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Journal articles on the topic 'Puntland'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

IAZZOLINO, GIANLUCA. "Between Somaliland and Puntland." African Affairs 116, no. 462 (December 15, 2016): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adw078.

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2

Finan, William W. "The Pirates of Puntland." Current History 111, no. 745 (May 1, 2012): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2012.111.745.198.

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3

Hoehne, Markus V. "Mimesis and Mimicry in Dynamics of State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia." Africa 79, no. 2 (May 2009): 252–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009000710.

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In this article, mimesis and mimicry are used as analytical concepts to explore dynamics of state and identity formation in Somaliland and Puntland since the early 1990s. Mimesis captures endeavours to imitate well-established models of social and political organization. Mimicry involves the deceptive imitation of such models in order to reach a certain aim. In the particular setting of northern Somalia, miming and mimicking in state and identity formation are also related to conflict escalation. The article first presents relevant political and legal positions on state collapse and secession. This helps to grasp the theoretical and policy implications of the empirical material. Then, the establishment of Somaliland and Puntland through mimesis and mimicry is sketched. The outline of the repeated military confrontations between both sides, particularly the last round of fighting in and around the town of Laascaanood in late 2007, indicates the relation of state and identity formation to military conflict. These localized dynamics are embedded into the continuing conflict in southern Somalia that involves a number of internal and external actors. The article concludes that miming and mimicking underlie many of Somaliland's and Puntland's internal developments and their conflictive relationship. Moreover, since the conflict in northern Somalia concerns state formation, it might have far-reaching consequences for the future of Somalia as a whole. This finally leads to the suggestion that the international norms regarding state collapse and secession have to be re-evaluated in the light of the empirical realities at hand.
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4

Woodhouse, Melvin, and Abdi Hassan Muse. "Water policy in Puntland State, Somalia." Waterlines 28, no. 1 (January 2009): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2009.007.

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5

MAZUCH, TOMÁŠ, JIŘÍ ŠMÍD, THOMAS PRICE, PETRA FRÝDLOVÁ, AHMED IBRAHIM AWALE, HASSAN SH ABDIRAHMAN ELMI, and DANIEL FRYNTA. "New records of one of the least known snakes, Telescopus pulcher (Squamata: Colubridae) from the Horn of Africa." Zootaxa 4462, no. 4 (August 29, 2018): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4462.4.2.

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Telescopus pulcher is an enigmatic colubrid snake only known from the holotype and paratype specimens described from ‘Migiurtinia’ in Puntland (Somalia) in 1935. Herein we recorded the third and fourth-ever known specimens of this species from the Toon village, Woqooyi Galbeed Region, and 15 km southeast of Sheikh, Saahil Region, Somaliland. The species is endemic to Somaliland and adjoining parts of Ethiopia and Puntland. Data on morphology and natural history, as well as the first photographs of live specimens are provided. We also provide a detailed description of the paratype. The coloration of the species resembles that of the vipers of the genus Echis and we hypothesize that T. pulcher mimics these common and sympatric vipers in the Horn of Africa.
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Beloff, Jonathan. "How Piracy is Affecting Economic Development in Puntland, Somalia." Journal of Strategic Security 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.6.1.4.

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7

Lewis, Ioan. "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox." Africa 74, no. 4 (November 2004): 489–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489.

