Journal articles on the topic 'Pupping areas'
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1
McMillan, M. N., C. Huveneers, J. M. Semmens, and B. M. Gillanders. "Partial female migration and cool-water migration pathways in an overfished shark." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 1083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy181.
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Abstract Knowledge about reproductive movements can be of important conservation value for over-exploited species that are vulnerable when moving between and within key reproductive habitats. Lack of knowledge persists around such movements in the overfished school shark Galeorhinus galeus in Australia. Management assumes all pregnant females migrate between adult aggregations in the Great Australian Bight, South Australia, and nursery areas around Bass Strait and Tasmania. We tracked 14 late-term pregnant females tagged in South Australia using satellite-linked pop-up archival tags to investigate extent, timing, and routes of migrations. We found partial migration, with some females (n = 7) remaining near aggregating areas throughout the pupping season, some migrating to known nursery areas (n = 3), and one migrating ∼3 000 km to New Zealand. We conclude female movements and pupping habitats are less spatially constrained than assumed and propose females use cool-water routes along the shelf break to reduce energy costs of migration. Migrating females using these routes faced greater fishing pressure than sharks in inshore areas and were not protected by inshore shark fishing closures designed to protect them. This study demonstrates the complexity of reproductive movements that can occur in wide-ranging species and highlights the value of explicit movement data.
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McMillan, MN, C. Huveneers, JM Semmens, and BM Gillanders. "Natural tags reveal populations of Conservation Dependent school shark use different pupping areas." Marine Ecology Progress Series 599 (July 12, 2018): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12626.
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Smukall, Matthew J., Andrew C. Seitz, Félicie Dhellemmes, Maurits P. M. van Zinnicq Bergmann, Vital Heim, Samuel H. Gruber, and Tristan L. Guttridge. "Residency, Site Fidelity, and Regional Movement of Tiger Sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) at a Pupping Location in the Bahamas." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 10017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610017.
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Understanding space use and movement behavior can benefit conservation and management of species by identifying areas of high importance. However, this can be challenging for highly mobile species, especially those which use a wide range of habitats across ontogeny. The Bahamas is hypothesized to be an important area for tiger sharks, but the utility of the area for this species within the broader western North Atlantic is not fully understood. Therefore, we assessed (1) whether the area near Bimini serves as an important pupping location for tiger sharks, (2) their level of residency and site fidelity to the area, and (3) regional dispersal across ontogeny. Frequent captures of young-of-year tiger sharks, as well as ultrasonography showing near-term and recently postpartum females supports the hypothesis that pupping occurs in the area. However, small juveniles had low overall recapture rates and sparse acoustic detections near Bimini, indicating they do not reside in the area for long or may suffer high natural mortality. Large juvenile and sexually mature tiger sharks had higher overall local residency, which increased during cooler water winter months. The probability of dispersal from Bimini increased for larger individuals. Repeated, long-term site fidelity was displayed by some mature females, with several returning to Bimini across multiple years. Satellite tracking showed that tiger sharks extensively used areas outside of The Bahamas, including traveling more than 12,000 km. Together, these results show that Bimini is an important area for tiger sharks, serving as a pupping ground, rather than a nursery ground, a finding which could be incorporated into future conservation and management efforts.
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Shaughnessy, P. D., T. E. Dennis, and P. G. Seager. "Status of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, and New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, on Eyre Peninsula and the far west coast of South Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 1 (2005): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03068.
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Two seal species breed on the west coast of South Australia, the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea, and the New Zealand fur seal, Arctocephalus forsteri. Aerial surveys were conducted at intervals of ~3 months between April 1995 and June 1997 to determine the breeding status of sea lions and timing of pupping seasons. Ground surveys between October 1994 and April 2004 aimed at counting sea lions and fur seals, particularly pups. In all, 27 sites were examined. Six new sea lion breeding colonies were documented, at Four Hummocks, Price, North Rocky, Dorothee, West Waldegrave and Nicolas Baudin Islands. All were found or confirmed by ground survey. Pup numbers were equivalent to 12% of the total number of pups estimated in surveys conducted from 1987 to 1992, but primarily in 1990. The sighting of brown pups on aerial surveys of Ward Island, Middle and Western Nuyts Reef supports earlier indications, based on dead pups, that they are breeding colonies. The timing of pupping seasons is not synchronous; estimates are presented for colonies between 1995 and early in 2004, with predictions to the end of 2005. The abundance estimates of sea lion pups highlight the importance of visiting a colony early in the pupping season to determine when pupping begins and ~5 months later when the maximum number of pups is expected. For the New Zealand fur seal, small numbers of pups were recorded at Dorothee, West Waldegrave and Nicolas Baudin Islands, and at Nuyts Reef. These and the previously unknown sea lion breeding colonies on the west coast of South Australia suggest that further colonies may remain to be documented. Because planning for aquaculture ventures is active in South Australia, it is important that the localities and status of sea lion and fur seal colonies be established unequivocally to ensure that the need for Prohibited Area status for islands with breeding colonies and for Marine Protected Areas around them is noted.
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Huber, H. R., S. J. Jeffries, D. M. Lambourn, and B. R. Dickerson. "Population substructure of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in Washington State using mtDNA." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 3 (March 2010): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-141.
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We examined the pupping phenology and genetic variation between the currently defined stocks of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi (Gray, 1864), in Washington’s coastal and inland waters and looked in detail at genetic variation within the inland waters of Washington. We analyzed mtDNA variation in 552 harbor seals from nine areas in Washington State and the Canada–US transboundary waters. A total of 73 haplotypes were detected; 37 individuals had unique haplotypes. Pupping phenology and levels of genetic variation between the outer coastal stock (WA Coastal Estuaries, WA North Coast) and the inland waters stock (British Columbia, Boundary Bay, San Juan Islands, Smith/Minor Islands, Dungeness Spit, Hood Canal, Gertrude Island) corroborated the appropriateness of the present stock boundary. However, within the inland waters stock, Hood Canal and Gertrude Island were significantly different from the coastal stock, from the rest of the inland waters stock, and from each other. This indicates a total of four genetically distinct groups in Washington State, suggesting that managing the inland waters as a single stock may be erroneous.
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Driggers, WB, GW Ingram, MA Grace, CT Gledhill, TA Henwood, CN Horton, and CM Jones. "Pupping areas and mortality rates of young tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier in the western North Atlantic Ocean." Aquatic Biology 2 (May 15, 2008): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00045.
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Wilson, Susan C., Irina Trukhanova, Lilia Dmitrieva, Evgeniya Dolgova, Imogen Crawford, Mirgaliy Baimukanov, Timur Baimukanov, et al. "Assessment of impacts and potential mitigation for icebreaking vessels transiting pupping areas of an ice-breeding seal." Biological Conservation 214 (October 2017): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.05.028.
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Dubé, Y., M. O. Hammill, and C. Barrette. "Pup development and timing of pupping in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the St. Lawrence River estuary, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-231.
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Surveys to estimate the daily growth rate of harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from birth to weaning and to determine the distribution of births were carried out from early May to late August 1998, 1999, and 2000 at two haulout areas in the St. Lawrence River estuary, Canada. Pups gained mass at a rate of 0.544 kg/day (standard error (SE) = 0.141, range 0.1180.875 kg/day, N = 110). Births began between 12 and 17 May. The median dates of birth were 28 May (95% confidence interval (CI), 2730 May) in 1998, 25 May (95% CI, 2428 May) in 1999, and 26 May (95% CI, 2427 May) in 2000. Births followed a normal distribution in 2000, but late pupping led to an extended tail in both 1998 and 1999. Pupping occurred at the same time in the St. Lawrence River estuary as at Sable Island, a colony located 600 km to the south, but occurred earlier than predicted by the relationship of Temte et al. (1991). The estimated median dates of weaning were 1 July (95% CI, 20 June to 12 July) in 1998, 30 June (95% CI, 19 June to 11 July) in 1999, and 26 June (95% CI, 20 June to 2 July) in 2000. Pooling years resulted in an average lactation duration of 34 days (SE = 1.8).
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Stenson, G. B., and M. O. Hammill. "Can ice breeding seals adapt to habitat loss in a time of climate change?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 7 (May 15, 2014): 1977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu074.
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Climate change associated declines in sea ice will have serious impact on species that rely on ice for reproduction and/or feeding. Little is known about the impacts on ice-dependent, sub-Arctic species or on how these species may adapt, although the ecosystem changes are likely to be most rapid along the ice edge. Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) require stable ice for pupping, nursing and the first weeks after weaning when the young develop the capacity to swim and feed. Although ice conditions in the Northwest Atlantic have varied over the past 40 years, in 2010 and 2011, the total extent of ice suitable for whelping harp seals was at, or near, the lowest ever recorded. These years of exceptionally poor ice provided us with an opportunity to improve our understanding about how ice breeding seals may respond to the conditions expected in the future. Harp seals responded to poor ice conditions differently, depending on the presence or absence of ice at the beginning of the pupping period. If no ice was present, females moved away from their traditional whelping areas to find suitable ice. If small amounts of ice were present, females gave birth even if the ice was too thin to sustain the pups, resulting in high pup mortality. There was no evidence to indicate that harp seals pupped on land even in areas where ice was absent. Young seals that drifted to shore had high levels of abandonment and mortality. If the predicted warming trends continue, ice-breeding harp seals will encounter more years with poor ice conditions and may eventually adapt by moving north. Until then, they will continue to have increased levels of mortality that could result in the disappearance of the most southern breeding component in the Gulf of St Lawrence.
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Reeves, Randall R. "Distribution, abundance and biology of ringed seals (Phoca hispida): an overview." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 1 (June 30, 1998): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2979.
