Journal articles: 'Pup mortality'

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Arulanandam, K., R. Sridhar, M. Thangapandiyan, and C. Balachandran. "Pathology of Rabies in Pup Mortality." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 4252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.499.

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Arulanandam, K., R. Sridhar, T. Mohanapriya, and C. Balachandran. "Role of Ehrlichiosis in Canine Pup Mortality." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 4232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.496.

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Arulanandam, K., R. Sridhar, and C. Balachandran. "Role of babesiosis in canine pup mortality." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4c.9883.

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Arulanandam, K., R. Sridhar, and C. Balachandran. "Role of helminthes in canine pup mortality." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4c.9884.

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Leidinger, Charlotte S., Christa Thöne-Reineke, Nadine Baumgart, and Jan Baumgart. "Environmental enrichment prevents pup mortality in laboratory mice." Laboratory Animals 53, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677218777536.

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Early death of mouse pups is a commonly known problem in breeding mice colonies, which is still often regarded as ‘normal’ or is even overlooked due to the counting procedures applied. As reduced breeding performance probably indicates reduced well-being, this seems to be an underestimated welfare issue in laboratory mouse breeding. The present study compares the influence of three different forms of enrichment in breeding cages on infant survival rate and development of C57BL/6J mice. Our data reveal that lack of enrichment results in greater preweaning pup mortality, reduced weight and delayed development. Changing the environmental conditions after birth cannot prevent litter loss but improves the development of pups born in impoverished environments. Overall, our results underline the importance of early counting of mice for optimizing refinement strategies to ensure well-being and breeding success.

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Andriyanto, Andriyanto, Leliana Nugrahaning Widi, Hamdika Yendri, Kharisma Mardathilah, Diky Yuliansah, Firda Agustin, Aulia Andi Mustika, and Wasmen Manalu. "Use of Herb Combination (Jamu Atoke) Before Mating to Improve Rat Pup Health." Majalah Kedokteran Bandung 54, no. 1 (March 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v52n4.2629.

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Mortality and health disturbances in children often correlate with maternal health and fertility. Avocado, mung bean sprouts, and holy basil have been traditionally used to improve maternal health, before and during pregnancy. This study was aimed to assess the efficacy of herbal combination of avocado, mung bean sprouts, and holy basil (Jamu ATOKE) in optimizing reproductive health. Eighteen female Sprague Dawley rats (9–10 weeks old, BW: 180–250 g) were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups (n=6 rats for each group) of control, group I and II. ATOKE were added into rats drinking water and consumed for 30 days before pregnancy. After the rats were pregnant and gave birth, pup per parent ratio, pup mortality, and pup health performance (body weight gain, feed and drink consumption, motor activity, pup speed in finding light and feed, red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count and differential, SGPT, SGOT, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-6) were analyzed. Pups born to in group I had a generally better health performance compared to the control group. There was a 100% mortality in the litter of group II due to the excessive aggressive behavior of the dams as a sign of toxicity. Administration of 2.5% Jamu ATOKE showed the best effects on the health and intelligence of the rat pup.

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Pistorius, Pierre, Marthán Bester, Stephen Kirkman, and Frances Taylor. "Pup mortality in southern elephant seals at Marion Island." Polar Biology 24, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100285.

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Trites, Andrew W., and Peter A. Larkin. "The Decline and Fall of the Pribilof Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus): A Simulation Study." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 1437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-183.

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A mathematical model incorporating the basic life history features of the North Pacific fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) approximated the decline of the Pribilof Islands population by reconstructing pup estimates and counts of adult males over the period 1950 to 1987. Simulation results suggest that commercial female harvesting and a series of poor juvenile survival rates were responsible for causing and maintaining the observed decline in pup production on St. Paul Island from 1956 to 1970. A more recent drop in pup production since 1976 is also attributed to poor juvenile survival, but with the addition of higher natural mortalities of adult females. It appears that the natural mortality of adult females may have increased by 2 to 5% beginning in the mid 1970s. We suspect reductions in the fur seal food base and entanglement-related mortality associated with commercial fishing in the North Pacific are contributing to the current decline, although neither possibility has yet been clearly demonstrated.

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Weaver, S. R., C. M. Cronick, A. P. Prichard, J. Laporta, N. J. Benevenga, and L. L. Hernandez. "Use of the RatLoft decreases pup mortality in lactating mice." Laboratory Animals 50, no. 5 (July 10, 2016): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677215617388.

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Pemberton, D., and RJ Kirkwood. "Pup production and distribution of the Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, in Tasmania." Wildlife Research 21, no. 3 (1994): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940341.

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In Tasmanian waters Australian fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, breed on five islands in Bass Strait with non-breeding haul-out sites situated in Bass Strait and along the south-eastern and southern Tasmanian coastline. Estimates of pup production were obtained over four breeding seasons between 1989 and 1993 by aerial photography, ground counts and mark-recapture censuses. Pupping commences in late October, with 90% of pups born between 2 and 20 December. Pup mortality is estimated at 15% by early January, when ground censusing was conducted. Pup production of breeding colonies in Tasmanian waters was highest in 1991, with 5130 pups estimated to have been born.

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Argue, A. M., K. J. Mills, and B. R. Patterson. "Behavioural response of eastern wolves (Canis lycaon) to disturbance at homesites and its effects on pup survival." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 5 (May 2008): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-013.

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Human disturbance at wolf dens and rendezvous sites (homesites) may have direct effects on pup survival and could result in the alteration of homesite-use characteristics. During a demographic study of eastern wolves ( Canis lycaon ) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, we entered active homesites to tag pups with VHF radio transmitters. Homesite attendance and pup survival data collected in 2003–2005 were used to determine (i) the immediate response of wolves to disturbance at homesites, (ii) whether distance moved between homesites was influenced by disturbance, (iii) if pup survival was compromised by researcher disturbance, and (iv) whether reuse in subsequent years differed between disturbed and undisturbed den sites. Packs tended to relocate pups after a disturbance, though we did not detect a difference in distances travelled between natural homesite shifts and those following disturbance. Disturbed homesites were reused in following years at a similar frequency as undisturbed homesites (6 of 15 vs. 8 of 22 homesites, respectively). Although postcapture mortality risk was slightly elevated for pups, we could not detect long-term effects of disturbance. This resilience to disturbance, and our documentation of effective techniques for radio-tagging young pups, demonstrate that research on wolf pup demography can be performed effectively without causing unacceptable negative impacts on wolf behaviour or mortality.