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AbstractIn exploring the difficulties experienced by the traditionally politically uncentralised Somalis in establishing a stable and effective state, based on their ethnicity, this article compares ethnicity, nationalism and lineage identity. In this case, ethnicity and nationalism are local products, influenced but not created by the colonial experience. They have had to contend with the intractable force of segmentary lineage identity, which has proved extremely difficult to adapt and accommodate to the requirements of modern statehood. In its cultural context, agnation is all the more pervasive and powerful in constituting an ‘invisible’ bond, conceived by Somalis as a biologically based distinction like ‘race’. Unlike race, it is almost infinitely elastic and divisible. Ethnic identity, which rests on external distinctions such as language, culture and religion, cannot be broken down into a series of formally equivalent segments, but is less binding as a social force. Today, after the collapse of the state of Somalia in 1991, following protracted grass‐roots peace‐making between clans, two parts of the nation—the former British Somaliland, and the north‐eastern region of Somalia (‘Puntland’, based on the Majerteyn clan, and other closely related clans)—have developed separate local states. Although Somaliland claims complete independence, which Puntland does not, both polities incorporate parliamentary institutions that accommodate traditional, and modern political leaders and processes. The ex‐Italian residue, Southern Somalia, still without any form of government, is in what appears to be the final throes of its long‐running, fourteenth grandiose international ‘peace’ conference in Kenya. Thousands of delegates, in various configurations, have already spent over eighteen months in these talks. Although its embryonic constitution now recognises ‘clans’ as constituent political units, this attempt to re‐establish Somalia is based on the usual ‘top‐down’ approach, rather than on spontaneous local negotiations amongst ‘stakeholders’ on the ground, such as those on which Somaliland and Puntland are founded. With contingents of foreign ‘experts’, the whole process seeks to reinstate a familiar Eurocentric state model, unadapted to Somali conditions.
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8

Jama, Abdinur Ali, and Khaldoon A. Mourad. "Water Services Sustainability: Institutional Arrangements and Shared Responsibilities." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030916.

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Poor water services in developing countries after national conflict as a result of institutional setups and devastating infrastructures. This study assesses how institutional arrangements have affected the poor water services in Somalia, through thematic analyses. The huge gap in the literature about Somalia highlights the significant need of such research works and the originality of this paper. For this paper, different stakeholders were interviewed from seven zones of the city of Garowe. The results show that public private partnerships (PPP) play a vital role in providing drinking water. The results show that the institutions involved in the water sector in Puntland are not well organized. Roles and responsibilities were unclear, and different governmental institutions criticized each other for deliberately taking over others’ responsibilities, leading to poor and over-priced domestic water quality. Most consumers cannot afford a drinking water supply to their homes, so they are forced to walk long distances and queue for a long time in order to access water. Our analysis shows that it will be difficult for Somalia to achieve Sustainable Development Goal six (SDG 6) (target one) under the current institutional arrangements. Institutional reforms are recommended in the water sector in order to achieve SDG 6 (Target one), and to ensure safe drinking water in Puntland by 2030.
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9

Johnson and Smaker. "State Building in De Facto States: Somaliland and Puntland Compared." Africa Today 60, no. 4 (2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.60.4.3.

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10

Nori, Michele. "Along the Milky Way: Marketing Camel Milk in Puntland, Somalia." European Journal of Development Research 22, no. 5 (November 11, 2010): 696–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.40.

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11

Lewis, Alexandra. "Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions." Civil Wars 19, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2017.1411324.

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12

Bortolini, Eugenio, Stefano Biagetti, Gianluca Frinchillucci, Hussein Abukhar, Ali A. Warsame, and Marco Madella. "Newly found stone cairns in Mudug region, Puntland: a preliminary report." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 54, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2018.1540214.

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13

Sofe, Abdinur Abdirisak. "Assessment of corruption in the humanitarian assistance in Puntland State of Somalia." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2019-0017.