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The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) has a circumpolar Arctic distribution. Because of its great importance to northern communities and its role as the primary food of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) the ringed seal has been studied extensively in Canada, Alaska, Russia, Svalbard and Greenland as well as in the Baltic Sea and Karelian lakes. No clear-cut boundaries are known to separate ringed seal stocks in marine waters. Adult seals are thought to be relatively sedentary, but sub-adults sometimes disperse over long distances. Stable ice with good snow cover is considered the most productive habitat although production in pack ice has been little studied. Populations appear to be structured so that immature animals and young adults are consigned to sub-optimal habitat during the spring pupping and breeding season. Annual production in ringed seal populations, defined as thepup percentage in the total population after the late winter pupping season, is probably in the order of 18-24%. Most estimates of maximum sustainable yield are in the order of 7%.The world population of ringed seals is at least a few million. Methods of abundance estimation have included aerial surveys, dog searches and remote sensing of lairs and breathing holes, acoustic monitoring, correlation analysis by reference to sizes of polar bear populations, and inference from estimated energy requirements of bear populations. Aerial strip survey has been the method of choice for estimating seal densities over large areas. Adjustment factors to account for seals not hauled out at the time of the survey, for seals that dove ahead of the aircraft, and for seals on the ice within the surveyed strip but not detected by the observers, are required for estimates of absolute abundance.Male and female ringed seals are sexually mature by 5-7 years of age (earlier at Svalbard). Pupping usually occurs in March or early April and is followed by 5-7 weeks of lactation. Breeding takes place in mid to late May, and implantation is delayed for about 3 months. In at least some parts of their range, ringed seals feed mainly on schooling gadids from late autumn through early spring andon benthic crustaceans and polar cod (Boreogadus saida) from late spring through summer. Little feeding is done during the moult, which takes place in late spring and early summer. Pelagic crustaceans offshore and mysids inshore become important prey in late summer and early autumn in some areas. Ringed seals have several natural predators, the most important of which is the polar bear in most arctic regions. Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) kill a large percentage of pups in someareas.From a conservation perspective, the ringed seal appears to be secure. Levels of exploitation of arctic populations have usually been considered sustainable, except in the Okhotsk Sea. Large fluctuations in production of ringed seals in the Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf are thought to be driven by natural variability in environmental conditions. While concern has been expressed about thepotential impacts of industrial activity and pollution on ringed seals, such impacts have been documented only in limited areas. Because of their ubiquitous occurrence and availability for sampling, ringed seals are good subjects for monitoring contaminant trends in Arctic marine food chains.
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Yurkowski, David J., Brent G. Young, J. Blair Dunn, and Steven H. Ferguson. "Spring distribution of ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in Eclipse Sound and Milne Inlet, Nunavut: implications for potential ice-breaking activities." Arctic Science 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2018-0020.
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Resource development in Arctic waters is proceeding rapidly leading to increased interactions with Arctic wildlife. As sea ice extent decreases, the demand for shipping and ice-breaking operations will expand into winter and spring with greater impact on ice-dependent pinnipeds. However, knowledge of the distribution of these species, such as ringed seals (Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775)), during spring within areas of resource development is lacking. Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation’s Mary River iron ore port in southern Milne Inlet, Nunavut opened in 2015 with proposed ice-breaking activities in spring — an important period in ringed seal seasonal life-history. We conducted infrared and photographic aerial surveys in June 2016 and 2017 to overlay the proposed ice-breaking route with ringed seal hotspots (i.e., areas of higher density). We identified four areas of overlap where proposed ice-breaking would traverse through ringed seal hotspots: eastern and western Eclipse Sound (a ringed seal pupping ground identified by local knowledge), the middle of Milne Inlet, and southern Milne Inlet. We identified potential negative implications of spring ice-breaking operations on ringed seals such as displacement, separation of mothers and pups, destruction of resting and birth lairs, and vessel–seal collisions. Results are relevant to policy decision-makers who can develop mitigation strategies in the rapidly melting and developing Arctic.
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Härkönen, Tero, Sophie Brasseur, Jonas Teilmann, Cecile Vincent, Rune Dietz, Kai Abt, and Peter Reijnders. "Status of grey seals along mainland Europe from the Southwestern Baltic to France." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 6 (January 1, 2007): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2721.
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The grey seal was a common species along mainland Europe during the Stone Age (8,000-5,500 BC). Along the North Sea coast populations started to decline substantially during the 11th century as a result of excessive hunting. The last breeding populations disappeared in the 16th century in the Wadden Sea, and before 1900 in the Kattegat-Skagerrak and the Southwestern Baltic as a result of an extermination campaign. No regular pupping occurred along mainland Europe until the end of the 1970s, when a breeding colony was established near Amrum in the German Wadden Sea. Somewhat later, additional breeding sites were discovered near Terschelling in the Dutch Wadden Sea (1980), at Helgoland, and off Brittany in France. Tracking of movements indicate these seal groups to be linked to the larger populations in the UK. Numbers of grey seals in the recolonised areas have increased over the years, but in the Kattegat-Skagerrak stable numbersof about 25 individuals have been observed since the 1970s, whereas more than 100 grey seals are found in the Southwestern Baltic. In the southeastern North Sea, 120 grey seals occur during moult at Helgoland, 120 in the German and over 1,130 in the Dutch parts of the Wadden Sea in 2004. Along the southern Dutch and Belgian coasts small groups are regularly observed, but no colonies have yet been established. In the colonies off Brittany in France about 105 grey seals have been counted. Successful pupping has only been recorded 3 times in the Kattegat-Skagerrak over the past 30 years, and 2-4 pups are born annually in France and the Southwestern Baltic. The relative strongholds for breeding along the European continent are the Dutch Wadden Sea, where in 2003/2004 at least 150 pups were recorded, Amrum in the German Wadden Sea (23 pups) and Helgoland (8 pups). Consequently, total numbers of counted grey seals from the Southwestern Baltic to France amounted to at least 1,600 in 2004, while about 190 pups were born in the area.
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Shaughnessy, P. D., R. J. Kirkwood, and R. M. Warneke. "Australian fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus: pup numbers at Lady Julia Percy Island, Victoria, and a synthesis of the species' population status." Wildlife Research 29, no. 2 (2002): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01056.
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The abundance of Australian fur seal pups was determined at Lady Julia Percy Island in early January 2000 when the average age of pups was 5 weeks. A mark-recapture procedure with repeated recapture sessions was used to estimate abundance of pups in six accessible breeding areas. Pups (n = 1836) were marked by clipping guard hair on the head. Recaptures were conducted visually on 2-4 occasions, when a mean of 41% of sighted pups had been marked. Pup numbers were calculated using a modified Petersen estimate and combined by taking their arithmetic mean. The combined estimate in the accessible breeding areas was 4487 380 pups were counted at two inaccessible sites and 347 dead pups were recorded. Overall, the estimate of abundance for Lady Julia Percy Island was 5214 pups. This exceeds three previous estimates of doubtful veracity for pupping seasons in 1935-36, 1975-76 and 1986-87, and is the greatest number of pups recorded at any Australian fur seal colony. Summation of the most recent estimates of abundance of Australian fur seal pups in all colonies indicates pup production of 16 900 per annum in the 1990s. New Zealand fur seals were also breeding on the island (a mating and four new-born pups were recorded) and two adult male Australian sea lions were observed.
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Dicken, M. L., A. J. Booth, M. J. Smale, and G. Cliff. "Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (Carcharias taurus) tagged off the east coast of South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 1 (2007): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06018.
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Understanding the movement patterns of raggedtooth sharks (Carcharias taurus) is crucial in defining habitat use and evaluating the effects of exploitation and anthropogenic activities. Between 1984 and 2004, 1107 C. taurus juveniles (<1.8-m TL) and 2369 C. taurus maturing subadults and adults (>1.8-m TL) were tagged and released along the east coast of South Africa. In total, 125 C. taurus juveniles and 178 C. taurus maturing subadults and adults were recaptured, representing recapture rates of 11.2% and 7.5% respectively. The average distance travelled by juvenile sharks was 18.7 km (95% CI = 10.8–26.6 km). Juvenile sharks displayed site fidelity to summer nursery areas. The average distance travelled by maturing and adult sharks was 342 km (95% CI = 275–409 km). One female shark, however, was recaptured 1897 km from its original release site. The average rate at which pregnant sharks moved south from their gestation to pupping grounds was 2.6 km day–1 (95% CI = 2.04–3.16 km day–1). This study highlights the differences in movement patterns between C. taurus juveniles and adults and suggests philopatric behaviour in both life-history stages.
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Trinnie, Fabian I., Terence I. Walker, Paul L. Jones, and Laurie J. Laurenson. "Reproductive biology of the eastern shovelnose stingaree Trygonoptera imitata from south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 8 (2009): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08165.
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In applying a quantitative approach to the reproduction of Trygonoptera imitata, the present study contributes to understanding the wide diversity in the reproductive biology of the family Urolophidae and provides insights to help determine phylogenetic relationships. This localised species is taken as bycatch in several inshore fisheries and potentially impacted by a range of other anthropogenic pressures, including introduced species, particularly in shallow-water pupping areas. T. imitata can be characterised as a species of comparatively low matrotrophic histotrophy with an extended period of relatively large eggs in utero (5–8 months) followed by rapid growth of the embryos (4–6 months). The reproductive cycle is annual with parturition occurring during late-February–April, followed immediately by ovulation. Mean size-at-birth is ~225 mm total length and there is a ~1000% gain in mean wet mass from egg (15 g) to full-term embryo in utero (150 g), the lowest reported for any viviparous batoid. Litter size increases with maternal length, reaching a maximum of seven, and sex ratio of embryos is 1 : 1. Maximum length and estimates of the maturity–ogive parameters l50 and l95 are similar for females and males.