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Hiruki, Lisa M., Ian Stirling, William G. Gilmartin, Thea C. Johanos, and Brenda L. Becker. "Significance of wounding to female reproductive success in Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) at Laysan Island." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-067.

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We studied reproductive rate, length of lactation period, pup survival, and mortality of injured and uninjured female Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) on Laysan Island, northwestern Hawaiian Islands, in 1983 – 1989. The severity and timing of nonfatal injuries were influential in determining their effect on female reproductive success. There was a tendency towards a shorter mean lactation period and lower survival rate of pups for females with major injuries than for uninjured females. Females with minor injuries were similar to uninjured females in terms of reproductive rate, length of lactation, and pup survival. For females injured shortly before the birth of their pup or during lactation, pup survival was lower than for uninjured females, whereas for females injured during the year prior to pupping, measures of reproductive success were not significantly different from those for uninjured females. Immature (aged 4 – 8 years) females entering the reproductive population were injured by adult male seals significantly more often than females aged 0 – 3 years, but at a similar rate to adult females. The major effect of injuries on female reproductive success is an increase in female mortality: 87.5 % of the adult females (n = 16) that died on Laysan Island in 1983 – 1989 sustained injuries from adult male seals.

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Zhao, Zhi-Jun, Catherine Hambly, Lu-Lu Shi, Zhong-Qiang Bi, Jing Cao, and John R. Speakman. "Late lactation in small mammals is a critically sensitive window of vulnerability to elevated ambient temperature." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 39 (September 14, 2020): 24352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008974117.

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Predicted increases in global average temperature are physiologically trivial for most endotherms. However, heat waves will also increase in both frequency and severity, and these will be physiologically more important. Lactating small mammals are hypothesized to be limited by heat dissipation capacity, suggesting high temperatures may adversely impact lactation performance. We measured reproductive performance of mice and striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis), including milk energy output (MEO), at temperatures between 21 and 36 °C. In both species, there was a decline in MEO between 21 and 33 °C. In mice, milk production at 33 °C was only 18% of that at 21 °C. This led to reductions in pup growth by 20% but limited pup mortality (0.8%), because of a threefold increase in growth efficiency. In contrast, in hamsters, MEO at 33 °C was reduced to 78.1% of that at 21 °C, yet this led to significant pup mortality (possibly infanticide) and reduced pup growth by 12.7%. Hamster females were more able to sustain milk production as ambient temperature increased, but they and their pups were less capable of adjusting to the lower supply. In both species, exposure to 36 °C resulted in rapid catastrophic lactation failure and maternal mortality. Upper lethal temperature was lowered by 3 to 6 °C in late lactation, making it a critically sensitive window to high ambient temperatures. Our data suggest future heat wave events will impact breeding success of small rodents, but this is based on animals with a long history in captivity. More work should be performed on wild rodents to confirm these impacts.

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Ausband, David E., Michael S. Mitchell, Carisa R. Stansbury, Jennifer L. Stenglein, and Lisette P. Waits. "Harvest and group effects on pup survival in a cooperative breeder." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1855 (May 24, 2017): 20170580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0580.

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Recruitment in cooperative breeders can be negatively affected by changes in group size and composition. The majority of cooperative breeding studies have not evaluated human harvest; therefore, the effects of recurring annual harvest and group characteristics on survival of young are poorly understood. We evaluated how harvest and groups affect pup survival using genetic sampling and pedigrees for grey wolves in North America. We hypothesized that harvest reduces pup survival because of (i) reduced group size, (ii) increased breeder turnover and/or (iii) reduced number of female helpers. Alternatively, harvest may increase pup survival possibly due to increased per capita food availability or it could be compensatory with other forms of mortality. Harvest appeared to be additive because it reduced both pup survival and group size. In addition to harvest, turnover of breeding males and the presence of older, non-breeding males also reduced pup survival. Large groups and breeder stability increased pup survival when there was harvest, however. Inferences about the effect of harvest on recruitment require knowledge of harvest rate of young as well as the indirect effects associated with changes in group size and composition, as we show. The number of young harvested is a poor measure of the effect of harvest on recruitment in cooperative breeders.

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Brajon, Sophie, Gabriela Munhoz Morello, Sara Capas-Peneda, Jan Hultgren, Colin Gilbert, and Anna Olsson. "All the Pups We Cannot See: Cannibalism Masks Perinatal Death in Laboratory Mouse Breeding but Infanticide Is Rare." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082327.

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Perinatal mortality is a major issue in laboratory mouse breeding. We compared a counting method using daily checks (DAILY_CHECK) with a method combining daily checks with detailed video analyses to detect cannibalisms (VIDEO_TRACK) for estimating the number of C57BL/6 pups that were born, that died and that were weaned in 193 litters from trios with (TRIO-OVERLAP) or without (TRIO-NO_OVERLAP) the presence of another litter. Linear mixed models were used at litter level. To understand whether cannibalism was associated with active killing (infanticide), we analysed VIDEO_TRACK recordings of 109 litters from TRIO-OVERLAP, TRIO-NO_OVERLAP or SOLO (single dams). We used Kaplan-Meier method and logistic regression at pup level. For DAILY_CHECK, the mean litter size was 35% smaller than for VIDEO_TRACK (p < 0.0001) and the number of dead pups was twice lower (p < 0.0001). The risk of pup loss was higher for TRIO-OVERLAP than TRIO-NO_OVERLAP (p < 0.0001). A high number of pup losses occurred between birth and the first cage check. Analyses of VIDEO_TRACK data indicated that pups were clearly dead at the start of most of the cannibalism events and infanticide was rare. As most pups die and disappear before the first cage check, many breeding facilities are likely to be unaware of their real rates of mouse pup mortality.