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Purpose Corruption in humanitarian aid is one of the most worried and worst problems around the world. The existence of corruption acts in humanitarian aid delivery can endanger the already susceptible lives of the neediest individuals in the community. Amid serious humanitarian allegation in the country, this study aims to capture meaningful insights in humanitarian aid corruption in Puntland State of Somalia. Design/methodology/approach The study applied qualitative method and used interview as a technique of data collection. The information obtained through the interview was analyzed by quoting and narration forms. Findings The findings indicated numerous acts of corruption in all project stages including corruption in project granting and humanitarian staff employment, distortion of project targets and diversion of humanitarian project from targeted communities. The research also found that governmental and non-governmental actors are involved in the humanitarian corruption such as project managers and support staffs in addition to line ministries, parliament and community representatives. Research limitations/implications Corruption is a taboo and is difficult to research; people do not want to share the information for fear of victimization. Concerned institutions were not willing to provide necessary materials which led to shortage of secondary data. Another problem encountered during the study has been that the humanitarian stakeholders (for instance, government, non-government and private institutions) acted reluctantly to cooperate because of suspicion that disclosing information may lead to negative effect on their business. To overcome the challenges, the study assured the confidentiality of the members and that information collected would be used for research purposes only. The study further combined various tools of data collection so that the weakness of one tool becomes the strength of the other; while the researcher made efforts to build rapport with the research participants. Originality/value This study will contribute to the literature on corruption in the humanitarian aid. Specifically, the findings of this study will benefit academicians/researchers by giving empirical insights of corruption in the humanitarian aid in Puntland. It will benefit the government policymakers in the formulation of policies to combat corruption in the sector. Donors and aid agencies may also find the findings useful as they are key stakeholders who are interested in corruption in the humanitarian sector and finally the findings will benefit the wider society that is the primary victim of corruption in the humanitarian sector.
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14

Mohamud, Ahmed Said, John Pilate Kothowa, Ruth Lindizyani Mfune, Melai Mubanga, Jacques Godfroid, and John B. Muma. "Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Brucella Infection in Camels in the Puntland State of Somalia." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070137.

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Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by members of the genus Brucella. Camel brucellosis has been reported in almost all camel-rearing countries in Africa and Asia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2020 and February 2021 in Galkayo, Garowe, and Bosaso districts in the Puntland State of Somalia to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) was used to detect anti-Brucella antibodies, while a structured questionnaire was used to collect epidemiological data. A total of 441 camel sera were screened against Brucella antibodies. Thirty-one (7%; 95% CI: 4.8–9.8%) samples were positive, and thirteen (54.2%; 95% CI: 32.8–74.4%) out of the twenty-four farms sampled had at least one seropositive animal. Galkayo district had the highest number of Brucella-seropositive camels (10.3%), followed by Bosaso district (8.6%), while Garowe district had the lowest number of seropositive camels (1.4%). The binary logistic regression model revealed that camels in Galkayo district (p = 0.015; OR: 9.428; 95% CI: 1.539–57.755), camels from large herd sizes of >50 animals (p = 0.019; OR: 5.822; 95% CI: 1.336–25.371), and those in contact with small ruminants (p = 0.011; OR: 10.941; 95% CI: 1.728–69.285) were significantly associated with seropositive cases of camel brucellosis in the Puntland State of Somalia. The present study shows that Brucella infections in camels are prevalent in the three districts covered by the study. This poses a public health risk, because milk from these camels is used for human consumption. Studies focusing on the isolation of Brucella strains in camels and investigating brucellosis in ruminants and humans are recommended in the study area. Validation of serological tests—including c-ELISA—for Brucella antibody detection in camels is also needed.
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15

Chukwumalu, Kingsley, Meghan C. Gallagher, Sabine Baunach, and Amy Cannon. "Uptake of postabortion care services and acceptance of postabortion contraception in Puntland, Somalia." Reproductive Health Matters 25, no. 51 (November 30, 2017): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09688080.2017.1402670.

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Collivignarelli, Carlo, Mentore Vaccari, Veronica Di Bella, and Daniela Giardina. "Techno-economic evaluation for the improvement of MSW collection in Somaliland and Puntland." Waste Management & Research 29, no. 5 (October 11, 2010): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10384431.

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17

Abdullahi, Mohamed Farah, Jennifer Stewart Williams, Klas-Göran Sahlèn, Khalif Bile, and John Kinsman. "Factors contributing to the uptake of childhood vaccination in Galkayo District, Puntland, Somalia." Global Health Action 13, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 1803543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1803543.