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Farrugia, Thomas J., Mario Espinoza, and Christopher G. Lowe. "Abundance, habitat use and movement patterns of the shovelnose guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus) in a restored southern California estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 6 (2011): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10173.
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Coastal elasmobranchs such as the shovelnose guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus) seasonally use bays and estuaries for mating, pupping and feeding. However, many human-populated coastal areas have been developed, making them unavailable to coastal fish populations. The Full Tidal Basin (FTB) of the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, California, USA, was completed in 2006, with the aim to restore lost estuarine habitat in southern California. Monthly abundance surveys conducted inside the FTB between June 2008 and September 2009 showed that shovelnose guitarfish were present throughout the year. Over 96% of the individuals caught were juveniles and these were most abundant in waters between 20°C and 24°C. Concurrently, 23 shovelnose guitarfish were fitted with coded acoustic transmitters and continuously tracked within the FTB for 16 months. Telemetry data showed individuals remained inside the FTB for, on average, 73.9 days (range 15–172 days), and made few movements between the FTB and the ocean. Tagged individuals disproportionately used mud habitats and waters at temperatures of 22°C, both of which are more common in the FTB than the neighbouring coastal ocean. The present study examined the structure and functionality of a restored estuary and suggests that the FTB is important habitat for a benthic predator, a promising result three years after restoration.
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Olesiuk, Peter F., Michael A. Bigg, and Graeme M. Ellis. "Recent Trends in the Abundance of Harbour Seals, Phoca vitulina, in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 992–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-114.
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Aerial censuses of harbour seals (Phoca vituiina) were conducted in the Strait of Georgia (1966–88), the lower Skeena River (1977–87), off the southwest coast of Vancouver island (1976–87), off the northeast coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands (1986), in Jervis Inlet (1987), and at the entrance to Queen Charlotte Strait (1988). The estimated number of seals in the Strait of Georgia, the primary study area, increased from 2170 in 1973 to 15 810 in 1988; the number in the lower Skeena River from 520 in 1977 to 1590 in 1987; and the number off south western Vancouver Island from 210 in 1976 to 1130 in 1987. The trends indicated that populations throughout British Columbia had been increasing at a rate of about 12.5% ∙yr−1 since 1973. Based on the density of seals in the areas surveyed, and the relative distribution of bounty and commercial kills, the total post-pupping population in British Columbia was estimated to have numbered 75 000–88 000 in 1988, compared with 9000–10 500 when the species was protected in 1970. Despite the recent increases, which probably reflect the recovery from historic kills, there was no evidence of density-dependent changes in the population growth rate.
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Lydersen, Christian. "Status and biology of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Svalbard." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 1 (June 30, 1998): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2980.
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The ringed seal is the most abundant mammal in the Svalbard area. Annual pup production in this area is estimated to be 20,000. No systematic harvest records exist, but some few hundred seals are taken annually, mainly for dog food. The ringed seals in Svalbard are protected from hunting in the period 15 March - 15 April. Peak pupping season is the first week of April. New-born ringed seals weigh an average of 4.6 kg. They are nursed for about 39 days, and weaned at an average body mass of around 22 kg. During the period of maternal care pups consume a total of about 54 litres of milk, that is composed of approximately 38% fat and 10% protein. Asymptotic standard lengths and body masses for adult ringed seal males and females are 131.5 and 127.8 cm, and 52.6 and 59.9 kg,respectively. The maximum values recorded for lengths of males and females in Svalbard are 157 cm and 107 kg, respectively. There is marked seasonal variation in body mass in both sexes with the highest mass records being recorded in early spring before pupping occurs, and with minimum values in the summer after the breeding and moulting seasons. The observed variation in mass is mainly due to changing blubber thickness of the seals. Ringed seal males attain sexual maturity at the age of 5 - 7 years, while females reach maturity when they are 3-5 years of age. The oldest seal collected in Svalbard was aged 45. Ringed seals in the Svalbard area feed on a variety of prey organisms, the most important of which are polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and the crustaceans Parathemisto libellula, Thysanoessa inermis and Pandalus borealis. Ringed seal pups start diving during the nursing period while they are still white-coats, and spend about 50% of the time in thewater prior to weaning. They are capable of diving for up to 12min and dive to the bottom of the study areas (max. 89 m). Nursing females spend more than 80% of their time in the water. Maximum recorded dive duration for mothers was 21.2 min. In order to produce a weaned pup, the net energy expenditure for a ringed seal mother is 1,073 MJ. This energy value corresponds to the consumption of 185 kg of polar cod or 282 kg of P. libellula. The annual gross energy consumption for adult males and females is calculated to be 5,600 MJ and 7,300 MJ, respectively. The main predators of ringed seals in Svalbard are polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). In addition, both glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) are documented as predators of ringed seals in this area. Heavy predation pressure is probably the main factor explaining why pups of this species start diving at such a young age, why they have access to so many breathing holes (8.7 on average) and why they keep their white coat long after its thermoregulatory properties have vanished. Pollution levels in ringed seals from Svalbard are, generally speaking, similar to levels in other areas of the Arctic.
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Boness, Daryl J., and John M. Francis. "The Effect of Thermoregulatory Behaviour On the Mating System of the Juan Fernández Fur Seal, Arctocephalus Philippii." Behaviour 119, no. 1-2 (1991): 104–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853991x00391.
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AbstractRecent studies of fur seals and sea lions (Otariids) which are cold water adapted, indicate that social behaviour in hotter climes is constrained by the form and availability of cool substrate provided by the rookery environment. This first study of the behaviour of the Juan Fernández fur seal provides new evidence of this relationship and the extent to which thermoregultory requirements can affect social behaviour in pinnipeds. Females of this species on Alejandro Selkirk Island made daily movements from inland pupping and rest sites to the shoreline and into the water in response to rapid increases in solar radiation to levels exceeding 1.3 cal/cm2/min. Thirty percent of these females floated and groomed offshore in the afternoon in areas protected from the surf by offshore islets and rocky reefs. Males held territories on land either along the shoreline (39%) or in land-locked areas (45%) as is typical of fur seals, or held completely aquatic territories (16%) that encompassed the site where females floated. The average aquatic male, present on territory primarily during the afternoon hours when females floated offshore, achieved as many copulations as did the average land-locked or shoreline male. Land-locked males often abandoned their territories for short periods (45 minutes on average) in response to increasing solar radiation in the afternoon and at a time when female numbers on land were low. The existence of aquatic territoriality as a successful mating strategy has not yet been documented for any other otariid. The occurrence of this behavioural strategy is likely a product of the interaction of thermoregulatory constraints and topographical features which together promote predictable aggregations of females offshore. This study further substantiates that constraints on female aggregation appear to dictate the range and mode of male mating strategies in otariids.
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Henderson, EM, AE Derocher, NJ Lunn, B. Montpetit, EH Merrill, and ES Richardson. "Polar bear Ursus maritimus use of the western Hudson Bay flaw lead." Marine Ecology Progress Series 664 (April 15, 2021): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13642.
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Flaw leads (FLs) and polynyas are recurrent areas of open water within sea ice that provide habitat for a diversity of Arctic species. The western Hudson Bay FL is a major, predictable habitat feature; however, its importance to polar bears Ursus maritimus has not been examined. We mapped the FL using synthetic aperture radar (resolution 62.3 × 121 m) from December to May, 2009-2018, and assessed FL use by 73 adult female polar bears tracked using satellite telemetry. Maximum FL width varied from 4 km in March to 145 km in May. Bears were closest to the FL in May, which coincided with their hyperphagic period and the seal pupping season. Only 31.5% (n = 23) of the bears used the FL, and they travelled faster, with lower turning angles along the FL (16° turns at 101° and -69° relative to the FL), suggesting the feature acted as a corridor that could increase prey encounters. Bears were closer to and crossed sections of the FL that were 68% narrower than those not crossed, indicating that a wider FL deters crossing. Abundant prey likely attracts some bears to the FL, but most bears avoid the FL between hunts, likely to conserve energy on consolidated ice or to reduce intraspecific interactions. Increases in open water resulting from climate warming might make the FL more challenging for bears to cross, but could make it more attractive if open-water prey densities increase.
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Kotas, Jorge Eduardo, Miguel Petrere Jr, Roberta Aguiar Dos Santos, Ajax Bustamante, Celso Fernandes Lin, Antônio Alberto Da Silveira Menezes, and Elizabethe Lobão Veras Micheletti. "The horizontal migration of hammerhead sharks along the southern Brazilian coast, based on their exploitation pattern and considerations about the impact of anchored gillnets activities on these species." Revista CEPSUL - Biodiversidade e Conservação Marinha 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37002/revistacepsul.vol3.32245-68.