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Willis, Charlene, and Robert Poulin. "Effects of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta on maternal investment in rats." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 6 (October 10, 1999): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-075.

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Parasites can influence the optimal allocation of energy between present and future reproduction by changing the value of current offspring relative to that of future ones. We examined the effect of the tapeworm parasite Hymenolepis diminuta on maternal investment in rats. Litter sizes and average pup body mass did not differ between parasitised and nonparasitised mothers, either at birth or at weaning. The two groups of mothers also did not differ with respect to pup growth or pup mortality during lactation. Mass change during lactation was similar between parasitised and nonparasitised mothers. However, a pup-retrieval experiment showed that parasitised mothers were quicker at retrieving their pups to safety than nonparasitised mothers, and spent less time checking for potential sources of danger. These differences were particularly pronounced toward the end of the lactation period. It would appear that the parasite increases the relative value of the current litter and current levels of maternal investment, possibly because it reduces future reproductive success.

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Hanson, Nora, Dave Thompson, Callan Duck, Simon Moss, and Mike Lonergan. "Pup Mortality in a Rapidly Declining Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina) Population." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 27, 2013): e80727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080727.

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McIntosh, Rebecca R., Simon D. Goldsworthy, Peter D. Shaughnessy, Clarence W. Kennedy, and Paul Burch. "Estimating pup production in a mammal with an extended and aseasonal breeding season, the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)." Wildlife Research 39, no. 2 (2012): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10222.

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Context The Australian sea lion population at Seal Bay Conservation Park, South Australia, was estimated to be declining at a rate of 1.14% per breeding season, on the basis of maximum counts of live pups in each of 13 breeding seasons (Shaughnessy et al. 2006). The reliability of the pup-production estimates used to identify this decline is uncertain. Aims Our aims were to obtain representative and repeatable estimates of pup production and to assess the current rate of decline. Methods We compared four estimates of pup abundance over five breeding seasons (2002–03, 2004, 2005–06, 2007, 2008–09), including the count of cumulative new births, the maximum live-pup count, the number of pups given passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and mark–recapture methods using the Petersen estimate. Key results A total of 90% of pup births occurred over a mean of 124 days (s.d. = 14). Final estimates of pup production (from the largest of the four estimation methods used) in the five seasons were 227 (CL 221–239), 288 (CL 273–302), 219 (NA), 260 (CL 254–272) and 268 (CL 268–269). The average estimate of pup mortality was 28.6% (s.d. = 6.3%). The decline in the population at Seal Bay over 17 breeding seasons on the basis of maximum counts of live pups was 0.51% per year or 0.76% per breeding season. However, this trend was not based on best estimates of pup production. On the basis of final estimates for the last five breeding seasons, there is no declining trend. Conclusions The count of cumulative new births was the most reliable measure of pup production; the Petersen mark–recapture estimate provided a check for accuracy and confidence limits about the estimate. Implications The actual rate of change and the expected trajectory of the Seal Bay population remain uncertain. Ongoing monitoring is a priority for this site, using the reliable methods of estimating pup production identified in the present study.

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Gales, Nicholas J., and David J. Fletcher. "Abundance, distribution and status of the New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri." Wildlife Research 26, no. 1 (1999): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98022.

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The abundance of the New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri, was estimated using a model that incorporated estimated pup production. Pups are born at only five sites, four of which are at the sub-Antarctic Auckland Islands, which lie to the south of New Zealand. The remaining breeding site is at Campbell Island in the same region. Pup production was estimated during the 1994/95 and 1995/96 breeding seasons from mark–recapture studies at the two largest sea lion rookeries, at the Auckland Islands (Sandy Bay and Dundas Island), which account for almost 90% of total pup production for the species. Pup production for the other sites was estimated from direct counts or, in the case of Campbell Island, from recent tagging data. Total pup production estimates for all sites during the 1994/95 and 1995/96 breeding seasons are 2640 and 2807 respectively. During the four-week pupping season, pup mortality at most sites was estimated to be about 10%. The estimates of absolute abundance based on pup production for the two breeding seasons were 11 700 (95% confidence interval (CI): 10 500–13 100) and 12 500 (95% CI: 11 100–14 000) respectively. This population abundance is among the smallest reported for a species within the Otariidae. The highly localised, and historically reduced distribution make this species vulnerable to impact and warrants particular attention from conservation managers. In particular, the potential impact of the annual bycatch of P. hookeri in a trawl fishery requires close monitoring and, ideally, some mitigation action.

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Powell, Catherine A., and Mahua Choudhury. "Advancing metabolism research to overcome low litter survival in metabolically stressed mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 317, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): E261—E268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00024.2019.

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Elucidating the mechanism underlying the transmission of metabolic disease to subsequent generations requires robust preclinical mouse breeding strategies. Western diets rich in fat and carbohydrates are contributing factors in the rise of diabetes and obesity rates worldwide. Therefore, determining the impact of Western diets consumed by parents on offspring and future generations is critical for understanding the perpetuation of these diseases. Specifically, epigenetic regulation and transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease is an emerging field of study requiring robust murine models. However, a major challenge to transgenerational studies is offspring mortality, exacerbated by maternal stress during pregnancy. Here, we describe a challenge experienced in our metabolic research in Western diet-fed female mice leading to the loss of litters via pup mortality and cannibalism by the mother. Furthermore, our study evaluates various breeding schemes with pregnancy efficiency and refined husbandry techniques to overcome pup mortality and infanticide, to characterize dams’ and pups’ metabolic characteristics, and to determine the impact on physiology of dams under detailed breeding schemes.

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Reid, Keith, and Jaume Forcada. "Causes of offspring mortality in the Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazella: the interaction of density dependence and ecosystem variability." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-045.