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18

Nuh., AbdihakiimAbdullahi. "FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH OF FISH PROCESSING FIRMS IN PUNTLAND: THE CASE OF BOSSASO DISTRICT." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 8 (August 31, 2018): 515–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/7549.

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19

Kostelny, Kathleen, and Ken Ondoro. "Structural violence and the everyday stresses of internally displaced children in Somaliland and Puntland." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 22, no. 3 (2016): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pac0000171.

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20

Mohamed, Abdigafar Mohamoud, Dr Hellen K. Mberia, and Dr Willy Muturi. "Influence of Socio-Cultural Practices on Girl Child Participation in Secondary Schools in Garowe, Puntland." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 05 (May 2017): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2205077885.

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Mumin., FaisalAbdi, Dr HellenK Mberia., and Dr Willy Muturi. "FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY IN PUNTLAND: A CASE STUDY OF EYL DISTRICT." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2835.

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22

Hussein, Said M.-Shidad, Willy Muturi, and Hellen Mberia. "Factors Affecting Cattle Production in Puntland State of Somalia: A Case Study of Nugaal Region." Journal of Research in Administrative Sciences 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47609/jras20170103.

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23

Kenny, Leah, Hamse Koshin, Munshi Sulaiman, and Beniamino Cislaghi. "Adolescent-led marriage in Somaliland and Puntland: A surprising interaction of agency and social norms." Journal of Adolescence 72 (April 2019): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.009.

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24

Fritz, Hermann M., and Jose C. Borrero. "Somalia Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2201972.

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The 26 December 2004 tsunami severely affected Somalia, with some 300 deaths at a distance of 5,000 km from the epicenter of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake. Somalia's physical characteristics allowed a detailed assessment of the far-field impact of a tsunami in the main propagation direction. The UNESCO mission surveyed five impacted towns south of the Horn of Africa along the Puntland coast in northern Somalia: Eyl, Bandarbeyla, Foar, Xaafuun, and Bargaal. The international team members visited Somalia during 2–10 March 2005. The team measured tsunami runup heights and local flow depths on the basis of the location of watermarks on buildings and eyewitness accounts. Maximum runup heights were typically on the order of 5–9 m. Each measurement was located by means of global positioning systems (GPS) and was photographed. Numerous eyewitness interviews were recorded on video.
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Acharya, Avidit, Robin Harding, and J. Andrew Harris. "Security in the absence of a state: Traditional authority, livestock trading, and maritime piracy in northern Somalia." Journal of Theoretical Politics 32, no. 4 (August 5, 2020): 497–537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629820941110.

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Without a strong state, how do institutions emerge to limit the impact of one group’s predation on another’s economic activities? Motivated by the case of northern Somalia, we develop a model that highlights the monitoring challenges that groups face in making cooperation self-enforcing, and two key factors that influence their likelihood of overcoming this challenge: the ratio of economic interests across productive and predatory sectors, and the existence of informal income-sharing institutions. Our model explains why conflicts between pirates and livestock traders can be resolved in the region of Somaliland, where the ratio of economic interests favors the productive sector and traditional institutions promote income sharing between groups, but not in the region of Puntland, where these conditions do not hold. The model also accounts for several of the empirical patterns in the relationships between piracy, livestock exports, and conflict in both regions.
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Jama, Abdirizak Mohamed, Mohamed Samantar, and Dr WillyMuturi. "Effect of Cash Management Practices on the Profitability of Bottled Purified Companies Garowe and Bosaso-Puntland Somalia." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 19, no. 2 (February 2017): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-1902031821.

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Hussein, Nur Ahmed, Abdiwahid Mohamed Ismail, and Saaid Said Jama. "Assessment of Hepatitis B Vaccination Status and Associated Factors among Healthcare Workers in Bosaso, Puntland, Somalia 2020." BioMed Research International 2022 (March 21, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9074294.