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Between 1995-2009 hammerhead sharks were sampled from the landings ofthe industrial fleets based in the harbours of Itajaí and Navegantes, SC State,and Ubatuba, SP State, Brazil. In this case, fishing boats which operated with gillnetslonglines and trawls along the southern Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone and internationaladjacent waters were targeted. A total of 2483 and 353 S. lewini and S. zygaena carcasses respectively were sexed, measured and converted to total lengths (LT). Additionallyinformation about, year, season, latitude/longitude and local depth (m) from the catches,by fishing category, were obtained. During the considered period, intense fishing mortalityover pups was caused by gillnets and trawls operating on shallow waters (≤20m) and overjuveniles along the continental shelf (>20m and ≤200m). Additionally, adults were exploitedby driftnets and longlines along the shelf border and slope (>200m). Therefore,both hammerhead species are exploited at all life-stages and throughout their migratory circuit.This includes during their inshore-offshore migration while they are growing from pupsto juveniles and as the offshore-inshore migration of pregnant females to pupping areas inshallower waters. This apparently unsustainable exploitation pattern, over different sizeclasses (newborns-juveniles-adults), and the economic pressure caused by the internationalfin market, is one of the reasons for population declining of these two species in southernBrazil. Non fishing zones for the hammerheads, protecting their migratory circuit, which isdriven by their growth pattern and reproduction, are necessary. Additionally, fishing effortreduction and a control over the international fin market are recommended.
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Goldsworthy, SD, and PD Shaughnessy. "Breeding biology and haul-out pattern of the New Zealand fur seal, Arctopehalus forsteri, at Cape Gantheaume, South Australia." Wildlife Research 21, no. 3 (1994): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940365.
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New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, breed at Cape Gantheaume (36�04'S,137�28'E), Kangaroo Island, South Australia, on broken rock platforms. In 1988-89, pups were born between late November and mid-January, 90% of them over 34 days between 3 December and 6 January. The median date of birth was 21 December. A re-analysis of data for this species from three breeding seasons at the Open Bay Islands (South Island, New Zealand, 43�52'S,l68�53'E) indicates that: (i) the breeding season at Cape Gantheaume occurs 5-12 days later than at the Open Bay Islands, (ii) the period containing 90% of births was the same duration for both populations, and (iii) the median date of birth spanned seven days in three seasons at the Open Bay Islands. In addition, the timing and duration of the pupping season varied within the Cape Gantheaume colony, it being later in recently colonised areas. We suggest that this pattern is a consequence of changes in the age distribution of females through the colony. The sex ratio of pups born in the colony over four breeding seasons did not differ significantly from 1:l. Females were mated on average 7.4 days after birth and left for sea 2.3 days later. The mean date of observed matings was 29 December; copulations lasted about 13 min. The operational sex ratio (OSR) in the colony was 8.6 females per territorial male (the maximum ratio of territorial males to pups was 1:16), which was within the range reported for other southern fur seal species. In two consecutive breeding seasons, the estimated fecundity rate of adult females averaged 67%. Non-breeding animals (sub-adult males, juveniles and yearlings) occurred in areas not occupied by breeding animals. The number of juveniles ashore increased after the breeding season, but no pattern was found for sub-adults and yearlings. Yearlings were uncommon in the colony at all times; it is suggested that they are mostly pelagic and do not moult in their second year.
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Harwood, Lois A., Thomas G. Smith, John Alikamik, Emma Alikamik, Ellen V. Lea, Ian Stirling, Harold Wright, Humfrey Melling, and Xinhua Zhu. "Long-term, Harvest-based Monitoring of Ringed Seal Body Condition and Reproduction in Canada’s Western Arctic: An Update through 2019 + Supplementary Appendix 1 (See Article Tools)." ARCTIC 73, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic70428.
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The circumpolar Arctic ringed seal (Pusa hispida) occupies its fast-ice breeding habitat for four to five months during winter and the pack ice or open water of adjacent areas for the rest of the year. From 1971 – 78 and 1992 – 2019, we sampled approximately 100 ringed seals annually from western Prince Albert Sound (WPAS), the prime ringed seal fast-ice breeding habitat in Canada’s Western Arctic, adjacent to primary overwinter foraging habitat in eastern Amundsen Gulf (EAG). As our metric of body condition, we measured ventral blubber depth corrected for body size. As our metrics of reproduction, we measured the annual ovulation rate of multiparous females and percent pups in the open-water harvest. We examined these biological parameters in relation to the winter Arctic Oscillation Index (winAOI) and the timing of sea ice clearance in EAG in spring. There were no significant effects of age or sample month (June or July) on adult blubber depth, but significant sex and year effects and, in females, ovulation status effects. Across the series, as we have observed previously through 2011, there was a sustained temporal declining trend in blubber depth in adults of both sexes. There was no temporal trend in residual blubber depth, no correlation between blubber depth and sea ice clearance date in EAG, and a quasi-cyclic pattern in blubber depth that tracked some of the phases of the winAOI. Annual ovulation rates were mainly in the 80% – 100% range and correlated with percent pups in the open harvest in the same year. Three (1974, 2005, 2012) of the 36 y experienced reproductive failures, when over 50% of the multiparous females failed to ovulate. In each case, ovulation rates returned to normal within 1 – 3 y. Low annual ovulation rates were correlated with late sea ice clearance in EAG in spring, with two widespread ovulation failure events taking place in years when spring sea ice clearance was delayed by five to six weeks. The most recent ovulation failure (2012) differed in that it came in an average ice year but at the end of a six-year sequence of negative residual mean blubber depths. Earlier spring sea ice clearance in WPAS, based on the observed rate of 3.8 d per decade, would on average not result in the physical loss of sea ice for pupping in this core habitat before 2140. The mechanisms involved in the sustained declining temporal trend in body condition, linkage with some phases of the winAOI, and the temporary but episodic failures of ovulation are complex and not fully explained by either the timing of sea ice clearance or the winAOI. Until the complex mix of factors, pressures and responses are understood, our ability to predict the impacts of a changing climate on ringed seals will remain limited.
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Franco, G. A. P. "Interstellar reddening towards six small areas in Puppis-Vela." Astronomy & Astrophysics 543 (June 25, 2012): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219007.
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Cassidy, J. P., J. J. Callanan, G. McCarthy, and M. C. O'Mahony. "Myocarditis in Sibling Boxer Puppies Associated with Citrobacter koseri Infection." Veterinary Pathology 39, no. 3 (May 2002): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.39-3-393.
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Two sibling Boxer puppies presented with severe suppurative myocarditis in the absence of additional disseminated suppurative foci. The identification of gram-negative bacteria within areas of myocarditis in both puppies and the pure growth of large numbers of Citrobacter koseri from the myocardial lesions in one of the dogs were consistent with a bacterial etiology. The fact that C. koseri is an opportunist pathogen suggested intercurrent immunosuppression. The finding of a concomitant bacterial myocarditis in two canine siblings is novel. The case is also unusual in that syncope could be related to the myocardial injury.
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Lauricella, Marta A., Angel J. Sinagra, Irene Paulone, Adelina R. Riarte, and Eisa L. Segura. "Natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs of endemic areas of the Argentine Republic." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651989000200001.
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The population dynamics and the prevalence of chagasic infection of 352 dogs living in 108 rural houses infested by triatomines were studied. The region was divided into three sections according to increasing distances to an urban area. Each animal was identified by means of its particular characteristics and built, and its owners gave information about its habits. By means of xenodiagnosis, serology and ECG studies, prevalences of infection, parasitological-serological correlation, percentage of altered electrocardiographic outlines and percentage of houses with parasitemic dogs, were determined. The rural area showed a characteristic T. cruzi infection pattern and differences in the canine population parameters with respect to the other areas were observed: a higher proportion of puppies than adult dogs, a more sedentary population, higher prevalences of infection, as measured by xenodiagnosis, in dogs, and the highest proportion of bedroom insects infected with T. cruzi. It is assumed that the sedentary characteristics of the human population in that rural area impinge in the blood offer to the triatomine population, and the high percentage of parasitemic dogs of the area, contribute to the rise of "kissing ougs" infected with T. cruzi found in bedrooms.
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JHT, Admin. "IDENTIFIKASI DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA PADA ANAKAN SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria (L).Nielsen ) DI KAWASAN HUTAN DENGAN TUJUAN KHUSUS TUMBANG NUSA KALIMANTAN TENGAH (Identification and Intensity of Pests that Attack Sengon Saplings in the KHDK Tumba." HUTAN TROPIKA 13, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v13i1.294.
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ABSTRACTSelection Sengon on an industrial scale is an appropriate choice to be prioritized for theDevelopment of Industrial Plantation Forest (IUPHHK-HTI). In 1989 Balai Besar Selulosa(BBS) in Bandung have researched pulp sengon derived from wood raw material for newsprintand other printing papers such as copier paper. Forest areas with special purpose is designated forthe purpose of research and development, education and training as well as cultural and religiousinterest of the local, in accordance with the mandate of law No. 41, 1999 without altering thefunction of the area. Sengon known by the botanical name as Paraserianthes falcataria,including in fabaceae family. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) can grow on poor soils and alittle nest, dry soil, wet, or rather salty. The purpose of this research is for identify and knowingthe intensity of pests that attack in puppies sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) at the nursery inKHDTK (Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus) Tumbang Nusa, District of jabiren CentralKalimantan.This Research was conducted in the nursery area located in Kawasan Hutan DenganTujuan Khusus (KHDTK), Tumbang Nusa, District of jabiren Central Kalimantan for threemonths. The object being observed in this research is puppies sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria)which is in the area of the nursery with 3600 puppies sengon in the seedbed and seedling peststhat attack on sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria). Results of the study show the identification ofpests that attack pests sengon saplings in the nursery area for research there are two kinds of pestsare locusts and caterpillars. The frequency and intensity of pest attacks are 0,25 % and 0,18%with the level of damage including healty criteria. So the amount of frequency and intensity ofattack in puppies sengon are 0,25% and 0,18%.Keywords : Description of sengon, pests attack
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Quan, S. F., R. J. Lemen, M. L. Witten, D. L. Sherrill, R. Grad, R. E. Sobonya, and C. G. Ray. "Changes in lung mechanics and reactivity with age after viral bronchiolitis in beagle puppies." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 2034–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.6.2034.
