors. When a jurisdiction purchases voting equipment, it is actually purchasing the hardware and software along with a variety of services for the initial implementation and long-term maintenance and support of the system. Election services constitute roughly one third of county-level election expenditures. The results of logistic regression analyses estimating the likelihoods of county purchases of different election services from election services vendors suggest a relationship between purchasing decisions and county demographics, namely the size of the minority population. Localities in states with centralized contracting systems were also substantially more likely to purchase all forms of vendor services.
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Yue, Chengyan, and Bridget K. Behe. "Consumer Color Preferences for Single-stem Cut Flowers on Calendar Holidays and Noncalendar Occasions." HortScience 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.1.78.
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Flower color is a dominant attribute of fresh flowers, likely playing a key role in purchase preference. Several prior studies showed flower color preference differed by gender, but other information on color preferences is sparse. Data for this study were collected by the Ipsos-National Panel Diary Group for the American Floral Endowment, which maintained an extensive panel of consumer transactions from 1992 to 2005, including floral purchases. Multinomial logit analysis of single-stem cut flower purchases showed that men and women differed in their cut flower color preferences but that flower color preference also varied with demographic characteristics and by occasion. We grouped colors into six categories: BluePurple, RedBronze, PeachPink, White, Yellow, and Other. The highest percentage of flowers purchased were RedBronze (34%), whereas the lowest percentage of flowers were Yellow (10.01%) with Other flower colors accounting for less than 5% of purchases. Although women used a more diverse color palette, both men and women were more likely to buy RedBronze flowers for an anniversary and buy PeachPink flowers for Mother's Day. Between 1992 and 2005, women were less likely to purchase PeachPink flowers and men were less likely to purchase RedBronze over time. Overall demand for BluePurple and Yellow flower colors increased over time, whereas the demand for other color categories decreased over time.
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Tharrey, Marion, Christophe Dubois, Matthieu Maillot, Florent Vieux, Caroline Méjean, Marlène Perignon, and Nicole Darmon. "Development of the Healthy Purchase Index (HPI): a scoring system to assess the nutritional quality of household food purchases." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 5 (November 26, 2018): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018003154.
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AbstractObjectiveTo develop an index to assess the nutritional quality of household food purchases based on food expenditures only.DesignA database of monthly food purchases of a convenience sample of low-income households was used to develop the Healthy Purchase Index (HPI). The HPI is the sum of two sub-scores based on expenditure shares of food categories in total household food expenditure: the purchase diversity sub-score and the purchase quality sub-score. The first was adapted from an existing diversity score. The second integrated those food categories identified as the best predictors of the nutritional quality of purchases based on associations between expenditure shares of food categories and two nutritional quality indicators: the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and the mean excess ratio (MER). Correlation between the HPI and a score assessing adherence to French dietary guidelines (PNNS-GSmod) was performed as a first validation.Setting/ParticpantsFood purchases of 112 households from deprived neighbourhoods of Marseille (France), participating in the Opticourses and Jassur projects (2012–2015).ResultsThe purchase diversity sub-score reflects the presence in food purchases of five food categories: fruits, vegetables, starches, dairy products, and meat, fish & eggs. The purchase quality sub-score is based on expenditure shares for fruit & vegetables, added fats & seasonings, sweet snacks, cheese, sugary drinks, refined grains and fish, as these were identified as predictors of the nutritional quality of purchases. The HPI was positively associated with the PNNS-GSmod (rs=0·378; P<0·001).ConclusionsThe HPI helps assess the healthiness of household food purchases.
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Coyle, Daisy, Maria Shahid, Elizabeth Dunford, Cliona Ni Mhurchu, Sarah Mckee, Myla Santos, Barry Popkin, et al. "Estimating the potential impact of Australia’s reformulation programme on households’ sodium purchases." BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 4, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000173.
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BackgroundOn average, Australian adults consume 3500 mg sodium per day, almost twice the recommended maximum level of intake. The Australian government through the Healthy Food Partnership initiative has developed a voluntary reformulation programme with sodium targets for 27 food categories. We estimated the potential impact of this programme on household sodium purchases (mg/day per capita) and examined potential differences by income level. We also modelled and compared the effects of applying the existing UK reformulation programme targets in Australia.MethodsThis study used 1 year of grocery purchase data (2018) from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households (Nielsen Homescan) that was linked with a packaged food and beverage database (FoodSwitch) that contains product-specific sodium information. Potential reductions in per capita sodium purchases were calculated and differences across income level were assessed by analysis of variance. All analyses were modelled to the Australian population in 2018.ResultsA total of 7188 households were included in the analyses. The Healthy Food Partnership targets covered 4307/26 728 (16.1%) unique products, which represented 22.3% of all packaged foods purchased by Australian households in 2018. Under the scenario that food manufacturers complied completely with the targets, sodium purchases will be reduced by 50 mg/day per capita, equivalent to 3.5% of sodium currently purchased from packaged foods. Reductions will be greater in low-income households compared with high-income households (mean difference −7 mg/day, 95% CI −4 to −11 mg/day, p<0.001). If Australia had adopted the UK sodium targets, this would have covered 9927 unique products, resulting in a reduction in per capita sodium purchases by 110 mg/day.ConclusionThe Healthy Food Partnership reformulation programme is estimated to result in a very small reduction to sodium purchases. There are opportunities to improve the programme considerably through greater coverage and more stringent targets.
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Dawes, John G. "Price promotions: examining the buyer mix and subsequent changes in purchase loyalty." Journal of Consumer Marketing 35, no. 4 (June 11, 2018): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-03-2017-2134.
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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the extent to which temporary price promotions attract people who do not normally buy a brand, and whether buyers change their propensity to buy the promoted brand afterwards.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyses promotions in 18 consumer goods categories in the UK and USA. It calculates the proportion of promotion purchasers that have bought a brand at least once in their last five purchases and the Share of Category Requirements of those purchasers. These figures are then compared to normal-price purchasers.FindingsThe study finds the majority of price-promotion buyers already bought the brand at least once in their last five category purchases (average = 77 per cent). This figure is similar to that for normal-price purchases (average = 81 per cent). Average Household SCR to the brand is also very similar for price-promotion purchases compared to normal price purchases. Therefore, promotions do not attract a markedly different mix of buyers. Furthermore, buyer propensity to buy the brand is the same after a promotion purchase as it was before.Research limitations/implicationsA contribution of the paper is that it supports a theory of consumers as cognitive misers, who screen out promotion information about unfamiliar brands. The paper also highlights that in packaged-goods markets, consumers can be generally seen as experienced buyers, who do not learn new information from buying brands they have previously purchased.Practical implicationsThe managerial implication is that price promotions must be judged on their immediate profitability. There seems little recourse to the idea they can result in “try it, like it, buy it again later” effects.Originality/valueWhile many studies have examined the effects of price promotions, this is the first to explicitly compare the mix of buyers attracted from a price promotion to that which occurs when a brand is sold at normal price.