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Rates of pup production and causes of pup mortality, recorded in a designated study colony on Bird Island, South Georgia, from 1989 to 2003, were used to evaluate the factors influencing the growth of the population of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875). The mean number of pups produced per year was 680 (range 444–822) with a mean survival rate of 77.6% (range 52.6%–92.8%). Starvation, arising from reduced food availability within the mothers' foraging area, was the most frequently recorded cause of death and was positively correlated with the overall rate of pup survival, although it showed no relationship with the number of pups produced. However, traumatic injury showed a local relationship with seal density, increasing significantly with increasing numbers of seals born. This suggests that environmental processes that reduce the availability of prey to lactating mothers, rather than space limitation within colonies, are the limiting factor in the population increase of Antarctic fur seals at South Georgia. The spatial scales over which such processes operate, relative to the local-scale effects of densities of animals within colonies, have important implications for the future expansion of the population and the resultant trophodynamic interactions.

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Yorita, Epti, Eliana Eliana, and Yulinda Yulinda. "Upaya Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Remaja Tentang Penerimaan Konsep Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan melalui Pengembangan Model Adolescent Mobile Health." Malahayati Nursing Journal 4, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 2366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v4i9.7003.

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ABSTRACT Population is the basic capital and dominant factor of development that must be the central point in sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and control population impacts such as maternal and infant mortality due to pregnancy at a young age, through access to relevant information for adolescents with health promotion regarding Maturation of Marriage Age (PUP). Modification of PIK R based on counseling SMS and SMS remainder through the Adolescent Mobile Health (AdeM Health) program as a model for acceptance of the PUP concept by peer groups is expected to be a leverage for adolescents to increase knowledge and attitudes about PUP. This study aims to determine the effect through the Adolescent Mobile Health (AdeM Health) program on the acceptance of the PUP concept in peer groups in Central Bengkulu Regency in 2019. Research design quasi-experimental pre and post test without a control group. The intervention is in the form of adolescent health promotion through the acceptance model of the PUP concept with the AdeM Health Program in peer groups. The sample of this research is Junior High School Students in Central Bengkulu Regency. The results of the study found that there was an effect of the PUP acceptance model through peer counselors on the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents, there was a PUP acceptance model through the AdeM Health program that was more effective in increasing adolescent knowledge and attitudes than the approach using peer counselors. The development of a model of acceptance of the PUP concept is more effective when using the approach of peer counselors and AdeM Health. Keywords: Adolescents, PUP, AdeM Health, Peer Groups ABSTRAK Penduduk merupakan modal dasar dan faktor dominan pembangunan yang harus menjadi titik sentral dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pencegahan dan pengendalian dampak kependudukan seperti kematian ibu dan bayi akibat hamil usia muda, melalui akses informasi yang relevan pada remaja dengan promosi kesehatan tentang Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan (PUP). Modifikasi PIK R berbasis sms konseling dan SMS remainder melalui program Adolescnt Mobile Health (AdeM Health) sebagai model penerimaan konsep PUP oleh kelompok sebaya diharapkan mampu menjadi daya ungkit bagi remaja untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap tentang PUP. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh melalui program Adolescnt Mobile Health (AdeM Health) terhadap penerimaan konsep PUP pada kelompok sebaya Di Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah Tahun 2019. Desain penelitian quasi eksperimen pre dan post test tanpa kelompok kontrol. Intervensi berupa promosi kesehatan remaja melalui Model penerimaan konsep PUP dengan Program AdeM Health pada kelompok sebaya. Sampel penelitian ini adalah Remaja Siswa SMP di Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah. Hasil penelitian menemukan ada pengaruh model penerimaan PUP melalui konselor sebaya terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap remaja, ada model penerimaan PUP melalui program AdeM Health lebih efektif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap remaja dibandingkan pendekatan menggunakan konselor sebaya. Pengembangan model penerimaan konsep PUP lebih efektif jika menggunakan pendekatan konselor sebaya dan AdeM Health. Kata Kunci: Remaja, PUP, AdeM Health, Kelompok Sebaya

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Gales, N. J., B. Haberley, and P. Collins. "Changes in the abundance of New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, in Western Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 2 (2000): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99027.

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New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, have been increasing in abundance in South Australia for at least the past three decades. A survey of New Zealand fur seals during the 1989/90 breeding season determined that about 20% of the Australian population bred at 16 sites in Western Australia, amounting to 1429 pups and an absolute abundance estimate of 7100 fur seals. A further survey of all fur seal colonies in Western Australia to determine current pup production and abundance estimates, and trends in pup production since the previous survey was undertaken in January 1999. Of the 17 breeding sites now known in Western Australia, 16 were surveyed and pup production had increased at all but one. The rate of change in pup production at the one unsurveyed site (West Island), was estimated as being equivalent to the mean rate of change at other sites. The estimated mean annual, exponential rate of increase (r) for all sites was 0.09, equivalent to a 9.8% annual increase in pup production and an overall increase in pup production in Western Australia of 113.3% between surveys. Total annual pup production has increased to 3090. The estimate of absolute abundance of New Zealand fur seals in Western Australia is now 15 100, in contrast to the 7100 estimated for the 1989/90 season. Mortality of pups at the time of the survey was estimated to be at least 1.3%. It is predicted that New Zealand fur seal populations will continue to increase in Western Australia. This is likely to have important management implications regarding aquaculture and fisheries activities. The increase in fur seal populations appears to be in contrast to populations of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, for which preliminary data show no evidence for a population increase. It is unknown whether the dynamics affecting these two species are related.

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Harcourt, Robert. "Maternal aggression in the South American fur seal in Peru." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-048.