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We measured changes with growth in lung function and airway reactivity after acute canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (CPI2, n = 5), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2, n = 7), and sequential CAV2-CPI2 (n = 6) infections or no infection (controls, n = 6) in beagle puppies (age approximately 79 days). In the CPI2 and CAV2 groups, a lower respiratory illness developed by day 3 postinfection with clinical recovery by day 14. In the CAV2-CPI2 group, puppies were inoculated initially with CAV2 and 12 days later with CPI2. In this group, illness persisted until day 14 after infection with CPI2. Lung resistance (RL), dynamic (Cdyn) and static (Cst) lung compliance, functional residual capacity (FRC), and responsiveness to aerosolized histamine were measured before infection and at periodic intervals until 239 +/- 43 days of age. Lung function data were analyzed using a longitudinal random effects model. In all groups, FRC, Cst, and Cdyn increased with age. In all infected groups, the regression slopes for Cdyn were steeper than in controls. RL decreased linearly with age without group slope differences. Histamine reactivity increased with age, but there were no differences in slope among groups. Lung pathological studies showed areas of obliterative bronchiolitis and chronic small airways inflammation particularly in the CAV2 and CAV2-CPI2 groups. Thus, viral bronchiolitis produces chronic small airways inflammation in beagle puppies and alters the changes in lung function occurring with growth. Histamine reactivity increases with age and is not modified by viral infection.
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Soriano-Rosales, Rosa Eugenia, Beatriz Eugenia Pérez-Guillé, Miguel Angel Jimenez-Bravo-Luna, Susana Monroy-Santoyo, Fernándo Villegas-Alvarez, Arturo Carmona-Mancilla, Carlos Jiménez-Gutiérrez, Susana Leticia Elizalde-Velázquez, and Jose Francisco Gonzalez-Zamora. "Tracheal growth assessment in mongrel puppies (dogs) through multidetector CT." Veterinary Record Open 5, no. 1 (March 2018): e000238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2017-000238.
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The aim of this study was to describe the tracheal growth pattern and its zoometric relationship in related medium-sized mongrel puppies through adulthood. Fourteen puppies were studied. CT monitoring was performed monthly, starting in the 1st month of life through the 7th month and subsequently at the 9th and 12th months. Additionally, six zoometric measurements were performed. Dorsoventral (DV) and transverse (TV) diameters and the luminal area from C1 to T2 were obtained. The global tracheal growth pattern revealed an increase up to 13 times its initial size, reaching a plateau phase during the last trimester. The relationship between the DV and the TV internal diameters of the tracheal lumen did not change during growth. As previously reported, the cranial tracheal area was wider, while the caudal part gradually decreased towards T1–T2; this consideration is important since the more distal an endotracheal tube is inserted, the greater the risk that injury may occur. The linear correlation between the zoometric measurements and the tracheal ring areas was positive. This study provides evidence for the evaluation of the morphometry of the canine trachea during physiological growth using helicoidal CT as a non-invasive, accurate tool.
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Karpovskyi, V. І., and O. M. Bobritska. "The influence of electromagnetic radiation of “PARKES-L” device on metabolism in puppies." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 88 (October 21, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8802.
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Ten puppies of the German shepherd breed at the age of up to 60 days were divided into two groups – control and experimental. The influence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation of “PARKES-L” device on the indexes of exchange of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and activity of key enzymes of carbohydrate and protein exchange: aspartat-aminotransferase, alanine-aminotransferase and laktat dehydrogenase were determined. The “PARKES-L” device which has the range of working frequencies from 0,1 hertz to 30 kHz, the action of device is based on the reflex mechanism of action of weak low-frequency electromagnetic impulses on the receptors of skin (biologically active areas) of animals. The effect of device is obtained due to radiation of electromagnetic impulses by infrared light-emitting diodes, which are at the back and front sides of the device. It was determined that under the influence of electromagnetic radiation the processes of intermediate exchange of organic compounds are not changed, but anabolic processes in tissues increase which are in the process of growth and development of puppies. Therefore, till the end of the experiment it was determined that living mass of puppies of experimental group exceeded control group by 580 grams. We also proved that under the influence of electromagnetic radiations the use of nitrogen contained metabolites increased, taking into account the increase of whole protein concentration and protein fractions. Energy exchange also gets better due to the increase of aerobic oxidation that is confirmed by the increase of oxidizing phosphorylating reaction and reliable increase of kreatinin concentration. The increase of lipid fractions (triglycerides and phosphatides) and concentration of lipid fractions also confirm the strengthening of anabolic processes in tissues. It was determined by the research the increase of free amino acid in blood of puppies of experimental group on the background of diminishing of nitrogen ammonia level that is related to the increase of biosynthesis of amino acid in tissues by the mechanism of amination of keto-acids due to better use of non-protein nitrogen. Under the influence of “PARKES-L” radiation the activity of aminotransferase (aspart-aminotransferase, alanine-aminotransferase and laktat-dehydrogenase) increased for certain (Р ˂ 0.001) that testifies the increase of exchange of proteins and carbohydrates level. It is determined in our research that the influence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation stimulates the growth and development of puppies of the German shepherd breed. Functional activity of the systems of haemopoiesis, digestion and processes of biosynthesis of proteins, fats and carbohydrates and also activity of key enzymes of protein and carbohydrate exchanges increased under the influence of “PARKES-L” device.
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Radsikhovskii, N. "Microscopic changes in the colon of puppies at experimental infection with parvovirus isolator cultivated in heterologous cell culture." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 88 (November 13, 2018): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8818.
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The article presents the results of the study of histological changes in the cecum, and colon of dogs for experimental infection with parvovirus enteritis. The histological examination of the small intestine, selected from corpses (n = 5) of puppies, dental labradorus with unborn, was infected with field isolator of parvovirus cultured on heterologous cell cultures (kidney kidney hamster (BHK-21), rabbit kidney (RK-13) and the renal mumps (SPEV). The presence of parvovirus, without any other association in experimental animals, is confirmed by the ELISA method and the solid-phase ELISA system. The purpose of this work was to study and characterize the microscopic changes in the colon for experimental contamination of dogs by parvovirus enteritis. The work was carried out at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Zhytomyr National Agroecological University (ZNAEU). Anatomy of the animals was carried out in the special laboratory of the Department of Anatomy and Histology. The material of the study was pathological material taken during the pathoanatomical dissect of the puppies (n = 5), after experimental infection and euthanasia. The section of the cecum and the сolon, were investigated. The main method used in the work was a histological study, and a description of the microstructural changes in the tissues of the organs. Histological studies of the bladder and intestine showed that microscopic changes in their walls were segmental. Some parts had well preserved the spots. Only moderate uneven swelling of the submucosal base, an increase in its blood vessels, and edema and partial lysis of collagen fibers are registered. In other areas, destruction was recorded. In some cases, only the upper part of the crypt disappeared. The cript stroma was disorganized and suppressed, while in the nuclei of a sufficiently large number of epithelial cells in the upper crypts, eosinophilic inclusions were recorded. In the large intestine, puppies for experimental infection with parvovirus isolate, cultured in the heterologous culture of the lesions, are localized in the cecum and the colon and have a segmental nature: in some areas the crypts is well preserved, while in others the destruction of the crypts is recorded. Local reaction of the system of specific immunity is characterized by hypertrophy of isolated and congested lymphoid nodes. There are small cells of lymphocyte necrosis. In the nuclei of the epithelial cytoplasm, as well as in the nuclei of the lymphocytes, eosinophilic inclusions of the corpuscles are detected.
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Mehedi, Badrul Huda, Azimun Nahar, AKM Anisur Rahman, and Md Amimul Ehsan. "Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Efficacy of Antiparasitics Against These Infections in Dogs in Mymensingh Sadar." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i3.51360.
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Gastro-intestinal parasitic infections in dogs represent a major concern in developing countries including Bangladesh. Dogs are important definitive or reservoir hosts for several zoonotic parasites. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in dogs from different areas of MymensinghSadar. The fecal samples were examined by simple sedimentation and stoll’s ova counting method for detection of eggs/cysts/oocysts of parasites. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 60.00% (51/85) and the mixed parasitic infection was 16.47% (14/85). A total of six species of gastro-intestinal parasites (ova/oocyst) were identified, of them four species were nematode namely,Toxocaracanis (24.7%), Acylostomacaninum (7.05%), Acylostomabraziliense (2.35%), Uncinariastenocephala (2.35%), one species was cestode, Taeniapisiformis (3.52%) and one species was protozoa, Isosporacanis (3.52%). The prevalence of infection was significantly (P<0.02) higher in puppies and young dogs than that in adult dogs. The efficacy of fendnedazole (Bol. Fenvet®), albendazole (Tab. Alben DS®), fenbendazole (Tab. Paraclear®) was 100% effective against single helminth infection. However, the efficacy of mebendazole (Syrup.Mebantrin®) was 25%-50% against mixed helminth infections. The efficacy of metronidazole (Syrup.Amodis®) was 100% against single protozoal infection. So, anthelmintic including albendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole and metronidazole may be recommended to treat effectively the single infection of helminth and protozoa, respectively, in dogs. Special emphasis should be given to deworm puppies as they are more vulnerable to parasitic diseases. The T. canis, A. caninum, A. braziliense and U. stenocephala prevalent in dogs are zoonotic and have public health impact.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(3): 411-419, December 2020
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LUCERO, N. E., R. CORAZZA, M. N. ALMUZARA, E. REYNES, G. I. ESCOBAR, E. BOERI, and S. M. AYALA. "HumanBrucella canisoutbreak linked to infection in dogs." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 2 (August 5, 2009): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990525.