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Introduction. Hepatitis B virus disease is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is a major public health problem worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate, two billion people worldwide have serologic evidence of past or present HBV infection. The risk of infection is high among health professionals due to the risk of occupational contact with fluids of infected patients and the risk of needle stick injury. This study is aimed at assessing HBV vaccination coverage and reasons for possible defiance of the vaccine among healthcare workers in Bosaso, Somalia. Methodology. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted by using a quantitative approach to identify hepatitis B virus vaccination coverage and reasons for vaccine defiance in Bosaso from September 2020 to November 2020. Healthcare workers (HCWs) in Bosaso city both in public and private health facilities who accepted to participate in this study were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire, and SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. Results. We found that only (16.4%) of HCWs were fully vaccinated. The main reasons for not taking the vaccine by the participants were the unavailability of the vaccine (42%), high vaccine cost (28.7%), lack of time (20.7%), and fear of vaccine side effects (7.5%). The majority (69.7%) of HCWs demonstrated good knowledge about HBV infection. The vaccination uptake was significantly higher among midwives ( p = 0.02 ; OR = 1.21 ; 95 % CI = 1.39 − 67.41 ) and individuals aged under 30 years ( p = 0.03 ; OR = 8.6 ; 95 % CI = 1.17 – 63.26 ). Conclusion. Our study revealed that vaccination coverage of HCWs in Bosaso was very low because of the unavailability of vaccines, high cost of the vaccine, lack of time, and fear of vaccine side effects. Therefore, the development and implementation of policies related to HBV vaccination are recommended.
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Isack, Mustaf A., Juma J. Nyamai, and Atei Kerochi. "Analysis of risk-factors associated with diarrhea prevalence among underfive children in Galkayo District Puntland State, Somalia." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 5660. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214468.

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Background: The study analysed risk factors associated with diarrhea prevalence among underfive children in Galkayo District Puntland State, Somalia.Methods: The study used analytical cross-sectional survey conducted in Galkayo, from February to March 2020. The inclusion criteria were caregivers with underfive children, and exclusion criteria were children over five years, caregivers who have no underfive children and children with chronic diarrhea. Sample of 385 was calculated using Yamane formula. Caregivers were randomly selected using simple random sampling after cluster sampling. The researcher administered structured questionnaires, collected data from eligible caregivers using interview guide and elicited on diarrhea perceptions. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS, qualitative data was identified common and sub-themes.Results: The study found diarrhea was affecting 30% of underfive children. The presence of two under-fives in the household was associated with high diarrhea prevalence [OR=1.93, 95% CI= (1.21, 3.08)]. Low educational level of underfive caregivers were associated with high diarrhea occurrence [OR=1.36, 95% CI= (0.68, 2.66)]. Households headed by non-biological mothers, diarrhea prevalence was high [OR=0.06, 95% CI= (0.00, 0.50) and OR=0.17, 95% CI= (0.03, 0.79)] respectively. Those children under the care of employed caregivers, diarrhea occurrence was high [OR=2.41 (0.99, 5.80)]. Poor personal hygiene (32%), sanitation (28%), and water quality (28%) were attributed to the cause of diarrhea among children.Conclusions: The study recommends, practice of child spacing, improve caregivers’ basic education to better understand risk factors and seek treatment, establish routine water quality surveillance at source and at household level, conduct awareness behaviour change by promotion of handwashing.
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OMARM, ISSA. "ENFLUENCE OF SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMME ON PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN BOSSASO DISTRICT BARI REGION, PUNTLAND - SOMALIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 1029–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/8922.

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Gallagher, M., K. Chukmuwalu, and S. Baunach. "Uptake of Post-abortion Care (PAC) Services and Acceptance of Post-Abortion Contraception in Remote Areas of Puntland, Somalia." Annals of Global Health 83, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.216.

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Affi, Ladan. "The Old Men Who Hold Us Back : Clan Elders, Elite Bargaining and Exclusionary Politics." Journal of Somali Studies 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2056-5682/2020/7n2a6.