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Maternal aggression was examined with regard to its role in maternal defense of offspring in the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) at Punta San Juan, Peru (15°22′S, 75°12′W). Female fur seals' responses to conspecifics and to predatory southern sea lions (Otaria byronia) were examined pre- and post-partum. Although the defense of offspring from predators may be expected to be a major component of maternal care, mothers rarely defended their offspring from raiding sea lions, possibly due to the high risks involved in attacking a large and potentially very dangerous predator. The costs of defending the pup from sea lions appeared to outweigh the potential benefit of increased survival of the pup, due to the already high pup mortality at the site. Maternal defense from conspecifics may also be a possible function of female aggression. Females with newborn pups were more aggressive towards other females than were females without pups, particularly during the perinatal attendance period. They threatened a higher proportion of approaching females and won more aggressive encounters postpartum. However, mothers of surviving pups did not appear to be any more aggressive, their pups did not receive any fewer threats from unrelated females, nor did they reside in areas of less aggression, than mothers whose pups died. Aggression towards male conspecifics appeared to serve a further purpose, as females threatened approaching adult and subadult males regardless of whether the females had a pup. Unlike colonially breeding phocid pinnipeds, there seems to be no correlation between increased maternal aggression and neonate survival in the South American fur seal. This may be because females have to leave their offspring to forage when the offspring are still vulnerable to attack by unrelated conspecifics. Alternatively, maternal aggression may have been subjected to such intense selection that although it is responsible for increased pup mortality at the site, there is insufficient variability to measure differential consequences.

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Baker, J. R. "Further studies on grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pup mortality on North Rona." British Veterinary Journal 144, no. 5 (September 1988): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(88)90090-5.

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Singh, Jarnail. "Interaction of maternal protein and carbon monoxide on pup mortality in mice: implications for global infant mortality." Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 77, no. 3 (2006): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20077.

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Russell, J. A., R. G. Gosden, E. M. Humphreys, R. Cutting, N. Fitzsimons, V. Johnston, S. Liddle, S. Scott, and J. A. Stirland. "Interruption of parturition in rats by morphine: a result of inhibition of oxytocin secretion." Journal of Endocrinology 121, no. 3 (June 1989): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1210521.

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ABSTRACT Oxytocin secretion is inhibited by opioids, and oxytocin is important in parturition. The effects on parturition of morphine, a relatively selective μ-opioid receptor agonist, were studied in the rat. Morphine or vehicle with or without the opiate antagonist naloxone were administered immediately after the birth of the second pup and the subsequent course of parturition was recorded in a total of 80 rats. Both s.c. morphine (10 mg/kg) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) morphine (18 μg through a previously implanted cannula) interrupted parturition, delaying the birth of the sixth pup after treatment to 187·3 ± 35·9 (s.e.m.) min and 195·4 ± 19·5 min respectively, compared with 46·4 ± 3·7 and 66·1 ± 17·5 min after vehicle alone. The dose of morphine given i.c.v. had no effect when given s.c. Naloxone given concurrently prevented the effects of morphine. Eventually the rate of parturition in the morphine-treated groups recovered. Perinatal pup mortality rate was not increased when morphine was given to the mothers, but it did inhibit the expression of normal intrapartum maternal behaviour. Pup mortality was increased 48 h post partum by morphine given during parturition, and it reduced the proportion of rats with normal maternal behaviour 24 h post partum. Morphine did not affect spontaneous or oxytocin-stimulated contractile activity of the parturient uterus in vitro. The concentration of oxytocin in trunk blood plasma was decreased 40 min after i.c.v. morphine (24·3 ± 3·9 vs 39·3± 6·5 pmol/l in controls), as was vasopressin (7·2 ± 1·5 vs 19·7 ± 4·5 pmol/l in controls). Intravenous infusion of oxytocin (2–5 mU/min for 144·3 ± 8·2 min; total infused 448·5 ± 61·9 mU) after i.c.v. morphine re-started parturition; all pups were born to these rats (mean time to pup 6, 110·3 ± 12·7 min) before the i.v. vehicle-infused rats given i.c.v. morphine re-started (mean time to pup 6, 406·3±125·2 min). It is concluded that morphine given during parturition acts centrally through opioid receptors to inhibit oxytocin secretion, and impairs the expression of maternal behaviour. Reversal of the effects of morphine on parturition by i.v. oxytocin demonstrates the important role of oxytocin in fetus ejection and expulsion. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 121, 521–536

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El-Darawany, A. A. "A note on post maturity in purebred commercial rabbits in Egyptian conditions." Animal Production 58, no. 2 (April 1994): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800042624.

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The present study was carried out on the pure Bauscat (Bau), pure New Zealand (NZW) and pure Californian (Cal) strains of rabbit. Overall reproductive performance for overdue does of the three breeds was determined and compared with that of does delivering at the normal time. Overdue does of the Bau and NZW breeds had a significantly (P < 0·05) higher annual mean number of pups weaned than overdue Cal does. There was a high incidence of pup mortality in post-mature litters, and the causes of this high mortality were crushing of the skull followed by subsequent stillborn-birth difficulties and intra-uterine death in all three breeds. Obliteration of the anterior fontanelle of pups from post-mature litters occurred in 71%, 75% and 69 % of the deaths diagnosed at birth in the Bau, NZW and Cal breeds, respectively. Induction of parturition with either PGF2α or oxytocin reduced pup mortality in overdue does. The birth-to-remating interval was significantly (P < 0·01) lower in overdue does in which parturition was induced with PGF2∞ but significantly longer when parturition was induced with oxytocin.

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29

McLean, Lachlan J., Steve George, Daniel Ierodiaconou, Roger J. Kirkwood, and John P. Y. Arnould. "Impact of rising sea levels on Australian fur seals." PeerJ 6 (October 16, 2018): e5786. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5786.

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Global warming is leading to many unprecedented changes in the ocean-climate system. Sea levels are rising at an increasing rate and are amplifying the impact of storm surges along coastlines. As variability in the timing and strength of storm surges has been shown to affect pup mortality in the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), there is a need to identify the potential impacts of increased sea level and storm surges on the breeding areas of this important marine predator in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia. Using high-resolution aerial photography and topographic data, the present study assessed the impacts of future inundation levels on both current and potential breeding habitats at each colony. Inundation from storm surges, based on a predicted rise in sea level, was modeled at each colony from 2012 to 2100. As sea level increases, progressively less severe storm surge conditions will be required to exceed current inundation levels and, thus, have the potential for greater impacts on pup mortality at Australian fur seal colonies. The results of the present study indicate that by 2100, a 1-in-10 year storm will inundate more habitat on average than a present-day 1-in-100 year storm. The study highlights the site-specific nature of storm surge impacts, and in particular the importance of local colony topography and surrounding bathymetry with small, low-lying colonies impacted the most. An increased severity of storm surges will result in either an increase in pup mortality rates associated with storm surges, or the dispersal of individuals to higher ground and/or new colonies.