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SUMMARYThe zoonotic risk ofBrucella canishas been considered fairly high for persons who handle breeding dogs in kennels or are exposed to infected animals. Transmission to humans in other circumstances has been thought to be rare. We describe an uncommon outbreak of brucellosis caused byB. caniswhich, to the best of our knowledge, is the first reported in the literature. This outbreak involved six persons (three children and three adults), a bitch and three puppies which had close daily contact with the family. The clinical symptoms of the index case led to an erroneous diagnosis and the infection would have gone undiagnosed if culture had not been positive. This report aims to increase awareness of medical personnel of the need to order screening tests for children, immunodeficient persons or pregnant women presenting with fever of unknown origin, unexplained spleen or liver enlargement or other systemic signs. The emerging zoonotic potential of this disease in urban areas and the need to coordinate canine brucellosis surveillance systems should be evaluated.
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Radzykhovskyi, M., I. Sokulskiy, O. Dyshkant, A. Antoniuk, B. Gutyj, and R. Sachuk. "Experimental study of tropism of cultivated canine parvovirus in the immunogenesis organs of puppies." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, no. 3 (July 16, 2022): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022231.
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The immune system unites the organs and the tissues that protect the organism against genetically alien cells or substances entering the organism from the environment. Canine parvovirus is an etiologic agent of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and causes a significant problem for veterinary medicine due to high level of morbidity and mortality, mostly among dogs, because of fast progression without immune-complement response. In this study, based on the results of our clinical, virological, histological, histochemical and morphological assays, we determined the pathogenetic role of parvovirus in sick dogs experimentally infected per os, specifically with isolated canine parvovirus (Antaeus) with titer of infectious activity equaling 3.80 ± 0.008 lg TCID50/cm, cultivated on heterological cell cultures. This allowed us to clarify, add to and generalize the data on the pathogenesis of the disease and determine pathohistological and histochemical changes in the immunogenesis, since the studied virus expresses immune-suppressive properties, leading to ruination of the locomotor ability of the organism and fast lethal outcome. The study of pathomorphological changes was carried out using pathoanatomical and histologic methods. Pathoanatomical material from the autopsy of puppies aged 45 days was fixed in 10% aqueous solution of neutral formaline and embedded in paraffin. Having parvoviral infection, dogs experience pathomorphologic changes in immune-complement organs, indicating inhibition of the immunogenesis function during an infectious disease of viral etiology. In the immunogenesis organs of puppies with the experimental reconstruction of parvoviral enteritis, we microscopically determined the following: edema of the cortex and medulla, disorganization of thymic corpuscules, and impairment of processes of differentiation of lymphocytes in the cortex and medulla of the thymic lobules; edema and large areas of accumulation of hemosiderin in the spleen as a result of breakdown of large amount of erythrocytes; acute inflammatory hyperemia of the parenchyma, swelling of sinuses, serous and serous-hemorrhagic lymphadenitis in lymph nodes. The complex of histologic changes in the immune protection organs, which we found in the conditions of experimental reconstruction of parvoviral infection, can be considered a distinct criterion for pathomorphologic differentiation diagnostics of parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
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Alford, J. A. J., E. V. Gotthelf, R. Perna, and J. P. Halpern. "Measuring the Nonaxially Symmetric Surface Temperature Distribution of the Central Compact Object in Puppis A." Astrophysical Journal 927, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d9a.
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Abstract The surface temperature distributions of central compact objects (CCOs) are powerful probes of their crustal magnetic field strengths and geometries. Here we model the surface temperature distribution of RX J0822−4300, the CCO in the Puppis A supernova remnant, using 471 ks of XMM-Newton data. We compute the energy-dependent pulse profiles in 16 energy bands, fully including the general relativistic effects of gravitational redshift and light bending, to accurately model the two heated surface regions of different temperatures and areas, in addition to constraining the viewing geometry. This results in precise measurements of the two temperatures: kT warm = ( 1 + z ) × 0.222 − 0.019 + 0.018 keV and kT hot = (1 + z) × 0.411 ± 0.011 keV. The two heated surface regions are likely located very close to the rotational poles, with the most probable position of the hotter component ≈ 6° from the rotational pole. For the first time, we are able to measure a deviation from a pure antipodal hot-spot geometry, with a longitudinal offset δ γ = 11 .° 7 − 2 .° 5 + 2 .° 6 . The discovery of this asymmetry, along with the factor of ≈2 temperature difference between the two emitting regions, may indicate that RX J0822−4300 was born with a strong, tangled crustal magnetic field.
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Kostyrenko, Oleksij P., Nataliia I. Vynnyk, Mykhailo M. Koptev, Petro A. Hasiuk, Maksym I. Skrypnyk, Alevtyna M. Bilous, and Serhii A. Proskurnya. "MINERALIZATION OF TEETH ENAMEL AFTER ERUPTION." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 6 (2021): 1297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202106101.
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The aim: The paper was aimed at the study of the processes of mineralization of the enamel of the permanent tooth after its eruption. Materials and methods: To study the structure of the enamel of permanent teeth has been carried out using light and electron microscopy. The study of the process of the development of the primordia of the permanent teeth involved 10 culled puppies of 30-40 days of age. Microscopic, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical methods of research have been used to study the processes of histogenesis. Results: The studies show that in the postnatal period, the formation of the crown, externally covered with cuticular epithelium, marks the formation of the primordium of the permanent tooth at the follicle stage. After eruption of a tooth, different parts of its crown have three individual structural and functional barriers to enamel biomineralization. The first one is provided by the cuticular epithelium of the pitted areas of the crown, which ensures filtering of the salivary fluid from the protein deposit in the form of a pellicle. The second barrier is defined on the lateral and cuspidate surfaces of the enamel, where the cuticle is erased or poorly expressed. The third structural and functional barrier of enamel biomineralization is located in the cervical portion of teeth of different classes. Conclusions: Different areas of the enamel in the tooth crown have specific filtration barriers, which can be distinguished as follows: pit-and-fissure-and-groove, cuspidateand-approximal, and cervical barriers. The cuticle is poorly expressed or totally absent on the cusps of the tooth crowns in contrast to pitted areas.
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Tirmidhi, A. B., H. M. Kazeem, A. Jibril, B. M. Jahun, and O. Orakpoghenor. "Detection of rabies virus antigen in brain tissue of dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Taraba State, Nigeria." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v17i4.2.
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Rabies as an ancient zoonosis constitutes a threat to public health by causing over 59,000 annual human mortalities worldwide. The aim of this study was to detect rabies virus in brain tissue of dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Taraba State, Nigeria. A total of 150 dogs comprising 136 adults and 14 puppies consisting of 82 males and 68 females was sampled from slaughter points in five Local Government Areas. Brain samples were collected from each dog in labeled sterile sample bottles and screened for rabies virus antigen using direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT). Results showed that 3 out of the 150 (2%) brain samples screened were positive for rabies virus; out of which 2 were from Unguwan Kasa (14.3%) and 1 was from Quarter Five (7.1%). This therefore suggests the presence of rabies virus in dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Taraba State, Nigeria and their role as reservoirs of the virus. Therefore, there is need for awareness education on safe handling of dog meat to minimize the risk for butchers/meat handlers.
Keywords: Brain samples, dogs, Prevalence, Rabies, Taraba State
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Ji, Chunxiao, Jia Feng, Siying Li, Hui Yang, Hui Wang, Xiangchang Geng, Hongliang Wang, et al. "Factors Associated with Dog Rabies Immunization in Changsha, China: Results of a Cross-Sectional Cluster Survey, 2015–2021." Viruses 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010138.
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The objective of this study was to examine longitudinal trends in the prevalence of dogs that are successfully immunized against rabies virus (as measured by sufficient serum antibodies) in Changsha, an urban center of China. The secondary objective was to investigate the factors affecting the seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in dogs. In this study, 4515 canine serum samples were collected from 57 pet hospitals (immunization points) during the period of 2015–2021 in five major urban areas of Kaifu, Furong, Tianxin, Yuhua, and Yuelu in Changsha, China. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to analyze the level and trend of rabies virus antibodies in serum and further evaluate the potential factors affecting the immunization effect from five factors: sex, age, time interval after most recent vaccination and sample collection, number of vaccinations, and vaccine manufacturer. The results showed that the seroconversion from the urban dog in Changsha steadily increased from 46.13% to 73.38% during 2015–2017. The seropositivity prevalence remained above the international standard (70%) from 2018 to 2020 and up to 90.99% in 2021. Further analysis showed that the seroconversion of rabies virus among dogs was significantly affected by the age, the number of vaccinations, time interval after the most recent vaccination and sample collection, and vaccine manufacturer, while sex had less influence. The overall rabies vaccination situation in urban areas of Changsha generally meets international standards, with only a few areas showing low levels of antibodies in dogs after vaccination and risk of infectiousness. Therefore, it is recommended that the first vaccination should be given when the dog is about three months old and regularly repeated every year after that. At the same time, antibody concentrations in dogs, especially in newborn puppies and older dogs, need to be tested promptly after vaccination at the required time to ensure that they are at a high level of immune protection, which can strengthen the supervision of rabies.
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Clercx, C., K. McEntee, S. Gilbert, L. Michiels, F. Snaps, E. Jacquinet, D. Desmecht, M. Henroteaux, and WE Bernadina. "Nonresponsive generalized bacterial infection associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Beauceron." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-3-220.