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In 1962, Hawa Jibril, a poetess and a long-time activist for Somali women‟s rights and political participation, called on fellow women activists to oppose male elders who sought to exclude women from the governance of their country by engaging in activism. In her powerful poem, „the old men who hold us back‟ Hawa exhorted her fellow activists to not let the old men “prevail over us” (Jibril 2008:151). Sixty years later, Somali women continue their resistance against clan-based politics and elders who attempt to hold them back. This paper examines the effects of the political institutionalization of the clans and the ways that it challenges women‟s aspirations to participate in politics. This article is based on research carried out in Puntland (Garowe), Somaliland (Hargeisa and Bur‟o) and Mogadishu; Nairobi, Kenya; and Minneapolis, MN from 2016 - 2018. It asks the following questions: How has the 4.5 power-sharing agreement and the presence of clan elders as gatekeepers in the political system affected Somali women? And in what way have women responded to these obstacles? This research finds that despite the adoption of gender quota, the presence of clan elders and the 4.5 power-sharing agreement both pose significant barriers to women‟s inclusion in politics.
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Warbrick, Colin, and Zeray W. Yihdego. "II. Ethiopia's Military Action Against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 3 (July 2007): 666–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei188.

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Somalia has been without government since 1991. A transitional government was established in 2004 under the presidency of Abdullahi Yusuf, with the backing of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), the Arab League and the Inter-governmental Agency for Development (IGAD). The Government sat in Baidoa in southern Somalia from June 2005 until December 2006. In June 2006 the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC) took control of much of southern and central Somalia, including the capital, Mogadishu, but not Puntland and Somaliland. They declared and tried to establish an Islamic State. Somalis were told to comply with stringent Islamic rules or face harsh punishment. In the meantime, efforts to achieve national reconciliation were ongoing under the auspices of IGAD, though without much success. It was reported that on 20 July 2006 Ethiopian troops crossed into Somalia. Ethiopia only admitted to having military trainers to help the Somali Government (estimated to be 400 military personnel). On 21 July, the UIC declared a ‘holy war’ against Ethiopia. In September 2006 the Somali interim President survived an assassination attempt in Baidoa. On 25 October 2006 Ethiopia said that it was ‘technically at war’ with the Islamic Courts. After few days the UIC claimed to have ambushed and killed Ethiopian troops near the Ethiopian border.1
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33

Connery, Christopher. "Sea Power." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.685.

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There is no More Sea Power. What Kind of Awe can a Fleet or an Aircraft Carrier inspire in the Nuclear Age, Whose Blasts have given a new character to military majesty and sublimity and whose marine vehicles are hidden beneath the waves? Nor do the ocean-girding voyages of global commerce offer a sense of majesty, the neat stacks of containers rising high above the decks being mere floating versions of the endless stacks at the prosaic, crane-filled ports of Busan, Long Beach, Elizabeth, or Singapore. The sea is full of transport, labor, and industry, but spectacle has moved elsewhere: what remains of the nautical in the visual media is the nostalgic sublimity of sinking ships or historical reenactments of blue-water glory. As if to underscore this vacuum of hegemonic maritime power in an age of shock and awe, the pirates of Puntland and Sulu still have their way in the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Malacca, as they have for centuries. Latter-day posturing by the epigones of interstate maritime power contenders approaches farce, as in the struggle for the Arctic, joined by Russia, Canada, the United States, Denmark, and Norway, punctuated by Russian flags at the bottom of the sea and by the specter of Danish military incursion into what Canada claims as its sovereign territory (Craciun).
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Kovařík, František, and Tomáš Mazuch. "Review of the genus Gint Kovařík et al., 2013, with description of two new species from Somaliland and Somalia (Puntland) (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Euscorpius 2015, no. 209 (2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2015.vol2015.iss209.1.