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Arnbom, T., M. A. Fedak, I. L. Boyd, and B. J. McConnell. "Variation in weaning mass of pups in relation to maternal mass, postweaning fast duration, and weaned pup behaviour in southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at South Georgia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-252.

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Female southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, assemble in large groups and each gives birth to a single pup which is nursed for some 3 weeks. Weaning mass is highly variable; some pups are three times as heavy as others at weaning. After weaning, the pup fasts for several weeks before departing to sea. The function of this fast is unknown. We examined the relationships between maternal mass, pup weaning mass, and pup behaviour during the postweaning fast in 377 pups and 128 adult females over four breeding seasons at South Georgia. Pup weaning mass was positively related to maternal postpartum mass, which accounted for 55% of the variation in weaning mass. Over all 4 years male pups were significantly heavier at weaning than female pups (130 vs. 123 kg) but this difference disappeared after maternal mass was controlled for. After fasting for 21–66 days, weaned pups went to sea at an average of 68% of weaning mass. Heavier pups remained on the beach longer after weaning than lighter pups. There was no evidence that pups synchronized their departure to sea. Only male pups were observed to take part in mock fights. With increasing age, weaned pups spent more time in the water. Mortality during the postweaning fast was negligible (0.1 %). The timing of departure of weaned pups may involve a trade-off between an early departure with greater fat (energy) stores but poorer foraging ability and a late departure with increased swimming, diving, and social skills but reduced fat stores.

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Latham, A. David M., and Stan Boutin. "Wolf, Canis lupus, Pup Mortality: Interspecific Predation or Non-Parental Infanticide?" Canadian Field-Naturalist 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v125i2.1199.

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A breeding male Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, equipped with a GPS collar was documented going to the den site of another Gray Wolf pack. This trip was coincident with an attack on the den of the other pack and the occurrence of a dead and partially consumed Gray Wolf pup at the same location. We present two possible explanations - interspecific predation and non-parental infanticide - to account for this observation. Because the Gray Wolf with the GPS collar and his mate were first-time breeders and were attempting to establish a territory space of their own, we speculate that, based on the available evidence, this observation most likely represents a case of non-parental infanticide that fits the predictions of the resource competition hypothesis.

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van Vliet, J. G., H. J. Kramer, A. van Schanke, E. P. C. T. de Rijk, T. D. Yih, and D. J. van den Dobbelsteen. "An exceptional cause of rat pup mortality following gestational treatment with γ-cyclodextrin." Reproductive Toxicology 24, no. 1 (July 2007): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.04.021.

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Macbeth, Abbe H., Jennifer E. Stepp, Heon-Jin Lee, W. Scott Young, and Heather K. Caldwell. "Normal maternal behavior, but increased pup mortality, in conditional oxytocin receptor knockout females." Behavioral Neuroscience 124, no. 5 (2010): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020799.

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34

Chilvers, B. Louise, Bruce C. Robertson, Ian S. Wilkinson, Padraig J. Duignan, and Neil J. Gemmell. "Male harassment of female New Zealand sea lions, Phocarctos hookeri: mortality, injury, and harassment avoidance." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-048.

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Sexual aggression by male pinnipeds during breeding can lead to female injury and death, affecting reproductive success, fecundity, and increasing the cost of mating for females. Thus, females that employ strategies to minimize the probability of being injured will be at an advantage. Here we investigate the extent of injuries and the number of deaths attributed to male harassment, and test the hypothesis of whether the arrival and departure behaviour of female New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri (Gray, 1844); NZSL) at Sandy Bay, Enderby Island, the Auckland Islands, is adapted to reduce the chance of injury or death from encounters with male NZSLs. During the breeding season, harassment by non-territorial male NZSLs causes mortality in adult female NZSLs, approximately 5 in every 1000 females breeding each year. Permanent scars from male bites are observed on 84% of adult females. This mortality and visible injury rate only represents the direct impacts on female NZSL from male harassment. Indirect impacts, such as the time and energy cost of avoidance behaviour, pup separation, and pup injury and death, can have as significant long-term effects on individuals and the population. We find that male harassment can influence the behaviour of individuals in NZSL breeding harems.

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Nilssen, Kjell Tormod, and Tore Haug. "Status of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Norway." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 6 (January 1, 2007): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2719.

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During the period September-December in 2001-2003, ship based surveys of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups, including tagging, counting and staging of pups, were conducted along the Norwegian coast. All known and other potential breeding areas were surveyed from Rogaland county in the south to Finnmark county in the north. Most of the breeding sites were surveyed only once, but some sites were surveyed 2-4 times. The investigations resulted in a total minimum estimate of 1,159 grey seal pups born in Norwegian waters. Nordland county was the most important breeding area where about 50% of the pups were born. Total population estimates were derived from the recorded number of pups born using a range of multipliers (4.0-4.7), based on observed annual growth rates of approximately 7-12% in other grey seal populations. This gave a total estimate of about 5,800-6,600 grey seals including pups in Norwegian waters. However, the total pup production was probably underestimated due to only one pup count in most of the breeding sites. Observed mean pup mortality was 1.1% during the breeding season along the Norwegian coast.

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Ziryanov, Sergej V., and Vasily L. Mishin. "Grey seals on the Murman coast, Russia: status and present knowledge." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 6 (January 1, 2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2718.

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Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) are distributed along the entire northern Murman coast in Russia. Breeding sites are located mainly on the Ainov and Seven islands, which belong to the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. The annual pup production was estimated to be around 800 pups in the early 1990s, and the pup mortality has been observed to be relatively high. The population was estimated to be approximately 3,500 individuals in 1994. Grey seals migrate in small numbers into the White Sea during summer. The grey seal is protected and registered in the Red Books of Russia, Murmansk region and Fennoscandia. The main results of grey seals investigations from 1986 to 2000 are briefly reviewed. There are no recent studies on abundance, seasonal distribution, growth, moulting and feeding of the species.