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A case of concurrent canine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and generalized bacterial infection in a six-year-old female Beauceron is reported. The dog presented with purulent nasal and ocular discharges, skin lesions (including seborrhea, hyperkeratotic areas, and papules as well as ecchymoses around the eyes, on both sides of the pinnae, and on the vulva), generalized lymph node enlargement, a mitral murmur, and lameness. Later, facial swelling, a retrobulbar abscess, and a cough also developed. Occurrence of a generalized bacterial infection was established by culture of group-C, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus from the throat, the mouth, a biopsy site (popliteal lymph node area), the retrobulbar abscess, and the lung. The diagnosis of SLE was based on the clinical signs and particularly on the occurrence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) and antidoublestranded-desoxyribonucleic acid (ds-DNA) antibody. Interestingly, the latter type of antibodies were also detected in two young female puppies whelped by this dog. Salient histological findings included an extreme cell depletion of the lymph nodes and spleen and severe pneumonitis and peribronchiolitis. The results of this case indicate that a definite diagnosis of canine SLE can, at times, be made on the basis of the presence of serum ANA and ds-DNA antibodies.
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Barbosa, Carolina Konkel, José Eduardo Basilio de Oliveira Gneiding, Túlio Tácito Ribeiro, Edevaldo Antonio Iachinski, Igor Christian Magno Gonçalves, and Cláudia Turra Pimpão. "Survey of wildlife rescued and treated from 2014 to 2016 in Joinville (SC), Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais 56, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z217694781006.
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Natural ecosystems are in constant conflict with the growing and disordered urban expansion, arising from the mismanagement of human developments and infrastructure, facing an accelerated rate of deforestation and defaunation. The intense pressure on natural environments impacts the local fauna through various incidents, generating high mortality, such as hit-and-run, window-crashing, attacks by domestic animals, dissemination of diseases and electrocution. The purpose of this study was to carry out a retrospective survey of the wild fauna rescued and treated at a clinic associated with the environmental police in the region of Joinville - SC. A total of 379 wild animals were treated at the clinic from 2014 to 2016. Of these, 262 (69.13%) were birds, 107 (28.23%) mammals, 9 (2.37%) reptiles and 1 (0.26%) amphibian. The main causes of referral for clinical care were due to trauma (50.66%), seizures (1.32%) and other causes (48.02%), such as home invasion and orphaned puppies. Among the reasons for traumas, pedestrian accidents were the most prevalent, representing 39.58% of the cases treated, followed by animals found to be debilitated without a defined cause (31.77%), attack by domestic animals (14.58%) and window-crashing (9.89%). The data obtained in this study show a rich diversity of species in Joinville. These species are exposed to several anthropogenic challenges and barriers derived mainly from intense displacement and human invasion, causing many animals to move in order to adapt to urban areas.
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Liu, Yalu, Qi Zhang, Jing Li, Xunda Ji, Yu Xu, and Peiquan Zhao. "Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Patients with Ocular Toxocariasis in China." Ophthalmologica 235, no. 2 (2016): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443215.
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Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with ocular toxocariasis. Methods: Ocular toxocariasis was diagnosed and treated in 46 children from Shanghai and surrounding provinces. The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis was confirmed immunologically by performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on serum and/or intraocular fluid. All pediatric patients and their guardians completed a questionnaire concerning their cases and living habits. Results: The mean age of onset was 6 ± 3 years. Most children (85%) resided in rural areas, and 91% of the children had contact with adult dogs or puppies. At the first visit, visual acuity (VA) was <20/200 in 36 cases, and we detected peripheral granuloma in 36 patients. In our study, the most common signs were vitritis, vitreous strands, and tractional retinal detachment. The Optomap 200Tx device detected granuloma with an 85% sensitivity, which is much higher than that of other techniques. We treated 40 cases (87%) with topical corticosteroids, while 28 patients (61%) were treated with systemic corticosteroids. Only 18 children (39%) required surgical intervention. All patients were examined and treated by the same ophthalmologists. Conclusions: Preschool children in China are more often affected by toxocariasis compared with other age groups. The most common signs included unilateral granuloma and ocular inflammation. In our study, clinical manifestations were severe and complicated. At the first visit, VA was <20/200 in most patients. Ocular toxocariasis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms; the diagnosis was confirmed by immunological testing. Techniques using the Optomap 200Tx device can facilitate the early detection and lead to better visual prognosis.
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Browder, John O. "Review: Implementation of Environmental Policies in Developing Countries: A Case of Protected Areas and Tourism in Brazil, by Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2008. 133 pages. $50.00 (hardcover)." Journal of Planning Education and Research 28, no. 2 (December 2008): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x08325977.
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Romero, Camilo, Genesis Garcia, Galia Sheinberg, Alberto Cordero, Daniel Rodriguez, and Rafael Heredia. "Three Cases of Canine Dermatomyositis-Like Disease." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (March 31, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86435.
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Background: Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic, inflammatory/immunemediated disease of the skin, muscles and bloodvessels of hereditary nature and unclear pathogenesis. This familial disease has been described in certain breeds, especially collies and Shetland sheep dogs and is of rare occurrence in mongrel dogs. To describe and discuss three clinical cases of dermatomyositis-like disease and provide a brief review of the literature.Cases: Three young mongrel dogs are included in this report. Case 1: Mandarino, a 4-year-old mongrel dog, having a history of skin lesions for at least a year. Showed an underweight patient, skin ulcers, crusts, alopecia, peri-ocular scarring causing severe lagophthalmia and a corneal ulcer. Muscle atrophy was most notable in the head and legs; the dog haddifficulty and pain walking. Treatment was initialised with cephalexin 30 mg/kg BID, pentoxifylline 25 mg/kg BID, and prednisone 2.2 mg/kg SID. The patient was presented after two weeks for follow up; the anaemia and skin condition had improved, the weight had increased by 2 kg, dysphagia and locomotor abnormalities were not present. Case 2: Milagros,a mongrel female dog approximately two years of age, rescued from a shelter. Physical examination showed facial alopecia, erythema and scarring of the periocular skin, crusting and scaling in alopecic areas, pinnae tip necrosis and crusting, ear alopecia, tail tip necrosis and crusting. Also present were distal limb alopecia, crusting and ulcers in areas of trauma in the hock and carpal surfaces; some nails presented onychorhexis and onychoschizia. The patient has been treated for12 months with a good clinical outcome, with pentoxifylline, azathioprine 2.2 mg/kg EOD alternating with prednisone 1 mg/kg EOD. Case 3: Chuchito, an 11-month-old male mongrel rescued dog had been previously hospitalised due to his skin condition. Physical examination showed depigmented and alopecic areas in the nasal planum, perioral and periocular areas, and inflammation of the palpebral tissues. Necrosis of the distal pinnae, alopecia and scales were evident, along with sloughing of scales and ulcers. Skin lesions were also present in the distal limbs, and alopecia, erythema and some crusting and scales in the carpal, tarsal and digital areas. Onychodystrophy was present in several digits. This study describes the physical examination and the clinical pathological findings, including skin scrapings, fungal cultures, and skin biopsies, in three dogs with dermatomyositis-like disease, as well as the clinical outcomes after slightly different treatment protocols were used. The biopsy results of two dogs showed ischaemic dermatopathy.Discussion: The most common initial signs of the disease are erythema, desquamation and alopecia in the facial area, ears, distal limbs and pinnae in young puppies aged between two and six months of age, followed by pigmentary changes. Muscular lesions are uncommon; when present, they represent the most severe form of this disease. Dysphagia is a common sign and mega-oesophagus may be present. Patients with muscular disease can manifest difficulty walking, with a stiff high gait. The immune mediated pathogenesis of dermatomyositis can relate to triggering factors in some dogs, such as drugs, infections, paraneoplasms, or toxins. Other potential inducing stressors include oestrus, whelping and excessive solar exposure. Dermatomyositis-like or familiar dermatomyositis is diagnosed using clinical findings, histopathologyof skin and muscle, and muscle physiology studies. Electromyography, breed predisposition and genetic background can be helpful in some cases. The clinical findings and response to the treatment of all three cases were compatible with dermatomyositis-like disease in mongrel dogs.Keywords: dermatomyositis, dermatopathy, vascular disease, inflammatory myopathies, mongrel dog.
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Kaneko, Chiho, Ryosuke Omori, Michihito Sasaki, Chikako Kataoka-Nakamura, Edgar Simulundu, Walter Muleya, Ladslav Moonga, et al. "Domestic dog demographics and estimates of canine vaccination coverage in a rural area of Zambia for the elimination of rabies." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e0009222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009222.
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Background An estimated 75% or more of the human rabies cases in Africa occur in rural settings, which underscores the importance of rabies control in these areas. Understanding dog demographics can help design strategies for rabies control and plan and conduct canine mass vaccination campaigns effectively in African countries. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate domestic dog demographics in Kalambabakali, in the rural Mazabuka District of Zambia. The population of ownerless dogs and the total achievable vaccination coverage among the total dog population was estimated using the capture-recapture-based Bayesian model by conducting a canine mass vaccination campaign. This study revealed that 29% of the domestic dog population was under one year old, and 57.7% of those were under three months old and thus were not eligible for the canine rabies vaccination in Zambia. The population growth was estimated at 15% per annum based on the cross-sectional household survey. The population of ownerless dogs was estimated to be small, with an ownerless-to-owned-dog ratio of 0.01–0.06 in the target zones. The achieved overall vaccination coverage from the first mass vaccination was estimated 19.8–51.6%. This low coverage was principally attributed to the owners’ lack of information, unavailability, and dog-handling difficulties. The follow-up mass vaccination campaign achieved an overall coverage of 54.8–76.2%. Conclusions/Significance This paper indicates the potential for controlling canine rabies through mass vaccination in rural Zambia. Rabies education and responsible dog ownership are required to achieve high and sustainable vaccination coverage. Our findings also propose including puppies below three months old in the target population for rabies vaccination and emphasize that securing an annual enforcement of canine mass vaccination that reaches 70% coverage in the dog population is necessary to maintain protective herd immunity.