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Nelson, Erica L., Saira A. Khan, Swapna Thorve, and P. Gregg Greenough. "Modeling pastoralist movement in response to environmental variables and conflict in Somaliland: Combining agent-based modeling and geospatial data." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): e0244185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244185.

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Pastoralism is widely practiced in arid lands and is the primary means of livelihood for approximately 268 million people across Africa. Environmental, interpersonal, and transactional variables such as vegetation and water availability, conflict, ethnic tensions, and private/public land delineation influence the movements of these populations. The challenges of climate change and conflict are widely felt by nomadic pastoralists in Somalia, where resources are scarce, natural disasters are increasingly common, and protracted conflict has plagued communities for decades. Bereft of real-time data, researchers and programmatic personnel often turn to post hoc analysis to understand the interaction between climate, conflict, and migration, and design programs to address the needs of nomadic pastoralists. By designing an Agent-Based Model to simulate the movement of nomadic pastoralists based on typologically-diverse, historical data of environmental, interpersonal, and transactional variables in Somaliland and Puntland between 2008 and 2018, this study explores how pastoralists respond to changing environments. Through subsequent application of spatial analysis such as choropleth maps, kernel density mapping, and standard deviational ellipses, we characterize the resultant pastoralist population distribution in response to these variables. Outcomes demonstrate a large scale spatio-temporal trend of pastoralists migrating to the southeast of the study area with high density areas in the south of Nugaal, the northwest of Sool, and along the Ethiopian border. While minimal inter-seasonal variability is seen, multiple analyses support the consolidation of pastoralists to specifically favorable regions. Exploration of the large-scale population, climate, and conflict trends allows for cogent narratives and associative hypotheses regarding the pastoralist migration during the study period. While this model produces compelling associations between pastoralist movements and terrestrial and conflict variables, it relies heavily on assumptions and incomplete data that are not necessarily representative of realities on the ground. Given the paucity of data regarding pastoralist decision-making and migration, validation remains challenging.
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36

"Somalia: Puntland Reshuffle." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 44, no. 12 (January 2008): 17341A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2008.01433.x.

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37

"Somalia - Puntland Agreement." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 50, no. 3 (April 2013): 19628B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2013.04993.x.

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38

"SOMALIA: Puntland Elections." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 50, no. 4 (May 2013): 19664C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2013.05052.x.

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39

"SOMALIA: Puntland Suicide Attacks." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 53, no. 8 (September 2016): 21118C—21120A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2016.07226.x.

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40

"SOMALIA: Somaliland - Puntland Crisis." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 55, no. 8 (September 2018): 21983C—21984C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2018.08432.x.

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41

"SOMALIA: Puntland President Picked." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 56, no. 1 (February 2019): 22151A—22151B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2019.08673.x.

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42

"Somalia/Puntland: Budget 2009." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 46, no. 4 (June 2009): 18238B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2009.02333.x.

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43

"SOMALIA: Somaliland, Puntland Tense." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 44, no. 10 (November 2007): 17276A—17277A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2007.01328.x.

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44

"Somalia: Puntland Constitution Approved." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 46, no. 5 (June 2009): 17967A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2009.02360.x.

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45

"SOMALIA: Puntland Severs Ties." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 48, no. 1 (February 2011): 18690C—18691B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2011.03661.x.

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46

"SOMALIA: Puntland Constitution Approved." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 49, no. 4 (May 2012): 19231B—19232A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2012.04427.x.

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47

"Somalia: Puntland Elections Suspended." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 50, no. 7 (August 2013): 19777B—19777C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2013.05222.x.

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48

"SOMALIA: Puntland Cuts Ties." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 50, no. 8 (September 2013): 19808B—19808C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2013.05269.x.

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"Somalia – Puntland State Ministers Appointed." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 56, no. 2 (March 2019): 22182A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2019.08711.x.

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50

"Somalia - Puntland: Turning The Page." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 48, no. 8 (October 2011): 19225B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2011.04090.x.

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