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Lintault, Laura M., Elzbieta I. Zakrzewska, Rhonda L. Maple, Lisa A. Baer, Theresa M. Casey, April E. Ronca, Charles E. Wade, and Karen Plaut. "In a hypergravity environment neonatal survival is adversely affected by alterations in dam tissue metabolism rather than reduced food intake." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 6 (June 2007): 2186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2006.

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Exposure of rat dams to hypergravity during pregnancy is associated with increased pup mortality, reduced food intake, and decreased rates of glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in mammary tissue. We hypothesized that increased pup mortality is due to changes in maternal metabolism and not to reduced food intake of dams. Effects of hypergravity on rate of glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in mammary, liver, and adipose tissue were measured in rat dams centrifuged at 2.0 G [hypergravity (HG)], kept at 1.0 G (control), or fed to match the intake of HG rats (pair fed) from gestation day 11 (G11) until G21 or postpartum day 3 (P3). Body weight, percent body fat, metabolizable energy, and nitrogen balance were significantly less in HG dams compared with controls ( P < 0.05); however, these factors were not different between HG and pair-fed dams. By P3, 100% of control and pair-fed pups survived, while only 49% of HG pups survived. At G21, rates of glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in mammary and adipose tissue were less in HG than in control and pair-fed dams ( P < 0.1 and P < 0.05). In liver, at G21, the rate of lipogenesis was greater in HG than control and pair-fed dams ( P < 0.01); at P3, lipogenesis was greater in control than HG and pair-fed dams ( P < 0.05). Gene expression of ATP citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase increased in liver from pregnancy to lactation in control and pair-fed dams but not HG dams. Thus reduced food intake and body mass due to hypergravity exposure cannot explain the dramatic decrease in HG pup survival.

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Hansen, Pernille R., Sofie Christiansen, Julie Boberg, Christine Nellemann, and Ulla Hass. "Combined exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides impairs parturition and causes pup mortality in rats." Reproductive Toxicology 28, no. 2 (September 2009): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.05.039.

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Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Marthán N. Bester, Pierre A. Pistorius, Tambu W. Mulaudzi, P. J. Nico de Bruyn, Justice A. Ramunasi, Hendrik N. Tshithabane, Trevor McIntyre, and Phathu M. Radzilani. "Median pupping date, pup mortality and sex ratio of fur seals at Marion Island." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 37, no. 1 (April 2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/0379-4369-37.1.1.

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40

El-Darawany, A. A. "Premature parturition in commercial strains of rabbits in Egypt." Animal Science 66, no. 1 (February 1998): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980000905x.

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AbstractThis study was carried out on Bauscat (B), New Zealand (N), Californian (C), N × C (NC) and B × NC (BNC) rabbits. Overall reproductive performance for does with premature parturition (pre-term) of the five breeds was determined and compared with that of does delivering at the normal time (full-term). Full-term does showed a reproductive performance superior to that of pre-term does in all five breeds with larger litter size at weaning, more pups weaned per doe and a lower proportion of stillbirths. Pre-term B, N and BNC does had a larger number of pups weaned than pre-term C and NC does (P < 0·01). There was a high incidence of pup mortality in premature litters, and the main causes of this high mortality were respiratory distress syndrome, crushing of the skull and starvation and chilling.The mean serum oestradiol 17-β concentrations and degrees of cervical mucous ferning in pre-term B does were higher than in full-term does (P < 0·01) but the mean serum progesterone concentrations in pre-term B does were lower than in full-term does during the gestation period (P < 0·01). Treatment with either dexamethasone or progestin reduced pup mortality in pre-term does and the birth-to-remating interval was shorter in pre-term does treated with dexamethasone (P < 0·01) but longer when treated with progestin (P < 0·01).

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McMahon, Clive R., and Mark A. Hindell. "Twinning in southern elephant seals: the implications of resource allocation by mothers." Wildlife Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01069.

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Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) typically give birth to a single pup and raise it over a short 24-day lactation period. Lactation is characterised by: maternal fasting, rapid pup growth and abrupt weaning after which the weaned pups rely on stored fat for growth and survival. Females are not able to transfer all of their stored resources to their pups because they themselves need to use some to return to their remote foraging grounds after the breeding effort. Therefore the amount of energy expended by a female during lactation may affect not only the survival of her pup, but her own survival and future reproductive success. Female southern elephant seals are therefore under strong selective pressure to allocate finite amounts of resources to their pups. In the rare event of producing twins, females that wean both pups are likely to experience reduced reproductive success. Twin births accounted for 0.38% of all the observed elephant seal births at Macquarie Island in 1999. The mean birth masses, weaning lengths and lactation duration for twin and singleton pups did not differ significantly but weaning mass, weaning girths and lactation growth rates did differ significantly. In all cases, singleton pups were larger and grew faster than twin pups. Twin pups suffered greater pre-weaning mortality than singletons (16.7% and 4.6% respectively) and fewer were seen alive after 18 months (20% compared with 47% respectively).

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Paul, Manabi, Shubhra Sau, Anjan K. Nandi, and Anindita Bhadra. "Clever mothers balance time and effort in parental care: a study on free-ranging dogs." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160583.

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Mammalian offspring require parental care, at least in the form of nursing during their early development. While mothers need to invest considerable time and energy in ensuring the survival of their current offspring, they also need to optimize their investment in one batch of offspring in order to ensure future reproduction and hence lifetime reproductive success. Free-ranging dogs live in small social groups, mate promiscuously and lack the cooperative breeding biology of other group-living canids. They face high early-life mortality, which in turn reduces fitness benefits of the mother from a batch of pups. We carried out a field-based study on free-ranging dogs in India to understand the nature of maternal care. Our analysis reveals that mothers reduce investment in energy-intensive active care and increase passive care as the pups grow older, thereby keeping overall levels of care more or less constant over pup age. Using the patterns of mother–pup interactions, we define the different phases of maternal care behaviour.