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Kortz, G. D., W. A. Meier, R. J. Higgins, R. A. French, B. C. McKiernan, R. Fatzer, and J. F. Zachary. "Neuronal Vacuolation and Spinocerebellar Degeneration in Young Rottweiler Dogs." Veterinary Pathology 34, no. 4 (July 1997): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589703400405.
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With the recent epizootic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Europe, the differential diagnosis of neuronal vacuolation and spongiform change in other species has become critically important. Four Rottweiler puppies of both sexes, presented at 3-8 months of age, had clinical signs of generalized weakness and ataxia that started at 6 weeks of age. In all pups, neurologic examination detected an ataxia and tetraparesis, most severe in the pelvic limbs, and slowed proprioceptive placing reactions. Subsequently, there was rapid progressive neurologic deterioration, with severe placing deficits, knuckling, severe ataxia, and quadraparesis by 8 months of age. At necropsy, no gross lesions were observed. Microscopic lesions were restricted to the nervous system. The major lesion in all dogs was an intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolation that was most prominent in the cerebellar roof nuclei and in nuclei of the extrapyramidal system. Similar vacuolation was found in neurons in both dorsal nerve root ganglia, myenteric plexus, and other ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. The single or multiple empty vacuoles were between 1 and 45 μm in diameter. A mild spongiform change was seen in the adjacent neuropil. Purkinje cell vacuolation and degeneration with segmental cell loss was seen in the oldest dog. In ventromedial and dorsolateral areas of the spinal cord white matter, there was mild bilaterally symmetrical axonal degeneration. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemical staining of the brain for protease-resistant scrapie prion protein was negative. All forms of vacuoles were negative for immunohistochemical staining with a variety of lectins. Ultrastructurally, the vacuoles were bound by a single membrane and contained granular material and sometimes membranous profiles. There was mild distension of the cytocavitary network but no unequivocal connection with the vacuoles was found. Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses in affected neurons were intact both ultrastructurally and with synaptophysin immunostaining. The clinicopathologic findings were different from those seen in the other neurologic diseases of Rottweilers. The age of the dogs, distribution and type of the lesions, ultrastructural findings, and negative immunoblotting most likely rule out the possibility of a scrapie agent-associated spongiform encephalopathy. However, the etiology of this new disease was not determined.
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BRAMWELL, BILL. "Implementation of Environmental Policies in Developing Countries. A Case of Protected Areas and Tourism in Brazil, BY JOSE ANTONIO PUPPIM DE OLIVEIRA, xvi + 133 pp., 23.5 × 15.5 × 1 cm, ISBN 978 0 7914 7325 2 hardback, GB£ 26.99/US$ 50.00, Albany NY, USA: State University of New York Press, 2008." Environmental Conservation 35, no. 3 (September 2008): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892908004979.
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McMillan, M. N., J. M. Semmens, C. Huveneers, D. W. Sims, K. M. Stehfest, and B. M. Gillanders. "Grow or go? Energetic constraints on shark pup dispersal from pupping areas." Conservation Physiology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab017.
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Abstract Many sharks and other marine taxa use natal areas to maximize survival of young, meaning such areas are often attributed conservation value. The use of natal areas is often linked to predator avoidance or food resources. However, energetic constraints that may influence dispersal of young and their use of natal areas are poorly understood. We combined swim-tunnel respirometry, calorimetry, lipid class analysis and a bioenergetics model to investigate how energy demands influence dispersal of young in a globally distributed shark. The school shark (a.k.a. soupfin, tope), Galeorhinus galeus, is Critically Endangered due to overfishing and is one of many sharks that use protected natal areas in Australia. Energy storage in neonate pups was limited by small livers, low overall lipid content and low levels of energy storage lipids (e.g. triacylglycerols) relative to adults, with energy stores sufficient to sustain routine demands for 1.3–4 days (mean ± SD: 2.4 ± 0.8 days). High levels of growth-associated structural lipids (e.g. phospholipids) and high energetic cost of growth suggested large investment in growth during residency in natal areas. Rapid growth (~40% in length) between birth in summer and dispersal in late autumn–winter likely increased survival by reducing predation and improving foraging ability. Delaying dispersal may allow prioritization of growth and may also provide energy savings through improved swimming efficiency and cooler ambient temperatures (daily ration was predicted to fall by around a third in winter). Neonate school sharks are therefore ill-equipped for large-scale dispersal and neonates recorded in the northwest of their Australian distribution are likely born locally, not at known south-eastern pupping areas. This suggests the existence of previously unrecorded school shark pupping areas. Integrated bioenergetic approaches as applied here may help to understand dispersal from natal areas in other taxa, such as teleost fishes, elasmobranchs and invertebrates.
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Stenson, Garry, Jean François Gosselin, John Lawson, Alejandro Buren, Pierre Goulet, Shelley Lang, Kjell Tormod Nilssen, and Mike Hammill. "Pup production of Harp Seals in the Northwest Atlantic in 2017 during a time of ecosystem change." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 12 (August 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.6214.
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Photographic and visual aerial surveys were conducted off Newfoundland and Labrador (”the Front”), and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (“Gulf”) in March 2017 to estimate pup production of Northwest Atlantic harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Traditionally, harp seals pup (whelp) in three general areas; the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, and off the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador. After extensive reconnaissance, four whelping areas were identified: one in each of the southern and northern Gulf, and two at the Front. We estimated a total pup production in 2017 of 746,500 (SE=89,900, CV=12%), the lowest since 1994. Most (96%) pups were born at the Front (714,600 pups, SE=89,700). Very few pups were born in the southern Gulf (18,300, SE=1,500) and no whelping concentrations were observed prior to March 5, approximately one week later than previously observed. This is far lower than the 2012 survey estimate of 115,500 (SE=15,100) for the same area. Pup production in the northern Gulf was also lower than in previous years, at 13,600 (SE=3,000). The timing of births in the southern Gulf was much later than normal in 2017, and unusually early pupping at the Front suggests that some females from the Gulf herd may have moved to the Front to whelp due to a lack of ice suitable for pupping (i.e., thin first year) in the Gulf. Harp seals whelp in large concentrations. While one large whelping concentration formed at the Front, approximately 15% of the pupping at the Front occurred in small, dispersed groups which formed later than observed in previous years. Given the unusual ice conditions, distribution of whelping seals, and timing of pupping, assessing the results of the 2017 surveys relative to other estimates of pup production in the Northwest Atlantic is challenging and indicates the ongoing difficulties of assessing a population that is being impacted by climate change.
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Saydam, Ezgi, Harun Güçlüsoy, and Zafer Alı Kızılkaya. "A novel approach for Mediterranean monk seal conservation: an artificial ledge in a marine cave." Oryx, March 28, 2022, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605321001046.
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Abstract The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus, categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, comprises 600–700 individuals in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean. Habitat degradation is a severe threat to the species. In 2016 and 2017, coastline surveys were conducted in Gökova Bay, south-west Turkey, to identify suitable monk seal habitat. A significant factor hindering recovery of the monk seal population of this Turkish coast and the nearby Greek islands is the limited number of marine caves suitable for resting and/or pupping. We identified four caves as possible monk seal resting and pupping caves. An additional cave with all essential features for seal usage except a ledge was also identified. An artificial ledge was built in this cave in July 2019 and seal usage was monitored by camera trap until September 2020. A total of 405 camera-trap events were analysed to examine presence of any monk seals on the ledge, and to understand the purpose (resting and/or pupping), frequency of use, sex and age group of any individuals using the cave. One juvenile used the cave four times for resting (420 minutes in total), predominantly nocturnally. This is the first construction of a dry ledge in a cave of this kind for monk seals. The camera recordings suggest this approach could provide habitat for this species in areas where there is insufficient dry protected area on land.
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Palacios, Marta D., Edgar M. Hoyos-Padilla, Abel Trejo-Ramírez, Donald A. Croll, Felipe Galván-Magaña, Kelly M. Zilliacus, John B. O’Sullivan, James T. Ketchum, and Rogelio González-Armas. "Description of first nursery area for a pygmy devil ray species (Mobula munkiana) in the Gulf of California, Mexico." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80506-8.
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AbstractMunk’s pygmy devil rays (Mobula munkiana) are medium-size, zooplanktivorous filter feeding, elasmobranchs characterized by aggregative behavior, low fecundity and delayed reproduction. These traits make them susceptible to targeted and by-catch fisheries and are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Multiple studies have examined fisheries impacts, but nursery areas or foraging neonate and juvenile concentrations have not been examined. This study describes the first nursery area for M. munkiana at Espiritu Santo Archipelago, Mexico. We examined spatial use of a shallow bay during 22 consecutive months in relation to environmental patterns using traditional tagging (n = 95) and acoustic telemetry (n = 7). Neonates and juveniles comprised 84% of tagged individuals and their residency index was significantly greater inside than outside the bay; spending a maximum of 145 consecutive days within the bay. Observations of near-term pregnant females, mating behavior, and neonates indicate an April to June pupping period. Anecdotal photograph review indicated that the nursery area is used by neonates and juveniles across years. These findings confirm, for the first time, the existence of nursery areas for Munk’s pygmy devil rays and the potential importance of shallow bays during early life stages for the conservation of this species.