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Woodroffe, Rosie, Harriet Davies-Mostert, Joshua Ginsberg, Jan Graf, Kellie Leigh, Kim McCreery, Robert Robbins, et al. "Rates and causes of mortality in Endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus: lessons for management and monitoring." Oryx 41, no. 2 (April 2007): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001809.

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AbstractEffective species conservation depends upon correctly identifying the threats that cause decline or hinder recovery. Because estimates of the relative viability of different populations of Endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus are most strongly influenced by adult and pup mortality, we analysed rates and causes of mortality in eight wild dog populations under study in southern and eastern Africa. The probabilities of detecting wild dog deaths were influenced by the monitoring methods used. The least biased estimates of mortality causes were obtained through intensive monitoring of radio-collared individuals; this is impossible for pups, however. Mortality patterns varied substantially between populations. Rates of human-caused mortality were higher for wild dogs radio-collared outside protected areas than for those collared inside, but rates of natural mortality were comparable, suggesting that anthropogenic mortality is additive to natural mortality. The relative importance of factors such as snaring and infectious disease also varied regionally. Hence, although our analyses identified no new threats beyond those highlighted in a 1997 range-wide Action Plan, they suggest that local plans will be valuable to target conservation activities more precisely.

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Hamilton, Sheryl, and G. Barry Baker. "Population growth of an endangered pinniped—the New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)—is limited more by high pup mortality than fisheries bycatch." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 6 (March 28, 2019): 1794–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz039.

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Abstract The endangered New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri is killed as incidental bycatch in a trawl fishery operating near their second largest population on Campbell Island in New Zealand’s sub-Antarctic. Using the Potential Biological Removal (PBR) procedure to assess the sustainability of this bycatch for the sea lion population on Campbell Island indicated that annual bycatch estimates, particularly following the implementation of bycatch mitigation measures, are below the PBR threshold of 25 (derived using a precautionary approach). Preliminary Population Viability Analysis (PVA) modelling supported the finding that current bycatch levels, especially given a strong male bias (98%) in bycatch, are sustainable for this population. Models showed that reducing pup mortality through management actions, such as installing ramps in wallows where large numbers of pups drown, would lead to increased population growth. While obtaining more accurate data on population status and demographic parameters for the Campbell Island population should be a priority, this will take many years of research. The PBR and PVA tools demonstrate that contemporary conservation management should continue to focus on increasing pup survival while maintaining mitigation approaches that have reduced bycatch to low levels, together with high observer coverage to sustain confidence in annual bycatch estimates.

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Souza Filho, Nilson Evilásio, Vinícius Mourão Alves de Souza, Ana Carolina Kohlrausch Klinger, and Geni Salete Pinto de Toledo. "Automatic classification of laparos call and playback tests at cuniculture nests." Ciência e Natura 40 (May 11, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x30271.

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The vocal behavior of rabbit pups was monitored during their first 15 days of life. It was possible to estimate the average of vocalizations issued in the nest by correlation calculations applied to spectrographic images. We performed experimental tests of playback and observed the behavior between the offspring and the doe during the period of lactation. The vocalizations can be important in pup recognition and consequently, stimulate the doe to nurse their offspring, decreasing the rate of mortality in the breeding phase.

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Gales, NJ, AJ Cheal, GJ Pobar, and P. Williamson. "Breeding biology and movements of Australian sea-lions, Neophoca cinerea, off the west coasst of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 19, no. 4 (1992): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920405.

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The Australian sea-lion, Neophoca cinerea, has a 17-18-month breeding cycle on islands off the west coast of Western Australia. Buller, North Fisherman and Beagle Is are the main pupping sites, with several very small colonies (n> 3) at the Abrolhos Is. The 4-5-month pupping seasons are synchronised at North Fisherman and Beagle Is, but the sea-lions from Buller I. breed one month later and those from the Abrolhos Is two months earlier. Pup production and pup mortality were highly variable between seasons over which observations were recorded: 129 pups were born at the main breeding sites in early 1988, the mortality in the first five months was 7.1%, whereas 181 pups were born in late 1989 of which 24.3% died. Pups remain in the vicinity of their natal islands for the first 4-5 months of life before leaving, perhaps on foraging trips, with their mothers. Most return to their natal island, although others haulout on islands up to 27 km away. Some male N. cinerea congregate in bachelor colonies on islands adjacent to the Perth metropolitan region during the non-breeding season and migrate up to 280 km north each breeding season. The status of the isolated, west-coast N. cinerea population is unknown. The current high level of human pressure on sea-lion terrestrial habitats and their food resources indicate a need for further monitoring of this species.

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Rosen, M., E. Kahan, and E. Derazne. "The influence of the first-mating age of rats on the number of pups born, their weights and their mortality." Laboratory Animals 21, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367787781363282.

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Widely differing ranges for the preferred first-mating age for rats have been reported by different investigators. As well as being of physiological interest this information is important for optimum utilization of animal resources. Previously published results, however, do not provide sufficient information on mortality and the numbers of pups born and weaned. We studied 1623 pups born to 36 female Wistar rats. Dams were first mated at the age of 35 days or 70 days or 105 days. The results show that reproduction and weaning weights increase with an increased first-mating age of dams, although the pup mortality rate also increases. This study can be used when a programme for the production and supply of Wistar rats is planned.

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Huggins, Jessica L., Corina L. Leahy, John Calambokidis, Dyanna Lambourn, Steven J. Jeffries, Stephanie A. Norman, and Stephen Raverty. "Causes and Patterns of Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) Pup Mortality at Smith Island, Washington, 2004–2010." Northwestern Naturalist 94, no. 3 (January 2013): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1898/12-14.1.

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BAKER, J. R., and R. BAKER. "Effects of environment on grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pup mortality. Studies on the Isle of May." Journal of Zoology 216, no. 3 (November 1988): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02449.x.

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Twiss, S. D., C. Duck, and P. P. Pomeroy. "Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pup mortality not explained by local breeding density on North Rona, Scotland." Journal of Zoology 259, no. 1 (January 2003): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836902003035.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pup mortality'

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